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International Quinoa Conference 2016:Quinoa for Future Food and Nutrition Security in Marginal Environments
Dubai, 6-8 December 2016www.quinoaconference.com
Quinoa in Pakistan: A Case Study
DR. SHAHZAD M.A. BASRADepartment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
http://www.quinoaconference.com/
Background / Introduction
The human being relies on fewer plants to feed much of the planet
Total flowering species = 10,00,000Species described = 2,50,000Edible species = 50,000Used as source of food by mankind = 3,000
More worryingly75% of human food = 11 crops (wheat, rice, corn, barley, sorghum/millet, potato, sweet potato/
yam, sugarcane and soybean
60% of the calories consumed in the world = 3 (rice, corn and wheat)
Pakistan = rice, corn and wheat, cotton, maize, sugarcane
So potential of these plants is at risk due to climate change
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was introduced as a climate resilient crop with potential to add intofood security due to very good nutritional value, wide range of adaptability, low production cost and sustainthe livelihoods of the poor farmers.
Germplasm Screening for local adaptationQuinoa was introduced in Pakistan during 2008 from USDA and some lines from Dr. JacobsenInitial Screening under following local conditions• Faisalabad 31.4187° N, 73.0791° E Gujrat 32.5711° N, 74.0750°• Chakwal 32.9311° N, 72.8551° E Bahawalpur29.3957° N, 71.6833° E• RY Khan 28.4212° N, 70.2989° E
Sr. Code* G. Line** Plant name** Origin1 Ames30 Ames-13730 IESP New Mexico, USA2 Ames37 Ames 13737 2WANT New Maxico, USA3 Ames37 Ames-13739 29TES New Maxico, USA4 Ames60 Ames 13760 22GR New Maxico, USA5 Ames62 Ames 13762 47TES New Maxico, USA6 P32 PI 510532 Quinoa de Quiaca. Peru7 P33 PI 510533 K’ello quinoa (Quechua) Peru8 P37 PI 510537 Koito Juira (Aymara) Qu Peru9 P40 PI 510540 Grande (spain.) Peru10 P42 PI 510542 Villa Juira (Aymara) Qu Peru11 P79 PI 643079 Pasankalla Peru12 P18 PI 634918 Baer Chile13 P19 PI 634919 Pichaman Chile14 P21 PI 634921 UDEC-2 Chile15 P22b PI 634922 UDEC-4 Chile16 P93 PI 596293 Colorado 407D Colorado, USA17 P98 PI 596498 Rosa junin Peru18 P22a PI 614922 Sayana Bolivia19 P10 PI 478410 R-66 Bolivia20 P24 PI 584524 QQ056 Chile21 P05 PI 614905 CQ105 Bolivia (Oruro)22 P06 PI 614906 CQ106 Bolivia (Oruro)23 P07 PI 614907 CQ107 Bolivia (Oruro)24 P08 PI 614908 CQ108 Bolivia (Oruro)25 P09 PI 614909 CQ109 Bolivia (Oruro)
Out of 164germplasm 25were screenedinitially on thebase ofgermination andseedling vigor.10 lines havingminimum 1500kg ha-1 wereselected forfurtherexperimentation
Code1 G. Line*Ames30 Ames-13730Ames37 Ames 13737P37 PI 510537P40 PI 510540P42 PI 510542P79 PI 643079P19 PI 634919P93 PI 596293P22a PI 614922P10 PI 478410
Germplasm Screening for sowing time
Final emergence (%) of different quinoagenotypes grown under different sowingdates at Faisalabad, Pakistan
Economic yield (kg/ha) of different quinoa genotypes grown under different sowing dates at Faisalabad, Pakistan
Final emergence (%) of different quinoa genotypes grownunder different sowing dates at Faisalabad, PakistanGENOTYPE 15 OCT 15 NOV 15DEC 15 JANAmes30 51.68 g-i 71.39 b 84.50 a 37.53 lmAmes37 75.00 b 73.29 b 80.54 a 28.21 opP10 33.85 mn 53.21 f-i 58.87 e 0 uP37 19.40 r 63.99 d 65.92 cd 0 uP40 25.17 pq 21.41 qr 57.36 ef 17.87 rsP42 35.177 mn 49.02 ij 54.30 e-h 0 uP93 41.36 kl 69.95 bc 55.05 e-g 9.62P22b 22.70 qr 49.59 h-j 34.53 mn 13.83 stP19 71.87 b 71.98 b 85.25 a 19.36 rP79 34.94 mn 44.60 jk 32.24 no 9.09 t
Economic yield (kg/ha) of different quinoa genotypes grown underdifferent sowing dates at Faisalabad, PakistanGenotypes 15 OCT 15 NOV 15 DEC 15 JANAmes30 1611.52 f 2470.54 c 2505.11 bc 542.70 j-mAmes37 1672.33 f 2643.94 b 2909.25 a 425.82 l-nP10 551.98 j-m 678.11 j 484.80 l-n 0.00 qP37 385.91 no 651.91 j 408.20 m-o 0.00 qP40 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 qP42 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 qP93 2051.52 e 1757.71 f 2488.54 c 406.37 m-oP22b 389.44 m-o 831.03 i 901.86 i 0.00 qP19 1262.74 g 2061.30 de 2207.95 d 641.15 m-oP79 0.00 q 1089.51 h 469.89 l-n 0.00 q
Field trials showed optimum quinoa sowing time varies with agro ecological zones from first week of November to 2nd week of December. However, northern areas (Sakardhu) quinoa is planted after melting snow during Spring
Field appraisal 2009-10
Final emergence (%) of quinoagenotypes under field conditions
Grain yield (kg ha-1) of quinoa genotypes under field conditions
Optimization of sowing methods
Plant survival (%) in direct sown andtransplanted quinoa genotypes underfield conditions
Genotypes Direct sown TransplantedAmes30 98.82 a 85.83 bAmes37 97.60 a 98.24 aP10 74.16 c 36.34 gP37 69.76 cd 64.25 dP40 56.88 e 48.38 fP42 56.70 e 24.58 h
P93 74.89 c 0.00 iP22b 40.05 g 0.00 iP19 88.53 b 86.38 bP79 27.65 h 0.00 i
Economic yield (kg/ha) of direct sown and transplanted quinoa genotypes under field conditions
Genotypes Direct sown TransplantedAmes30 2689.3 a 1166.5 efAmes37 2352.5 c 1234.1 eP10 663.35 h 129.89 iP37 845.18 g 82.62 ijP40 0.00 ij 0.00 jP42 635.74 h 136.84iP93 2611.0 a 0.00 jP22b 1029.01f 0.00 jP19 2489.9 b 1381.1 dP79 1138.1ef 0.00 j
Germplasm Screening under different agro-ecological zones
Emergence (%) of different quinoa genotypesunder different agro ecological zonesGenotypes Faisalabad Chakwal BahawalpurAmes30 87.94 ab 71.82 de 75.26 dAmes37 83.21 bc 58.67 hi 69.47 efP10 55.05 i-k 43.53 n 19.56 pP37 64.71 fg 84.57 bc 50.93 k-mP40 56.63 ij 68.07 ef 45.92 mnP42 55.40 i-k 53.14 jk 25.57 oP93 56.46 ij 67.86 ef 71.41 deP22b 24.72 op 81.61 c 83.41 bcP19 90.43 a 51.62 j-l 74.84 dP79 55.08 i-k 47.45 l-n 62.38 gh
Economic yield (kg ha-1) of different quinoagenotypes under different agro ecological zonesGenotypes Faisalabad Chakwal BahawalpurAmes30 2744.16 a 1300.41 e 468.19 klAmes37 2686.94 ab 1300.00 e 539.86 jP10 685.05 i 986.57 f 298.68 mP37 712.02 hi 1626.95 c 199.72 nP40 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 oP42 591.93 j 764.45 h 0.00 oP93 2638.65 b 1474.16 d 850.46 gP22b 880.46 g 436.85 l 0.00 oP19 2746.35 a 888.53 g 771.72 hP79 1053.72 f 534.86 jk 0.00 o
Germplasm Screening
Code* G. Line Origin Plant name
PI 596293 Q 1 Colorado, USA Colorado 407D
Ames 13730 Q 2 New Mexico, USA IESP
Ames 13737 Q 7 (UAF-Q7) New Mexico, USA 2WANT
PI 634919 Q 9 Chile Pichaman
Germplasm testing for salt tolerance (hydroponics)
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0 100 200 300 400
Shoo
t len
gth
(cm
)
NaCl levels (mM)
UAFQ-1 UAFQ-2 UAFQ-7 UAFQ-9
Influence of salt stress on shoot length and shoot dry weight of of quinoa genotypes 35 days old plants
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
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0.25
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0.35
0 100 200 300 400
Shoo
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wei
ght (
g)
NaCl level (mM)
UAFQ-1 UAFQ-2 UAFQ-7 UAFQ-9
quinoa under saline conditions (Hydroponics)
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40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400
Leaf
Na+
(mg
g-1
dry
wei
ght)
NaCl Salinity (mM)
UAFQ-1 UAFQ-2 UAFQ-7 UAFQ-9
0
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120
0 100 200 300 400Leaf
K+
(mg
g-1
dry
wei
ght)
NaCl levels (mM)
UAFQ-1 UAFQ-2 UAFQ-7 UAFQ-9
Influence of salt stress on leaf K+ concentration of quinoa genotypes
Effect of seed priming on final germination (%) of quinoa under saline conditions
0102030405060708090
100
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Final
Germ
anat
ion (%
)
Priming
Q 1 10 20 30
0
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T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Priming
Q 9
Priming agentsT0: Control, T1: Moringa leaf extract, T2:Hydropriming, T3: CaCl2, T4: Ascorbate T5: BAP T6: H2O2
0.00
0.30
0.60
0.90
1.20
1.50
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Seed
ling D
ry W
eigh
t (g)
10 20 30
0.00
0.30
0.60
0.90
1.20
1.50
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Salinity levels=10, 20, 30 dS/m
Chart1
T0T0T0T02.72165526982.72165526982.72165526982.72165526987.20082299827.2008229982
T1T1T1T1002.72165526982.72165526981.211.21
T2T2T2T24.71404520794.71404520794.71404520794.71404520794.71404520794.7140452079
T3T3T3T32.72165526982.72165526987.20082299827.20082299822.72165526982.7216552698
T4T4T4T49.81306762939.81306762932.72165526982.72165526988.16496580938.1649658093
T5T5T5T55.44331053955.44331053952.72165526982.72165526981.221.22
T6T6T6T64.71404520794.71404520792.72165526982.72165526985.44331053955.4433105395
10
20
30
Priming
Final Germanation (%)
Q 1
0
64.4444444444
44.4444444444
11.1111111111
100
77.7777777778
10.33
93.33
73.33
13.3333333333
82.2222222222
51.1111111111
11.1111111111
64.4444444444
54.31
39.63
62.2222222222
55.5555555556
11
97.78
57.63
17.7777777778
Sheet1
102030
T064.4444.4411.11
T1100.0077.7810.33
T293.3373.3313.33
T382.2251.1111.11
T464.4454.3139.63
T562.2255.5611.00
T697.7857.6317.78
2.722.727.20
0.002.721.21
4.714.714.71
2.727.202.72
9.812.728.16
5.442.721.22
4.712.725.44
Chart1
T0T0T0T07.20082299827.20082299825.44331053955.44331053958.16496580938.1649658093
T1T1T1T12.72165526982.72165526985.44331053955.44331053954.554.55
T2T2T2T24.71404520794.71404520795.44331053955.44331053954.71404520794.7140452079
T3T3T3T32.72165526982.72165526982.72165526982.72165526984.71404520794.7140452079
T4T4T4T4002.72165526982.72165526984.71404520794.7140452079
T5T5T5T500003.973.97
T6T6T6T6005.44331053955.44331053954.134.13
10
20
30
Priming
Q 9
0
75.5555555556
77.7777777778
25.31
97.7777777778
37.7777777778
29.35
93.3333333333
95.5555555556
46.65
97.7777777778
97.7777777778
6.6666666667
100
97.7777777778
26.6666666667
100
100
26.37
100
48.8888888889
21.66
Sheet1
102030
T075.5677.7825.31
T197.7837.7829.35
T293.3395.5646.65
T397.7897.786.67
T4100.0097.7826.67
T5100.00100.0026.37
T6100.0048.8921.66
7.205.448.16
2.725.444.55
4.715.444.71
2.722.724.71
0.002.724.71
0.000.003.97
0.005.444.13
Chart1
T0T0T00.0390.0390.160.160.180.18
T1T1T10.02760.02760.170.1700
T2T2T20.0480.0480.120.120.1360.136
T3T3T30.0840.0840.1360.1360.170.17
T4T4T40.01760.01760.090.090.190.19
T5T5T50.06350.06350.110.1100
T6T6T60.0760.0760.10.10.120.12
10
20
30
Seedling Dry Weight (g)
0.872
0.29
0.2231456
0.849
0.7145
0
0.772
0.886
0.4612
0.934
0.715
0.519
1.21
0.37
0.346
1.29
0.9436
0
1.091452563
0.716
0.425
Sheet1
0102030
T01.050.870.290.22
T10.750.850.710.00
T20.950.770.890.46
T30.990.930.720.52
T41.011.210.370.35
T51.371.290.940.00
T60.921.090.720.43
T00.020.040.160.18
T10.020.030.170.00
T20.020.050.120.14
T30.020.080.140.17
T40.010.020.090.19
T50.070.060.110.00
T60.030.080.100.12
Chart1
T0T0T00.0390.0390.10.10.080.08
T1T1T10.02760.02760.070.070.060.06
T2T2T20.0480.0480.080.080.10.1
T3T3T30.0840.0840.070.070.090.09
T4T4T40.01760.01760.090.090.090.09
T5T5T50.06350.06350.110.110.090.09
T6T6T60.0760.0760.10.10.120.12
10
20
30
0.846
0.29
0.21
0.834
0.41
0.19
0.997
0.74
0.58
0.94
0.81
0.37
0.71
0.54
0.26
1.1
1.05
0.22
0.8
0.39
0.19
Sheet1
0102030
T01.270.850.290.21
T10.980.830.410.19
T21.091.000.740.58
T31.130.940.810.37
T40.910.710.540.26
T51.231.101.050.22
T60.980.800.390.19
T00.020.040.100.08
T10.020.030.070.06
T20.020.050.080.10
T30.020.080.070.09
T40.010.020.090.09
T50.070.060.110.09
T60.030.080.100.12
Seed yield of quinoa genotypes harvested from normal and salt affected fields
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Normal Salt affected Normal Salt affected
Faisalabad Pindi Bhatian
Seed
yie
ld (k
g ha
-1)
Q2 UAFQ-7
P valuesFaisalabad: Soil type : 0.0540, Genotype: 0.0254, Interaction: 0.7745Pindi Bhatiaan: Soil type: 0.0401, Genotype: 0.0183, Interaction: 0.6836
Faisalabad Pindi Bhatiaan
Parameters Normal Salt affected Normal Salt affected ECe (dS m-1) 2.11 9.8 3.21 13.9SAR (mmol L-1)1/2 5.2 25 11.9 42pH 7.4 8.1 7.9 8.8
Grain Na+ concentration of quinoagenotypes grown on salt affected soils
0
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3500
Normal Salt affected Normal Salt affected
Faisalabad Pindi Bhatian
Gra
in N
a+co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg
kg-1
)
UAFQ2 UAFQ7
UAF-Q7 is more salt tolerant but high grain Na+ concentration
Proximate analysis of quinoa seeds obtained from normal and salt affected soils
Genotypes Protein% Crude Fiber% Crude Fat% Ash
contents%
N SA N SA N SA N SA
Q1 14.2913.25
1.25 1.1 2.5 2.08 1.6 1.66
Q2 13.64 11.89 1.3 1.2 1.41 4.7 1.13 1.6
Q7 11.30 11.95 0.95 1.25 3.5 2.08 0.96 1.26
Q9 11.30 12.93 0.95 1.15 3.5 2.75 1.4 2
N= Normal soil, SA = salt affected soil
Germplasm testing under drought (pot study)
Effect of drought on plant height (cm) of quinoa genotypes
Effect of drought on the root length (cm) of quinoa genotypes
Effect of drought on leaf K:Na ratio of quinoa genotypes
Genotypes Control 50% F.C.
Q 1 76.93 c 49.33 e
Q 2 85.00 b 52.07 de
Q 7 94.70 a 51.86 de
Q 9 56.94 d 45.22 e
Genotypes Control 50% F.C.
Q 1 22.94 c 27.94 a
Q 2 23.37 c 25.24 b
Q 7 19.70 d 22.82 c
Q 9 22.27 c 28.28 a
Genotypes Control 50% F.C.
Q 1 139.79 b 62.77 e
Q 2 157.74 a 72.79 e
Q 7 127.32 b 69.63 e
Q 9 92.24 d 108.29 c
Emergence, growth, gases exchange parameters and analytic parameters like antioxidants, chlorophyll contents were studies
Influence of sowing methods on seed yield (kg ha-1) of quinoa
0
1000
2000
3000
Pore Sowing Ridge Sowing
Seed
yie
ld (k
g ha
-1)
Q-1 Q-2 UAFQ-7
Optimized sowing methods for quinoa
Quinoa can be sown by broadcast, pore, hand sowing called choppa, hand sowing on ridges
Influence of different Nitrogen levels on seed yield (kg ha-1) of quinoa
e
cd
cc
cdde
bc
a aab
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 50 75 100 125
Seed
yie
ld (k
g ha
-1)
N levels (kg ha-1)
CPJ-2 Q9LSD value (at p 0.05) for
interaction: 594
Influence of soil applied phosphorus and potassium on seed yield of quinoa
Treatments (kg ha-1)
P0 (Control) P1 (25) P2 (50) Mean (K)
K0 (Control) 964.00 d 1070.33 d 1443.33 bc 1159.22
K1 (25) 1166.33 cd 1456.33 bc 1651.67 b 1424.78
K2 (50) 1268.00 cd 1602.33 b 2096.00 a 1655.44
Mean (P) 1132.78 1376.33 1730.33
Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soil
Soil Characteristics
UAF CHAKERA LEHLAN pH 7.7 6.97 6.92Organic matter 0.93 1.4 1.33EC (dS m-1) 0.82 1.78 1.66Textural class Loam Sandy loam Sandy loamCd (mg/kg) 0.02 6 8.6Cr (mg/kg) 2 18 24Pb (mg/kg) 0.04 5 9.7Ni (mg/kg) 0.44 27 36
Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soil
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Shoo
t fre
sh w
eigh
t
V1 V2 V7 V9P ValueL= P< 0.001G = P< 0.001Interaction= 0.002
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Dry
wei
ght t
of s
hoot
AI A2 A7 A9P. ValueL= 0.0001G= P< 0.001Interaction= 0.0013
020406080
100120140160180
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Plan
t hei
ght
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
05
101520253035404550
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Gra
in y
ield
Field locations
A1 A2 A7 A9
Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soil
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
UAF Chakera Lehlan
leaf
Cd
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Root
Cd
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
UAF Chakera Lehlan
leaf
Cr
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Root
Cr
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soil
0
2
4
6
8
10
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Leav
es P
b
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Root
Pb
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Leav
es N
i
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Root
Ni
Field locations
V1 V2 V7 V9
Grain cadmium (mg/kg) of quinoa genotypes under heavy metals contaminated soils
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Gra
in C
d
Field locations
A1 A2 A7 A9
Threshold Level: O.2 mg/kg
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Gra
in C
r
Field locations
A1
A2
A7
V9
Threshold Level: 2.3 mg/kg
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Gra
in P
b
Field locations
A1 A2 A7 A9
Threshold Level: O.3 mg/kg
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
UAF Chakera Lehlan
Gra
in N
i
Field locations
A1 A2 A7 A9Threshold Level: 67 mg/kg
Proximate analysis of quinoa grain
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Moiture Crude ash Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber
C. quinoa V7 C. quinoa V2 C. quinoa V1 C. quinoa V9
Mineral composition of quinoa (mg/kg)
Quinoa genotypes Q 1 Q 2 Q 7 Q 9
Calcium 578.35±4.53 598.56±5.28 699.45±5.2 621.13±6.37
Copper 4.01±0.02 5.04±0.06 4.73±0.03 4.19±0.05
Iron 63.13±0.55 68.89±0.5 61.31±0.17 64.55±0.29
Potassium 8497.08±51.97 8920.79±35.06 8650.63±28.82 9443.41±114.7
Magnesium 2068.1±28.88 2173.4±23.12 2163.2±34.61 2058.1±28.28
Manganese 30.66±0.21 33.49±0.24 35.28±0.12 31.46±0.27
Sodium 51.45±0.26 54.18±0.52 62.81±0.52 24.46±0.29
Phosphorus 4491.6±20.78 4542.6±23.03 4500.6±28.93 4560±16.16
Sulpher 1499.21±9.3 1606.3±8.29 1508.58±4.58 1582.37±5.84
Zink 29.15±0.52 29.4±0.25 32.12±0.52 24.3±0.22
Fatty acid composition of quinoa (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
C.Quinoa V7 C. quinoa V2 C. quinoa V1 C. quinoa V9
Palmitic Acid Oleic Acid Linoleic Acid a-Linolenic Acid
Quinoa Production TechnologyCrop duration 120-140 daysSowing date Quinoa can be grown in Pakistan as Rabi Crop. It can be sown between mid November to mid-December throughout the
Pakistan except the northern areas.
Soil Requirement It performs well on loamy soils
Land preparation 2-3 ploughing followed by planking is done to prepare soil for sowing
Seed rate Optimum seed rate is 5-8 kg ha-1
Sowing method It can be sown by flat or ridge sowing in lines manually or by seed drills on well drained soils in watter condition.
Planting geometry Row to row distance =65 cm and plant to plant distance =15 cm
Fertilizer requirements
Quinoa is very responsive to nitrogen so a fertilizer at the rate of N: P: K 75: 50: 50 kg ha-1is recommended. Phosphorousand Potash should be applied as basal dose while nitrogen in two splits half at the time of sowing and half at 70 days aftersowing.
Irrigation requirement
3-4 irrigations depending upon weather, First after 40 days after sowing, second after 75 days of sowing and Third after100 days of sowing. If weather become hot than 4rth irrigation can be done after 120 days of sowing.
Weed control Weed infestation could cause severe damage during early phonological stage up to bud formation stage. Mostly weeding isdone manually. However, experimentation is under progress for chemical weed control. Quinoa plants resemble with itswild relatives Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, so care must be taken for proper weeds identification and theirremoval.
Plant Protection No insect pest disease reported under most of the conditions.Harvesting/ threshing
In Aprill at maturity quinoa plant changes color from green to brown, orange or red depending upon the accession. At naildented stage, the crop is harvested manually or by combined harvest. Normally threshing is done after 7 days of cuttingwhen seed hull is removed easily by wheat thresher with slight modification.
Seed storage Quinoa seeds should be stored in air tight/moisture proof bags at low temperature and relative humidity.
Quinoa threshing demonstration video
Well adapted genotypes of quinoa in Pakistan
Genotype USDA Coding Origin Plant name Yield Potential (kg ha-1)
Q1 PI 596293 Colorado, USA Colorado 407D 2000Q2 Ames 13730 New Mexico, USA IESP 2800Q7 Ames 13737 New Mexico, USA 2WANT 3100Q9 PI 634919 Chile Pichaman 3200
Varietal registration
Extensive outreach activities
Use of social media
Quinoa pamphlets in local language
Quinoa cultivation as alternate crop
Faisalabad Mian channu Bahawalpur Gujranwala Muridke
HydrabadSheikhupura
JK farms
Faisalabad Sahiwal
Quinoa being introduced as superfood
Quinoa now in Pakistan
2015= 800 acresOn 27 different locations. Yield ranged from 200 kg 51000 kg ha-1
2016 = more than 400 acres have been cultivated
Quinoa crop has been well adapted to Faisalabad conditions and its growth onsaline sodic soils also confirmed its halophytic behavior.
Yields obtained were very encouraging and even more than most of the countriesoutside the countries of origin with comparable nutritional profile.
Outreach was very successful and a number of progressive farmers and exportershave been motivated to grow and export.
Challenges
Weed controlMarketingSaponin removal
Conclusions and recommendations:
Acknowledgements
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