Rancangan, sampling, issues, dan pengumpulan data dalam METODE KUALITATIFBy: Yayi Suryo Prabandari – IKM FK UGM 2013

RANCANGAN

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Skills for Core Process: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

Rancangan Penelitian Kualitatif

• Studi kasus• Fenomenologi : mencari makna• Grounded research : pengalaman

proses• Etnografi : melihat budaya,

kebiasaan, perilaku• Etnoscience: deskripsi, taksonomi,

karakteristik• Etologi kualitatif: deskripsi pola

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Ethnography• A culture –studying culture• It consists of a body knowledge that includes

research techniques, ethnographic theory and hundreds of cultural description.

• It seeks to build a systematic understanding of all human cultures from the perspective of those who have learned them

• Ethnography is based on the following assumption: knowledge of all cultures is valuable

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Ethnography

• A strong focus on exploring the nature of particular social phenomena

• A tendency to work primarily with unstructured data

• Examination of a small number of people, perhaps just one in detail

• Analysis of data which involves explicit interpretation of the meanings and functions of human actions-and descriptions and explanations of the events take priority

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Phenomenology• Study situations in the everyday world from the viewpoint of

the experiencing person• In contrast to the emphasis on culture that is characteristic of

ethnographers, phenomenology emphasis the individual’s construction of a “life world”

• Taken together, the whole of people’s unquestioned, subjective experience of their biological worlds can be termed their “life-world”

• The life world is the individual’s world of their everyday life – clothes should be worn, what the weather will be like, the way you should greet a friend

• Each individual’s life-world is different and individual’s actions can be understood by situating them within the life-world of the actor

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Grounded theory• Is one that is inductively derived from the study of

the phenomenon it represents• That is discovered, developed and provisionally

verified through systematic data collection and analysis of data pertaining to that phenomenon

• It makes no sense to start with received theories or variables (categories) because these are likely to inhibit or impede the development of new theoretical formulations, unless of course your purpose is to open these up and to find new meanings in them

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Studi Kasus

Summarized from references by:Yayi Suryo PrabandariProgram Studi S2 IKM FK UGM

• Attempts to derive general conclusions from limited number cases– Examine the marketing process in a single

or a few manufacturing companies in order to come to conclusions regarding business to business marketing

• Seeks to arrive at specific conclusions regarding a single case because this “case history”

Karakter Case Study

• Exploratory-single or multiple cases– A pilot study that can be used a basis for formulating more

precise questions or testable hypotheses determining the feasibility of the desired research procedure

• Descriptive-single or multiple cases– Is attempt to describe presents a complete description

of a phenomenon within its context • Explanatory-single or multiple cases

– Is looked upon with skeptis present data bearing on cause-effect relationships-explaining how events happened

Tipe Case Study

• Selecting the cases to be studied, whether following a single-case or multiple case design

• Specifying what is being explored when you are doing exploratory case studies

• Stipulating rival theories when you are doing exploratory case studies

• Generalizing the results to other cases

Theory, kapan digunakan:

Issues

• The need to create a framework of study

• Unit of analysis

• Criteria for selecting cases

• Case screening

• How and why do research findings get into practical use

Exploratory Study

Issues

• Multiple-case design

• Categorical vs non categorical education

• Unit of analysis and selection of cases

Descriptive case studies

Jenis Penelitian Kualitatif lainnya

• Studi ex post facto• Penelitian aksi• Metode biografi• Pendekatan sejarah• Riset klinis

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SAMPLING PADA PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

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Issues

• Tidak ada aturan khusus “jumlah sampel”• Seeking breadth or seeking depth• The validity, meaningfulness and insight

generated from qualitative inquiry have more to do with the information-richness of the cases selected and the observational/analytical capabilities of the researcher than with sample size.

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Sampling strategies

• Purposeful sampling– Extreme or deviant case sampling– Intensity sampling– Maximum variation sampling– Homogeneous sampling– Typical case sampling– Stratified purposeful sampling– Critical case sampling

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Sampling strategies

• Purposeful sampling– Snowball or chain sampling– Criterion sampling– Theory-based or operational construct sampling– Confirming & disconfirming cases– Opportunistic sampling– Random purposeful sampling (small sample size)– Sampling politically important cases– Convenience sampling– Combination or mixed purposeful sampling

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ISSUES KESAHIHAN DAN METODE PENGUMPULAN DATA

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Kesahihan dan Keandalan

• Kredibilitas kebenaran

• Transferabilitas penerapan

• Dependabilitas pengulangan

• Konfirmabilitas objektivitas

Alat pengumpul data dalam kualitatif dan kuantitatif

KUALITATIF: • Wawancara mendalam• Focus Group

Discussion• Observasi• Study dokumen

(analisis isi)• Visual (videografi,

fotografi)• Personal Experience

KUANTITATIF:• Wawancara terstruktur• Observasi dengan

check list• Study dokumen

dengan check list• Kuesioner/angket/skala

• Pengukuran dengan alat (timbangan, meteran, dsb.)

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Rapid Assessment Procedure:salah satu alternatif untuk melakukan need assessment

• Diadopsi dari pendekatan dan metode dalam bidang ilmu antropologi

• Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk mengetahui konteks lokal dan budaya setempat agar suatu program kesehatan dapat efektif

• Prosedur ini pada awalnya bertitik tolak pada kepercayaan dan persepsi yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan, penggunaan sumber kesehatan tradisional maupun biomedis.

• Prosedur ini kemudian dikembangkan untuk hal yang lain yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan

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Metode Pengumpulan Data pada RAP

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• Formal interview

• Informal interview

• Conversation

• Observation

• Participant observation

• Focus Group Discussion

• Documentation & bibliography study

Penyusunan Panduan

• Menyesuaikan dengan pertanyaan penelitian

• Menyusun bentuk panduano Berupa pertanyaan rinci atau

kerangka/topik pertanyaano Tidak memasukkan terlalu banyak topik o Alur pertanyaan sealami mungkin o Mungkin berbeda untuk responden berbeda

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:Diskusi Kelompok Terarah

• Diskusi yang mempunyai fokus tertentu & dirancang dengan seksama

• Menggali persepsi tertentu• Tidak mencari konsensus• Hasilnya adalah variasi jawaban • Peserta 6-12 orang• Suasana informal, santai dan

tidak menekan

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:Diskusi Kelompok Terarah

• Waktu diskusi maksimal 2 jam• Tempat diusahakan nyaman,

menimbulkan suasana privasi• DKT dipandu seorang

fasilitator, sebaiknya dibantu oleh penulis

• Informan sebaiknya tidak mengenal satu sama lain dan homogen

• Proses sebaiknya terekam dan ijin dulu pada informan

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:WAWANCARA MENDALAM

• Tatap muka dengan tujuan khusus• Dipandu dengan panduan

wawancara atau betul-betul bebas• Hindari kehadiran orang lain selain

informan• Maksimal waktu untuk wawancara

adalah 2 jam, termasuk basa basi• Suasana dibuat nyaman, ada privasi• Sebaiknya direkam setelah ijin

terlebih dulu

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:WAWANCARA MENDALAM

• Pewawancara harus netral• Ringkasan wawancara dibuat

segera• Bias dapat terjadi pada

pewawancara (menjurus,tendensius, kegagalan menggali) ataupun panduannya

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:OBSERVASI

•Observasi •Observasi

partisipatif•Observasi un-

obstrusif

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Metode Pengumpulan Data:OBSERVASI

• Dilakukan pada waktu tertentu vs partisipatif

• Langsung mengamati vs dibantu alat (video, one way mirror, cctv)

• Perhatikan batasan yang akan diamati

• Lamanya tidak ada batasan• Pengamat harus netral, lepas dari

prasangka31

Metode Pengumpulan Data:YANG LAINNYA

• Interpretasi dokumen dan material• Metode visual• Pengalaman personal

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Terima Kasih Atas Perhatian Anda

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