Quiz Chapter 1Quiz Chapter 1

Name the six characteristics of a Name the six characteristics of a civilization.civilization.

What does Venus of Willendorf What does Venus of Willendorf represent?represent?

Why were the earliest ages of man Why were the earliest ages of man unable to develop a civilization?unable to develop a civilization?

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Beginnings of CivilizationBeginnings of Civilization

Wall PaintingWall Painting

Paleolithic ArtPaleolithic Art New inventionNew invention ToolsTools PaintingPainting

Cave PaintingsCave Paintings ReligiousReligious Altamira, Spain and Lascaux, France p. 5Altamira, Spain and Lascaux, France p. 5

SculptureSculpture

Venus figuresVenus figures Earth MotherEarth Mother Feminine characteristicsFeminine characteristics Venus of Willendorf p. 5Venus of Willendorf p. 5

Civilization BeginsCivilization Begins

The Cultures of MesopotamiaThe Cultures of Mesopotamia

The Cradle of CivilizationThe Cradle of Civilization

Mesopotamia – between riversMesopotamia – between rivers

Tigris and Euphrates riversTigris and Euphrates rivers Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent Modern Iraq and Syria Modern Iraq and Syria 9000-3000 BCE9000-3000 BCE

Two Cultural RevolutionsTwo Cultural Revolutions

Shift from hunting and gathering to Shift from hunting and gathering to food production. food production.

The development of agricultureThe development of agriculture

-domestication of animals-domestication of animals

- cultivation of barley and wheat- cultivation of barley and wheat

Use of flood water and irrigation Use of flood water and irrigation 3400 3400 BCEBCE

Two Cultural RevolutionsTwo Cultural Revolutions

Appearance of the first cities 3400 BCEAppearance of the first cities 3400 BCE

Uruk – Sumerian peopleUruk – Sumerian people Urbanization Urbanization ArtsArts

CalendarCalendar

WritingWriting

Monumental ArchitectureMonumental Architecture

Sumerian LifeSumerian Life

Sumerians dominated area in 3Sumerians dominated area in 3rdrd millenniummillennium

Series of city-states - theocracySeries of city-states - theocracy Controlled by an assemblyControlled by an assembly Elected leader in time of warElected leader in time of war Homes of hard clay bricksHomes of hard clay bricks Temple - zigguratTemple - ziggurat

TempleTemple

Each city had a patron god or Each city had a patron god or goddess which inhabitants servedgoddess which inhabitants served

God owned everythingGod owned everything Ziggurat Ziggurat

Temple tower – sacred mountainTemple tower – sacred mountain

See p. 9 for structureSee p. 9 for structure Held householdHeld household

Gods of RealmsGods of Realms

An – god of heavenAn – god of heaven Enlil – god of airEnlil – god of air Enki – water godEnki – water god Ninhursag – mother earthNinhursag – mother earth

Pantheon of godsPantheon of gods

Anu – sky godAnu – sky god Sin – moon godSin – moon god Ishtar – goddess of fertilityIshtar – goddess of fertility Abu – vegetation godAbu – vegetation god Tammuz – male principle in natureTammuz – male principle in nature Lived life with manLived life with man

Utu and Mother EarthUtu and Mother Earth

Enki and InannaEnki and Inanna

WorshipWorship

MythologyMythology

Untrue but believed to be true – Untrue but believed to be true – advertising mythadvertising myth

A story placed in “sacred time” that A story placed in “sacred time” that explains a phenomenon of natureexplains a phenomenon of nature

- include archetypes and episodes- include archetypes and episodes

- Carl Jung – “collective - Carl Jung – “collective unconscious”unconscious”

Deepest form of truthDeepest form of truth

CreationCreation

Life comes from the sea Life comes from the sea Mountain an-ki Mountain an-ki Gods of the realmsGods of the realms Man servant to the godsMan servant to the gods

AfterlifeAfterlife

A dark and dusty caveA dark and dusty cave No promise of better lifeNo promise of better life Those remembered by loved ones Those remembered by loved ones

fared betterfared better Utanapishtim given immortalityUtanapishtim given immortality Epic of GilgameshEpic of Gilgamesh

MusicMusic

Harps by 2800 BCE p. 15Harps by 2800 BCE p. 15 Boat shapeBoat shape LyreLyre Bull - fertility and divine powerBull - fertility and divine power Clappers and wind instrumentsClappers and wind instruments Used in rituals and for important Used in rituals and for important

occasionsoccasions

LiteratureLiterature

Cuneiform 3400 BCECuneiform 3400 BCE Wedge shape equaled a wordWedge shape equaled a word Used for records and works of Used for records and works of

literatureliterature Mastered by scribes who were Mastered by scribes who were

trained from early agetrained from early age Majority of pop. illiterateMajority of pop. illiterate

Cuneiform SampleCuneiform Sample

Epic of GilameshEpic of Gilamesh

Gilamesh – historic and legendary king Gilamesh – historic and legendary king of Uruk 2600 BCEof Uruk 2600 BCE

Two-thirds god, one-third humanTwo-thirds god, one-third human Made Uruk leading city of Made Uruk leading city of

MesopotamiaMesopotamia Became oppressiveBecame oppressive Gods create his counterpart , Enkidu, Gods create his counterpart , Enkidu,

the wild man who lives with animalsthe wild man who lives with animals

Epic of Gilgamesh Epic of Gilgamesh

Enkidu is interfering with huntingEnkidu is interfering with hunting Gilgamesh sends love-priestess to Gilgamesh sends love-priestess to

tame himtame him Wrestle and become brothersWrestle and become brothers What is the underlying truth in this What is the underlying truth in this

event?event?

Epic of GilgameshEpic of Gilgamesh

Ishtar wants to marry GilgameshIshtar wants to marry Gilgamesh He refusesHe refuses Must battle the Bull of HeavenMust battle the Bull of Heaven Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bullGilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull In revenge the gods send an illness In revenge the gods send an illness

that kills Enkiduthat kills Enkidu Fearing death, Gilgamesh seeks Fearing death, Gilgamesh seeks

Utanapishtim to get immortality Utanapishtim to get immortality

Epic of GilgameshEpic of Gilgamesh

Reaches the mountain of the godsReaches the mountain of the gods Utanapishtim tells him the story of Utanapishtim tells him the story of

the floodthe flood Gets the plant of immortalityGets the plant of immortality It is stolen by a snakeIt is stolen by a snake What truth is learned?What truth is learned?

Semitic KingdomsSemitic Kingdoms

Akkadian -SargonAkkadian -Sargon Positive attitude – see art p. 8Positive attitude – see art p. 8 Conquered by the GutiansConquered by the Gutians Unified by BabyloniansUnified by Babylonians

BabylonBabylon

Hammurabi – king 1792 BCEHammurabi – king 1792 BCE Babylon - center of international tradeBabylon - center of international trade

cloth,spicecloth,spice Code of HammurabiCode of Hammurabi

-received kingship from Shamash the -received kingship from Shamash the sun godsun god

-282 laws p. 10-282 laws p. 10

AssyriaAssyria

HittitesHittites Changed warfareChanged warfare

-iron weapons-iron weapons

-horse and chariot-horse and chariot Cruel conquerorsCruel conquerors Kingdom from Egypt to modern Kingdom from Egypt to modern

TurkeyTurkey

AssyriaAssyria

Developed KingshipDeveloped Kingship Power from godsPower from gods Spectacular palacesSpectacular palaces Art shows conquestsArt shows conquests Lion = heroic kingLion = heroic king

Second BabyloniaSecond Babylonia

Nebuchadnezzar IINebuchadnezzar II PalacePalace City of 100,000City of 100,000 Tower of BabelTower of Babel

Fall of MesopotamiaFall of Mesopotamia

Invasion of the MedesInvasion of the Medes Invasion of the PersiansInvasion of the Persians Nomadic warrior tribesNomadic warrior tribes

Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt

Dependent on the floods of the Nile Dependent on the floods of the Nile RiverRiver

History spans 2200 yearsHistory spans 2200 years Culture unity and consistencyCulture unity and consistency Ruled by the pharaoh who was divineRuled by the pharaoh who was divine

ReligionReligion

Aton-Ra created world by giving Aton-Ra created world by giving chaos orderchaos order

Pharaoh gave order to the worldPharaoh gave order to the world Obsessed with death and after lifeObsessed with death and after life Caused elaborate funeral ritualsCaused elaborate funeral rituals

Egyptian ArtEgyptian Art

• Principal function of artists: to Principal function of artists: to produce images of deitiesproduce images of deities• Form of worshipForm of worship• Standards set forth by PharaohStandards set forth by Pharaoh

• Artists also provided temples and Artists also provided temples and shrines for honoring deitiesshrines for honoring deities

The Old KingdomThe Old Kingdom

• ImhotepImhotep• First architect known to historyFirst architect known to history

• PyramidsPyramids• Funerary monuments for pharaohs, Funerary monuments for pharaohs,

upper classupper class• MummificationMummification

• Preservation of the body was necessary Preservation of the body was necessary for the survival of the soulfor the survival of the soul

Great Age of the PyramidGreat Age of the Pyramid

• Pyramids at Giza (Dynasty IV)Pyramids at Giza (Dynasty IV)• CheopsCheops• ChefrenChefren• MycerinusMycerinus

• Who built the pyramids?Who built the pyramids?• FarmersFarmers• SlavesSlaves

Chefren’s SphinxChefren’s Sphinx

• Created as the guardian for Created as the guardian for Chefren’s tomb at GizaChefren’s tomb at Giza

• Adopted as a divine symbol of the Adopted as a divine symbol of the mysterious and enigmatic (Greeks)mysterious and enigmatic (Greeks)

Art of the Old KingdomArt of the Old Kingdom

• Reflects confidence and certaintyReflects confidence and certainty• Idealized realismIdealized realism• Conceptual, symbolicConceptual, symbolic

Examine art pp. 14-15Examine art pp. 14-15

ContributionsContributions

With a partner list the contributions With a partner list the contributions of Mesopotamiaof Mesopotamia