Rancangan, sampling, issues, dan pengumpulan data dalam METODE KUALITATIFBy: Yayi Suryo Prabandari IKM FK UGM 2013

RANCANGAN *

Skills for Core Process: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

Rancangan Penelitian KualitatifStudi kasusFenomenologi : mencari maknaGrounded research : pengalaman prosesEtnografi : melihat budaya, kebiasaan, perilakuEtnoscience: deskripsi, taksonomi, karakteristikEtologi kualitatif: deskripsi pola*

EthnographyA culture studying cultureIt consists of a body knowledge that includes research techniques, ethnographic theory and hundreds of cultural description.It seeks to build a systematic understanding of all human cultures from the perspective of those who have learned themEthnography is based on the following assumption: knowledge of all cultures is valuable*

EthnographyA strong focus on exploring the nature of particular social phenomenaA tendency to work primarily with unstructured dataExamination of a small number of people, perhaps just one in detailAnalysis of data which involves explicit interpretation of the meanings and functions of human actions-and descriptions and explanations of the events take priority*

PhenomenologyStudy situations in the everyday world from the viewpoint of the experiencing personIn contrast to the emphasis on culture that is characteristic of ethnographers, phenomenology emphasis the individuals construction of a life worldTaken together, the whole of peoples unquestioned, subjective experience of their biological worlds can be termed their life-worldThe life world is the individuals world of their everyday life clothes should be worn, what the weather will be like, the way you should greet a friendEach individuals life-world is different and individuals actions can be understood by situating them within the life-world of the actor*

Grounded theoryIs one that is inductively derived from the study of the phenomenon it representsThat is discovered, developed and provisionally verified through systematic data collection and analysis of data pertaining to that phenomenonIt makes no sense to start with received theories or variables (categories) because these are likely to inhibit or impede the development of new theoretical formulations, unless of course your purpose is to open these up and to find new meanings in them*

Studi Kasus Summarized from references by:Yayi Suryo PrabandariProgram Studi S2 IKM FK UGM

Attempts to derive general conclusions from limited number casesExamine the marketing process in a single or a few manufacturing companies in order to come to conclusions regarding business to business marketingSeeks to arrive at specific conclusions regarding a single case because this case history

Karakter Case Study

Exploratory-single or multiple casesA pilot study that can be used a basis for formulating more precise questions or testable hypotheses determining the feasibility of the desired research procedure Descriptive-single or multiple casesIs attempt to describe presents a complete description of a phenomenon within its context Explanatory-single or multiple casesIs looked upon with skeptis present data bearing on cause-effect relationships-explaining how events happenedTipe Case Study

Selecting the cases to be studied, whether following a single-case or multiple case designSpecifying what is being explored when you are doing exploratory case studiesStipulating rival theories when you are doing exploratory case studiesGeneralizing the results to other casesTheory, kapan digunakan:

IssuesThe need to create a framework of studyUnit of analysisCriteria for selecting casesCase screeningHow and why do research findings get into practical use

Exploratory Study

IssuesMultiple-case designCategorical vs non categorical educationUnit of analysis and selection of cases

Descriptive case studies

Jenis Penelitian Kualitatif lainnya

Studi ex post factoPenelitian aksiMetode biografiPendekatan sejarahRiset klinis*

SAMPLING PADA PENELITIAN KUALITATIF*

IssuesTidak ada aturan khusus jumlah sampelSeeking breadth or seeking depthThe validity, meaningfulness and insight generated from qualitative inquiry have more to do with the information-richness of the cases selected and the observational/analytical capabilities of the researcher than with sample size.*

Sampling strategiesPurposeful samplingExtreme or deviant case samplingIntensity samplingMaximum variation samplingHomogeneous samplingTypical case samplingStratified purposeful samplingCritical case sampling*

Sampling strategiesPurposeful samplingSnowball or chain samplingCriterion samplingTheory-based or operational construct samplingConfirming & disconfirming casesOpportunistic samplingRandom purposeful sampling (small sample size)Sampling politically important casesConvenience samplingCombination or mixed purposeful sampling*

ISSUES KESAHIHAN DAN METODE PENGUMPULAN DATA*

Kesahihan dan Keandalan Kredibilitas kebenaran Transferabilitas penerapan Dependabilitas pengulangan Konfirmabilitas objektivitas

Alat pengumpul data dalam kualitatif dan kuantitatifKUALITATIF: Wawancara mendalam Focus Group Discussion Observasi Study dokumen (analisis isi) Visual (videografi, fotografi) Personal ExperienceKUANTITATIF: Wawancara terstruktur Observasi dengan check list Study dokumen dengan check list Kuesioner/angket/skala Pengukuran dengan alat (timbangan, meteran, dsb.)*

Rapid Assessment Procedure:salah satu alternatif untuk melakukan need assessmentDiadopsi dari pendekatan dan metode dalam bidang ilmu antropologiPendekatan ini digunakan untuk mengetahui konteks lokal dan budaya setempat agar suatu program kesehatan dapat efektifProsedur ini pada awalnya bertitik tolak pada kepercayaan dan persepsi yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan, penggunaan sumber kesehatan tradisional maupun biomedis. Prosedur ini kemudian dikembangkan untuk hal yang lain yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan

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Metode Pengumpulan Data pada RAP*Formal interviewInformal interviewConversationObservationParticipant observationFocus Group DiscussionDocumentation & bibliography study

Penyusunan PanduanMenyesuaikan dengan pertanyaan penelitianMenyusun bentuk panduanBerupa pertanyaan rinci atau kerangka/topik pertanyaanTidak memasukkan terlalu banyak topik Alur pertanyaan sealami mungkin Mungkin berbeda untuk responden berbeda

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:Diskusi Kelompok Terarah

Diskusi yang mempunyai fokus tertentu & dirancang dengan seksamaMenggali persepsi tertentuTidak mencari konsensusHasilnya adalah variasi jawaban Peserta 6-12 orangSuasana informal, santai dan tidak menekan

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:Diskusi Kelompok Terarah

Waktu diskusi maksimal 2 jamTempat diusahakan nyaman, menimbulkan suasana privasiDKT dipandu seorang fasilitator, sebaiknya dibantu oleh penulisInforman sebaiknya tidak mengenal satu sama lain dan homogenProses sebaiknya terekam dan ijin dulu pada informan*

Metode Pengumpulan Data:WAWANCARA MENDALAM

Tatap muka dengan tujuan khususDipandu dengan panduan wawancara atau betul-betul bebasHindari kehadiran orang lain selain informanMaksimal waktu untuk wawancara adalah 2 jam, termasuk basa basiSuasana dibuat nyaman, ada privasiSebaiknya direkam setelah ijin terlebih dulu

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:WAWANCARA MENDALAM

Pewawancara harus netralRingkasan wawancara dibuat segeraBias dapat terjadi pada pewawancara (menjurus,tendensius, kegagalan menggali) ataupun panduannya

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:OBSERVASI

Observasi Observasi partisipatifObservasi un-obstrusif*

Metode Pengumpulan Data:OBSERVASI

Dilakukan pada waktu tertentu vs partisipatifLangsung mengamati vs dibantu alat (video, one way mirror, cctv)Perhatikan batasan yang akan diamatiLamanya tidak ada batasanPengamat harus netral, lepas dari prasangka

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:YANG LAINNYAInterpretasi dokumen dan materialMetode visualPengalaman personal*

Terima Kasih Atas Perhatian Anda*

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