Rabi Crops

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Vice-Chancellor

CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar

FOREWORD

It is a matter of pleasure that the Field crops -II (Rabi crops) manual is being

published by the Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana

Agricultural University, Hisar for the benefit of agriculture students. The manual

contains complete crop husbandry of rabi field crops from field preparation to the crop

harvesting. It seems to be very useful not only to the students to prepare for examinations

but also to the farmers and associated persons engaged in raising rabi field crops. The

authors Drs. R.K. Pannu, A. K. Dhaka, Bhagat Singh and Satish Kumar have needed

teaching and research exposure on field crops. The manual so developed may also serve

as a text book as this has been written as per revised curriculum, which will help the

undergraduate students for their better understanding of the crop cultivation. The

language of manual is simple and easily understandable with cultivation practices

elaborated in detail. The production constraints of each crop with practical solution have

been explained very well. This publication will certainly help the students to prepare for

competition of different examinations.

I congratulate the authors for their tireless efforts in bringing out the manual only

to help in development of quality human resource. This manual can also be used as ready

reckoner by all stakeholders of field crops.

(K.S. Khokhar)


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PREFACE

Crop cultivation as subsistence farming has been followed since ancient times.

Raising field crops is a dynamic process of taking decision from time to time as the

cultivation practices changes with change in agro climatic conditions, soil types andlocations. Crop production embraces the knowledge to perform the various operations at the

farm in a skillful manner. This also teaches judicious and efficient use of farm resources and

inputs are required for sustainable production. In view of the ever-growing human and cattle

population and horizontal expansion of crop cultivation is impossible, therefore very limitedscope for extension of cultivated area, it is necessary to produce more food, feed, fodder, fuel

and fiber from the existing land area with the available resources. Depletion and degradation

of natural resources by intensive agriculture in post green revolution era coupled withincreasing cost of inputs required for crop production are posing serious threat to

sustainability of crop production. Therefore, it requires developing skilled man power

through human resource at global level. The apex body of agriculture at national level(ICAR) has developed a common course curriculum for the graduates in agriculture for

parity. None of the available books covers the whole syllabus and taking this in to

consideration a manual has been written by the authors. The course contents have beenimplemented from 2011-12 in Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,

Hisar. The new course of field crops (Rabi) is more comprehensive as it deals with the

complete package of practices of major rabi season cereals, pulses, oil seeds, forage crops,

sugar crops, commercial crops and medicinal and aromatic plants. A comprehensivedocument on different aspects of crop production i.e soil, climatic requirement, crop

production and crop protection technologies along with the processing and value addition

will provide comprehensive knowledge to the students.

We hope the manual will be helpful in fulfilling the objective of holistic knowledge

of crops for increasing the income of farmers and sustainability to the production system. Wewish this manual will be useful to the students, teachers and farmers alike pursuing the sacred

mission of increasing food availability to the hungry millions.

We are thankful to the Worthy Vice-Chancellor for writing forward for this manualand authorities of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for granting permission to

publish this manual. The encouragement and guidance by Dr. (Mrs.) Sucheta Khokhar, Dean,

College of Agriculture and technical help rendered by Dr. A.S. Dhindwal, Professor andHead, Department of Agronomy is thankfully acknowledged. We are extremely thankful to

the authors of various books, manuals and documents for getting useful material for inclusion

in this publication. We are also grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research forproviding financial assistance for publication of this manual.

Suggestions for improvement of the subject matter are always welcome.

Hisar R. K. Pannu

March, 2012 A.K. Dhaka

Bhagat Singh

Satish Kumar


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CONTENTS

Sr. no. Title Page no.

Cereals1 Wheat 1-14

2 Barley 15-20

Pulses

3 Chick Pea 21-27

4 Lentil 28-33

5 Field Pea 34-38

6 French Bean 39-41

Oil seeds

7 Rapeseed and Mustard 42-50

8 Sunflower 51-59

Sugar crop

9 Sugarcane 60-73

Commercial crop

10 Tobacco 74- 86

Forage crops

11 Berseem 87- 91

12 Lucerne 92- 94

13 Oat 95- 97


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Syllabus (Theory)

AGRON 203 FIELD CROPS- II (RABICROPS)

Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic

requirements, varieties, cultural practices, manuring, water management,

important limiting factors and constraints in production and cultivation of rabi

crops.

Cereals: Wheat and Barley

Pulses: Chickpea, Lentil, Peas and French bean

Oil seeds: Rapeseed and mustard and Sunflower

Sugar crop: Sugarcane

Commercial crop: Tobacco

Forage crops: Berseem, Lucerne and Oat


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WHEAT

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is locally known as Gehun/Kanak belongs to family

Poaceae. It is the Worlds number one cereal crop with an area of about 214 million hectare,

which is about 14% of the global arable land area. The area under wheat is almost staticaround 220 million hectare since last three decades but its production has been increased by

four fold due to improved varieties, increase in irrigation and fertilizers use with modern

production technologies. Wheat is the second most important food crop of the country, which

contributes nearly one-third of the total food grains production.

It is consumed mostly in the form of unleavened pan-backed bread, called chapati.

Wheat is consumed in various other preparations such as dalia, halwa, puri, upma, flakes,

cakes, biscuits etc. It contains more proteins (10-12%) than other cereals. Wheat has a

relatively high content of niacin and thiamine. Wheat proteins are of special significance

beside nutrition; they provide characteristic substance gluten, which is very essential for

bakers, because gluten provides the structural frame work for the spongy, cellular texture of

bread and other baked products. Wheat straw is used for feeding the cattle.

Origin

According to De Candolle wheat was originated in the valley of Euphrates and Tigris

and spread from there to China, Egypt and other parts of worlds. But, Vavilov believed that

durum wheat was originated in Abyssinia, while soft wheat was probably originated in the

region of western Pakistan, south western Afghanistan and the southern parts of mountainous

Babshara.

Area, Production and ProductivityThe major Wheat producing countries in the world are China, India, United States,

Russia and France. In India the major wheat growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,

Haryana and Rajasthan with a highest productivity in Punjab (45.1 q/ha), Haryan (44 q/ha)

and UP (31.2 q/ha) with all India average of 29.1 q/ha. The average productivity of wheat in

Haryana during 2009-10 was 42.13 kg/ha. The area under wheat has steadily gone up since

the start of the Wheat Revolution in 1967 and its production and productivity has increased

tremendously. The overall increase in area, production and productivity of wheat in our

country during 1965-2010 had been 207%, 655% and 317%, respectively. Another major

change that has occurred in wheat cultivation since independence is that the proportion of

area under irrigated wheat has increased greatly. It has gone up from 34% in 1967 to 51 % in

1970 and more than 89.6% in 2006-07. Thus the crop has now become largely irrigated as

compared to being primarily rainfed earlier.

Classification of wheat

According to Bayles and Clark (1954) the 12 cultivated species of Triticum are

Triticum aestivum/vulgare (Common bread Wheat), T.durum (Durum/macroni Wheat), T.


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dicoccum (Emmer Wheat), T.sphaerococcum (Shot Wheat), T. macha (Macha Wheat), T.

vavilovi (Vavilovii Wheat), T. spelta (Spelt Wheat), T. compactum (Club Wheat), T.

polonicum (Polish Wheat), T. turgidum (Poulard Wheat), T. persicum/carthlicum (Persian

Wheat) and T. monococcum (Einkorn Wheat). Out of total 18 species of Triticum genus,

Perival (1921) classified 12 cultivated species into three distinct groups; deploids (Einkorn

Wheat) , tetraploids ( Emmer, Durum, Persian, Poulard and Polish wheat) and hexaploids (

Common, Club, Spelt, Shot, Macha and Vavilovii wheat), with 7, 14 and 21 chromosomes,

respectively in their cells. T. sphaerococcum has now practically gone out of cultivation

because of its low productivity and high susceptibility to diseases. Only spring-type wheat

varieties are grown in the country, though these are raised in winter.

Common bread wheat (T. aestivum) is the most important species, occupying more than

90% of the total wheat area in the country. It is grown all over India from the sea-level up to

an elevation of 3,500 m in the Himalayas. Mexican dwarf wheat developed by incorporating

dwarfing gene Norin 10 was introduced in India by Dr. N.E. Borlaug (Noble Leurate).

Macaroni wheat (T. durum)is the second most important species, occupying nearly 10% ofthe wheat area. Earlier its cultivation was primarily confined to the central and southern

India, with very small area in Punjab and West Bengal. Its cultivation was most common

under rain fed conditions only, on account of high susceptibility to rusts. But with the

development of high-yielding semi-dwarf types, a large area has come up in Punjab under

irrigated conditions. The durum wheat is good for making suit, semya, sphagetti.

Emmer wheat (T. dicoccum), is grown on a very restricted scale in Gujarat, Maharashtra,

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, where it is known as popatiya, khapli, ravva,

godhumalu, samba etc. A large pocket of several thousand hectares of this species exists in

Belgaum district of Karnataka along the river Krishna.

It has a very high degree of heat tolerance and can be sown as late as December and January

without much fear of heat damage during grain filling, even in the southern zone. It is

preferred for several south Indian dishes, which use granular form of wheat.

Growth stages

Pre-establishment stage:

a. Pre-emergence (up to 5 DAS): Sprouting of seeds by giving rise to seminal roots and

coleoptiles.

b. Emergence (6 DAS): Appearance of coleoptiles from germinating seeds above the soil

surface.Vegetative stage:

a. Seedling (up to 30 DAS): The young plants establish larger root systems in this stage.

This stage may be further differentiated as one leaf, two leaves, three leaves and four leaf

stages.

b. Crown root initiation (22 DAS): This coincides with three or four leaf stage in the plant.

At this stage the roots emerge from the crown disc.


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c. Tillering (35 - 45 DAS): Plants develop crown and branch out into tillers from their base

at soil surface.

d. Jointing (65 DAS): This is the stage at which the plants start elongating when the nodes

start developing above the crown node.

Reproductive stage:

a. Booting (75 DAS) in this stage the uppermost leaf swells out into flag holding the spike

into it.

b. Heading (85 DAS) The spikes start emerging out from the flag leaf sheath at this stage.

c. Flowering/Anthesis (95 DAS) Anthesis of florets and fertilization of ovaries take place at

this stage.

Post- Anthesis stage

Grain filling (105-135 DAS): The ovaries, after fertilization, start elongation into seeds

or ovules passing through Milk stage (105 DAS), Soft dough stage (120 DAS) and Hard

dough stage (135 DAS).

Maturity stage: Colour of glumes changes and kernels become fairly hard at this stage.There are two stages of maturity i.e.Physiological (140 DAS) and harvestable maturity

(145 DAS)

Climatic requirement

In India wheat is a winter season (rabi) crop. The sowing is done in autumn and

harvesting in summer. The high temperature at both ends of the crop season determine the

duration available for cultivation, which ranges from 100 days in south to more than 145 days

in north-western plains and 180 days in the hills. The best wheats are produced in areas

favored with cool, moist weather during the major portion of the growing period followed by

dry, warm weather to enable the grain to ripen properly. The optimum temperature range for

ideal germination of wheat seed is 20 to 250C though the seeds can germinate in the

temperature range of 3.5-350C.

During the heading and flowering stages, excessively high or low temperature and

drought are harmful to wheat crop. The temperature conditions at the time of grain filling and

development are very crucial for yield. Temperature above 25oC during this period tends to

depress grain weight. Early seeding severely restricts tillering capability, crop duration and

yield potential of most varieties. Very hot temperature during grain-ripening period can result

in grain shriveling.

Soil requirement

Well-drained loams and clayey loams are considered the best for growing wheat.

However, good crop of wheat can be raised in sandy loams and the black soils also. Durum

wheat is considered more suitable for cultivation in heavy and black soils, whereas aestivum

wheat is grown in all types of soils.


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Crop rotations

In Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh where rice is now extensively grown in

kharif and is followed by wheat. Similarly, wheat is now extensively cultivated after rice in

eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The sugarcane-wheat and cotton-wheat rotations are also

common in several parts, in northern India under irrigated condition Pearl millet--wheat,

Sorghum-wheat and jute-wheat are other rotations followed in some parts of the country.

Development of short-duration varieties of pigeonpea has made the growing of wheat feasible

after harvest of this crop. In north-western India and in the foot-hill tarai areas of Uttar

Pradesh, irrigated wheat is also grown as a companion crop between rows of sugarcane and

potato. In the black soils of central and peninsular India, dryland wheat is rotated with

sorghum, pearl milet or cotton in kharif in the preceding year. The growing of quick-maturing

crops, viz. greengram, onion, coriander and even groundnut or early sown maize as catch

crops before wheat are fairly common. All over India, the growing of rainfed wheat mixed

with Chickpea, lentil, mustard, linseed, barley and safflower is quite common. Even under

irrigated conditions a row of mustard for every 8 to 12 rows of wheat is a common practice.

Field preparation

Wheat crop requires a well pulverized but compact seedbed for good and uniform

germination. With 3 to 4 ploughings, repeated harrowing, cultivation and planking before

sowing to produce firm seedbed are considered desirable for raising a good crop of wheat.

Very timely cultivation to conserve moisture in the soil is essential under rainfed condition.

In the black cotton soils, blade harrow (bhakar) is used instead of the plough. For field

prepration 1 to 3 ploughings with an iron plough may sometimes precede the use of bhakar.

Pre-sowing irrigation (palewa or rauni) of field, followed by cultivation and planking to

prepare a fine well pulverized seed bed. Recently zero-tillage and minimal tillage sowing

practices using a specially designed zero-till seeding-cum-fertilizer drill have been

recommended to save the time required to prepare proper seedbed under the rice-wheat

rotation, particularly when medium long and long duration varieties of rice (or basmati types)

are grown and the fields get vacated very late in November and December. Such practices

can be followed even for timely sown wheat to reduce expenditure on field preparation.

However, these are successful when weeds are not a serious problem or when these are

controlled with the use of herbicides.

Resource conservation technologies (RCT)

1. Laser land leveling: This is precursor resource conservation technology that is a must forthe proper implementation of other RCTs for greater productivity and profitability. This

technology increases productivity, increases area under crop, saves water and other inputs,

enhances factor productivity and reduces costs of production.

2. Surface seeding: This RCT is specifically suited to single crop diaralands of eastern parts

of India where soil remains wet after rice harvesting. The technology requires no tillage,


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broadcast dry or soaked seed under saturated condition, scope in areas where soil remains wet

after rice harvesting and doubles the cropping intensity.

3. Zero tillage: The main features of the technology are; zero tillage drill is simple and

affordable, direct drilling in untilled condition, advances sowing time realizing higher yields,

saves more than 90% fuel energy and time, similar yield at lower cost in comparison to

timely sown wheat with conventional tillage and better management of herbicide resistant

biotypes of Phalaris minor

4. Bed Planting: The Furrow irrigated raised bed system (FIRBS) accommodate 2-3 rows of

wheat on raised bed with 75-90 cm spacing between beds. The furrows in between the beds

are used for irrigation purpose. The method helps in saving of water upto 40% without loss of yield.

Sowing time

Normally wheat is sown when the average daily temperatures fall to around 22-23C,

which happens only in November in most wheat-growing areas. Sowing wheat while the

temperatures are high (around 25C) results in poor germination reduced tillering and earlyonset of flowering, thereby exposing the floral parts to cold damage. All these factors depress

the crop yields. Only few varieties, viz. C 306 and WH 533 are suitable for sowing in the end

of October to Ist week of November, which makes these suitable for rainfed conditions where

seeding is done early.

Under irrigated conditions, the first fortnight of November is considered the optimum

time for sowing the medium and long-duration varieties, which are capable of producing the

highest possible yield.

Seed rate

For varieties with the medium sized grains (38 to 44 g for 1,000 seeds) a seed rate of

100 kg/ha is recommended. For bold seeded varieties (around 45 g or more/1,000 seeds) a

seed rate of 125 kg/ha is optimum. For late-sown and mild salinity condition, 25% higher

seed rate (125-150 kg/ha) is recommended.

Method of sowing

In many places the seed is sown by hand in furrows behind the plough, drawn by

bullocks by the kera method. In Paddy - wheat rotation areas the sowing of wheat should be

done with the help of zero till seed- cum -fertilizer drill. The seed of semi-dwarf varieties

should be placed at seeding depth of 4 to 5cm depth, since they have a short coleoptile, butthat of the tall types can be placed up to a depth of 6 to 7 cm. For irrigated timely sown

wheat, a spacing of 20 cm between the rows is considered optimum. For irrigated late-sown

conditions, the row spacing is reduced to 18 cm. Under rainfed conditions seed is required to

be placed deeper, and after sowing, the furrows are left open. Rainfed wheat is sown at

relatively wide spacing of about 25 to 30 cm between the rows. Some farmers sow the crop

by broadcasting seeds in the well-prepared fields followed by harrowing. This is an


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undesirable practice since seed cannot be spread uniformly, and get placed at variable depths

resulting in erratic crop stand. However, in case this method has to be adopted under certain

constraints then seed rate should be increased by 25% and moisture availability ensured in

top-soil level.

Varieties

Early Sowing, Medium Fertility and Restricted Irrigated Conditions

C 306: This is a most drought tolerant variety of wheat. This is suitable for early sowing (i.e.

last week of October to 1st week of November). This is a tall variety (135 cm) and has high

tillering capacity. It has white and hairy ears on maturity. It has high early growth vigour and

medium late in maturity (150 days). Due to its tall stature and weak stem, it is susceptible to

lodging. It has excellent chapati making quality and its grains are hard, amber and medium in

size. This variety yields about 25q/ha without irrigation.

WH 1025: It is recommended for early sowing, low fertility and low irrigated areas. Medium

in height (105 cm), lodging resistant. Grains are medium in size, amber coloured and hard. Itschapatti making quality is very good. It is resistant to rust. Average yield is 27.5 q/ha.

WH 1080: It is recommended for rainfed and restricted irrigation areas. The plant has

average height of 86 cm. The stem is hard and lodging resistant. The grains are of medium

size, hard with amber colour. It can tolerate the drought conditions very well. It gives average

yield of 30.8 q/ha with crop duration of 151 days.

Timely Sowing, Medium Fertility and Restricted Irrigated Conditions

WH 147: It is a dwarf variety with fast growing habit, good tillering capacity, and compact

plant type with broad and erect leaves. The flag leaf is prominent. Its earhead is thick at the

top. This variety is about one week early in heading and maturity. Hence, it can escape high

temperature at the time of maturity of crop. The average yield is 50 q/ha. It has resistance to

brown rust but susceptible to yellow rust and powdery mildew. Therefore, its cultivation

should be avoided in humid climate areas. The last irrigation should be light and done when

winds are not blowing to avoid lodging.

WH 416: It has 105 cm height, quick growing habit and green foliage with broad and erect

leaves. Its spikes are smooth and fusiform and have white glumes on maturity. The grains are

amber and fairly bold with about 40g per 1000 grains. It has been found most suitable for

timely sowing, high fertility and irrigated conditions. The average yield of this variety is 55

q/ha.

Timely Sowing, High Fertility and Irrigated ConditionsWH 711:It is a dwarf variety with an average plant height of 81 cm its plant is compact with

profuse tillering capacity having stout stem which resists lodging. Leaves are erect, small and

medium sized of dark green foliage. Spikes are tapering bearing medium awns and semi-

dense which turn creamy white on maturity. It matures in 145 days. Grains are amber,

medium and of oral shape and its average yield is 59 q/ha.


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WH 542:It is a semi-dwarf variety (90 cm) with high tillering and compact plant type having

dense and white spikes with short awns. It is highly resistant to lodging. It has resistance to

all the three rusts, flag smut and loose smut, Karnal bunt and powdery mildew. Its foliage

colour is light green. The awn and ear colour at maturity becomes white. The grains are

amber colour, semi-hard and medium in size. This variety has very good chapati making

qualities. It matures in 140 days and its average yield is 58 q/ha.

WH 283:It is a dwarf variety with an average height of about 104 cm. The tillering is fairly

good and the foliage is dark green and drooping. Its grains are bold; shining and amber. The

bread and chapati making quality is very good. It is highly resistant to leaf rust and has good

field resistance to Karnal bunt. The average yield of this variety is 50 q/ha.

PBW 502: It is dwarf variety (95 cm) with profuse tillering habit. The ears are dense and

tapering in shape. Its grains are bold, amber, lustrous and hard. It is resistant to yellow and

brown rust. It is less susceptible to Karnal bunt but susceptible to loose smut. Its average

yield is 50 q/ha. It matures in 150 days.

PBW 550:It is dwarf (85 cm), high tillering, grains are medium in size (41 g/1000 seeds)and hard. It is resistant to yellow and brown rust. It is resistant to Karnal bunt also. Its

average yield is 58 q/ha. It matures in 140 days.

DBW 17: It is recommended for timely and irrigated conditions. It is dwarf (85 cm), high

tillering, grains are medium in size (39 g/1000 seeds) and hard. It is resistant to yellow and

brown rust. It is resistant to Karnal bunt also. Its average yield is 58 q/ha. It matures in 143

days.

UP 2338:It is a dwarf variety with an average height of about 100 cm. Its grains are bold and

amber. Moderately resistant to brown rust. Average yield is 57.5 q/ha.

PBW 343:It is a, semi-dwarf variety with an average height of 95 cm with high tillering and

compact plant type having resistance to lodging. It has recently turend susceptible to the

rusts. The grains are amber, hard and medium bold. It matures in 142 days and its average

yield is 57.5 q/ha.

Late sown and high fertility conditions

WH 1021:Dwarf (95 cm), high tillering and ears are brown in colour at maturity. Grains are

medium in size, shiny and have 12.2% protein content. It is resistant to brown and yellow

rust. It is tolerant to high temperature. Average yield is 47.5 q/ha.

PBW 373: Dwarf (96 cm), high tillering, strong stem and resistant to lodging. Grains are

medium and hard. It is resistant to brown and yellow rust. Average yield is 46 q/ha.

Raj 3765: It is recommended for late and very late sowing. Plant height is 95 cm. It hasprofuse tillering and strong stem. Its spike is dense, pointed and white in colour. Its leaves are

light green in colour. Grains are hard, bold and amber in colour. It is heat and rust tolerant. Its

average yield is 46 q/ ha.

Sonalika (S 308): Semi-dwarf, low tillering and ears are light red in colour at maturity.

Grains are bold and soft. Incidence of Karnal bunt is less but sensitive to yellow rust.

Average yield is 42 q/ha.


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Timely Sowing under Salinity and Alkalinity Conditions

WH-157: It is a dwarf variety with an average height of 105 cm with compact habit of

growth in the early stage. Its foliage and stem remain dark green throughout its growth period

till maturity. However, the older leaves show a tendency of tip drying. The grains of this

variety are bold, hard and amber. Its tillering capacity is low. Its ears are fully bearded and

mid-dense. Its ear heads have whitish glumes, slight hairiness and long awns. It matures in

142 days. It has high resistance to yellow rust and resistance to brown rust. Its average yield

under salt affected lands is 35 q/ha.

KRL 210: Recommended for timely sown, irrigated saline and alkaline soil conditions.

Semi-dwarf and early maturing (125 Days) variety with high yield potential, giving about

33.75 q/ha grain yield. Grains are medium, semi-hard and amber in colour. Highly resistant to

loose smut disease and tolerant to Karnal bunt and foliar blight. Fairly good for chapatti

making quality.

KRL 213:Timely sown, irrigated- saline and alkaline conditions. Semi-dwarf and maturing

in 145 days giving about 33.57 q/ha grain yield. Grains are medium, semi-hard and amber in

colour. It has high level of resistance against rust diseases. Good for chapatti making quality.

Durum wheat varieties

WH 896: It is recommended for timely sown, high fertility and irrigated conditions. The

leaves of this variety are erect growing. It is dwarf in nature and have strong stem. Ear head is

white in colour and compact. Grains are bold and attractive. It is good for sujimaking. It is

resistant to rust, Karnal bunt and loose smut. Its average yield is 52.5 q/ha.

WH 912:It is recommended for timely sown, high fertility and irrigated conditions. The stem

is strong and resistant to lodging. It is dwarf in nature. Ear head is brown in colour and

compact. Grains are bold and attractive. It is good for pastamaking. It is resistant to rust,

Karnal bunt and loose smut. Its average yield is 55 q/ha.

PDW 233: It is recommended for timely sown, high fertility and irrigated conditions. The

leaves of this variety are light green in colour. It is dwarf in nature. Ear head is white in

colour and compact. Grains are bold and shining. It is good forpastamaking. It is resistant to

rust, Karnal bunt and loose smut. Its average yield is 52q/ha.

Fertilizer requirement

It is better to apply fertilizer on soil test basis. Under irrigated conditions for dwarf

varieties of wheat, 150 kgN+60 kg P2O5+60 Kg K2O + 25 Kg ZnSO4/ha is recommended.

While for tall/desi variety 60 kg N+30 kg P2O5+30 Kg K2O/ha is recommended under

irrigated conditions. Half nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus, potash and zinc should be

drilled at the time of sowing. Remaining half nitrogen should be applied after first irrigation.

If the zinc is not applied at the time of sowing then spray twice 0.5% zinc sulphate + 2.5%

urea at 45 and 60 days after sowing.


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Chemical control of weeds in wheat

Sr.

No.Weeds Herbicide

Dose

(g/ha)

Time of

application

(DAS)

2,4-D Na salt (80% WP) or 625 30-351 Broadleaf weeds

2,4-D Ester (34.6% EC) 750 30-352,4-D Na (80% WP) or 1250 30-352 Hardy broadleaf

weeds(R. dentatus,C.

arvensis,C.arvense

andL. aphaca)

2,4-D E (34.6% EC) 1500 30-35

Metsulfuron-methyl

(Algrip, 20% WP)

20 30-353 Broadleaf weeds and

Asphodelus tenuifolius,

Carfentrazone-ethyl

(Aim 40 % DF)

50 30-35

Isoproturon 50% WP (Delron,

Tolkan, Taurus, Greminan,Hilproturon.

2000 30-354 Grassy weeds

Isoproturon (75% WP) Nocilon-

75, Arelon 75% WP) or with

Triton, Selvit)

1250 30-35

Triallate (Avadex, 10 % EC)

Or

3000 PPI Use

25% extra

seed rate

5 Grassy weeds

Particularly

Avena Ludoviciana

TriallatefbIsoproturon 2500 fb

1250

PPI & 30-35

Glyphosate (Round up, Glycel

41 % SL) or

2.0%

Solution

Spray after

wheat

harvest at

peak growth

of Weed

Glyphosate + surfactant or 1.0% +0.1%

---do-

6 Pluchea lanceolata

2,4-D E (34.6% EC) 3000 ---do-

Isoproturon (75% WP) + 2,4-D

Na (80% WP) or

900 + 650 30-35

Isoproturon + metsulfuron 900 + 15 30-35

7 Complex weed flora

(grassy + broad leaf

weeds)

Total (SSN + MTS) 40 30-35


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Precaution should be taken that Isoproturon has been found to cause phytotoxicity in

wheat CV. WH-157 and DWL 5023. 2,4-D should not be used under mixed cropping where

gram, raya or any other broadleaf crop has been grown with wheat. It should also not be

used in wheat varieties viz. WH 283, HD 2009, Raj 3077, WH 416 and Sonak.

Medicago denticulata and Melilotus indica spp. and Rumex dentatus are not controlled by

2,4-D, but can effectively be controlled by Algrip. Fumaria parviflora is not effectively

controlled by Algrip, but can be controlled by 2,4-D only. Aim is very effective against

Malva parviflora, Convolvulus arvensis andRumexdentatus. Delayed application may lower

its efficacy against Chenopodium album, Melilotus indica, Medicago denticulata and

Anagallis arvensis.

Chemical control of weeds in Isoproturon resistance affected areas

Herbicide Common

name

Dose

(g/ha)

Weeds controlled

Sulfosulfuron 75%WP

Leader, SF-10and Safal -75

32.5 + 1250 mlSurfactant

(0.25%)

Avena ludoviciana, P. minorand30-40%control of

broadleaf weeds

Clodinafop-propargyl

15% WP

(Topik, Point,

Moolah,

Rakshak Plus)

400 Avena ludoviciana andP.

Minor

Pinoxaden Axial 1000 Avena ludoviciana andP.

Minor

Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Puma Power 1000 + S (Puma

activator 0.1%)

Avena ludoviciana and

Phalaris minor

Sulfosulfuron+

metsulfuron (R.M.)

Total 40 + S (0.25%) Grassy as well as broad leaf

weeds such asRumex dentatus,

Malva parviflora, C. album,

Medicago Denticulate and

Coronopus didymus

Mesosulfuron+

Idosulfuron ( R.M.)

Atlantis 400 + 0.1

activator

Grassy as well as broad leaf

weeds .

Clodinafop-propargyl

+ Metsulfuron-

methyl ( R.M.)

Vesta 400 + 1250 ml

surfactant

Grassy as well as broad leaf

weeds such asRumex dentatus,

Malva parviflora, C. album,

Medicago Denticulate and

Coronopus didymus

Note- Apply any one of the above mentioned herbicides by mixing in 500 litre of water per

hectare area after 30- 35 days of sowing.


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For complex weed flora (grassy and broadleaf weeds) where clodinafop or

fenoxaprop are used; sequential application of 2,4-D, one week after the application of grassy

herbicides provides good control of most of the weed flora. Tank mixing of grassy weed

herbicides with 2,4-D is antagonistic and should be avoided. Tank mix of clodinafop or

fenoxaprop with Aim (carfentrazone) is compatible, but not that of fenoxaprop plus Algrip

(metsulfuron). Sequential application of Algrip, one week after fenoxaprop spray should be

followed.

Precautions:Sulfosulfuron or its ready mix formulation (Total) should be avoided in areas

where sorghum or maize is grown after wheat harvest; however, no residual effect of these

herbicides was observed on cotton.

Diseases management

Black rust or stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici): Disease starts as dark reddish brown

elongated pustules without yellowingon leaves, leaf sheaths, stems and ear heads. Thefringed epidermis covering the pustule later ruptures, revealing powdery mass of brick red

coloured uredospores on the stem. Later in the season rusty coloured pustules turn black and

telia are formed which produce teleutospores.

Brown rust or leaf rust (Puccinia recondita ): The pustules are circular, brown to orange

brown generally irregularly scattered or scattered around the central pustules on ventral side

of the leaves but also occur on leaf sheath, peduncles, internodes and ear heads. Later on

rusty colour pustules turn black when teleutospores are formed.

Yellow rust or stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis):The disease occurs under comparatively

cooler conditions. The symptom starts in the form of narrow, yellow to orange yellow stripes

which become clearer in adult plants. Later on these stripes turn black when teleutospores

are formed. The infection also occurs on leaves, leaf sheath, stem, glumes, awns and also

some times on kernels. Foliar sprays with Zineb (Dithane Z-78) or Mencozeb (Dithane M-45)

@ 2kg/ha in 600 litre of water at the time of disease appearance effectively control the disease.

Loose smut [Ustilago segatum var. tritici (Syn.= U. tritici)]: Symptoms can be seen at the

time of ear emergence. Normally, infected ear heads emerges earlier than the healthy ones.

In the infected plants, the ears are transformed into a black powdery mass consisting of smut

spores, initially covered by a delicate papery membrane which ruptures and exposes the

spores. Subsequently these spores are dislodged by the wind leaving behind the naked rachis.

For control, Solar heat treatment- Soak the seeds in water for four hours in the morning and

spread the seed in the noon for drying during the months of May June, and seed treatment

with Vitavax or Carbendazim (Bavistin) @ 2g or Tebuconazol (Raxil-2DS) @ 1g per kg seed

is quite effective.


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Flag smut (Urocystis agropyri): The disease affect the leaves primarily, leaf sheath, culm

and stem. The affected leaves become twisted which later drop down like flag and finally

wither away. These sori are formed in the mesophyll tissue under the epidermis of the leaf.

The epidermis ruptures exposing black powder mass of the spores. The culms remain sterile

and plants generally do not produce grain but sometimes shriveled grains may be produced.

Control: Burning of diseased plant debris, shallow sowing and one to two year crop rotation

reduces the disease. Seed treatment with Vitavax or Carbendazim (Bavistin) @ 2g or

Tebuconazol (Raxil-2DS) @ 1g per kg seed is quite effective.

Karnal bunt (Neovossia indica = Syn. Tilletia indica): Symptoms are evident only on the

grains. Only few grains in an ear head are affected. In a stool, all the ears are not infected

and in an ear all the grains are not bunted. The infected spike lets may flare up the glumes to

expose the bunted grains. The infected seeds emit foul odour due to production of volatile

chemical trimethylamine. For control: Use of disease free seed and crop rotation should be

followed.Seed treatment with Bavistin (2 g/kg seed) reduces the seed borne inoculum.Foliarspray of carbendazim (Bavistin) or Dithane M 45 (0.2%), Hexaconazol or

propiconazole(0.1%) at anthesis stage gives effective control.

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis tritici):The pathogen attacks all the aerial parts of the

plant. The symptoms appear on the upper surface of the leaves as white to grayish brown

colonies of fluffy superficial powdery mass. As the disease advances, premature drying of the

leaves takes place. Under favourable conditions the pathogen covers leaf sheath, stem and

glumes. Control: Burning of crop debris and deep summer ploughing helps in eliminating the

inoculum. Crop rotation helps in minimizing the disease incidence. Foliar spray of Sulfex @

2-2.5 kg/ha in 400-500 litre of water at first appearance of the disease and repeat after 10-15 days

Ear Cockle (Mamni) and Yellow ear rot (Tundu) (Anguina tritici and Rathyi bacter):

Diseased plants have spreading tendency and swollen base, leaves become crinckled and

twisted. Earheads contain dark brown, hard and roundish galls (Mamni) instead of grains.For

Control: Before sowing of seed, put wheat seed in water and agitate vigorously for few

minutes. Ear cockle galls will float to the surface. These may be skimmed off with an

ordinary sieve and brunt.

Molya (Heterodera avenae): Plants become stunted with yellowing of leaves, reduced

tillering and absence of ears on some tillers or small ears with poorly filled grains. The root

system of infected plants gets reduced in size and becomes bunchy with profuse development

of thin rootlets. Cysts (shining white bodies of female nematodes) are seen attached to the

roots at the later stage of the crop. For control: Expose the soil to the hot sun by summer

cultivation. follow rotation with non- cereals in badly infested soils. Use resistant variety Raj

M R- 1. Apply Temik 10G @ 10 kg or Furadan 3G @ 32 Kg/ha at sowing time.


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Insect management

Termites (Microtermos obesus): Termites damage the crop soon after sowing and near

maturity. The damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pooled out. The plants

damaged at later stages give rise to white ears. The damage is generally more in low irrigated

light soils areas. For control : Treat the 100 kg seed with 150 ml Chlorpyriphos 20 EC or 250

ml Formothion 25 EC or 500 ml Ethion 50 EC, make the total solution of 5 litre by adding

water and then after spreading the seed on polythine sheet or floor mix solution with seed. To

control termite in standing field condition mix the 5 litre of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC in 5 litre of

water and 5 kg sand or ash, then spread in field evenly followed by a light irrigation.

Aphid (Lipophis erysimi) and Jassid (Amrasca biguttula): These pests damage the crop in

the month of Feb - March in our conditions by sucking the cell sap from leaves, earhead and

flag leaf. For cntrol: If you find 10 pests in one group on flag leaves of crop then go for spray

of 625 ml Fanitrothion 50 EC or 1000 ml Malathion 50 EC mix with 625 litre of water per

hectare area.


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BARLEY

Barley (Hordium vulgareL.) commonly known as Jau belong to family Poaceae. It is

very hardy crop and can be cultivated in adverse agro-environment like drought, salinity,

alkalinity etc. in plains and hilly areas under rainfed and irrigated conditions. The

carbohydrates present in barley help in the regulation of the glucose level due to high fiber

content which is five times more than that of the other whole grains. Barley grain are rich in

Vitamin B, Vitamin E and folic acid. Its feed helps in reducing the body weight, as it makes

a food appetite suppressant, making one feel filled and satisfied. Barley is a good source of

protein and 60% produce in India is used as a feed for the livestock. Barley contains about

15% water, 6.7% of gum, 3.2 % of sugar, 60% of starch and 2.2% of fat. A wide variety of

barley products are known to be suitable for human consumption. These include porridge,

muesli, cookies, barley flakes, breads, pasta, etc. The energy rich drinks like Bournvita,

Boost, Horlicks, Maltova etc. are prepared from malt extracts of barley. The parched grains

of barley are consumed in many parts of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Haryana. Barley is

malted in alcoholic beverages like beer, wine, etc. The by-products of malted barley are also

used in the form of animal feed. Barley straw is used to make the bed for the livestock,

making paper, fiberboard, etc.

Origin

According to Vavolov (1951) there are two main centers of diversity i.e.One group of

investigators considered North- East Africa and Mountainous regions of Abyssinia as the

principal centre of origin because many diverse forms are available there. This region is

particularly rich in two rowed, hulled, awned types which are classified as occidental type.Another group of investigators considers that possible centre of origin is south eastern Asia,

particularly China, Japan, Tibet and Nepal which is characterized by hull-less six rowed

varieties with short awn or no awn which grouped as oriental type barley. All the cultivated

forms of barley are thought to have originated from a wild species Hordium spontaneum a

species very similar to the present two-rowed barley.

Area, Production and Productivity

The leading barley producing countries are USSR, China, France, Canada, USA and

Spain. The area under barley cultivation in India has been gradually going down as farmers

are shifting to more remunerative crops like wheat and gram or cash crops like rapeseed and

mustard or safflower. Barley is grown mainly in the northern plains of the country but its

cultivation extends up to an altitude of about 4,575 metres in the Himalayas. In India, barley

occupied 0.62 m ha area and produced nearly 1.35 m tons grain, with a per hectare

productivity of 21.7q/ha during 2009-10. Its greatest concentration is in the states of Uttar

Pradesh, Rajasthan, M.P., Punjab, Haryana and Bihar in plains and Himachal Pardesh,

Uttrakhand and Jammu & Kashmir in hills. In Haryana barley is grown on an area of 42


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thousand hectare with a production of 137 thousand tones and average productivity of 3262

kg/ha (2009-10). The major barley growing districts are Hisar, Sirsa, Bhiwani, Mohindergarh,

Rewari and western part of Jind, Rohtak and Gurgaon.

Classification

Barley can be classified in different groups which are given below:a) Classification based on arrangement of spikelets on rachis

Aberg and Wiebe (1946) classified all the cultivated barley varieties into three distinct

species based on the number of rows of grain and their arrangement:

(i) Hordium vulgareL. six-row barley

(ii) Hordium distichonL. two-row barley

(iii) Hordium irreglareL. two-row barley

Six-rowed hulled and some hull-less barley are generally cultivated in the country. In

very high altitudes in Leh and Kargil with cool arid climate, 6-rowed hull-less type is grown

in summer for food. With the demand from malting industry, the introduction and release of

some 2-rowed improved barley has also created considerable interest towards their

cultivation. The 2-rowed varieties are preferred for malting because of their bold, plump

grains, uniform germination, higher malt extract and other desirable traits.

b) Classification based on Awns

Depending on the presence or absence of awns in grains it has been grouped into:

(i) Awned type (ii) Awnless type: Awnless types are also called hooded because of the hood

shaped structure that develops in place of awn.

On the basis of nature of awn presence they are sub-grouped into:

(a) Smooth awned (ii) Rough awned.

c) Classification Based on Adherence of Chaff to grains

Barley are grouped into 2 types as i) Hulled (syn. husked) type: (ii) hull-less (syn.

naked) type.

In case of hulled barley the husk, i.e.floral glumes also called chaff remains attached

to grains resulting in poor flour making. In the hull-less type the husk readily falls after

threshing and naked grains free of chaff can be collected.

Growth stages

Barley has well defined stages of growth and development similar to wheat as follows:

1)Germination and seedling stage: After germination below the soil surface the coleoptile

emerges on the soil surface. This stage is marked by the exhaustion of endosperm andinitiation of crown roots. This stage lasts upto 20-25 days after sowing.

2)Tillering: The seedling after initial establishment of crown root system starts tillering. In

general, two row barley produces more tillers than six row barley. This stage of growth

continues upto 30-35 days after sowing.

3)Jointing and booting: At this stage plant develops its vegetative parts like stem, nodes

start multiplying and internode distance become longer. This stage lasts upto 55-65 daya

after sowing.


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4)Heading: The flag leaf give rise to emergence of ear head and anthesis begins in the

central florets ultimately resulted into milk stage. This stage lasts upto 75-85 days after

sowing.

5)Ripening: At this stage grain filling and grain development starts resulted into hard dough

stage. This phase lasts upto 90-100 days after sowing.

6)

Maturity and drying: This stage is the final stage in the crop life, plant turn yellowish,loose stiffness and become droopy and becomes ready for harvest.


Barley requires cool weather during early growth and warm and dry weather at

maturity. It grows reasonably well in temperate as in sub-tropical regions of the world. The

optimum temperature at the sowing should be around 22- 24oC. The crop requires around 12-

15oC during growing period and around 30

oC at maturity. Being drought resistant, barley suits

to areas with scanty rainfall. The crop can withstand cool humid and warm dry climates, but

hot humid climate disfavour its growth, mainly due to prevalence of diseases. It can not

tolerate frost at any stage of growth and incidence of frost at flowering is highly detrimental

for yield. Intermitted drought during the growth period results in premature ripening with high

nitrogen content and shriveled grains unfit for malting. Uniform moisture supply and bright

sunshine at the ripening are important for the production of clean bright kernels required by

the malting industry.

Soil requirement

Sandy to moderately heavy loam soils of Indo-Gangetic plains having neutral to mild

saline reaction and medium fertility are the most suitable for barley cultivation. However, it

thrives well on well-drained fertile deep loam soils. Severe lodging occurs when grown on

extremely fertile soils. Its cultivation also extends, although to a limited extent, to medium

black soils of Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is more tolerant to alkali and saline conditions

than other rabicereals and is grown extensively under such conditions in Rajasthan, Punjab,

Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Crop rotation

It is generally rotated with crops, such as pearlmillet, maize, paddy, sorghum, cotton,

groundnut, smaller millets, greengram and balckgram in different parts of the country.

Double-cropping with barley is practiced under assured soil moisture or irrigation facilities.

Barley is grown pure or mixed with other rabi crops, such as gram, peas and lentil.Sometimes, rape and mustard, taramira and linseed are also intercropped with barley. The

following are common crop rotations where barley is included: Paddy barley, Maize

barley, Sorghum barley, Cotton barley, Pearlmillet - barley, Groundnut - barley,

Blackgram barley, Greengram barley, Cowpea barley, Guar barley.


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Field preparation

Barley requires a well-pulverized but compact seedbed for good and uniform

germination. Two to three ploughings, repeated harrowing, cultivation and planking before

sowing are required to prepare seedbed. Cultivation is essential after effective rainfall to

conserve moisture in the soil under rainfed condition.

Sowing time

Sowing time plays a pivotal role in barley production. Under rainfed condition the

optimum time for barley sowing is second fortnight of October, whereas, under irrigated

situation is better to plant the crop between 15-30th

November for harvesting a good crop.

High malt content varieties such as BH 393 sowing must be completed between 15-30th

November otherwise it will affect malt content in grain.. Under late planting the quantity and

quality of malt is reduced.

Seed rate

Under irrigated conditions 85-90 kg/ha seed is required for sowing. However, under

late sown condition increase the seed rate by 25%. In rainfed situation, 75 kg/ha seed is

sufficient to avoid competition for moisture.

Method of sowing

Sowing method depends upon the moisture content in the top soil. If the moisture is

sufficient in the top soil than seed can be sown by kera method, otherwise, it must be planted

by pora method. Row to row spacing must be maintained at 22 cm under normal planting,

however, under late sown condition it should be reduced to 18-20 cm for obtaining optimum

plant population.

Varieties

Huskless barley varieties: Karan 3, Karan 16, Karan 18, Karan 19, Karan 750, Karan 757, DL

487 and K 1155.

Hulled barley varieties: Karan 15, Karan 280, NH 87, K 392, DL 472.

Malting and brewing purpose: Alfa 93, BCU 73, DWR 28, DWRUB 52, RD 2668 and

DWRB 73.Feed purpose: RD 2552, PL 751, BH 902, BH 393 and RD 2592 (Irrigated), K 560, K 603,

RD 2624, RD 2660 (Rainfed), DL 88, RD 2552, NDB 1173, NDB 1020 and NDB 209(Saline

soils).

Nematode resistant variety: Raj Kiran.


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The important barley varities recommended in Haryana state areas follows:

Fertilizer managementBarley needs 60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5and 15 kg K2O/ha under irrigated condition. Apply

full dose of P2O5, K2O and half nitrogen at the time of planting and remaining half dose of

nitrogen should be applied at first irrigation. However, under rainfed situations barley needs

30 kg N and 15 kg P2O5 /ha and all the fertilizers should be applied at the time of sowing.

Aviod excessive nitrogen application as it leads to lodging which will reduce the grain

quality. Application of FYM helps in conservation of moisture.

Irrigation management

Due to low water requirement, barley can be grown as a rainfed crop. To harvest good

yields, barley requires two irrigations at the active tillering stage (40 - 45 DAS) and the otherat the anthises stage (80 - 85 DAS). One extra irrigation is required only on sandy soils. If the

supply of water is inadequate, its efficiency can be increased by a proper timing of its

application at the critical stages of growth of the crop. If only one irrigation is available, its

application near the tillering stage has proved very profitable. On highly alkali-saline soils,

frequent light irrigation gives better results than a fewer heavy irrigation.

Variety Av. Grain

Yield (q/ha)

Duration

(days)

Reaction to major disease/

insects/ pests

Other features

BG 25 34 136 Resistant to yellow rust,susceptible to blight and

moderately resistant to

aphids

Six row, waxy and suitablefor irrigated conditions

BG 105 37 137 Susceptible to yellow rust,

blight and aphids

For irrigated late conditions

BH 75 38 136 Moderately resistant to

yellow rust, susceptible to

blight and aphids

For irrigated timely sown

conditions

BH 393 46 121 Resistant to yellow and

brown rust and molyadisease

Six row, early maturity,

very good malting traits

BH 331 43 127 Resistant to major diseases Suitable for brackish water

and salt affected soils

BH 338 39 107 Tolerant to yellow rust Suitable for late sowing

BH 902 50 130 Resistance against yellow,

brown and black rusts. It is

also moderately resistant to

leaf blight.

Six row barley variety for

feed barley group.


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Weed management

Weeds generally pose greater problem in irrigated areas, though barley is known to be

a good competitor of weeds due to its fast growing habit and high initial vigour. Both

broadleaf (Chenopodium album) and narrow leaf weeds (Phalaris minor and Avena

ludoviciana) are common in barley. The weed population also depends upon the extent of

tillage practices followed prior sowing of barley crop. To prevent losses from weeds, onehand weeding after first irrigation is quite useful. Application of 2, 4-D sodium salt @ 1 kg/ha

in 500 litres of water after 1st irrigation (40 DAS) can take care of broadleaf weeds. Broad

leaved weeds can also be controlled with the application of Algrip 20 WP (Metsulfuron

Methyl) @ 20 g + 500 ml surfactant or Affinity 40DF (Carfentrazone ethyl) @ 50g per

hectare in 500 litre of water at 40-45 DAS. Whereas, application of Axial 5 EC (Penoxadene)

@1 litre per hactare in 500 litre of water at 40-45 days after sowing can control narrow leaf

weeds. For control of mixed weed flora apply Axial 5 EC (Penoxadene) @1 litre mixed with

Algrip 20 WP (Metsulfuron Methyl) @ 20 g + 500 ml surfactant or Affinity 40DF

(Carfentrazone ethyl) @ 50g per hectare in 500 litre of water at 40-45 DAS.

Diseases management

Rusts (Puccinia spp.): Black, brown and yellow rusts occur in barley. Rust resistant varieties

of barley are: -

Black rust:- Azad, BCU 73, BH 505, BH 508 and HBL113.

Brown rust: - Alfa 93, BCU 73, HBL 113, BH 514, RD 2503, RD 2508 and PL 419.

Yellow rust:- BH 902,C 164, BH 75, Alfa 93, R 2503, RD 2508, PL 419, BH 393.

Seed treatment with Vitavax or Carbendazim (Bavistin) @ 2g or Tebuconazol (Raxil-

2 DS) @ 1g per kg seed is quite effective.

Covered Smut (Ustilago hordei)is observed at the time of heading. All the ears of diseased

plant become infected and all the grains in the ear turn into smut sori. Each smut sorus

remains covered by a white, shining, silvery membrane. The membrane may ruptures bymechanical pressure during threshing and release smut spores black powders. For control this

diseses infected plants should be rouged out and burnt. Shallow sowing should be followed.

Seed treatment with carbendazim (Bavistin) or carboxin (Vitavax) @ 0.2g/Kg seed is quite

effective. Resistant varieties K 12, K 18, K 24 and BG 105 should be cultivated.

Stripe Disease (Dreschlera graminea) usually occurs at late tillering stage. Narrow yellow

stripes initially appear on lower leaves and later appear on the upper leaves also. As the

disease progresses, yellow stripes increase in length parallel to the veins and soon turn reddish

to dark brown. Heavily infected leaves mature early which later on dry and give shredded

look. The spots also appear on glumes and spikelets. Seed treatment with Bavistin (2g/kg

seed) is quite effective in managing the external seed infection. Foliar spray of Dithane M 45

@ 0.2% at the initiation of disease. Resistant varieties K 12, K 24, K 125, Vijaya, C 164, BG105 and BH 87 should be cultivated

Insect management

There is no major insect in case of barley, however, termite attack is observed in this crop

and for its control treat the seed with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC or Formathion 25 EC @ 6 ml /kg of

seed and prepare the solution in 25-30 litres of water for one hectare area, mix the insecticide well

in water and spray the solution on the seed and air dry it overnight before sowing.


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CHICKPEA

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important cool season food legume. It is also

known as Bengal gram. Globally it is the third most important pulse crop after dry beans

(Phaseolus vulgaris) and dry peas (Pisum sativumL.). Chickpea seeds contain on average 18-

22% protein, 52-70% total carbohydrates, 4-10% fat, 6% crude fiber and 3% ash. Seeds are

rich in mineral content as phosphorus (340 mg/100 g), calcium (190 mg/100 g), magnesium

(140 mg/100g), iron (7 mg/100 g) and zinc (3 mg/100 g). Its leaves contain consist of mallic

and citric acid, which is very useful for stomach ailments. Chickpea is best blood purifier. It

assists in lowering of cholesterol in the bloodstream. Chickpea is mostly consumed in the

form of processed whole seed (boiled, roasted, fried, steamed and sprouted) or dal or as dal

flour (Besan). It is an excellent animal feed. Its straw also has good forage value. In India,

chickpea flour is used for preparation of number of sweets and recipies.

OriginChickpea is one of the pulse crop domesticated in the old world. Chickpea is known to

have originated in western Asia (probably eastern Turkey). The cultivated chickpea is not

found in the wild and C. reticulatum is its progenitor, while C. echinospermum is a close

relative. It has a wide geographical distribution covering Indian sub-continent, the

Mediteranean region, western and eastern Asia, northern and eastern Africa, southern Europe

and Australia.

Area, Production and Productivity

Globally India, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Australia, Mexico, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Spain

and Bangladesh are the major chickpea producing countries which contributes 96% of the

total production. India ranks first in area and production of chickpea at world level. Chickpea

in India occupies 7.89 million ha area, producing 7.06 million tones and a productivity of 895

kg/ha. Presently, the major chickpea producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat which together account for more than 80% of

the total production. In Haryana this crop is generally grown in south western districts. The

area, production and productivity of Haryana during 2009-10 was 84,000 ha, 62,000 tons and

735 kg/ha, respectively.

Madhya Pradesh with 2.8 M ha producing 2.6 M t with productivity of 981 kg/ ha,

ranks first in area, and production. The national average productivity is 895 kg/ha (2008-09),

which is much lower than the highest average productivity (1800 kg/ha) in Egypt.

Classification

Two major cultivar types designated as Desi/Brown gram (microsperma) and Kabuli/

White chickpea (macrosperma) have emerged under domestication. In addition `gulabi', pea

shaped forms of local importance are also recognized. Desichickpeas are small and angular


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with rough brown to yellow testas, while kabuli types are relatively large, plump, and with

smooth cream colored testas. Kabulitypes are considered relatively more advanced because

of their larger seed size and reduced pigmentation achieved through conscious selection.

Study at ICRISAT revealed that desiand kabulitypes differ in their dietary fiber components

of seed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Kabuli types contain higher amount of dietary

fiber, particularly cellulose and hemicellulose.

The differences in desi and kabuli-chickpea are as follows

Desi chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.) Kabuli chickpea(Cicer kabulium)

The seed colour ranges from yellow to

dark brown

The seed colour is usually white

Seed size is usually small. Seeds are bold and attractive.

Yield potential is high Yield potential is low

Plants are small with good branching

ability

Plants are generally taller and stand more or less

erect.

Canopy colour is dark green Canopy colour is light greenLeaflets are smaller in size Leaflets are larger than desi gram

The chromosome number 2n = 14, 16 The chromosome number 2n = 16


Chickpea is essentially a subtropical crop, it grows well in a wide range of climates. The

crop is very sensitive to excess moisture, high humidity and cloudy weather, which limit flower

production, seed set and yield. Severe cold and frost are injurious to it. Chickpea is usually grown

after rainy season on stored soil moisture during winter in tropics or spring in temperate and

Mediterranean regions. In India, it is grown as rabicrop in areas of 400- 700 mm rainfall. The

average air temperature varies from 25 to 30C with warmer nights with 20-25C temperature.Chickpea is a long day plant requiring 1216 hrs bright sunshine per day.

In India, two distinct agroclimatic regions are recognised. In cold winters (rabi) of

north India, the crop duration is 160-170 days. In Peninsular India, where winters are warm,

the crop duration is short (90110 days). Hence, the productivity of chickpea is higher under

north Indian conditions. Pod set and seed development is limited by temperatures less than

5C and higher than 30C. The optimum temperature regime for chickpea is 24- 30C.

Soil requirement

Chickpea thrives well on a wide range of soils including sandy, sandy loam and black

cotton soils. It is highly sensitive to saline and sodic soils. A pH range of 6-9 is favourable.

Chickpea is highly sensitive to aeration. Therefore, on heavy soil having high moisture

retention capacity, care should be taken during seedbed preparation to ensure adequate

aeration. Well drained sandy/silty clay loam to deep loam soils of medium fertility which may

retain up to 200 mm of moisture in a profile to a depth of 1 meter are considered ideal for

chickpea cultivation. The alluvial soils of the Indogangetic belt support bumper crop of Chickpea.


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Crop rotation

Chickpea is cultivated during rabi seasion. Chickpea in rotation with cereal crops

helps in controlling soil born diseases. The most common rotations are Kharif fallow-

chickpea, paddy-chickpea, Maize-chickpea, Bajra-chickpea and Jowar- chickpea. Chickpea is

also grown mixed with wheat, barley, linseed, sunflower and rapeseed and mustard.

Field preparation

Chickpea needs clody and rough land for good aeration in root zones and does not

need a fine seedbed. When grown on residual moisture under rainfed conditions, care should

be taken to conserve rain water. At the onset of monsoon deep ploughing and one light

harrowing followed by planking at the end of monsoon helps to conserve the moisture.

Sowing time

The ideal time of sowing in rainfed areas is the middle of October whereas under

irrigated condition, middle of November is the optimum time. If the temperature is more than30

oC than chickpea should not be sown as it will lead to high vegetative growth and increase

the incidence of wilt. In order to utilize residual moisture of kharif season, sowing in Central

and Southern Zones is generally 10-15 days earlier than that in north India. For getting good

yield the optimum sowing time is second fortnight of October. While the optimum time of

sowing of Kabuli chickpea is the end of October to the first week of November.

Seed rate

Chickpea has wide variation in seed size from 12 to 40 g per 100 seeds. The small

seeded varieties require less seed in comparison to large seeded varieties. For timely planting

of desi type, 40-45 kg seed per ha is adequate, however for bold seeded varieties like HC-3

and Gaurav a seed rate of 75-80 kg seed per ha is optimal. In case of kabuli types the optimal

seed rate is 80 - 100 kg per ha. Under late planting conditions, the seed rate should be

increased by 20-30% (50-55 kg/ha) so as to compensate the per plant yield loss. In case of

intercropping, the seed rate should be adjusted as per the area available to the crop.

Seed treatment

For nodulation and nitrogen fixation, the seed must be treated with specificRhizobium

culture before sowing. The inoculation should be done 10-12 hours before sowing. To

inoculate 10 kg seed, 100 g Gur be added in one liter of water followed by heating up toprepare homogenous mixture. After cooling the mixture at room temperature, one packet of

Rhizobium culture is added in it and mixed up thoroughly. Rubbing this mixture of the culture

solution on seeds provides a uniform thin coating all over. After drying in shade for about 6-8

hours, seeds can be used for sowing.


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Method of sowing

Delayed sowing require higher seed rate for optimal plant stand than the normal

planted crop due to restricted growth. Adequacy of moisture and nutrients leads to enhance

vegetative growth and therefore, a low plant stand is desirable under such condition.The

optimal row spacing for timely sown crop is 30cm under sufficient moisture condition,

whereas for rainfed condition it should be wider i.e. 45 cm. However for late (December)

planting in irrigated areas, it should be 25 cm.

Sowing depth decides the period of emergence. The period of emergence can be

shortened with appropriate sowing depth according to soil types and moisture. In loamy sand

soil of northern India seeding at 10 cm depth is better than shallow seeding (5 cm depth) if the

chickpea be sown on conserved soil moisture condition.

Varieties

Recommended varieties of different zones

Zone VarietiesNWPZ Uday, GPF-2, GNG-663 Alok, Samrat (for Raj., HR, Pb.), PDG-3 (Pb.), HC-3,

HC-5, HK-1, HK-2, GNG-1292 (Raj.), Pusa-547, Phule G 9425-9, Aadhar

NEPZ SadaBahar, Uday, KWR 108, Pant G 186, Gujrat Gram 4

CZ ICCV 10, Vijay, JAK 92-18, Gujrat Gram 1, KAK-2, Jawahar Gram-16, Pusa

Shubra, BGD 128, JKG 1

SZ ICCV 10, JG 11, Phule G 95311

EZ Uday

High yielding cultivars for specific situations are:

o Drought tolerant:RS 10, G 24, T 3, T 87, RSG 888

o Late sown situation:JG 74, Strain 76, G 235, Pant G 114.

o Wilt resistant:HC 1, GPF 2, JG 315, KWR 108, DCP 92-3, Vijay, Vishal, JG 74.

o Ascochyta blight tolerant:Gaurav, GNG 146, Pusa 261, GNG 469, PBG I.

o Early maturing thermosensitive:KPG 59, BG 372, Pant G 186.

o Extra bold and bold seeded:Kabuli KAK 2, BO 1053, HK 2.

Varieties Jyothi (100-110 days), Kranthi (100-110 days), Swetha (80-85 days),

Annegiri (100-110) and ICCV 10 (110-120 days) are popular cultivars during post rainy

season on black cotton soils of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh.

The popular varieties in Haryana are:

H 208: It is most suitable for drier, rainfed, and wilt-prone areas as it is tolerant to wilt. It also

does well in irrigated areas. The pods are comparatively small and two-seeded. The grains are

small (115 g/1000 grains) and brownish yellow. The average yield is 20 q/ha.

C-235: It is tolerant to blight and is suitable for cultivation in blight-prone areas, particularly

humid regions of the State. The grains are medium bold (135 g/1000 grains) and brownish

yellow. The average yield is 19 q/ha. This variety gave very good yields in rainfed areas also.


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HC 1:Seeds of this variety are light yellow, pointed and medium in size. It is specially suitable

for late sowing in rainfed as well as irrigated areas as it takes only 145 days for maturity. Due to

its early maturing nature it escapes the loss by pod borer. It is also small seeded variety. Its

average seed yield is 20-25 q/ha.

HC 3: This variety is resistant to root rot, wilt and other important diseases of chickpea. It

matures in 155 days. Grains are bold (265 g/1000 seeds) and average yield is 20-22 q/ha.

Suitable for sowing in 1stweek of November in irrigated areas.

HC 5: The plants of this variety are erect compact and tall with high yields. This variety is

tolerant to root rot and wilt. The maturity duration is 145 days. Grains of this variety are

medium bold (165 g/1000 seeds) and brownish in colour. This variety is suitable for irrigated

areas and very much suitable to inter cropping in autumn planted sugarcane where chickpea is

planted on raised bed. Average yield of this variety is 20-25 q/ha.

HK 1: Plants of this variety have medium height, profused branching and podding; lightish

green leaved and matures in 142 days. Grains are medium in size and white in colour. This

variety is developed for irrigated areas. It is resistant to chickpea blight and wilt diseases.Average yield is 20-23 q/ha.

HK 2:This is white seeded variety of kabuli chickpea, it is tolerant to wilt. Its leaves are

broad and dark green in colour. The seed size is bold (280g/1000 seed). This variety matures

in 142 days and average yield is 17.5- 20 q/ha.

Fertilizer management

Chickpea responds15-20 kg N per ha on coarse textured soils unless the soil is rich in

organic matter. Foliar application of 2 % urea at the time of flowering and 10 days thereafter

is useful, specially in rainfed areas.The crop responds to 40 - 60 kg P 2O5per ha. Application

of 20 kg K2O per ha is recommended under deficient soil conditions. The recommended

fertilizer should be drilled at sowing. In addition to this, it is also advised to apply zinc

sulphate @ 25 kg/ha in irrigated conditions.

Irrigation management

Pre-flowering (45-60 DAS) and pod filling stages appear to be the most sensitive to

soil moisture stress. Depending upon the initial moisture content, winter rains and sowing

time, the schedule may vary. Kabuli chickpea needs a little more irrigation. Chickpea should

not be irrigated at flowering stage otherwise flower drop may take place.

Weed management

The dominant weed flora associated with chickpea crop are Chenopodium album,

Melilotus indica, Lathyrus aphaca, Medicago denticulata, Trigonella polycerata, Polygonum

pblebilium, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Euphorbia dracunculoides and Anagallis arvensis. The

initial four to eight weeks are most critical for weed competition and the first mechanical

weeding has been advised 25-30 DAS, and the second 45-50 DAS. However, in case of


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severe infestation, a third weeding may be needed around 70-75 DAS. Chemical weed control

with pre-sowing Fluchloralin application @ 1.0 kg per ha followed by one hoeing 45 DAS has

been effective. Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i. per ha as pre-emergence followed by one hand

weeding at 45 DAS provide effective control of annual broad leaved and grassy weeds in

chickpea crop.

Nipping

It is the process of plucking the apical buds of the crop at about 30-40 days after

sowing to control excessive vegetative growth. Nipping stops the apical growth and promotes

the lateral branching, thus the plants become more vigorous and produce more flowers and

pods and yield per plant is increased.

Diseases management

Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei): This disease appears on leaf blade, petioles, flowers,

pods, branches and stem in the form of brown spots. Fruiting bodies of the pathogen(pycnidia) are produced on the spots in the form of concentric rings which is the characteristic

symptoms of the disease. The lesions are circular on leaves and pod whereas elongated on

stem and branches. Pod infection leads to seed infection through testa as well as cotyledons.

Disease spreads rapidly in the field and field gives the burnt appearance.The disease is both

externally and internally seed borne. The secondary spread of the disease takes place by

winds, storms and rain splashes. Destruction of disease debris, deep summer ploughing and

crop rotation reduces diseases. For control of blight seed treatment with Bavistin or Captan @

2.5 g/kg seed and spray of Dithane M-45 @ 0.2% at the initiation of the disease.

Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Ciceri ):The disease appears on 3-6 weeks old seedlings in

susceptible varieties. In early stages, seedlings may collapse due to disease, where as older

seedlings show drooping of the leaves and dull green color in the initial stages. Petioles,

rachis and leaves turn yellow and become straw colored. Discoloration of xylem vessels can

be seen when roots are split open. For the control of wilt deep ploughing during the summer

months and destruction of diseased debris. Crop rotation with non leguminous crop and do not

sow the crop before 10th

of October. Seed treatment with Bavistin @ 2.5 g/kg seed. Seed

treatment with Trichoderma viride (Bioderma) @4g + Vitavax @1g by making a paste in 5

ml of water per kg seed is also effective.

Root Rot or Collar Rot (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani Sclerotium rolfsii): The

symptoms are sudden and complete wilting of the plants. The disease appears at any cropstage. The initial symptom appear as dark brown spots around the stem at the soil level byR.

solani, whereas in case of F. solani, spots are yellowish in color. Later on leaves of infected

plants turn yellow and ultimately plant wilts. Infested soil and diseased debris spread from

infested fields, help in spread of the disease. Seed treatment with Bavistin @ 2.5 g/kg seed is

advised for its control.


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Insect management

Termites (Microtermos obesus): Termites damage the crop from sowing to maturity. The

damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pooled out. The damage is generally more in

low irrigated light soil areas. For control treat the 100 kg seed with 850 ml Monocrotophos

36SL or 1500 ml Clorpyriphos 20 EC make the total solution of 2 litre by adding water and

then after spreading the seed on polythene sheet or floor, mix solution with seed.

Cut worms (Agrotis sp.): The caterpillar of this pest are polyphagus in nature and causes the

damage by cutting the stem or branches of growing shoot. For control spray 200 ml

Fenvalrate 20 EC or 125 ml Cypermethrin 25 EC or 225 ml Decametharin 2.8 EC by mixing

in 500 litre of water per acre hectare.

Pod borers (Helicoverpa armigera): The borers of this pest are greenish or yellowish in

appearance, which generally feed on the leaves, buds and pods. These completely destroy the

crop by eating the grains developing in size of the pods. For control spray 1 liter Quinalphos

25 EC or 1 kg Carbaryl 50 WP or 500 ml Monocrotophos 36 SL or 200 ml Fenvalerate 20 EC

or 300 ml Cypermetharin 10EC or 375 ml Decametharin in 250 litre of water per acre hectareas and when average one catterpiller per metre row length of plants at 50 % pod formation

stage is noticed. Repeat second spray after 15 days.


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LENTIL

Lentil (Lens esculenta Moench syn) also known as Masur is a leguminous crop. It is

recognized as one of the most nutritious pulse crops, ranking next to chickpea amongst rabi

pulses. It is one of the oldest pulse crops. It is also used as a cover crop to check the soil

erosion in problem areas. The plants are ploughed back into the soil as green manure also. It

derives the name Lens from the lens shaped seeds. In Indian subcontinent, it is commonly

consumed as dal, which are deep orange red or orange yellow in colour. The whole grain is

also used in some of the dishes. It is also rich in protein (26%), calcium (560 ppm), iron (7.54

mg) and niacin. It has the lowest content of lectins and trypsin inhibitors among legumes.

Since it is a leguminous crop, it improves the fertility of soil biological nitrogen fixation.

Lentil seeds also provide a source of starch for textiles and printing. Lentil floor is used for

thickening of soups. It is mixed with wheat flour in bread and cake production. It is also

ground into flour to make variety of preparations. It is also used in preparation of several

snacks and sweets. The dry leaves and stems, empty pods and broken bits all are used as

cattle feed. Lentil residues form important livestock feed.

Origin

Lentil or masur is one of the oldest crops that originated in near East and

Mediterranean region. It was known to ancients in Egypt and Greece. It had spread to Europe,

India and China, and now it is introduced and cultivated in most sub-tropical and warm

temperate regions.

Area, Production and ProductivityGlobally lentil shares only 5% of the total area under pulses. This pulse crop is

predominantly grown in Asia followed by north and eastern Africa, north central America

and southern Europe. Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought and are grown throughout the

world. World production of lentils for 2009 was 3.917 million metric tonnes, primarily

coming from Canada, India, Turkey and United States. About a quarter of the worldwide

production of lentils is from India. It is grown throughout northern and central India. In India

during 2008-09, Uttar pardesh, Madhya Pardesh, Bihar and West Bengal contributed more

than 90% of the total area and production of lentil at national level. But highest productivity

was recorded in U.P. (889 kg/ha). Our national productivity was 693 kg/ha against 2,111

kg/ha in Australia. In Haryana it is mainly grown in the paddy areas of north and middle

Haryana along with some western parts of state. The total area under this crop in Haryana is

12 thousands hectares.


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Classification

There are two cultivated species of genus Lens i.e. Lens esculentaMoench andLens

culinarisMedik. The cultivated species L. esculenta are classified into 2 sub groups

according to size of the seed.

Sub-species microsperma(Small seeded): They have small seed of 2-6 mm diameter

and are produced in India, Africa and Asia. Pods are complex and small.

Sub-species macrosperma(Bold seeded): They have large seeds of 6-9 mm diameter

and are grown in Mediterranean region and North America. Mostly pods are flat and

large.


It requires cold temperature during its vegetative growth and warm temperature at the

time of maturity. It is very hardy and can tolerate frost and severe winter to a great extent.

Unlike chickpea, it remains unaffected by rains at any stage of its growth, including

flowering and fruiting.The optimum temperature for its growth and development ranges from18 to 30C.

Soil requirement

Lentil is grown on a wide range of soils ranging from light loamy sand to heavy clay

soil in northern parts and in moderately deep, light black soils in Madhya Pradesh and

Maharashtra. Well drained, loam soils with neutral reaction are best for lentil cultivation.

Acidic soils are not fit for growing lentil.

Crop rotation

Lentil is generally grown as rainfed crop during rabi after rice, maize, pearl millet,

sorghum and cotton. It is also grown as an intercrop in autumn-planted sugarcane. Two lines

of lentil may be sown 30 cm apart in the center of 2 sugarcane rows. In north-eastern plains,

it is also grown as utera crop after rice. Intercropping of linseed+ lentil (2:1), lentil+ mustard

(4-6:1) in Bundel khand region of Uttar Pradesh is also promising. Lentil is relatively more

shade tolerant than chickpea. Hence, it performs better in mixed and intercropping systems.

Field preparation

Soil should be made friable and weed free so that seed could be placed at a uniform

depth. In case of light soils, less tillage is required to prepare an ideal seed-bed. In heavysoils, after harvest of kharif crop, one deep ploughing followed by 2-3 cross harrowings

should be given. After harrowing, the field should be leveled by giving a gentle slope for easy

irrigation. There should be proper moisture in the soil at the time of sowing for proper

germination of seeds. In utera/ pairacropping system of rice-lentil in eastern Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, seeds are sown in standing rice crop and therefore no tillage

is done.


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Sowing time

The seed is sown in second fortnight of October under rainfed conditions. However, it

can be sown in the month of November in irrigated areas. Under late-sown conditions, the

seed can be sown up to first week of December. However, a reduction in 20% grain yield will

take place as compared to normal sowing.

Seed rate

The seed rate is 30- 40 kg/ha for small-seeded varieties and 4550 kg/ha for bold-

seeded varieties and late sowing. Treat the seed with Benomyl or Aagrosan GN @ 2 g/kg of

seed before sowing. The lentil seed should be treated with rhizobium culture before sowing.

After wetting the seed with jaggery solution, mix it thoroughly with rhizobium inoculant, dry

in shade and sow the seed thereafter immediately.

Method of sowing

Show the crop with plough or seed drill in lines with row spacing of 22.5 cm. Underlate sown condition the crop can be planted at 18 cm spacing.

Varieties

The small-seeded varieties resistant to rust are Pant L 406, Pant L 639, Pant L 4 and

LL l47 and bold-seeded varieties resistant to rust and tolerant to wilt are Lens 4076, LH 844,

DPL 15 and DPL 62. Bold seeded variety JL 3 released for Central Zone is tolerant to wilt.

The other high yielding bold seeded recommended varities are

Haryana Masar 1: It is recommended for cultivation in whole Haryana. It is a small seeded

variety and released for cultivation in 2005. The plants of this variety are medium growing

and leaves have dark green colour. It matures in about 140 days and average yield is 16.0-

17.5 q/ha.

Sapna : It is bold seeded variety recommended for irrigated areas.It matures in about 140

days and average yield is 15 q/ha. Seeds are with small blackish tints.

Garima :It is recommended for irrigated areas and various type of soils for timely sowing

in Haryana.The leaves are broader and dark green in colour. Its seed size is bolder than Sapna

along with blackish spots. It gives an average yield of 15 q/ha just in 135 days of duration.

High yielding bold seeded varieties of lentil recommended for different states

Varities Duration (Days) Yield (q/ha) Recommended areasPant L234 130-150 15-20 Uttar Pardesh

NFL 92 120-130 15-20 Uttar Pradesh

Pusa 1 100-110 15-20 Bihar, U P,M P,Haryana and Orissa

JLS 1 120-130 10-15 Central plateau region

Bombay 18 130-140 10-12 Maharashtra, Punjab&Haryana

DPL 15 (Priya) 130-140 14-16 North-western plains zone


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DPL 62 (Sheri) 130-140 15-20 North-western plains zone

IPL 81(Noori) 110-120 10-15 Central zone

K 75 (Malika) 120-125 14-16 North-eastern plains & central zone

Pusa 4076(Shivalik) 130-135 25-28 North-western plains & central zone

Pusa 4 130-140 20-25 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar& West Bengal

Pusa 830 120-125 20-25 U.P. and Uttarakhand

High yielding small seeded varieties of lentil recommended for different states

Variety Duaration (Days) Yield(q/ha) Recommended areas

BR 25 125-130 15-20 Bihar and Madhya Pradesh

L 4147 130-135 17.8 North-western

T 36 130-140 16-18 Uttar Pradesh

Pusa 6 130-135 20-25 Delhi, UP, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar &WB

Pant L 406 125-130 20-25 UP, Bihar, Punjab, North-eastern hills

L 830 120-125 8-12 North-western plains zonePL 81-17 130-140 14-18 North-western plains zone

LH 84-8 130-140 14-16 North-western pl

Documents

Rabi Crops