QUOTING, PARAPHRASING & SUMMARIZING

• Quoting: – repeating or copying something spoken or written,

always indicating that it’s not original by who’s writing or speaking.

• Paraphrasing: – express the meaning of something spoken or

written; to clarify; mostly to simplify.• Summarizing: – give a brief statement on the main point of

something spoken or written.

•They differ on how close your written or spoken work is to an original source.

Why use them?– Provide support and add credibility to your written

or spoken work.– Reference to what lead you in your own work.– Examples of points of view.– To emphasize on positions you may agree or

disagree with.– To highlight particular ideas, phrases or sentences

by quoting the original.– To expand on your own work.

How to use them?–Read the entire text taking notes on key

points and main ideas.– Summarize in your own words the single

main idea.–Paraphrase important supporting points

found in the text you are reading for support.–Consider or write down any words,

phrases or brief passages you believe should be quoted directly.

NOTE TAKING

Why take notes?• Fast memory fades. •

(University of Texas at Austin). – Studies on memory show that without

review • 48% of what a person has just learned is forgotten in

the first twenty minutes• 62% is forgotten after the first day.

“Whether you’re a high school junior or a college senior or a grad student or a mid-level professional or the Attorney General of the United States, the ability to take effective, meaningful notes is a crucial skill. Not only do good notes help us recall facts and ideas we may have forgotten, the act of writing things down helps many of us to remember them better in the first place.”

Dustin M. Wax on www.lifehack.org – www.dustinwax.com

What Do Notes Do?• Having good class notes to review can determine

how well you are able to perform on exams.– One of the reasons people have trouble taking

effective notes is that they’re not really sure what notes are for.

– Do not attempt to record a complete class in notes.

• The purpose of note-taking is simple: to help you study better and more quickly.– Your notes don’t have to contain everything.– They must contain the most important things.

SECRETS TO GOOD NOTE - TAKING

Five Award Winning Tips1. Go to class prepared. "Always have a plan and believe in it.

Nothing good happens by accident." -- Chuck Knox, NFL football coach

2. Improve your listening skills. "Learn how to listen and you will prosper even from those who talk badly." -- Plutarch (A.D. 46 - 120). Greek biographer and philosopher

3. Develop a note taking method that works for you. "Learn, compare, collect the facts." -- Ivan Petrovic Pavlov (1849 - 1936), Russian physiologist.

4. Play close attention to content. "There is a great difference between knowing a thing and understanding it." -- Charles Kettering (1876 - 1958), American electrical engineer and inventor

5. Review and edit your notes. "Ideas won't keep; something must be done about them." -- Alfred North Whitehead (1861 - 1947), English mathematician and philosopher

What to Write Down

• Focus on:–What’s new to you.–What’s relevant:• Dates, names, theories, definitions,

arguments and debates, images and exercises, things written on board and your own questions.

Note-Taking Techniques

•Outlining•Mind-mapping•The Cornell System

Outlining

Mind - mapping

The Cornel System

Easier Techniques

• 2 – 6 Method – George Mason University

• Split page method - two or three columns – Sherry Reynolds

• Use group notes – Fred Weening

• Recorder – transcription – Brian Pitzer

TIPS1. Come to class prepared and with an open mind.2. Start a new page for each class.3. Don’t try to write down every word your teacher says.

– Write down the big ideas.

4. Use abbreviations for commonly occuring names and words. You can invent your own!

5. Leave lots of room on the page.– Use diagrams and pictures where necessary.

6. Write down corresponding page numbers to your textbook.7. Review your notes for accuracy.8. Obtain notes for missed classes.

… more tips!

9. Use colors10.If you know the topic research and be

prepared so you can ask relevant question on time.

11.Reorganize and rewrite the notes taking within the next 24 hours.

12.Attend class!– Janet Jenkins, Kiran Misra, Ms. Sreelatha Anand & Nicole Watts on

www.academictips.org

Bibliography

• http://www.lifehack.org/articles/productivity/advice-for-students-taking-notes-that-work.html

• http://teachingtoday.glencoe.com/userfiles/file/note-taking_download.pdf

• http://jerz.setonhill.edu/writing/academic/notes-tips.htm

• http://www.academictips.org/acad/literature/notetaking.html