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R22 Beta II R22 Beta II DreamFoil Creations DreamFoil Creations Gross Weight: 1370 lb Empty Weight Equipped (w/full oil): 855 lb Fuel (19.2 gal): 115 lb Optional Auxiliary Fuel (10.5 gal): 63 lb Passengers and Baggage w/std fuel: 400 lb Superior performance, outstanding reliability, and exceptional value have made the two-seat R22 the world's most popular entry-level helicopter for nearly two decades. More than 3,000 R22 helicopters have been delivered to 60 countries around the globe. The R22 holds every performance record in its weight class including speed, altitude, and distance. And the latest R22 Beta II is still sensibly priced with the industry's lowest cost of operation. Weights: Weights: Maximum Airspeed (Vne): 118 mph (102 kts) Cruise Airspeed @ 70% Power: 110 mph (96 kts) Maximum Range (no reserve): >200 miles Maximum Range (w/aux fuel): >300 miles Average Fuel Consumption: 8 to 10 gph Rate-of-Climb at Sea Level: >1,000 fpm Rate-of-Climb at 10,000 Feet: >600 fpm Maximum Operating Altitude: 14,000 feet Hover Ceiling IGE @ 1370 GW: 9,400 feet Performance: Performance: Page 01 Page 01

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Page 1: R22 Beta II - The X-Plane Freeware Project Manual.pdf · Rotor Stall & Mast Bumping ... R22 Beta II DreamFoil Creations. R22 Beta II DreamFoil Creations. DreamFoil Creations. DreamFoil

R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

Gross Weight: 1370 lbEmpty Weight Equipped (w/full oil): 855 lbFuel (19.2 gal): 115 lbOptional Auxiliary Fuel (10.5 gal): 63 lbPassengers and Baggage w/std fuel: 400 lb

Superior performance, outstanding reliability, and exceptional value have made the two-seat R22 the world's most popular entry-level helicopter for nearly two decades. More than 3,000 R22 helicopters have been delivered to 60 countries around the globe. The R22 holds every performance record in its weight class including speed, altitude, and distance. And the latest R22 Beta II is still sensibly priced with the industry's lowest cost of operation.

Weights:Weights:

Maximum Airspeed (Vne): 118 mph (102 kts)Cruise Airspeed @ 70% Power: 110 mph (96 kts)Maximum Range (no reserve): >200 milesMaximum Range (w/aux fuel): >300 milesAverage Fuel Consumption: 8 to 10 gphRate-of-Climb at Sea Level: >1,000 fpmRate-of-Climb at 10,000 Feet: >600 fpmMaximum Operating Altitude: 14,000 feetHover Ceiling IGE @ 1370 GW: 9,400 feet

Performance:Performance:

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

ContentsContentsDescription...........................................................Installation............................................................Assigning Custom Commands.............................Config Window..................................................... Controls Settings.................................................. Virtual Cockpit Reference..................................... Circuit Breakers....................................................Warning Lights......................................................Warning Lights......................................................Testing Warning Lights and Landing Light.............KY 96A TSO - Comm Radio..................................Throttle – Governor/CorrelatorUse of Carburetor Heat.........................................Ground Handling...................................................Flight and Maneuver Limitations...........................Operation Limits....................................................Rotor Stall & Mast Bumping..................................Normal Procedures...............................................Auto-Rotation Practice Power Recovery...............Auto-Rotation Practice with Ground Contact........Noise Abatement..................................................GeForce configuration..........................................

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

DescriptionDescriptionMain RotorArticulation: Free to teeter and cone, rigid inplaneNumber of Blades: 2Diameter: 25 feet 2 inchesBlade Chord: 7.2 inches (constant)Blade Twist: -8 degreesTip Speed @ 100% RPM: 672 FPS

Tail RotorArticulation: Free to teeter, rigid inplaneNumber of Blades: 2Diameter: 3 feet 6 inchesBlade Chord: 4 inches (constant)Blade Twist: 0 degreesPrecone Angle: 1 degree 11 minutesTip Speed @ 100% RPM: 599 FPS

Drive SystemEngine to Upper Sheave: Two double Vee-belts with .8536:1 speed reducing ratio.Upper Sheave to Drive Line: Sprag type overrunning clutchDrive Line to Main Rotor: Spiral-bevel gears with 11:47 speed reducing ratioDrive Line to Tail Rotor: Spiral-bevel gears with 3:2 speed increasing ratio

Power PlantModel: Lycoming O-360Type: Four-cylinder, horizontally-opposed, direct-drive air-cooled, carbureted, Normally-aspirated.

Displacement: 361.0 cubic inchesNormal rating: 145 BHP (derated) @ 2700 RPMMaximum continuous rating in R22: 124 BHP at 2652 RPM (104% on tachometer)5 minute takeoff rating: 131 BHP at 2652 RPMCooling system: Direct-drive squirrel-cage blower

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

InstallationInstallationThe installation is pretty simple as any aircraft for x-plane.The installation is pretty simple as any aircraft for x-plane.

Extract/Copy all content from downloaded file to a desired folder as example.Extract/Copy all content from downloaded file to a desired folder as example.Aircraft/Helicopters/R22 Beta IIAircraft/Helicopters/R22 Beta II

DO NOT MOVE ANY FILE FROM FOLDER, PLUGINS SHOULD STAY ON DO NOT MOVE ANY FILE FROM FOLDER, PLUGINS SHOULD STAY ON PLUGINS FOLDER!PLUGINS FOLDER!

Requires X-Plane 9.67+ in order to run properly, x-plane is a software in a constant Requires X-Plane 9.67+ in order to run properly, x-plane is a software in a constant development and we cant guarantee that all systems will run in development and we cant guarantee that all systems will run in newernewer versions of versions of x-plane, so keep in mind to backup your oldest working version.x-plane, so keep in mind to backup your oldest working version.

WARNING FOR WINDOWS USERS.WARNING FOR WINDOWS USERS.Open-ALOpen-AL driver is necessary to be installed on the computer in order to run driver is necessary to be installed on the computer in order to run DreamFoil Sound Engine on Windows, Latest version of driver can be found DreamFoil Sound Engine on Windows, Latest version of driver can be found at or use oalinst.exe in the folder.at or use oalinst.exe in the folder.httphttp://connect.creativelabs.com/openal://connect.creativelabs.com/openal

PerformancePerformance

Recommended SystemRecommended SystemA A Core DuoCore Duo 2Ghz processor + 2Ghz processor +1.0 GB RAM1.0 GB RAMA A Ge-forceGe-force 8800gtx or equivalent 8800gtx or equivalent120 MB hard drive space120 MB hard drive space

This helicopter has an high detailed 3D model and improved This helicopter has an high detailed 3D model and improved technologies.technologies.Its important to notice that those have an performance cost compared to Its important to notice that those have an performance cost compared to default default aircraft’s.aircraft’s.

For achieving greater FPS (Frames per Second) in some computers, itsFor achieving greater FPS (Frames per Second) in some computers, itsPossible to disable Pixel Shaders into Rendering Options, this will Possible to disable Pixel Shaders into Rendering Options, this will increase dramatically the FPS.increase dramatically the FPS.

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

Assigning Custom CommandsAssigning Custom CommandsR22 Main CommandsR22 Main Commands

WheelingToggle ...Enable/Disable ground handling wheels *AddMainFuel …Add fuel to main tank *AddAuxFuel ... Add fuel to auxiliary tank *BookToogle ...Show/Hide checklist on 3D cockpit view.

R22 Views CommandsR22 Views Commands

Tail ...Go to “GoPro” style view in tail.Cowl Doors ...Cowl Doors view *MainPanel ...Main Panel viewCircuitBreakers ...Go to cuicuit breakers panel.Pilot ...Set camera to pilot seat.Instructor ...Set camera to instructor seat.

R22 Radio CommandsR22 Radio Commands

AddChan ...Will increase one channel and display on stdby frequency.SubChan ...Will decrease one channel and display on stdby frequency.Bchan ...Use this to enter in channel model.

R22 Warning CommandsR22 Warning Commands

Test_MRTemp ...Test main panel “MR Temp” light.Test_MRChip ...Test main panel “MR Chip” light.Test_TRChip ...Test main panel “TR Chip” light.Test_LowFuel ...Test main panel “Low Fuel” light (takes 2-3sec to light on)

To access custom commands:

1) Go to Menu > Settings > Joystick, Keys & Equipment.

2) Press “Buttons:Adv” Tab

3) On top right corner “custom cmmds from plugins” field, click on checkbox to choose a command for desired joystick/keyboard button.

4) Select “X System Folder” and pick “R22”, now choose a command of your preference.

To access custom commands:

1) Go to Menu > Settings > Joystick, Keys & Equipment.

2) Press “Buttons:Adv” Tab

3) On top right corner “custom cmmds from plugins” field, click on checkbox to choose a command for desired joystick/keyboard button.

4) Select “X System Folder” and pick “R22”, now choose a command of your preference.

* the item only work with engine off.

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

Config WindowConfig Window

The R22 has an easy access menu.The R22 has an easy access menu.

It gives fast access to some features, to access this window use 2D panel It gives fast access to some features, to access this window use 2D panel view which by default is “W” key on keyboard.view which by default is “W” key on keyboard.

This section set pilot and passenger weights, also its possible to This section set pilot and passenger weights, also its possible to set each seat baggage weight.set each seat baggage weight.

This shows the actual tanks fuel quantity, also allows the refueling.This shows the actual tanks fuel quantity, also allows the refueling.

Note: Refueling is ONLY allowed with engine off!Note: Refueling is ONLY allowed with engine off!

This section are fast view buttons, use themThis section are fast view buttons, use themTo go to different parts of helicopter easily.To go to different parts of helicopter easily.

Note: Cowl Doors view ONLY work with Note: Cowl Doors view ONLY work with engine off!engine off!

This sections is features access.This sections is features access.

Ground Wheels Ground Wheels – Use it for ground handling, see – Use it for ground handling, see Ground Handling page for more information.Ground Handling page for more information.

ChecklistChecklist – Shows a little book in 3D cockpit view – Shows a little book in 3D cockpit view which contains checklist and charts information.which contains checklist and charts information.

Left Door / Right DoorsLeft Door / Right Doors – Click to remove or put – Click to remove or put Doors.Doors.

Estimated available flight time with Estimated available flight time with current fuel.current fuel.

This is logged hours from datcom This is logged hours from datcom instrument, and is livery instrument, and is livery dependent, which means that each dependent, which means that each livery as it own flight time amount.livery as it own flight time amount.It start to count as soon engine It start to count as soon engine start working.start working.

This empty aircraft weight and is This empty aircraft weight and is static and is for reference onlystatic and is for reference only

Payload from aircraft, basically its Payload from aircraft, basically its the sum of pilot/passenger weights the sum of pilot/passenger weights plus baggage.plus baggage.

Total aircraft weight, maximum is Total aircraft weight, maximum is 1370lbs.1370lbs.

Note: Text will become red when total Note: Text will become red when total weight is over the allowed.weight is over the allowed.

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For best experience we recommendPro Flight Trainer Controls

R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

Controls SettingsControls SettingsDuring R22 development, we find that its impossible to use a fix setting to all existent hardware.

So we introduced “Controls Stability”, with purpose of make control of helicopter easier and more adaptive to different hardware/tastes.

Each slider control one axis of aircraft and its controls.

None, no stability will be applied to helicopter.

Max, full stability will be applied to helicopter, note that this is fully degraded realism, and should be used only for beginners.

NOTE: This settings are saved per livery!

http://pro-flight-trainer.ch

Beginners

The best choice for beginners is to set axis to 50% and then increase if you find its still instable.If you find that you have it in your hands (no problems to control), keep decreasing it until it seems confortable.

A variation of 20% from None can be done due to different hardwares, anything above this will start to degrade realism so its not really indicated.

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

Virtual Cockpit ReferenceVirtual Cockpit Reference

12 3 4

5 6

7

8

9 10

121113 14

15

1617

1819

20 21 22

23

24

2526

0-Magnetic Compass1/1E-Warning Lights2-Climb3-Airspeed Indicator4-Tachometer (Engine/Main Rotor)5-Altimeter6-Manifold Pressure7-Carburetor Temperature Indicator8-Clock9-Battery Amperes Indicator10-Oil Pressure11-Aux Fuel12-Oil Temperature13-Main Fuel14-Cylinder Head Temperature15-Instruments Brightness16-Navigation/Strobe Lights Switches17-Clutch Switch18-Alternator/Master Battery Switches19-Magnetos/Ignition Key20-Intercomm (Inoperative)21-Outside Ambient Temperature22-Cabin Air 23-Comm Radio24-Transponder25-Cyclic Friction26-Mixture & Mixture Guard27-Collective Friction28-Governor Switch29-Carburetor Heat30-Trim31-Circuit Breakers Panel32-Hobbs meter Panel33-Rotor Brake34-Map Light35-Headphone36-Fuel Valve

1E

0

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

35

34

36

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

GOVGOV

Circuit BreakersCircuit BreakersDisable Governor and Governor Warning LightDisable Governor and Governor Warning Light

ALTALT

Disable Engine Alternator, Battery will not rechargeDisable Engine Alternator, Battery will not recharge

HORN STARTHORN START

Disable Low Rotor RPM HornDisable Low Rotor RPM Horn

CLUTCH STARTCLUTCH START

When disabled, Clutch actuator will stop movingWhen disabled, Clutch actuator will stop moving

GAGESGAGES-Oil temperature Gage-Oil temperature Gage-Oil Pressure Gage-Oil Pressure Gage-Fuel Quantity Gages-Fuel Quantity Gages-OAT Gage-OAT Gage--CarburetorCarburetor Air Temp Gage Air Temp Gage-Map Light-Map Light-Main Rotor Gear Box Temp LT-Main Rotor Gear Box Temp LT

WARN LTSWARN LTS-Cylinder Head Temp Gage-Cylinder Head Temp Gage-Low Fuel Light-Low Fuel Light-Gearbox Chip LTS-Gearbox Chip LTS-Low Oil Pressure Light-Low Oil Pressure Light-Low Voltage Light-Low Voltage Light-Carbon Monoxide Light-Carbon Monoxide Light

TACH RTACH R

Disable Tachometer from Main RotorDisable Tachometer from Main Rotor

TACH ETACH E

Disable Tachometer from EngineDisable Tachometer from Engine

COM NAVCOM NAV

Disable Comm RadioDisable Comm Radio

HEATERHEATER

Disable HeaterDisable Heater

STROBESTROBE

Disable Strobe LightDisable Strobe Light

LTSLTS

-Navigation-Navigation-Instrument Lights-Instrument Lights

LAND LTLAND LT

Disable Landing LightDisable Landing Light

ONON OFFOFF

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

MR TEMPMR TEMP

Indicates excessive temperature of main rotor gearbox.

MR CHIPMR CHIP

Indicates metallic particles in main rotor gearbox.

TR CHIPTR CHIP

Indicates metallic particles in tail rotor gearbox.

LOW FUELLOW FUEL

Indicates approximately one gallon of usable fuel remaining. The engine will run out of fuel after five minutes at cruise power.

CAUTIONCAUTIONDo not use LOW FUEL warning light as working indication of fuel quantity.

CLUTCHCLUTCH

Indicates that clutch actuator circuit is on, either engaging or disengaging the clutch.When the switch is in the ENGAGE position, the light stays on until belts are properly tensioned. Never take off before the light goes out.

NOTEThe clutch light may come on momentarily during run-up or during flight to re-tension the belts as they warm-up and stretch slightly. This is normal. If, however, the light flickers or comes on in flight and does not go out within 7 or 8 seconds, reduce power, and land immediately. Be prepared to enter auto-rotation. Inspect drive system for possible malfunction.

Warning LightsWarning Lights

STARTER-ONSTARTER-ON

Indicates starter motor is engaged. If light does not go out when ignition switch is released from start position, immediately pull mixture to idle cut-off and turn master switch off. Have starter motor serviced.

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ALTALT

Indicates low voltage and possible alternator failure.Turn off nonessential electrical equipment and switch ALT off and back on after one second to reset over-voltage relay. If light stays on, land as soon as practical. Continued flight without functioning alternator can result in loss of electronic tachometer, producing a hazardous flight condition.

Warning Lights...Warning Lights...

GOV OFFGOV OFF

Indicates engine RPM throttle governor is off.

LOW RPM HORN & CAUTION LIGHTLOW RPM HORN & CAUTION LIGHT

A horn and an illuminated caution light indicate that rotor RPM may be below safe limits. To restore RPM, immediately roll throttle on, lower collective and, in forward flight, apply aft cyclic. Horn and caution light are disabled when collective is full down.

OILOIL

Indicates loss of engine power or oil pressure.Check engine tach for power loss. Check oil pressure gage and, if pressure loss is confirmed, land immediately. Continued operation without oil pressure will cause serious engine damage and engine failure may occur.

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

Testing Warning LightsTesting Warning LightsIts possible to test some of main panel lights from cowl doors of R22.Its possible to test some of main panel lights from cowl doors of R22.

The cowl doors view is The cowl doors view is accessibleaccessible from config panel (W – Key), and clicking from config panel (W – Key), and clicking into cowl doors button, it will automatically change the view, so click into the into cowl doors button, it will automatically change the view, so click into the cowl door panel to open it, a little black panel is visible on left bottom corner.cowl door panel to open it, a little black panel is visible on left bottom corner.

With “Master Battery” switch on, click on buttons and certify that lights are With “Master Battery” switch on, click on buttons and certify that lights are working in the main panel.working in the main panel.

Its important to notice that “Low Fuel” light will take about 2-3 seconds to light Its important to notice that “Low Fuel” light will take about 2-3 seconds to light on.on.

Press (W – Key) to back to config windows, and on “Pilot” button to back to Press (W – Key) to back to config windows, and on “Pilot” button to back to 3D cockpit view.3D cockpit view.

Testing Landing LightTesting Landing LightAs real aircraft, landing light can't be turned on As real aircraft, landing light can't be turned on if clutch switch is in disengage position.if clutch switch is in disengage position.

The correct procedure for testing landing light The correct procedure for testing landing light is.is.

1) Go to “Circuit Breakers” view and disable the 1) Go to “Circuit Breakers” view and disable the Clutch.Clutch.

2) Back to 3D cockpit, and set clutch switch to 2) Back to 3D cockpit, and set clutch switch to engage position.engage position.

3) Now the landing light can be turned on, test 3) Now the landing light can be turned on, test it.it.

4) After test is done, set clutch to disengage 4) After test is done, set clutch to disengage position again, and enable the clutch breaker in position again, and enable the clutch breaker in circuit breaker view.circuit breaker view.

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

KY 96A TSO – Comm RadioKY 96A TSO – Comm Radio

Channel Mode

Quick press CHAN button, radio will enter into channel mode, channel will be visible, this mode allow to navigate on channels list, use knob to change the channel, frequency will be displayed on standby, to use the frequency just click on button to swap between ↔standby and use.

Program Mode

Select desired channel then press and hold CHAN button for 2 seconds, channel display will start to blink, this indicates you´re in write mode use knob to set the frequency and after 5 seconds inactive the frequency will be saved into memory on current channel position.

2211 33 44

5566

1 – ACTIVE FREQUENCY2 – STDBY FREQUENCY3 – CHANNEL INDICATOR4 – KNOB5 – CHANNEL BUTTON6 – SWAP FREQUENCY BUTTONFrequency Mode

By default radio will already be in frequency mode, this mode you´ll be allowed to change standby frequency using knob, and then swap to active frequency using the swap button.↔

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R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

Throttle – Governor/CorrelatorThrottle – Governor/Correlator

Page 14

CorrelatorCorrelator

The R22 is equipped with a correlator, a link between collective and throttle.

When raising collective, the link will increase throttle to compensate the rpm drop caused by drag on main rotor.

The inverse occur when you lower the collective, it will close throttle to avoid an main rotor over-speed.

GovernorGovernor

Its also equipped with the governor, a electronic device that controls throttle to keep rpm in safe limits.

R22 governor will only start to actuate above 80% ERPM (Engine RPM), this means that below this limit it will not have influence on throttle.It also does has an maximum rpm limit which is 115% ERPM above this limit governor will not bring rpm back.

WARNING!WARNING!

Most of people will try to bring throttle axis to 100% travel course which means that an over-speed will happen!

Normally to set 104% RRPM (Rotor RPM) which is normal operating RPM, the throttle axis will be at about 50% of travel, this means that another 50% of travel is there as spare power which will be used when takeoff or when power is necessary.

Actually simulator throttle work in same way as real R22, governor control throttle by a servo, which can be override by pilot hand due to a clutch installed between servo and throttle, so pilot can take control over throttle if necessary.

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Use of Carburetor HeatUse of Carburetor HeatWhen conditions conducive to carburetor ice are known or suspected to exist, such as fog, rain, high humidity, or when operating near water, use carburetor heat as follows:

CAUTION

The pilot may be unaware of carburetor ice formation

as the governor will automatically increase throttle and maintain

constant manifold pressure and RPM. Therefore, the

pilot must apply carburetor heat as required whenever

icing conditions are suspected.

At power settings above 18 inches MAP, apply carburetor heat as required to keep CAT gage needle out of yellow

arc.

At power settings below 18 inches MAP, ignore gage and apply full carburetor heat (CAT gage does not indicate correct carburetor temperature below 18 inches MAP)

Carburetor Heat will transfer hot exhaust air to carburetor causing the ice to be melted, its important to know that engine efficiency will drop due to low air density being injected into the engine.

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Ground HandlingGround HandlingIts possible to put wheels to handle helicopter on ground.To do this follow steps below.

1) Engine must be off!2) Press (W – Key) to go to config window.3) With joystick centered, press on Ground Wheels.4) Now go to exterior view.

You should now be able to handle helicopter in the ground like real does, to move it use your joystick.

Pitch axis: Moves helicopter forward or backward.Yaw axis: Do turns, helicopter must be moving to work.

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CAUTION

Avoid abrupt control inputs. They produce High fatigue stresses and could lead to a premature and catastrophic failure of a

critical component.

R22 Beta IIR22 Beta IIDreamFoil CreationsDreamFoil Creations

Flight and Maneuver LimitationsFlight and Maneuver LimitationsAcrobatic flight is prohibited.Acrobatic flight is prohibited.

Low-G cyclic pushovers are prohibited.Low-G cyclic pushovers are prohibited.

CAUTION!

A pushover (forward cyclic maneuver) performed from level flight or following a pull-up causes a Low-G (near weightless) condition which can

result in catastrophic loss of lateral control.To eliminate a Low-G condition, immediately apply gentle aft cyclic. Should a right roll commence during a Low-G condition, apply gentle aft cyclic to

reload rotor before applying lateral cyclic to stop the roll.

Flight prohibited with governor selected off, with exceptions for in-flight system malfunction or emergency procedures training.

Flight in known icing conditions is prohibited.

Maximum operating density altitude is 14,000 feet.

Alternator, RPM governor, low rotor RPM warning system and OAT gage must be operative for flight.

Solo flight from right seat only.

Left seat belt must be buckled.

Minimum crew is one pilot.

Doors-off operation approved with either or both doors removed.

CAUTION

No loose items allowed in cabin during doors-off flight.

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Operation LimitsOperation LimitsVFR day is approved.

VFR operation at night is permitted only when landing, navigation, instrument, and anti-collision lights are operable.Orientation during night flight must be maintained by visual reference to ground objects illuminated solely by lights on ground or adequate celestial illumination.

The following limitations (1-3) are to be observed unless the pilot manipulating the controls has logged 200 or more flight hours in helicopters, at least 50 of which must be in the RHC Model R22 helicopter, and has completed the awareness training specified in Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) No. 73, issued February 27, 1995.

1) Flight when surface winds exceed 25 knots, including gusts, is prohibited.

2) Flight when surface wind gust spreads exceed 15 knots is prohibited.

3) Continued flight in moderate, severe, or extreme turbulence is prohibited.

Adjust forward airspeed to between 60 knots indicated airspeed (KIAS) and 0.7 Vne but no lower than 57 KIAS, upon inadvertently encountering moderate, severe, or extreme turbulence.

Note: Moderate turbulence is turbulence that causes: (1) changes in altitude or attitude; (2) variations in indicated airspeed; (3) aircraft occupants to feel definite strains against seat belts.

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Rotor Stall & Mast BumpingRotor Stall & Mast BumpingMain Rotor Stall

Many factors may contribute to main rotor stall and pilots should be familiar with them. Any flight condition can produce a stall. Low main rotor RPM, aggressive maneuvering, high collective angle (often the result of high-density altitude, over-pitching [exceeding power available] during climb, or high forward speed) and slow response to low main rotor RPM warning horn and light may result in main rotor stall. The effect of these conditions can be amplified in turbulence. Main rotor stall can ultimately result in contact between main rotor and airframe.

Mast Bumping

Mast Bumping may occur with a teetering rotor system when excessive main rotor flapping results from low “G” (load factor below 1.0) or abrupt control input. A low “G” flight condition can result from abrupt cyclic pushover in forward flight. High forward airspeed, turbulence, and excessive sideslip can accentuate the adverse effects of these control movements. The excessive flapping results in main rotor hub assembly striking the main rotor mast with subsequent main rotor system separation from helicopter.

To avoid these conditions, pilots are strongly urged to follow these recommendations:

1) Maintain cruise airspeed between 60 KIAS and less than 0.9 Vne, but no lower than 57 KIAS.

2) Use maximum “power-on” RPM at all times during powered flight.

3) Avoid sideslip during flight. Maintain in-trim flight at all times.

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Normal ProceduresNormal ProceduresTAKEOFF

1. Verify governor on, RPM stabilized at 102 to 104%.2. Clear area. Slowly raise collective and apply left pedal until aircraft is light on skids. Reposition cyclic as required for equilibrium, then gently lift aircraft into hover.3. Check gages in green, lower nose, and accelerate to climb speed following profile shown by height-velocity diagram. If RPM drops below 102% lower collective.

CRUISE

1. Adjust carb heat if required.2. Verify RPM near top of green arc.3. Set manifold pressure with collective for desired power.4. Pull RT TRIM knob.5. Verify gages in green, warning lights out.

CAUTION

Exercise extreme care never to inadvertently pull mixture control as engine

stoppage will occur.

CAUTION

Inflight leaning with engine mixture control is not recommended. Engine stoppage may occur as there is no propeller to

keep engine turning should over-leaning occur.

DOORS-OFF OPERATION

Avoid removing left door to protect tail rotor from loose objects. If left door must be removed, warn passenger to secure loose objects and to keep head and arms inside the cabin to avoid high velocity airstream.

APPROACH AND LANDING

1. Make final approach into wind at lowest practical rate of descent with initial airspeed of 60 knots.2. Reduce airspeed and altitude smoothly to hover. (Be sure that rate of descent is less than 300 FPM before airspeed is reduced below 30 KIAS.)3. From hover, lower collective gradually until ground contact.4. After initial ground contact, lower collective to full down position.

CAUTION

When landing on a slope, return cyclic control to neutral before final reduction of rotor

RPM.

CAUTION

Never leave helicopter flight controls unattended while

engine is running.

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Auto-RotationAuto-Rotation Practice Practice Power RecoveryPower Recovery1. Lower Collective to down stop and adjust throttle as required for small tachometer needle separation.

2. Raise collective as required to keep rotor RPM from going above green arc and adjust throttle for small needle separation.

3. Keep RPM in green arc and airspeed from 60 to 70 KIAS.

4. At about 40 feet AGL (Above Ground Level), begin cyclic flare to reduce rate of descent and forward speed.

5. At about 8 feet AGL, apply forward cyclic to level aircraft and raise collective to stop descent. Add throttle if required to keep RPM in green arc.

CAUTION

To avoid inadvertent engine stoppage, do not chop

throttle to simulate a power failures. Always roll throttle

off smoothly for small visible needle split.

CAUTION

Governor is inactive below 80% ERPM (Engine RPM) regardless of governor

switch position.

CAUTION

When entering auto-rotation from above 4000

feet, reduce throttle slightly before lowering collective to prevent engine over-speed.

CAUTION!CAUTION!

The R22 has a light, low-inertia rotor system. Most of the energy required for an auto-rotation is stored in the forward

momentum of the aircraft, not in the rotor. Therefore, a well-timed cyclic flare is required and rotor RPM must be

kept in the green until just before ground contact.

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Auto-RotationAuto-Rotation Practice Practice With Ground ContactWith Ground ContactIf practice auto-rotations with ground contact are required for demonstration purposes, perform in same manner as power recovery auto-rotations except:

Prior to cyclic flare, roll throttle off into detent spring and hold it against the hard stop until auto-rotation is

complete. (This prevents throttle correlator from adding power when collective is raised.)

Always contact ground with skids level and nose straight ahead.

CAUTION!

During simulated engine failures, a rapid decrease in rotor RPM will occur, requiring immediate lower of collective to avoid

dangerously low rotor RPM.Catastrophic rotor stall could occur if rotor RPM ever drops

below 80% plus 1% per 1000 feet of altitude.

CAUTION

When practice auto-rotations are made with

ground contact, rapid wear of landing gear skid shoes

occurs.Inspect periodically and replace when minimum

shoe thickness is .06 inches (1.5mm).

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Noise AbatementNoise AbatementTo improve the quality of our environment and to dissuade the public from enacting overly restrictive ordinances against helicopters, it is imperative that every pilot produce the lowest possible noise irritation to the general public while flying. The following are several quieting techniques which should be employed when possible.

1. Avoid flying over outdoor concerts, ball games, or other assemblies of people. When this cannot be avoided, fly as high as practicable, preferably over 2000 feet AGL (Above Ground Level).

2. Avoid blade slap. Blade slap usually occurs during shallow high speed descents, especially during turns. It can be avoided by using slower, steeper descents. With the right door removed, the pilot can easily determine those flight conditions which will eliminate or reduce this very irritating source of noise.

3. When departing from or approaching a landing site, avoid prolonged flight over residential neighborhoods, schools, hospitals, and other noise sensitive areas. Always fly above 500 feet AGL and preferably above 1000 feet AGL.

4. Repetitive noise is far more irritating than a single occurrence. If you must fly over the same area more than once, vary your flight path so you don't overfly the same buildings each time.

5. When overflying populated areas, look ahead and select the least noise sensitive route.

NOTE

The above recommended procedures do not apply where they would conflict with Air Traffic Control clearances or instructions or when, in the

pilot's judgment, they would result in an unsafe flight path.

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GeForce ConfigurationGeForce ConfigurationIntroducing the geforce head view simulation.

After some research, we did understand that to give a complete simulation to end user, the view need to follow some real characteristics of human head behavior.

First and most important is the latency, the human eye is very fast, but its more focal, not really contextual.When you´re running with a car and you pass over a hole, your head will try to stabilize it, but will not complete overcome the problem, so you´ll find that there´s a latency between head moves and car moves.

The exactly same thing happens with an aircraft, you´ll have a latency, also the influence of G-force and other factors, one of improvements done with geforce is the ability to in a turn look inside the turn giving you a more focus for where you´re going.

So enabling this feature will help you to prepare for real aircraft, this can seem confusing, but it is also on real life, so learn to fly with this feature enabled if you want to adapt your brain for reality.

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