• Receiver.• Transceivers.• Radio designed for you to listen to.• Radio designed for you to listen to and spoken on.

Transceivers are divided by the Federal Communications Commission into several frequency ranges, each of which is designated for a specific purpose.

BANDS

• CB (Citizens Band) radio is designed for many people to talk to each other simultaneously. CB gained enormous popularity in the 1970′s, but has since waned considerably.

• FRS (Family Radio Service) and MURS (Multi Use Radio Service) are both unlicensed frequency bands which are designed for small groups of people to communicate with each other.

• GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service) is a licensed band. GMRS users can communicate with FRS users on some channels.

• Other licensed frequencies include the HAM (Amateur) bands and Business band.

Amateur Radio Station

Amateur radio station with multiple receivers and transceiversAmateur radio, also known as "ham radio," is a hobby in which enthusiasts are licensed to communicate on a number of bands in the radio frequency spectrum non-commercially and for their own enjoyment. They may also provide emergency and public service assistance. This has been very beneficial in emergencies, saving lives in many instances.Radio amateurs use a variety of modes, including nostalgic ones like Morse code and experimental ones like Low-Frequency Experimental Radio. Several forms of radio were pioneered by radio amateurs and later became commercially important, including FM, single-sideband(SSB), AM, digital packet radio and satellite repeaters. Some amateur frequencies may be disrupted illegally by power-line internet service.

Ham Radio Ham radio does broadcast in all directions, hams generally do not use their radios in a broadcast kind of way as a disk jockey would at a radio station.

In normal AM or FM radio, one disk jockey transmits and thousands of people listen. Hams, on the other hand, conduct two-way conversations, often with another ham or with a group of hams in an informal roundtable.

The roundtable of hams may be in the same town, county, state, country or continent or may consist of a mix of countries, depending on the frequency and the time of the day.

Many hams get their start on VHF FM, using battery-operated hand-held transceivers set to transmit on one frequency and receive on another frequency.

Campus Radio

Programming may be exclusively by students, or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide an alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters.

Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and so have very different characteristics from one country to the next.

Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and spoken word programming as well as general music.

Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air, many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting, closed circuit or carrier current systems, often to on-campus listeners only.

Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station. Some universities and colleges broadcast one or more Internet radio feeds — either instead of, or in addition to a campus radio station — which may differ in radio formats significantly from licensed traditional campus radio.

Internet Radio 

Commonly Known as web radio, net radio, streaming radio, e-radio webcasting is an audio service transmitted via the Internet. Music streaming on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means.

Internet radio involves streaming media, presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from on-demand file serving. Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming. Many Internet radio services are associated with a corresponding traditional (terrestrial)radio station or radio network. Internet-only radio stations are independent of such associations.

Fixed stations

Radio station established in a permanent structure with equipment that is not intended for portable operation is referred to as a fixed station. This is the most common form of amateur radio station, and can be found in homes, schools, and some public buildings. A typical fixed station is equipped with a transceiver and one or more antennas.

Mobile stations

An amateur radio station installed in a vehicle is referred to as a mobile station.

A typical mobile station is equipped with a transceiver, one or more antennas, and a microphone. The transceiver may be specially designed for installation in vehicles. It may be much smaller than transceivers designed for fixed station use, to facilitate installation under a seat or in a trunk, and it may feature a detachable control head that can be mounted in a separate location from the rest of the radio.

Portable stations

An amateur radio station set up in a temporary location is referred to as a portable station. A portable stations might be established to provide emergency communications in a disaster area, to provide public service communications during a large organized event such as a charity bicycle ride, to provide communications during an expedition, or for the recreational enjoyment of operating outdoors. Portable stations include the same basic equipment as fixed and mobile stations, although transportation of the transceiver, antennas, power supplies or batteries and necessary accessories often influences the particular selection.

Space stations

An amateur radio station that is located in a satellite, the Space Shuttle, or on the International Space Station is referred to as a space station.

These stations are frequently either transponders or repeaters that operate under automatic control and can be used by ground stations (any station that is not a space station) to relay their signal to other ground stations.

Hand Held Station

A handheld VHF/UHF transceiver, 2007.

Handheld radios contain all the necessary equipment for radio communications with another station. A typical radio used as a handheld stationintegrates a transceiver with an antenna and a battery in one handheld package. Most handheld transceivers used in amateur radio are designed for operation on the VHF or UHF amateur radio bands and most often are capable of only FM voice communications transmissions. To conserve battery power, they have limited transmitter power, often below 1W, to cover a local range of typically a few km or miles.

• Radio broadcasting  is a one-way wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio, and internet radio via streaming media on the Internet.

• The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio.

Radio broadcasting

AM FM

• AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a radio signal and is still widely used today.

• Commercial and public AM broadcasting is carried out in the medium wave band world wide, and on long wave and short wave bands also.

• • Once AM was the only commercially important method for broadcast signal

modulation.

• Today, it competes with FM broadcasting for mobile reception of music and speech, as well as with various digital modes distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters.

• AM radio is broadcast on several frequency bands

• Long wave is 148.5 kHz–283.5 kHz, with 9 kHz channel spacing generally used. Long wave is used for radio broadcasting in Europe, Africa and parts of Asia , and is not allocated in the Western Hemisphere.

• Medium wave is 520 kHz–1,610 kHz. This is the "AM radio" that most people are familiar with.

• Short wave is 2.3 MHz–26.1 MHz, divided into 14 broadcast bands. Shortwave broadcasts generally use a narrow 5 kHz channel spacing.

FM broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong which uses frequency modulation (FM) to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio.

The term "FM band" describes the "frequency band in which FM is used for broadcasting". FM is a development over AM broadcasting and it provides a lot of substantial benefits thus it is much more complex compared to AM

Therefore AM and FM are two very popular and very different methods of sending information over the airwaves

1. AM broadcasting is simpler than FM but the difference in complexity and price are very marginal at present.

2. AM is more prone to signal distortion and degradation compared to FM.

3. FM doesn’t degrade linearly with distance.

4. AM usually broadcasts in mono which makes it sufficient for talk radio.

5. FM can transmit in stereo making it ideal for music.

6. AM has a longer range than FM.

Admin Finance Sales Marketing And PR Programming Music Management Rjs Technical Transmission Engineers

Radio programming is the Broadcast programming of a Radio format or content that is organized for Commercial broadcasting and Public broadcasting radio stations. The right to communicate and to have affordable access to the means of communication

MUSIC

NON-MUSIC

TALKS Jock Talk/Callers/Celebs

Songs /Jungles

Liners/Promo/Commercials

Radio is a very powerful technology that can allow information to reach large section of population quickly and economically.

Radio, given its availability, accessibility, cost effectiveness and power represents a practical and creative medium for facilitating mass education in urban/rural settings.

Print medium is not effective, as illiteracy rate is higher in rural and lower economic society members,

Power supply in rural area is still a problem. So TV coverage is not reaching to full potential.

TV viewing needs active participation.

Radio is a powerful medium for imparting education. Radio is the only source of information in most of rural areas. Radio has the potential to serve as an “ideal medium for change”.

The programme contents are focused on:

Information

Education

Entertainment Target Audience

Research

Scheduling

Language

Format

Accountability

Talk show Plays Bulletins DiscussionsSongs/MusicSerialsInterviewsPresentationsFillers

Agricultural (Farmers and Youth)AlbumsChildren’sClassical ComedyContemporaryCulture

Educational

Environmental

Experimental

Folk music

Health

News

Oldies

Radio Documentary

Radio drama

Rural

Sports

Serials

Talk Shows

Urban

Variety

Public service broadcaster: It includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing and commercial financing.

Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries, public broadcasting is run by a single organization. Other countries have multiple public broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages.

Commercial broadcast model

Community radio / Campus radio

Commercial broadcast : Commercial broadcasting is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media.

Advertising

Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies.