2nd International Scientific Conference

EXERCISE AND QUALITY OF LIFEProceedings

Faculty of Sport and Physical EducationUniversity of Novi Sad

Editors-in-Chief: Milena Mikalački & Gustav Bala

Content Editor's Preface 11

Plenary Sessions 13 1. Nickos Aggeloussis: ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN MOVEMENTS: CRITICAL ISSUES 15

2. Milan Èoh: BIODYNAMICAL ASPECTS OF RUNNING SPEED DEVELOPMENT 19

3. Kotzamanidis Christos: THE EFFECT OF COMPLEX TRAINING ON POWER PERFORMANCE. EMPHASIS ON RUNNING PERFORMANCE 25

4. Marjeta Kovaè, Janko Strel, and Gregor Jurak: PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SECONDARY

SCHOOL - WHERE HAVE WE BEEN AND WHERE ARE WE GOING? 29

5. Marta Wilhelm, Eva Tekus, Monika Kaj, Nikolett Schulteisz, and József Krucsó: THE HEALTH

AND FITNESS OF HUNGARIAN FEMALES BETWEEN THE AGE OF 20 AND 65 YEARS 41

I Sports for All 47 6. Tatjana Tubiã, Vi�nja Ðorðiã, and Nikola Tubiã: ANALYSIS OF VIEWER RATINGS OF

SPORTS PROGRAM FROM THE ASPECT OF SYMBOLIC MODELING 49

7. Milena Mikalaèki, Darinka Korovljev, Neboj�a Èokorilo and Sa�a Panteliã: BODY

COMPOSITION OF FEMALES OF DIFFERENT AGE 55

8. Mira Miliã, Tatjana Glu�ac, and �eljko Krneta: COMPUTER-AIDED EFL ASSESSMENT 61

9. Nikola Prlenda, Ivan Oreb, and Vjekoslav Cigrovski: DIFFERENCES IN EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING OF SAILING TECHNIQUES USING DIFFERENT METHODIC PROCEDURES 69

10. Sa�a Panteliã, Neboj�a Ranðeloviã, Milena Mikalaèki, Neboj�a Èokorilo, and Darinka Korovljev:

EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON BMI AND BODY COMPOSITION IN WOMEN 73

11. Jana Labudová and Dagmar Nemèek: HEALTH AND EXERCISE AS INDICATORS OF QOL IN

WORKING AGE CATEGORY MEN 83

12. Dagmar Nemèek and Jana Labudová: IMPORTANCE OF QOL FACTORS RELATED TO

HEALTH AND EXERCISE IN SENIORS 87

13. Péter Fritz, Katalin Szigeti, and Lea Éva Tóth: NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT USING HABITS OF PEOPLE WHO DO RECREATIONAL WEIGHT TRAINING 93

14. Andrej Panjan and Nejc �arabon: REPEATABILITY OF RAMBLING AND TREMBLING AS

MEASURES OF STATIC BALANCE 99

15. Natalija Mihajloviã and Du�an Mitiã: THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT FOR ALL EVENTS IN VOJVODINA, IN THE PERIOD SINCE 2003. - 2010. VOL 107

16. Tadeja Zacirkovnik, Nejc �arabon, and Helmut Kern: THE SEARCH FOR THE BALANCE

PARAMETERS WHICH DISCRIMINATE YOUNGER AND OLDER ADULTS THE MOST 113

17. Erika Zemková: UNSTABLE CONDITIONS COMPROMISE POWER OUTPUT MORE PROFOUNDLY DURING CHEST PRESSES THAN DURING SQUATS 123

II Physical Education and School Sport 127 18. Gustav Bala, �eljko Krneta, and Damjan Jak�iã: ABERRANT BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN BY APPLYING KINESIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 129

19. Nejc �arabon, Bo�tjan �imuniè, and Rado Pi�ot: ANALYSIS OF THE ABILITY FOR VOLUNTARY KNEE TORQUE PRODUCTION IN FOUR YEAR OLD CHILDREN 137

20. �eljko Krneta, Gustav Bala, and Damjan Jak�iã: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR STATUS OF CHILDREN RELATED TO THE BODY CONSTITUTION AT BIRTH 143

21. Petra Dolenc: COPING WITH STRESS AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS IN RELATION TO SPORT PARTICIPATION 149

22. Tijana �ãepanoviã: DIFFERENCES IN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN 155

I 2

23. Sa�a Pi�ot, Bo�tjan �imuniè, Tadeja Volmut, and Rado Pi�ot: DIFFERENCES OF SUBJECTIVELY AND OBJECTIVELY MEASURED TIME SPENT ON CHILDREN�S AND

PARENT�S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 163

24. Gustav Bala: EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISING ON REDUCTION OF ABERRANT BEHAVIOUR OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 169

25. Miroslav Smajiã and Slavko Molnar: EFFECTS OF THE TRAINING PROCESS ON EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS 177

26. Du�an Stupar: EFFECTS OF TWO MODELS OF EXERCISE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR ABILITIES AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 183

27. Matej Plevnik and Rado Pi�ot: FACTORS OF ACCORDANCE CLIMBING IN 4 YEAR OLD CHILDREN 189

28. Darinka Korovljev: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF PRESCHOOL GIRLS 197

29. Ilona Mihajloviã, Milo� Petroviã, and Milan �olaja: IMPACT OF BODY HEIGHT AND WEIGHT ON EXPLOSIVE LEG POWER AMONG THE STUDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 205

30. Vi�nja Ðorðiã and Tatjana Tubiã: INCLUSIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN SERBIA 211

31. Jadranka Vla�iã, Goran Oreb, Nikola Prlenda, and Meta Zagorc: INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALANCE AND EFFICIENCY IN DANCE 217

32. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, and Patrik Drid: MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES 221

33. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, and Patrik Drid: MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES 229

34. Mihaela Jurdana and Rado Pi�ot: MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 239

35. Dra�en Rastovski, Zvonimir Tomac, Mara �umanoviã, and Vera Filipoviã: PARENTS' MOTIVATION FOR CHOOSING SWIMMING AS A SPORT ACTIVITY FOR THEIR CHILD 245

36. Radovan Èokorilo, Milana Grk, and Milenko Vukoviã: PERSONAL COACHES FEATURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION 251

37. Tadeja Volmut and Bo�tjan �imuniè: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN FROM 5 TO 8 YEARS MEASURED USING ACCELEROMETER 261

38. Antonio Borgogni and Erika Vannini: PLANNING ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 269

39. Damjan Jak�iã: QUASI-CANONICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOTOR DIMENSIONS OF PRESCHOOL BOYS 275

40. Poèek Sunèica: RELATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE AND MOTOR FUNCTIONING IN PREESCHOOL CHILDREN 283

41. Goran Dimitriã, Tijana �ãepanoviã, Branka Protiã Gava, Milan Cvetkoviã, and Dragan Grujièiã:

RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SWIMMING ON 100 M MEDLEY ON STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 291

42. Milovan Ljubojeviã and Dragoljub Vi�njiã: RELATIONS OF SOME MORPHOLOGIC VARIABLES AND SPEED OF 7th GRADE BOYS 297

43. Milovan Ljubojeviã, Jelena Iliã, and Dragoljub Vi�njiã: RELATIONS OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND COORDINATION OF 7TH GRADE GIRLS 303

44. Dragan Martinoviã, Dragoljub Vi�njiã, Jelena Iliã, and �ivorad Markoviã: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS AND MOTIVATION OF 4TH GRADE STUDENTS FOR INVOLVEMENT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES 311

45. Veroljub Stankoviã, Dragan Popoviã, and Milo� Popoviã: THE DIFFERENCES IN THE MOTOR

ABILITIES OF SCHOOLGIRLS IN RELATION TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE 317

46. Dejan Madiã, Boris Popoviã, Du�anka Tumin, Jelena Obradoviã, and Danilo Radanoviã: THE

IMPACT OF MOTOR ABILITIES ON THE LEARNING OF GYMNASTICS EXERCISES OF GIRLS 11-12 YEARS OF AGE 323

47. Katja Koren, Bo�tjan �imuniè, Gregor Cankar, and Rado Pi�ot: VERTICAL JUMP

COORDINATION AND PERRFORMANCE IN 4- AND 5-YEAR OLD CHILDREN 329

I 3

III Social, Humanitarian and Medical Aspects of Physical Activity 335 48. Jernej Ro�ker, Nejc �arabon, Stefan Loefler, and Helmut Kern: A PROPOSAL FOR THE

REDUCTION OF STATIC BALANCE TESTING PROTOCOL IN YOUNG-TO-ELDERLY COMPARATIVE STUDIES 337

49. Bo�tjan �imuniè, Nejc �arabon, and Rado Pi�ot: ACHILLES TENDON DIAMETER

DEVELOPMENT IN 4-YEAR OLD CHILDREN 343

50. �arabon Nejc: CASE STUDIES REPORTS ON CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF THE SHOULDER INJURIES IN SPORT 349

51. Bojan Jorgiã, Marko Aleksandroviã, Dejan Madiã, and Tomislav Okièiã: EFFECTS OF ADAPTIVE SWIMMING PROGRAM ON MENTAL ADJUSTMENT, INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT AND SWIMMING IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY 357

52. Du�an Miãiã, Dragoslav Jakoniã and Goran Vasiã: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND FACILITIES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 361

53. Milan Pantoviã, Maja Batez, and Sa�a Radosav: INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT INTERVAL TRAINING METHODS ON VITAL CAPACITY 367

54. György Szügyi, Péter Fritz, and Zoltán Szatmár: LIFESTYLE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF ENTREPRENEURS AND MANAGERS IN SOUTH-HUNGARY 373

55. Jernej Ro�ker, Nejc �arabon, Nata�a Koprivnik, and Roman �iler: QUADRICEPS INTER-MUSCULAR COORDINATION DURING VARIOUS STRENGTHENING EXERCISES 379

56. Borut Fonda and Nejc �arabon: REDUCED LOW BACK PAIN AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE DURING UPHILL CYCLING WITH ADJUSTED SEAT POSITION: A CASE STUDY REPORT 387

57. Zoran Pajiã, Jelena Iliã, Marija Macura, Sa�a Jakovljeviã, and Adem Preljeviã: RELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SPEED OF MOVEMENT DIRECTION CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS 393

58. Du�an Miãiã, Dragoslav Jakoniã, and Goran Vasiã: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY AND SPORT 399

59. Ðuro Popoviã, Branka Protiã-Gava, Tijana �ãepanoviã, Goran Dimitriã, and Mirela Dan: THE

DIFFERENCE OF MOTOR EFFICIENCY IN RELATION TO THE FOOT STATUS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN 405

IV Top Level Sports 411 60. Andrej Panjan, Matej Supej, and Nejc �arabon: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIING SPECIFIC

DYNAMIC BALANCE TEST 413

61. Tatjana Triviã: DIFFERENCES IN ANHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILLITIES OF YOUNG JUDOKAS AND NON ATHLETES 419

62. Vuka�in Bad�a and Dragan Marinkoviã: DOMINANT GROUPS OF TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES OF PLAYERS AT ALL PLAYING POSITIONS PRIOR TO A SUCCESSFUL FIELD SHOT ON THE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP �POLAND 2009.� 425

63. Tomislav Okièiã, Bojan Jorgiã, Dejan Madiã, and Marko Aleksandroviã: EFFECT OF BASIC AND SPECIFIC MOTOR ABILITIES ON SWIMMING RESULTS 431

64. Peter Dedík and Branislav Antala: FACTORS DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF SLOVAK PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL CLUB�S FINANCIAL BUDGET 437

65. Neboj�a Maksimoviã, Zoran Milo�eviã, Radenko Matiã, and Borislav Obradoviã: LEADERSHIP STYLES OF EXECUTIVES IN TEAM SPORTS 445

66. Cornelis P. (Niels) Bogerd: NOVEL SPORTS CLOTHING CONCEPT AIMED AT REDUCING THE RADIANT WARMING: A FORGOTTEN FIELD WITH POTENTIAL 451

67. Andrey Bulantsov and Sergey Tabakov: RESEARCH OF MOTOR SKILL�S RELIABILITY OF

THROWS EXECUTION AMONG YOUTH IN SAMBO 457

68. Bo�tjan �imuniè: TENSIOMYOGRAPHIC CONTRACTION TIME OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLES IN ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS 463

69. Radovan Èokorilo and Milana Grk: VIRTUE ETHICS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT 469

Index of Authors 475

I 4

I 5

PREFACE

This year the main fields of the Second International Scientific Conference �Exercise and Quality of Life�

are: Sport for All, Physical Education, Humanitarian and Medical aspects of Physical Activity, and Top-level Sport. All these fields are very interesting for kinesiological research. Authors realized in different ways their research goals with an intention to make contribution to further enlightening of these fields. Some problems were interdisciplinary, including not only kinesiological scientific disciplines, but even the scientific disciplines from other fields such as medicine, social and humanitarian sciences.

This publication includes papers of five keynote lectures (plenary sessions) and 63 accepted original research papers, which received positive review till February 10th, 2011. The number of received papers was larger, but some of them were rejected in the reviewing process, due to missed topic, content, applied methodology and structure of the paper assessed according to the guidelines given in the announcement and according to the regulations of the APA standard. The selection was made by the Scientific Committee on the basis of recommendations of reviewers. However, full compliance with recommendations of guidelines given in the announcement and the standard of writing was not checked in each paper and by each reviewer, owing to which these issues were treated as matter of scientific literacy, and style of author(s).

122 authors and coauthors wrote papers covering all areas of kinesiological research, with very diverse concepts and theoretical stances, and we hope that this diversity of concepts and theories will be debated at the conference. The authors and coauthors came from 13 countries and they prepared 48 oral and 30 poster presentations in total.

We wish to thank the authors and reviewers for their efforts to comply with the standard required for publication in this Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Conference �Exercise and

Quality of Life�, held at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education of the University of Novi Sad,

Serbia, from March 24th to 26th, 2011.

Novi Sad, March 2011

Editors-in-Chief:

Milena Mikalaèki, PhD

Gustav Bala, PhD

I 6

Content Editor's Preface 11

Plenary Sessions 13 1. Nickos Aggeloussis: ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN MOVEMENTS: CRITICAL ISSUES 15

2. Milan Èoh: BIODYNAMICAL ASPECTS OF RUNNING SPEED DEVELOPMENT 19

3. Kotzamanidis Christos: THE EFFECT OF COMPLEX TRAINING ON POWER PERFORMANCE. EMPHASIS ON RUNNING PERFORMANCE 25

4. Marjeta Kovaè, Janko Strel, and Gregor Jurak: PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SECONDARY

SCHOOL - WHERE HAVE WE BEEN AND WHERE ARE WE GOING? 29

5. Marta Wilhelm, Eva Tekus, Monika Kaj, Nikolett Schulteisz, and József Krucsó: THE HEALTH

AND FITNESS OF HUNGARIAN FEMALES BETWEEN THE AGE OF 20 AND 65 YEARS 41

I Sports for All 47 6. Tatjana Tubiã, Vi�nja Ðorðiã, and Nikola Tubiã: ANALYSIS OF VIEWER RATINGS OF

SPORTS PROGRAM FROM THE ASPECT OF SYMBOLIC MODELING 49

7. Milena Mikalaèki, Darinka Korovljev, Neboj�a Èokorilo and Sa�a Panteliã: BODY

COMPOSITION OF FEMALES OF DIFFERENT AGE 55

8. Mira Miliã, Tatjana Glu�ac, and �eljko Krneta: COMPUTER-AIDED EFL ASSESSMENT 61

9. Nikola Prlenda, Ivan Oreb, and Vjekoslav Cigrovski: DIFFERENCES IN EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING OF SAILING TECHNIQUES USING DIFFERENT METHODIC PROCEDURES 69

10. Sa�a Panteliã, Neboj�a Ranðeloviã, Milena Mikalaèki, Neboj�a Èokorilo, and Darinka Korovljev:

EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON BMI AND BODY COMPOSITION IN WOMEN 73

11. Jana Labudová and Dagmar Nemèek: HEALTH AND EXERCISE AS INDICATORS OF QOL IN

WORKING AGE CATEGORY MEN 83

12. Dagmar Nemèek and Jana Labudová: IMPORTANCE OF QOL FACTORS RELATED TO

HEALTH AND EXERCISE IN SENIORS 87

13. Péter Fritz, Katalin Szigeti, and Lea Éva Tóth: NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT USING HABITS OF PEOPLE WHO DO RECREATIONAL WEIGHT TRAINING 93

14. Andrej Panjan and Nejc �arabon: REPEATABILITY OF RAMBLING AND TREMBLING AS

MEASURES OF STATIC BALANCE 99

15. Natalija Mihajloviã and Du�an Mitiã: THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT FOR ALL EVENTS IN VOJVODINA, IN THE PERIOD SINCE 2003. - 2010. VOL 107

16. Tadeja Zacirkovnik, Nejc �arabon, and Helmut Kern: THE SEARCH FOR THE BALANCE

PARAMETERS WHICH DISCRIMINATE YOUNGER AND OLDER ADULTS THE MOST 113

17. Erika Zemková: UNSTABLE CONDITIONS COMPROMISE POWER OUTPUT MORE PROFOUNDLY DURING CHEST PRESSES THAN DURING SQUATS 123

II Physical Education and School Sport 127 18. Gustav Bala, �eljko Krneta, and Damjan Jak�iã: ABERRANT BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN BY APPLYING KINESIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 129

19. Nejc �arabon, Bo�tjan �imuniè, and Rado Pi�ot: ANALYSIS OF THE ABILITY FOR VOLUNTARY KNEE TORQUE PRODUCTION IN FOUR YEAR OLD CHILDREN 137

20. �eljko Krneta, Gustav Bala, and Damjan Jak�iã: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR STATUS OF CHILDREN RELATED TO THE BODY CONSTITUTION AT BIRTH 143

21. Petra Dolenc: COPING WITH STRESS AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS IN RELATION TO SPORT PARTICIPATION 149

22. Tijana �ãepanoviã: DIFFERENCES IN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN 155

I 2

23. Sa�a Pi�ot, Bo�tjan �imuniè, Tadeja Volmut, and Rado Pi�ot: DIFFERENCES OF SUBJECTIVELY AND OBJECTIVELY MEASURED TIME SPENT ON CHILDREN�S AND

PARENT�S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 163

24. Gustav Bala: EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISING ON REDUCTION OF ABERRANT BEHAVIOUR OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 169

25. Miroslav Smajiã and Slavko Molnar: EFFECTS OF THE TRAINING PROCESS ON EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS 177

26. Du�an Stupar: EFFECTS OF TWO MODELS OF EXERCISE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR ABILITIES AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 183

27. Matej Plevnik and Rado Pi�ot: FACTORS OF ACCORDANCE CLIMBING IN 4 YEAR OLD CHILDREN 189

28. Darinka Korovljev: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF PRESCHOOL GIRLS 197

29. Ilona Mihajloviã, Milo� Petroviã, and Milan �olaja: IMPACT OF BODY HEIGHT AND WEIGHT ON EXPLOSIVE LEG POWER AMONG THE STUDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 205

30. Vi�nja Ðorðiã and Tatjana Tubiã: INCLUSIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN SERBIA 211

31. Jadranka Vla�iã, Goran Oreb, Nikola Prlenda, and Meta Zagorc: INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BALANCE AND EFFICIENCY IN DANCE 217

32. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, and Patrik Drid: MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES 221

33. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, and Patrik Drid: MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES 229

34. Mihaela Jurdana and Rado Pi�ot: MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 239

35. Dra�en Rastovski, Zvonimir Tomac, Mara �umanoviã, and Vera Filipoviã: PARENTS' MOTIVATION FOR CHOOSING SWIMMING AS A SPORT ACTIVITY FOR THEIR CHILD 245

36. Radovan Èokorilo, Milana Grk, and Milenko Vukoviã: PERSONAL COACHES FEATURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION 251

37. Tadeja Volmut and Bo�tjan �imuniè: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN FROM 5 TO 8 YEARS MEASURED USING ACCELEROMETER 261

38. Antonio Borgogni and Erika Vannini: PLANNING ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 269

39. Damjan Jak�iã: QUASI-CANONICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOTOR DIMENSIONS OF PRESCHOOL BOYS 275

40. Poèek Sunèica: RELATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE AND MOTOR FUNCTIONING IN PREESCHOOL CHILDREN 283

41. Goran Dimitriã, Tijana �ãepanoviã, Branka Protiã Gava, Milan Cvetkoviã, and Dragan Grujièiã:

RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND SWIMMING ON 100 M MEDLEY ON STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION 291

42. Milovan Ljubojeviã and Dragoljub Vi�njiã: RELATIONS OF SOME MORPHOLOGIC VARIABLES AND SPEED OF 7th GRADE BOYS 297

43. Milovan Ljubojeviã, Jelena Iliã, and Dragoljub Vi�njiã: RELATIONS OF SOME MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND COORDINATION OF 7TH GRADE GIRLS 303

44. Dragan Martinoviã, Dragoljub Vi�njiã, Jelena Iliã, and �ivorad Markoviã: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS AND MOTIVATION OF 4TH GRADE STUDENTS FOR INVOLVEMENT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES 311

45. Veroljub Stankoviã, Dragan Popoviã, and Milo� Popoviã: THE DIFFERENCES IN THE MOTOR

ABILITIES OF SCHOOLGIRLS IN RELATION TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE 317

46. Dejan Madiã, Boris Popoviã, Du�anka Tumin, Jelena Obradoviã, and Danilo Radanoviã: THE

IMPACT OF MOTOR ABILITIES ON THE LEARNING OF GYMNASTICS EXERCISES OF GIRLS 11-12 YEARS OF AGE 323

47. Katja Koren, Bo�tjan �imuniè, Gregor Cankar, and Rado Pi�ot: VERTICAL JUMP

COORDINATION AND PERRFORMANCE IN 4- AND 5-YEAR OLD CHILDREN 329

I 3

III Social, Humanitarian and Medical Aspects of Physical Activity 335 48. Jernej Ro�ker, Nejc �arabon, Stefan Loefler, and Helmut Kern: A PROPOSAL FOR THE

REDUCTION OF STATIC BALANCE TESTING PROTOCOL IN YOUNG-TO-ELDERLY COMPARATIVE STUDIES 337

49. Bo�tjan �imuniè, Nejc �arabon, and Rado Pi�ot: ACHILLES TENDON DIAMETER

DEVELOPMENT IN 4-YEAR OLD CHILDREN 343

50. �arabon Nejc: CASE STUDIES REPORTS ON CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF THE SHOULDER INJURIES IN SPORT 349

51. Bojan Jorgiã, Marko Aleksandroviã, Dejan Madiã, and Tomislav Okièiã: EFFECTS OF ADAPTIVE SWIMMING PROGRAM ON MENTAL ADJUSTMENT, INDEPENDENT MOVEMENT AND SWIMMING IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY 357

52. Du�an Miãiã, Dragoslav Jakoniã and Goran Vasiã: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND FACILITIES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 361

53. Milan Pantoviã, Maja Batez, and Sa�a Radosav: INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT INTERVAL TRAINING METHODS ON VITAL CAPACITY 367

54. György Szügyi, Péter Fritz, and Zoltán Szatmár: LIFESTYLE AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF ENTREPRENEURS AND MANAGERS IN SOUTH-HUNGARY 373

55. Jernej Ro�ker, Nejc �arabon, Nata�a Koprivnik, and Roman �iler: QUADRICEPS INTER-MUSCULAR COORDINATION DURING VARIOUS STRENGTHENING EXERCISES 379

56. Borut Fonda and Nejc �arabon: REDUCED LOW BACK PAIN AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE DURING UPHILL CYCLING WITH ADJUSTED SEAT POSITION: A CASE STUDY REPORT 387

57. Zoran Pajiã, Jelena Iliã, Marija Macura, Sa�a Jakovljeviã, and Adem Preljeviã: RELATIONS BETWEEN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SPEED OF MOVEMENT DIRECTION CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS 393

58. Du�an Miãiã, Dragoslav Jakoniã, and Goran Vasiã: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY AND SPORT 399

59. Ðuro Popoviã, Branka Protiã-Gava, Tijana �ãepanoviã, Goran Dimitriã, and Mirela Dan: THE

DIFFERENCE OF MOTOR EFFICIENCY IN RELATION TO THE FOOT STATUS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN 405

IV Top Level Sports 411 60. Andrej Panjan, Matej Supej, and Nejc �arabon: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKIING SPECIFIC

DYNAMIC BALANCE TEST 413

61. Tatjana Triviã: DIFFERENCES IN ANHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTOR ABILLITIES OF YOUNG JUDOKAS AND NON ATHLETES 419

62. Vuka�in Bad�a and Dragan Marinkoviã: DOMINANT GROUPS OF TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES OF PLAYERS AT ALL PLAYING POSITIONS PRIOR TO A SUCCESSFUL FIELD SHOT ON THE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP �POLAND 2009.� 425

63. Tomislav Okièiã, Bojan Jorgiã, Dejan Madiã, and Marko Aleksandroviã: EFFECT OF BASIC AND SPECIFIC MOTOR ABILITIES ON SWIMMING RESULTS 431

64. Peter Dedík and Branislav Antala: FACTORS DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF SLOVAK PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL CLUB�S FINANCIAL BUDGET 437

65. Neboj�a Maksimoviã, Zoran Milo�eviã, Radenko Matiã, and Borislav Obradoviã: LEADERSHIP STYLES OF EXECUTIVES IN TEAM SPORTS 445

66. Cornelis P. (Niels) Bogerd: NOVEL SPORTS CLOTHING CONCEPT AIMED AT REDUCING THE RADIANT WARMING: A FORGOTTEN FIELD WITH POTENTIAL 451

67. Andrey Bulantsov and Sergey Tabakov: RESEARCH OF MOTOR SKILL�S RELIABILITY OF

THROWS EXECUTION AMONG YOUTH IN SAMBO 457

68. Bo�tjan �imuniè: TENSIOMYOGRAPHIC CONTRACTION TIME OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLES IN ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS 463

69. Radovan Èokorilo and Milana Grk: VIRTUE ETHICS IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT 469

Index of Authors 475

I 4

129

ABERRANT BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN PRESCHOOL

CHILDREN BY APPLYING KINESIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Gustav Bala, �eljko Krneta, and Damjan Jak�iã

Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Abstract

An experimental treatment was carried out on the sample of 110 preschool children from Novi Sad by applying kinesiological activities. The treatment lasting for 60 minutes was applied for a period of 9 months, twice a week. A control group of 98 children was trained according to the program for preschool institutions. Treatment effects were controlled by 7 motor ability tests, one intellectual test (Raven�s

Colored Progressive Matrices) and 36-item questionnaire for assessing aberrant behavior, which was filled out by parents. The structure of the whole variable space was analyzed at the beginning and at the end of applied treatments. It was found that an organized and intensive application of kinesiological activities, even for a relatively short period, resulted in a significant change of aberrant behavior in children from experimental group. It was observed that aberrant behavior improved significantly when motor abilities improved through systematic exercising. However, it was not the case when the motor development of children took place without additional exercising, or without applying kinesiological activities. These findings point out the importance of motor exercising and applying additional kinesiological activities with various modalities for reducing of aberrant behavior in preschool children.

Key words: behavioral disorders, motor exercising, preschool age, motor development.

Introduction

Aberrant behavior implies the current psychopathological symptoms of the child and his/her environment, regardless of whether they result from intrapsychical conflicts and how much their symptoms are more or less subconscious (Nikoliã, 1990). Such a definition of disturbed behavior inevitably includes factors

related to parenthood, educators, teachers, and all those that are involved in the child�s development,

whose behavior cause reactions of the environment. These problems become more pronounced in the societies in transition or with unstable nature. Earlier studies indicated that the frequency of psychosocial problems was related to presence of particular sociodemographic factors viewed as risk factors. Low socio-economic status, single parents, mental illnesses in the family and family disorders, and sex of the child belong to factors contributing to more frequent occurrence of these problems (Levy, Hay, Bennett, & McStephen, 2005; Gershon, 2002; Murphy & Jellinek, 1988; Jelinek, Murphy, & Burns, 1986; Jelinek, Murphy, Robinson, Feins, Lamb, & Fenton, 1988).

Aberrant behavior depends mostly on personality traits, and it is often manifested at the motor level. Results of some earlier research works with the subjects characterized by a relatively stationary stage of conative and motor development indicated that there were significant correlations between personality traits that affect modality of behavior assessed by various models of conative functioning and motor abilities (Ismail & Gruber, 1971; Mrakoviã, Gredelj, Metiko�, & Ore�koviã, 1974; Ismail, 1976;

�adura, 1976; Kureliã, Momiroviã, Mrakoviã, & �turm, 1979; Horga, 1976; Kule�, 1977; Horga, 1979).

However, it seems there was no interest in carrying out similar research dealing with analysis of relations between aberrant behavior and motor functioning of subjects in development especially in preschool children. This is probably due to the fact that it is highly difficult to determine and define conative characteristics (personality traits) in small children especially when group testing is performed with a higher number of children.

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One of rather rare research works dealing with the relations of aberrant behavior and motor abilities of preschool children implemented by Bala, Ho�ek, & Momiroviã (2002), as well as Bala & Goluboviã (2006) indicated the presence of significant relation between motor abilities and aberrant behavior. There was a significant relation between factors of negativism, unaccomplished control, anxiousness on one side and motor control on the other, which indicates that there is a possibility to prevent occurrence of aberrant behavior or to reduce it by means of properly selected and goal-oriented exercises.

Effects of cognitive functioning of children on their aberrant behavior were also pointed out by Bala, Ho�ek-Momiroviã, & Goluboviã (2007) on the sample of 712 preschool boys and girls at the age of

4 to 7 years (mean 5.96 decimal years and standard deviation of 0.96) from preschool institutions in Novi Sad, Sombor, Sremska Mitrovica, and Baèka Palanka. Authors analyzed information concerning 36 indicators of aberrant behavior of the children, which were supplied by their parents, whereas their cognitive ability was tested by Raven�s Colored Progressive Matrices. Based on factor analysis (promax method), four factors, i.e. generators of aberrant behavior in children, were singled out: aggression, anxiousness, dissociation, and hysteria, whose relations with cognitive functioning and age were also analyzed by factor analysis. Aberrant behavior and general cognitive ability showed significant interrelatedness.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of an organized application of kinesiological activities on reduction of aberrant behavior in preschool children. Research was performed within the framework of the scientific research project �Integral development, physical activity, and aberrant

behavior of preschool children� implemented by the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Novi

Sad, which was cofinanced by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

Method

Experimental design

For the purpose of this research, a quasi-experimental design was applied with non-equivalent groups of children, including pretest-posttest. Accordingly, children samples were not random-selected, control groups had the usual treatment of physical education and exercising being applied in preschool institutions, while the experimental group had an additional experimental treatment with different kinesiological activities. Treatment effects were evaluated by a particular measurement instrument before and after the applied experimental/control treatment lasting for one academic year.

Sample of subjects

This longitudinal study was performed on the suitable sample including 208 children, that were divided in two groups � experimental (N=110) and control (N=98). Average age of children in the experimental group at the beginning of the treatment amounted to 6.15(±1.14), whereas the children of the control group had 5.51(±0.89) decimal years.

Sample of measuring instruments

Motor testing of children was performed according to recommendations published by Bala (1999a, 1999b). The following test battery was used in motor ability assessment:

a) for assessment of the movement structuring factors: - Obstacle course backwards � restructuring of movement stereotype,

b) for assessment of functional synergy and tonus regulation factors: - Arm plate tapping � frequency speed, and - Seated straddle stretch � flexibility,

c) for assessment of motor unit excitation duration factors: - Crossed-arm sit-ups � repetitive trunk strength, and - Bent-arm hang � static strength of arms and shoulder girdle,

d) for assessment of motor unit excitation intensity regulation: - Standing broad jump, and - 20m dash - running speed.

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Data on aberrant behavior of children were collected by means of a questionnaire constructed by Ho�ek, Momiroviã, & Bala (2003), which was filled by their parents. Metric characteristics were tested in more details on the bigger sample of preschool children by Fajgelj & Bala (2007). According to factor analysis, the authors found that 36 indicators of aberrant behavior, generated only two factors related to behavior: externalizing (disorder of insufficiently controlled behavior) and internalizing (disorders of overcontrolled behavior). As earlier attempts to analyze the whole space of the questionnaire including 36 indicators of aberrant behavior did not yield satisfactory results, only those indicators which assessed externalizing and internalizing behavior of children were singled out for the purposes of this research. These are the following indicators:

Table 1. Indicators for assessment of aberrant behavior of children

EXTERNALIZING INTERNALIZING

Sometimes behaves aggressively Is too sniveled

Is rather disobedient Is rather timid Often quarrels with other children Is too reticent Often fights with friends Is rather distrustful

Sometimes snatches other children's toys Becomes easily confused when he/she needs to do something

Becomes very angry if he/she doesn't get what he/she wants

Is too shy

Occasionally he/she takes something without a permission

Is too sensitive

Throws things in anger

Often spoils or breaks his/her toys

Data were collected by means of a questionnaire filled by one parent under the assistance of a psychologist. Parents were asked to assess the behavior of their children before the experiment, and after nine months of treatment. Assessment was reached by application of the three-point Likert scale of agreement with the offered statements �No�, �Sometimes�, and �Often�. Each subject�s result of the assessment of internalizing i.e. externalizing behavior was a factor score at the first principal component within variables for assessment of externalizing i.e. internalizing behavior, depending on whether the subjects belonged to experimental or control groups.

Assessment of cognitive functioning was made using the test Raven�s Colored Progressive

Matrices (RCPMatrices). Fajgelj, Bala, & Tubiã (2007), as well as Fajgelj, Bala, & Katiã (2010)

determined principal measuring characteristics of Raven�s Colored Progressive Matrices on the sample of 2,334 children from Vojvodina at the age of 3.5 and 11. By testing dimensionality, the test was found to have one main object of measuring. It was found that there was no statistically significant difference in solving the test requirements between boys and girls at any age, nor was there any significant interaction of gender and age. Reliability of the test at the age group of 6 � 11 was over 0.85, while at the age of 5 it was 0.75.

Description of experimental treatment

Experimental treatment, i.e. plan and program of application of kinesiological activities in the experimental group of children (sports school) was implemented twice a week for 60 minutes during one academic year. Kinesiological activities applied in the training process included the following: calisthenics with and without the use of various apparatuses, preventive and corrective exercises for posture control, flat feet, unique exercises on apparatuses and aerobics, specific exercises for the development of motor abilities (especially coordination, balance, precision, all kinds of speed, agility, flexibility, as well as all kinds of strength and stamina), athletic events, elements of sports games (football, handball, basketball, volleyball, tennis), elements of martial arts (karate, wrestling), elementary games (catching, group games, etc.), children dances, outdoor activities, swimming, aquatic activities, basic yoga asanas, stretching, and aerobics.

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Control treatment included means of exercising, learning methods, and exercising itself, the purpose of which was to fulfill the requirements of the formal plan and program of preschool institutions in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which is presented in the �Model of the Fundamentals of the

Work Program with Preschool Children� (Kamenov, 1995), part VII, under the title Physical

Development, Physical Activities.

Data analysis

Statistical analysis was preceded by calculation of the first principal component of the array of indicators for assessment of externalizing behavior as well as the internalizing one, which was followed by transforming raw results of subjects to factor scores. Quantitative differences in initial and final measurements within the applied variables were determined by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA), whereas significance of quantitative changes i.e. effects of the applied treatments were defined by means of multivariate (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Determining structural changes between initial and final measurements was performed using factor analysis. Matrices of intercorrelations were calculated initially, which was followed by factorizing of each matrix applying the procedure of principal components, using Kaiser-Guttman�s

criterion of singling out significant factors. Principal components were then rotated in the promax solution, while interpretation and comparison of structures of analyzed spaces were made based on the corresponding pattern matrices as well as the correlation coefficient between the factors singled out.

Results

As no statistically significant difference was found between boys and girls in terms of the analyzed variables at the beginning of experimental and control treatments, further analyses were based on the overall sample according to groups. Motor abilities of children in experimental group were found to be better in terms of statistical significance in initial and final measurements alike, which was also confirmed by multivariate analysis of covariance. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of children in terms of assessment of cognitive abilities and externalizing and internalizing behavior.

As certain changes of components of aberrant behavior were noticed in practical work with children of the experimental group, factor structures of the applied variables were analyzed in order to define qualitative changes in children affected by kinesiological treatment. By means of factor analysis of results of the initial measurement three factors were singled out in each group of subjects, which explained common variance with 48.95, 11.11 and 10.07% in the experimental group and 36.98, 12.45 and 11.39% in the control one. Final analysis was done based on promax pattern matrices (Table 2). Factors singled out in the experimental group were defined as follows: 1) Motor and cognitive behavior, 2) Externalizing behavior, and 3) Internalizing behavior, while those of the control group were: 1) Motor behavior, 2) Externalizing and cognitive behavior, and 3) Internalizing behavior. Statistically significant mutual correlations of factors were noticed only between combinations of motor, cognitive, and externalizing behavior of children (Tables 3 & 4).

Table 2. Pattern matrices before the treatments

VA R I A B L E Experimental Control

A1 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3 20m dash -0.95 0.11 0.12 -0.67 -0.25 -0.09 Obstacle course backwards -0.92 0.10 -0.05 -0.72 -0.10 0.20 Arm plate tapping 0.83 0.07 0.03 0.48 0.28 0.26 Seated straddle stretch 0.06 0.64 0.20 0.05 0.47 0.43 Standing broad jump 0.95 -0.09 -0.09 0.70 0.23 -0.25 Bent-arm hang 0.17 0.25 0.71 0.82 -0.29 0.00 Crossed-arm sit-ups 0.85 0.02 0.09 0.92 -0.31 0.12 RCPMatrices 0.57 0.26 0.04 0.21 0.61 -0.05 Externalizing behavior 0.16 -0.90 0.17 0.32 -0.82 0.06 Internalizing behavior -0.21 -0.30 0.71 -0.06 -0.07 0.87

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Table 3. Correlation matrix of the factors in experimental group before the treatment

Table 4. Correlation matrix of the factors in control group before the treatment

F A C T O R 1 2 1 Motor behavior 2 Externalizing and cognitive behavior 0.42 3 Internalizing behavior 0.01 -0.00

At the end, experimental results of factor analysis indicated that only two factors were singled out in experimental group, which explained 35.24, 12.86 and 12.57% of common variability of variables. The number of factor singled out in the control group remained the same as at the beginning of the experiment, which explained 35.24, 12.86, and 12.57% of common variability of variables. According to the pattern matrix of the experimental group, the following factors could be recognized: 1) Motor and cognitive behavior and 2) Internalizing and externalizing behavior of children (Table 5). Compared to the pre-experiment conditions, considerably increased share of cognitive functioning within the structure of motor behavior was observed, as well as connecting of components of aberrant behavior (externalizing and internalizing behavior) to a unique factor, which was attributed to effects of experimental treatment. Correlation between the two factors was negative in terms of statistical significance (-0.26).

Table 5. Pattern matrices after the treatments

VA R I A B L E Experimental Control

A1 A2 A1 A2 A3 20m dash -0.78 0.23 -0.88 -0.07 0.01 Obstacle course backwards -0.82 -0.05 -0.78 -0.09 0.19 Arm plate tapping 0.87 0.01 0.52 0.52 -0.01 Seated straddle stretch 0.49 0.06 0.07 0.14 0.75 Standing broad jump 0.76 -0.23 0.85 -0.03 0.04 Bent-arm hang 0.53 0.06 0.52 -0.50 0.24 Crossed-arm sit-ups 0.87 0.07 0.73 -0.12 0.09 RCPMatrices 0.73 0.23 0.25 0.72 0.00 Externalizing behavior -0.05 0.71 0.20 -0.60 -0.33 Internalizing behavior 0.18 0.85 -0.08 0.07 0.74

Factors singled out in control group remained practically the same, implying increased share of cognitive functioning and reduced externalizing behavior compared to the other factor before the experiment, as well as increased share of internalizing behavior within the structure of the third factor (Table 5). Certain changes were noticed in mutual correlations of the three factors, however, it is important to notice that the value of correlation coefficient between Motor functioning and Externalizing and cognitive functioning was considerably reduced, even though it is still positive and statistically significant (Table 6).

Table 6. Correlation matrix of the factors in control group after the treatment

F A C T O R 1 2 1 Motor behavior 2 Externalizing and cognitive behavior 0.22 3 Internalizing behavior 0.10 -0.09

F A C T O R 1 2 1 Motor and cognitive behavior 2 Externalizing behavior 0.50 3 Internalizing behavior 0.07 0.04

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Discussion

The child is not a static being, and his/her development is characterized by a �mosaic� of behavior

dynamics, that represents a development stage at particular age but pathological manifestation of behavior in another. Additional difficulty is also due to understanding differences between factors that affect behavior, as well as specificities of behavior manifested by each child in different situations. Thus it is not possible to reach an exact determination of the extent to which experimental treatment contributed to qualitative changes in aberrant behavior of children, or the extent of its being due to regular growth, development, and socio-economical, educational and cultural environment.

According to the structure of the second factor upon treatment, it can be noticed that experimental treatment transformed externalizing and internalizing behavior to a unique factor which can be defined as a behavior of children. This is explained by the fact that kinesiological activities and physical exercising during nine months reduced aggressiveness, anger, and destructivity in children with increased externalizing behavior, as well as anxiousness, phobicity, and timidity in children with pronounced internalizing behavior. This was not true of children in the control group.

High share of RCPMatrices variable in structuring of the general motor factor indicates an integral development of intellectual and motor behavior of preschool children in experimental group. Significant negative correlation of this factor with a unique factor of behavior indicates that, owing to the development of motor and cognitive abilities, experimental treatment resulted in children�s recognition

and understanding of their own reactions in different situations, as well as the development of new ways of reaction, all of which yielding better psychosocial certainty and adapted behavior complying with age and one�s own abilities.

However, it was not fully possible to explain whether aberrant behavior defines motor functioning, nor whether motor functioning, among other things, governs normal and aberrant behavior, or whether the two highly dynamic states were correlated only at preschool age. According to the results obtained in this research, the following conclusions can be drawn.

- It is difficult to determine quantitative effects of application of kinesiological activities and physical exercising in preschool children during one academic year only;

- There are significant changes in qualitative effects i.e. changes in the structure of components of aberrant behavior;

- Experimental treatment resulted in normalized behavior of preschool children even though the period was short (nine months);

- More frequent, and more intensive perennial application of kinesiological activities and physical exercising would be a highly suitable, cheep, and entertaining means of prevention and reduction of extreme aberrant behavior in children, which could subsequently affect reduced delinquent behavior of youth.

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