39
International Quinoa Conference 2016: Quinoa for Future Food and Nutrition Security in Marginal Environments Dubai, 6-8 December 2016 www.quinoaconference.com Quinoa in Pakistan: A Case Study DR. SHAHZAD M.A. BASRA Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan [email protected]

Quinoa in Pakistan: A Case Study · 2016. 12. 28. · International Quinoa Conference 2016: Quinoa for Future Food and Nutrition Security in Marginal Environments. Dubai, 6-8 December

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    9

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • International Quinoa Conference 2016:Quinoa for Future Food and Nutrition Security in Marginal Environments

    Dubai, 6-8 December 2016www.quinoaconference.com

    Quinoa in Pakistan: A Case Study

    DR. SHAHZAD M.A. BASRADepartment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

    [email protected]

    http://www.quinoaconference.com/

  • Background / Introduction

    The human being relies on fewer plants to feed much of the planet

    Total flowering species = 10,00,000Species described = 2,50,000Edible species = 50,000Used as source of food by mankind = 3,000

    More worryingly75% of human food = 11 crops (wheat, rice, corn, barley, sorghum/millet, potato, sweet potato/

    yam, sugarcane and soybean

    60% of the calories consumed in the world = 3 (rice, corn and wheat)

    Pakistan = rice, corn and wheat, cotton, maize, sugarcane

    So potential of these plants is at risk due to climate change

    Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was introduced as a climate resilient crop with potential to add intofood security due to very good nutritional value, wide range of adaptability, low production cost and sustainthe livelihoods of the poor farmers.

  • Germplasm Screening for local adaptationQuinoa was introduced in Pakistan during 2008 from USDA and some lines from Dr. JacobsenInitial Screening under following local conditions• Faisalabad 31.4187° N, 73.0791° E Gujrat 32.5711° N, 74.0750°• Chakwal 32.9311° N, 72.8551° E Bahawalpur29.3957° N, 71.6833° E• RY Khan 28.4212° N, 70.2989° E

    Sr. Code* G. Line** Plant name** Origin1 Ames30 Ames-13730 IESP New Mexico, USA2 Ames37 Ames 13737 2WANT New Maxico, USA3 Ames37 Ames-13739 29TES New Maxico, USA4 Ames60 Ames 13760 22GR New Maxico, USA5 Ames62 Ames 13762 47TES New Maxico, USA6 P32 PI 510532 Quinoa de Quiaca. Peru7 P33 PI 510533 K’ello quinoa (Quechua) Peru8 P37 PI 510537 Koito Juira (Aymara) Qu Peru9 P40 PI 510540 Grande (spain.) Peru10 P42 PI 510542 Villa Juira (Aymara) Qu Peru11 P79 PI 643079 Pasankalla Peru12 P18 PI 634918 Baer Chile13 P19 PI 634919 Pichaman Chile14 P21 PI 634921 UDEC-2 Chile15 P22b PI 634922 UDEC-4 Chile16 P93 PI 596293 Colorado 407D Colorado, USA17 P98 PI 596498 Rosa junin Peru18 P22a PI 614922 Sayana Bolivia19 P10 PI 478410 R-66 Bolivia20 P24 PI 584524 QQ056 Chile21 P05 PI 614905 CQ105 Bolivia (Oruro)22 P06 PI 614906 CQ106 Bolivia (Oruro)23 P07 PI 614907 CQ107 Bolivia (Oruro)24 P08 PI 614908 CQ108 Bolivia (Oruro)25 P09 PI 614909 CQ109 Bolivia (Oruro)

    Out of 164germplasm 25were screenedinitially on thebase ofgermination andseedling vigor.10 lines havingminimum 1500kg ha-1 wereselected forfurtherexperimentation

    Code1 G. Line*Ames30 Ames-13730Ames37 Ames 13737P37 PI 510537P40 PI 510540P42 PI 510542P79 PI 643079P19 PI 634919P93 PI 596293P22a PI 614922P10 PI 478410

  • Germplasm Screening for sowing time

    Final emergence (%) of different quinoagenotypes grown under different sowingdates at Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Economic yield (kg/ha) of different quinoa genotypes grown under different sowing dates at Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Final emergence (%) of different quinoa genotypes grownunder different sowing dates at Faisalabad, PakistanGENOTYPE 15 OCT 15 NOV 15DEC 15 JANAmes30 51.68 g-i 71.39 b 84.50 a 37.53 lmAmes37 75.00 b 73.29 b 80.54 a 28.21 opP10 33.85 mn 53.21 f-i 58.87 e 0 uP37 19.40 r 63.99 d 65.92 cd 0 uP40 25.17 pq 21.41 qr 57.36 ef 17.87 rsP42 35.177 mn 49.02 ij 54.30 e-h 0 uP93 41.36 kl 69.95 bc 55.05 e-g 9.62P22b 22.70 qr 49.59 h-j 34.53 mn 13.83 stP19 71.87 b 71.98 b 85.25 a 19.36 rP79 34.94 mn 44.60 jk 32.24 no 9.09 t

    Economic yield (kg/ha) of different quinoa genotypes grown underdifferent sowing dates at Faisalabad, PakistanGenotypes 15 OCT 15 NOV 15 DEC 15 JANAmes30 1611.52 f 2470.54 c 2505.11 bc 542.70 j-mAmes37 1672.33 f 2643.94 b 2909.25 a 425.82 l-nP10 551.98 j-m 678.11 j 484.80 l-n 0.00 qP37 385.91 no 651.91 j 408.20 m-o 0.00 qP40 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 qP42 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 qP93 2051.52 e 1757.71 f 2488.54 c 406.37 m-oP22b 389.44 m-o 831.03 i 901.86 i 0.00 qP19 1262.74 g 2061.30 de 2207.95 d 641.15 m-oP79 0.00 q 1089.51 h 469.89 l-n 0.00 q

    Field trials showed optimum quinoa sowing time varies with agro ecological zones from first week of November to 2nd week of December. However, northern areas (Sakardhu) quinoa is planted after melting snow during Spring

  • Field appraisal 2009-10

    Final emergence (%) of quinoagenotypes under field conditions

    Grain yield (kg ha-1) of quinoa genotypes under field conditions

  • Optimization of sowing methods

    Plant survival (%) in direct sown andtransplanted quinoa genotypes underfield conditions

    Genotypes Direct sown TransplantedAmes30 98.82 a 85.83 bAmes37 97.60 a 98.24 aP10 74.16 c 36.34 gP37 69.76 cd 64.25 dP40 56.88 e 48.38 fP42 56.70 e 24.58 h

    P93 74.89 c 0.00 iP22b 40.05 g 0.00 iP19 88.53 b 86.38 bP79 27.65 h 0.00 i

    Economic yield (kg/ha) of direct sown and transplanted quinoa genotypes under field conditions

    Genotypes Direct sown TransplantedAmes30 2689.3 a 1166.5 efAmes37 2352.5 c 1234.1 eP10 663.35 h 129.89 iP37 845.18 g 82.62 ijP40 0.00 ij 0.00 jP42 635.74 h 136.84iP93 2611.0 a 0.00 jP22b 1029.01f 0.00 jP19 2489.9 b 1381.1 dP79 1138.1ef 0.00 j

  • Germplasm Screening under different agro-ecological zones

    Emergence (%) of different quinoa genotypesunder different agro ecological zonesGenotypes Faisalabad Chakwal BahawalpurAmes30 87.94 ab 71.82 de 75.26 dAmes37 83.21 bc 58.67 hi 69.47 efP10 55.05 i-k 43.53 n 19.56 pP37 64.71 fg 84.57 bc 50.93 k-mP40 56.63 ij 68.07 ef 45.92 mnP42 55.40 i-k 53.14 jk 25.57 oP93 56.46 ij 67.86 ef 71.41 deP22b 24.72 op 81.61 c 83.41 bcP19 90.43 a 51.62 j-l 74.84 dP79 55.08 i-k 47.45 l-n 62.38 gh

    Economic yield (kg ha-1) of different quinoagenotypes under different agro ecological zonesGenotypes Faisalabad Chakwal BahawalpurAmes30 2744.16 a 1300.41 e 468.19 klAmes37 2686.94 ab 1300.00 e 539.86 jP10 685.05 i 986.57 f 298.68 mP37 712.02 hi 1626.95 c 199.72 nP40 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 oP42 591.93 j 764.45 h 0.00 oP93 2638.65 b 1474.16 d 850.46 gP22b 880.46 g 436.85 l 0.00 oP19 2746.35 a 888.53 g 771.72 hP79 1053.72 f 534.86 jk 0.00 o

  • Germplasm Screening

    Code* G. Line Origin Plant name

    PI 596293 Q 1 Colorado, USA Colorado 407D

    Ames 13730 Q 2 New Mexico, USA IESP

    Ames 13737 Q 7 (UAF-Q7) New Mexico, USA 2WANT

    PI 634919 Q 9 Chile Pichaman

  • Germplasm testing for salt tolerance (hydroponics)

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    0 100 200 300 400

    Shoo

    t len

    gth

    (cm

    )

    NaCl levels (mM)

    UAFQ-1 UAFQ-2 UAFQ-7 UAFQ-9

    Influence of salt stress on shoot length and shoot dry weight of of quinoa genotypes 35 days old plants

    0

    0.05

    0.1

    0.15

    0.2

    0.25

    0.3

    0.35

    0 100 200 300 400

    Shoo

    t dry

    wei

    ght (

    g)

    NaCl level (mM)

    UAFQ-1 UAFQ-2 UAFQ-7 UAFQ-9

  • quinoa under saline conditions (Hydroponics)

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    0 100 200 300 400

    Leaf

    Na+

    (mg

    g-1

    dry

    wei

    ght)

    NaCl Salinity (mM)

    UAFQ-1 UAFQ-2 UAFQ-7 UAFQ-9

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    0 100 200 300 400Leaf

    K+

    (mg

    g-1

    dry

    wei

    ght)

    NaCl levels (mM)

    UAFQ-1 UAFQ-2 UAFQ-7 UAFQ-9

    Influence of salt stress on leaf K+ concentration of quinoa genotypes

  • Effect of seed priming on final germination (%) of quinoa under saline conditions

    0102030405060708090

    100

    T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

    Final

    Germ

    anat

    ion (%

    )

    Priming

    Q 1 10 20 30

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    90

    100

    T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

    Priming

    Q 9

    Priming agentsT0: Control, T1: Moringa leaf extract, T2:Hydropriming, T3: CaCl2, T4: Ascorbate T5: BAP T6: H2O2

    0.00

    0.30

    0.60

    0.90

    1.20

    1.50

    T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

    Seed

    ling D

    ry W

    eigh

    t (g)

    10 20 30

    0.00

    0.30

    0.60

    0.90

    1.20

    1.50

    T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

    Salinity levels=10, 20, 30 dS/m

    Chart1

    T0T0T0T02.72165526982.72165526982.72165526982.72165526987.20082299827.2008229982

    T1T1T1T1002.72165526982.72165526981.211.21

    T2T2T2T24.71404520794.71404520794.71404520794.71404520794.71404520794.7140452079

    T3T3T3T32.72165526982.72165526987.20082299827.20082299822.72165526982.7216552698

    T4T4T4T49.81306762939.81306762932.72165526982.72165526988.16496580938.1649658093

    T5T5T5T55.44331053955.44331053952.72165526982.72165526981.221.22

    T6T6T6T64.71404520794.71404520792.72165526982.72165526985.44331053955.4433105395

    10

    20

    30

    Priming

    Final Germanation (%)

    Q 1

    0

    64.4444444444

    44.4444444444

    11.1111111111

    100

    77.7777777778

    10.33

    93.33

    73.33

    13.3333333333

    82.2222222222

    51.1111111111

    11.1111111111

    64.4444444444

    54.31

    39.63

    62.2222222222

    55.5555555556

    11

    97.78

    57.63

    17.7777777778

    Sheet1

    102030

    T064.4444.4411.11

    T1100.0077.7810.33

    T293.3373.3313.33

    T382.2251.1111.11

    T464.4454.3139.63

    T562.2255.5611.00

    T697.7857.6317.78

    2.722.727.20

    0.002.721.21

    4.714.714.71

    2.727.202.72

    9.812.728.16

    5.442.721.22

    4.712.725.44

    Chart1

    T0T0T0T07.20082299827.20082299825.44331053955.44331053958.16496580938.1649658093

    T1T1T1T12.72165526982.72165526985.44331053955.44331053954.554.55

    T2T2T2T24.71404520794.71404520795.44331053955.44331053954.71404520794.7140452079

    T3T3T3T32.72165526982.72165526982.72165526982.72165526984.71404520794.7140452079

    T4T4T4T4002.72165526982.72165526984.71404520794.7140452079

    T5T5T5T500003.973.97

    T6T6T6T6005.44331053955.44331053954.134.13

    10

    20

    30

    Priming

    Q 9

    0

    75.5555555556

    77.7777777778

    25.31

    97.7777777778

    37.7777777778

    29.35

    93.3333333333

    95.5555555556

    46.65

    97.7777777778

    97.7777777778

    6.6666666667

    100

    97.7777777778

    26.6666666667

    100

    100

    26.37

    100

    48.8888888889

    21.66

    Sheet1

    102030

    T075.5677.7825.31

    T197.7837.7829.35

    T293.3395.5646.65

    T397.7897.786.67

    T4100.0097.7826.67

    T5100.00100.0026.37

    T6100.0048.8921.66

    7.205.448.16

    2.725.444.55

    4.715.444.71

    2.722.724.71

    0.002.724.71

    0.000.003.97

    0.005.444.13

    Chart1

    T0T0T00.0390.0390.160.160.180.18

    T1T1T10.02760.02760.170.1700

    T2T2T20.0480.0480.120.120.1360.136

    T3T3T30.0840.0840.1360.1360.170.17

    T4T4T40.01760.01760.090.090.190.19

    T5T5T50.06350.06350.110.1100

    T6T6T60.0760.0760.10.10.120.12

    10

    20

    30

    Seedling Dry Weight (g)

    0.872

    0.29

    0.2231456

    0.849

    0.7145

    0

    0.772

    0.886

    0.4612

    0.934

    0.715

    0.519

    1.21

    0.37

    0.346

    1.29

    0.9436

    0

    1.091452563

    0.716

    0.425

    Sheet1

    0102030

    T01.050.870.290.22

    T10.750.850.710.00

    T20.950.770.890.46

    T30.990.930.720.52

    T41.011.210.370.35

    T51.371.290.940.00

    T60.921.090.720.43

    T00.020.040.160.18

    T10.020.030.170.00

    T20.020.050.120.14

    T30.020.080.140.17

    T40.010.020.090.19

    T50.070.060.110.00

    T60.030.080.100.12

    Chart1

    T0T0T00.0390.0390.10.10.080.08

    T1T1T10.02760.02760.070.070.060.06

    T2T2T20.0480.0480.080.080.10.1

    T3T3T30.0840.0840.070.070.090.09

    T4T4T40.01760.01760.090.090.090.09

    T5T5T50.06350.06350.110.110.090.09

    T6T6T60.0760.0760.10.10.120.12

    10

    20

    30

    0.846

    0.29

    0.21

    0.834

    0.41

    0.19

    0.997

    0.74

    0.58

    0.94

    0.81

    0.37

    0.71

    0.54

    0.26

    1.1

    1.05

    0.22

    0.8

    0.39

    0.19

    Sheet1

    0102030

    T01.270.850.290.21

    T10.980.830.410.19

    T21.091.000.740.58

    T31.130.940.810.37

    T40.910.710.540.26

    T51.231.101.050.22

    T60.980.800.390.19

    T00.020.040.100.08

    T10.020.030.070.06

    T20.020.050.080.10

    T30.020.080.070.09

    T40.010.020.090.09

    T50.070.060.110.09

    T60.030.080.100.12

  • Seed yield of quinoa genotypes harvested from normal and salt affected fields

    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    Normal Salt affected Normal Salt affected

    Faisalabad Pindi Bhatian

    Seed

    yie

    ld (k

    g ha

    -1)

    Q2 UAFQ-7

    P valuesFaisalabad: Soil type : 0.0540, Genotype: 0.0254, Interaction: 0.7745Pindi Bhatiaan: Soil type: 0.0401, Genotype: 0.0183, Interaction: 0.6836

    Faisalabad Pindi Bhatiaan

    Parameters Normal Salt affected Normal Salt affected ECe (dS m-1) 2.11 9.8 3.21 13.9SAR (mmol L-1)1/2 5.2 25 11.9 42pH 7.4 8.1 7.9 8.8

  • Grain Na+ concentration of quinoagenotypes grown on salt affected soils

    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    Normal Salt affected Normal Salt affected

    Faisalabad Pindi Bhatian

    Gra

    in N

    a+co

    ncen

    trat

    ion

    (mg

    kg-1

    )

    UAFQ2 UAFQ7

    UAF-Q7 is more salt tolerant but high grain Na+ concentration

  • Proximate analysis of quinoa seeds obtained from normal and salt affected soils

    Genotypes Protein% Crude Fiber% Crude Fat% Ash

    contents%

    N SA N SA N SA N SA

    Q1 14.2913.25

    1.25 1.1 2.5 2.08 1.6 1.66

    Q2 13.64 11.89 1.3 1.2 1.41 4.7 1.13 1.6

    Q7 11.30 11.95 0.95 1.25 3.5 2.08 0.96 1.26

    Q9 11.30 12.93 0.95 1.15 3.5 2.75 1.4 2

    N= Normal soil, SA = salt affected soil

  • Germplasm testing under drought (pot study)

    Effect of drought on plant height (cm) of quinoa genotypes

    Effect of drought on the root length (cm) of quinoa genotypes

    Effect of drought on leaf K:Na ratio of quinoa genotypes

    Genotypes Control 50% F.C.

    Q 1 76.93 c 49.33 e

    Q 2 85.00 b 52.07 de

    Q 7 94.70 a 51.86 de

    Q 9 56.94 d 45.22 e

    Genotypes Control 50% F.C.

    Q 1 22.94 c 27.94 a

    Q 2 23.37 c 25.24 b

    Q 7 19.70 d 22.82 c

    Q 9 22.27 c 28.28 a

    Genotypes Control 50% F.C.

    Q 1 139.79 b 62.77 e

    Q 2 157.74 a 72.79 e

    Q 7 127.32 b 69.63 e

    Q 9 92.24 d 108.29 c

    Emergence, growth, gases exchange parameters and analytic parameters like antioxidants, chlorophyll contents were studies

  • Influence of sowing methods on seed yield (kg ha-1) of quinoa

    0

    1000

    2000

    3000

    Pore Sowing Ridge Sowing

    Seed

    yie

    ld (k

    g ha

    -1)

    Q-1 Q-2 UAFQ-7

  • Optimized sowing methods for quinoa

    Quinoa can be sown by broadcast, pore, hand sowing called choppa, hand sowing on ridges

  • Influence of different Nitrogen levels on seed yield (kg ha-1) of quinoa

    e

    cd

    cc

    cdde

    bc

    a aab

    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    2500

    3000

    3500

    4000

    0 50 75 100 125

    Seed

    yie

    ld (k

    g ha

    -1)

    N levels (kg ha-1)

    CPJ-2 Q9LSD value (at p 0.05) for

    interaction: 594

  • Influence of soil applied phosphorus and potassium on seed yield of quinoa

    Treatments (kg ha-1)

    P0 (Control) P1 (25) P2 (50) Mean (K)

    K0 (Control) 964.00 d 1070.33 d 1443.33 bc 1159.22

    K1 (25) 1166.33 cd 1456.33 bc 1651.67 b 1424.78

    K2 (50) 1268.00 cd 1602.33 b 2096.00 a 1655.44

    Mean (P) 1132.78 1376.33 1730.33

  • Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soil

    Soil Characteristics

    UAF CHAKERA LEHLAN pH 7.7 6.97 6.92Organic matter 0.93 1.4 1.33EC (dS m-1) 0.82 1.78 1.66Textural class Loam Sandy loam Sandy loamCd (mg/kg) 0.02 6 8.6Cr (mg/kg) 2 18 24Pb (mg/kg) 0.04 5 9.7Ni (mg/kg) 0.44 27 36

  • Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soil

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Shoo

    t fre

    sh w

    eigh

    t

    V1 V2 V7 V9P ValueL= P< 0.001G = P< 0.001Interaction= 0.002

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    140

    160

    180

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Dry

    wei

    ght t

    of s

    hoot

    AI A2 A7 A9P. ValueL= 0.0001G= P< 0.001Interaction= 0.0013

    020406080

    100120140160180

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Plan

    t hei

    ght

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

    05

    101520253035404550

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Gra

    in y

    ield

    Field locations

    A1 A2 A7 A9

  • Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soil

    0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    0.7

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    leaf

    Cd

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

    0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    0.6

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Root

    Cd

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    leaf

    Cr

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    3

    3.5

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Root

    Cr

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

  • Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soil

    0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Leav

    es P

    b

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Root

    Pb

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    3

    3.5

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Leav

    es N

    i

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Root

    Ni

    Field locations

    V1 V2 V7 V9

  • Grain cadmium (mg/kg) of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soils

    -0.05

    0

    0.05

    0.1

    0.15

    0.2

    0.25

    0.3

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Gra

    in C

    d

    Field locations

    A1 A2 A7 A9

    Threshold Level: O.2 mg/kg

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    3

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Gra

    in C

    r

    Field locations

    A1

    A2

    A7

    V9

    Threshold Level: 2.3 mg/kg

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Gra

    in P

    b

    Field locations

    A1 A2 A7 A9

    Threshold Level: O.3 mg/kg

    00.20.40.60.8

    11.21.41.6

    UAF Chakera Lehlan

    Gra

    in N

    i

    Field locations

    A1 A2 A7 A9Threshold Level: 67 mg/kg

  • Proximate analysis of quinoa grain

    0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12

    14

    16

    18

    Moiture Crude ash Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber

    C. quinoa V7 C. quinoa V2 C. quinoa V1 C. quinoa V9

  • Mineral composition of quinoa (mg/kg)

    Quinoa genotypes Q 1 Q 2 Q 7 Q 9

    Calcium 578.35±4.53 598.56±5.28 699.45±5.2 621.13±6.37

    Copper 4.01±0.02 5.04±0.06 4.73±0.03 4.19±0.05

    Iron 63.13±0.55 68.89±0.5 61.31±0.17 64.55±0.29

    Potassium 8497.08±51.97 8920.79±35.06 8650.63±28.82 9443.41±114.7

    Magnesium 2068.1±28.88 2173.4±23.12 2163.2±34.61 2058.1±28.28

    Manganese 30.66±0.21 33.49±0.24 35.28±0.12 31.46±0.27

    Sodium 51.45±0.26 54.18±0.52 62.81±0.52 24.46±0.29

    Phosphorus 4491.6±20.78 4542.6±23.03 4500.6±28.93 4560±16.16

    Sulpher 1499.21±9.3 1606.3±8.29 1508.58±4.58 1582.37±5.84

    Zink 29.15±0.52 29.4±0.25 32.12±0.52 24.3±0.22

  • Fatty acid composition of quinoa (%)

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    C.Quinoa V7 C. quinoa V2 C. quinoa V1 C. quinoa V9

    Palmitic Acid Oleic Acid Linoleic Acid a-Linolenic Acid

  • Quinoa Production TechnologyCrop duration 120-140 daysSowing date Quinoa can be grown in Pakistan as Rabi Crop. It can be sown between mid November to mid-December throughout the

    Pakistan except the northern areas.

    Soil Requirement It performs well on loamy soils

    Land preparation 2-3 ploughing followed by planking is done to prepare soil for sowing

    Seed rate Optimum seed rate is 5-8 kg ha-1

    Sowing method It can be sown by flat or ridge sowing in lines manually or by seed drills on well drained soils in watter condition.

    Planting geometry Row to row distance =65 cm and plant to plant distance =15 cm

    Fertilizer requirements

    Quinoa is very responsive to nitrogen so a fertilizer at the rate of N: P: K 75: 50: 50 kg ha-1is recommended. Phosphorousand Potash should be applied as basal dose while nitrogen in two splits half at the time of sowing and half at 70 days aftersowing.

    Irrigation requirement

    3-4 irrigations depending upon weather, First after 40 days after sowing, second after 75 days of sowing and Third after100 days of sowing. If weather become hot than 4rth irrigation can be done after 120 days of sowing.

    Weed control Weed infestation could cause severe damage during early phonological stage up to bud formation stage. Mostly weeding isdone manually. However, experimentation is under progress for chemical weed control. Quinoa plants resemble with itswild relatives Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, so care must be taken for proper weeds identification and theirremoval.

    Plant Protection No insect pest disease reported under most of the conditions.Harvesting/ threshing

    In Aprill at maturity quinoa plant changes color from green to brown, orange or red depending upon the accession. At naildented stage, the crop is harvested manually or by combined harvest. Normally threshing is done after 7 days of cuttingwhen seed hull is removed easily by wheat thresher with slight modification.

    Seed storage Quinoa seeds should be stored in air tight/moisture proof bags at low temperature and relative humidity.

  • Quinoa threshing demonstration video

  • Well adapted genotypes of quinoa in Pakistan

    Genotype USDA Coding Origin Plant name Yield Potential (kg ha-1)

    Q1 PI 596293 Colorado, USA Colorado 407D 2000Q2 Ames 13730 New Mexico, USA IESP 2800Q7 Ames 13737 New Mexico, USA 2WANT 3100Q9 PI 634919 Chile Pichaman 3200

  • Varietal registration

  • Extensive outreach activities

  • Use of social media

  • Quinoa pamphlets in local language

  • Quinoa cultivation as alternate crop

    Faisalabad Mian channu Bahawalpur Gujranwala Muridke

    HydrabadSheikhupura

    JK farms

    Faisalabad Sahiwal

  • Quinoa being introduced as superfood

  • Quinoa now in Pakistan

    2015= 800 acresOn 27 different locations. Yield ranged from 200 kg 51000 kg ha-1

    2016 = more than 400 acres have been cultivated

  • Quinoa crop has been well adapted to Faisalabad conditions and its growth onsaline sodic soils also confirmed its halophytic behavior.

    Yields obtained were very encouraging and even more than most of the countriesoutside the countries of origin with comparable nutritional profile.

    Outreach was very successful and a number of progressive farmers and exportershave been motivated to grow and export.

    Challenges

    Weed controlMarketingSaponin removal

    Conclusions and recommendations:

  • Acknowledgements

    Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Slide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Slide Number 25Slide Number 26Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Slide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Slide Number 39