Solaris Quick Reference

SOLARIS

QUICK REFERENCE

SOLARIS

# uname a ( Gives all details about the system

# uname m ( Displays H/W platform (sun4u)

# uname p ( Machine processor architecture (sparc or i386)

# uname i ( Machine model architecture (SUNW, Ultra 5_10)

# uname X ( Detailed description

# mkdir p /data/dir ( Creates directory and sub directory in one shot

# rmdir r /data ( Deletes the directory and all its subdirectory and files

# cp r /data /data1 ( It copies the directory

# echo $MANPATH

: /usr/local/samba/man:

# echo $PATH ( Shows environmental path

/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

Grep Command Options

-i ( Searches for both upper & lower case characters

-l ( Lists the names of files with matching lines

-n ( Proceeds each line with the relative line number in the file

-v ( Inverts the search to display lines that do not match the pattern

-w ( Searches for the expression as a complete word.

# find /kris name file1 ( Searches for file file1 in /kris directory

# find /kris name file1 exec ls l {} \; ( Search and display

# find /kris type f size 0 exec ls l {} \; ( Search for the file with size 0

# find /kris user user1 ( Shows file used by user user1

$ PATH=$PATH:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/ucb: ( It will get appended to the existing path

# ln s ( Creating symbolic link

# ln ( Creating hard link

Unix File Permission

r 4, w 2, x 1

_rw_ r_ _ r_ _ (644) ( Default file permission

drwx r_x r_x (755) ( Default directory permission

O G O ( Permission categories

# ls n /var/adm

drwxrwxr_x 5 4 4 512 nov 15 14:55 file1

5 - No of hard link to the file or directory

4 The UID of the owner

4 The GID of the group

512 Size

# chmod R 755 ( For inherit permission

VI Editor

Inserting and Appending Text

a-Append text after the cursor

A-Appends text at the end of the line

i-Inserts text before the cursor

I-Inserts text at the beginning of the line

o-Opens a new line below the cursor

O-Opens a new line above the cursor

:r Inserts text from another file into the current file

Key Sequence for the VI Editor

n, left arrow or backspaceLeft one characters

j or down arrow

Down one line

k or up arrow

Up one line

l, right arrow or spacebarRight one character

w

Forward one word

b

Back one word

e

To the end of the current word

$

To the end of the line

0 (zero)To the beginning of the line

^

To the first non whitespace character on the line

Return

Down to the beginning of the next line

G

Goes to the last line of the file

1G

Goes to the first line of the file

:n

Goes to the line n

nG

Goes to the line n

Ctrl F

Pages forward one screen

Ctrl D

Scroll down one half screen

Ctrl B

Pages back one screen

Ctrl U

Scrolls up one half screen

Ctrl L

Refreshes the screen

Editing files using the VI editing commands

R

Overwrites or replace characters to the right of the cursor

C

Changes or overwrites characters to the end of the line

s

Substitute a string for a character at the cursor

x

Deletes a character at the cursor

dw

Deletes a word or part of the word to the right of the cursor

dd

Dletes the line containing the cursor

D

Deletes the line from the cursor to the right end of the line

:n,nd

Deletes the line n through n

Using the Text Changing Commands

u

Undoes the previous command

U

Undoes all changes to the current line

.

Repeats the previous command

Search and Replace Command

/string

Searches forward for the string

?string

Searches backward for the string

n

Searches the next occurrence of the string

N

Searches for the previous occurrence of the string

:%s/old/new/gSearches for the old string and replace it with the new string globally

Using the text copying and Text Pasting Commands

yy

Yanks a copy of a line

p

Puts yanked or deleted text under the line containing the cursor

P

Puts yanked or deleted text before the line containing the cursor

:n,n co nCopies lines n through n and puts them after line n

:n,n m nMoves lines n through n to line n

File Archives

# tar cvf bkp.tar file1 file2 ( Will archive file1 & file2

# tar tvf bkp.tar ( Shows the table of content

# tar xvf bkp.tar ( It extracts file from the tar archive

# tar cf - * | (cd /folder2 ; tar xvf -)( To copy and extract file from one folder to other

# jar cvf bkp.jar

# jar tvf bkp.jar

# jar xvf bkp.jar

# compress bkp.tar ( To compress tar archive

# ls

bkp.tar.z

# uncompress bkp.tar.z ( To uncompress tar archive

# gzip bkp.tar ( To create gzip file

bkp.tar.gz

# gunzip bkp.tar.gz ( To extract the tar archive by gunzip

bkp.tar

# zip out.zip bkp.tar ( To create zip archive

# unzip out.zip ( To extract the zip archive

Module 1 ( Introducing the Solaris OE Directory Hirerarchy

/binSymbolic link to /usr/bin contains binary files of standard system commands

/kernelPlatform independent lodable kernel modules

/platform Platform dependable lodable kernel modules

/sbinSingle user bin directory contains essential executables

/usrContains programs, scripts and libraries that are used by all system users

Unix System Resources

/varDirectory of varying files, includes temporary, logging, or status files

/dev/cua Dial out device files for UUCP & PPP

/dev/dsk Block disk devices

/dev/rdsk Raw disk devices

/dev/pts Psuedo terminal devices /dev/md Metadisk devices

/dev/term Serial devices

/dev/sound Audio device files

/dev/rmt Raw magnetic tape devices

/etc/cron.d Config info for cron utility/etc/default Default info for various prog.

/etc/inet Config files - network services /etc/init.d Scripts to stop & start services

/etc/lp Config info for printer

/etc/nfs Config info for NFS server logging

/etc/rc#.d Scripts for various run levels/etc/skel Default shell initialization files

/usr/bin Standard system command/usr/sbin System administration commands

/usr/kernel Platform independent lodable kernel module

devfsadm Solaris 8 & 9

drvconfig Solaris 2.x through 2.7

Module 2 ( Managing Local Disk Devices

Disk Slices

0 / 1 swap 2 Entire Disk 5 /opt 6 /usr 7 /export/home

/dev Logical Device Names /devices Physical Device Names

/etc/path_to_inst ( For each device, the system records its physical and instance name

# prtconf ( Shows system information including memory size

# devfsadm ( Will search and configure new devices added.

# devfsadm c disk

# devfsadm i

# devfsadm v ( To print changes made to the /dev and /devices directory

# devfsadm C ( To invoke cleanup routines that remove unreferenced symbolic links for devices

# format

Format> label ( To store partition details.

Format> fdisk ( To create partitions

Format> verify ( Display partition details

Format> partition ( To get into partition menu

Format> save ( Saving new disk and partition :/etc/format.dat

Partition> 0 ( Change 0 partition

select ( Select a predefined table

modify ( Modify a predefined partition table

name ( Name the current table

print ( Displays the current table

label ( Write partition map and label to the disk

# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2 ( To view disk table

# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c1d0s2 > /in ( To save disk partition details to /in file

# fmthard s /in /dev/rdsk/c1d0s2 ( To load partition detail from file to disk

Module 3 ( Managing the Solaris OE File System

ufs Unix FS

hsfs High Sierra FS

pcfs PC FS for DOS FAT32 FS

udfs Universal Disk Format FS

nfs - Network FS

Pseudo FS Memory based FStmpfs

swapfs

procfs

mntfs

VTOC present in the first sector in the raw disk area.

VTOC - 512 sector

Boot Block - 1-15 sector

Super Block - 16-31

First Cylinder Group - 32

Creating File Systems

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c1d0s0 ( Creating FS

# newfs i 16384 /dev/rdsk/c1d0s0 ( Creating FS with data block size 16KB

# mount /dev/dsk/c1d0s0 /p1 ( Mounting partition in /p1 directory

# fstyp v /dev/rdsk/c1d0s0 | grep minfree

minfree 6% ( To know the reserved disk space

# tunefs m 2 /dev/rdsk/c1d0s0 ( This will reduce the reserved space to 2%

# umount /p1 ( To umount a partition.

( Never run the fsck command on a mounted FS. The /, /usr and /var FS should have the fsck command run on them on single user mode

# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 ( To check the FS in interactive mode

# fsck o f,p /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 ( f forces p preen or Non interactive mode

# fsck y /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 ( It answers that to all questions we said yes with y option

# newfs N /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 ( To view the locations of alternative backup superblocks

# fsck o b=32 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 ( Will retrieve the corrupted partition.

# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rdsk/c0d0s7 bs=512 count=32 ( It will corrupt the partition

# df ( Shows disk detail in blocks

# df k (in KB)

# df h ( Displays disk allocation in MB & GB

# df e ( Points only the number of files free

# du k ( Displays disk use in KB

# du s ( Displays only the summary in 512 bytes blocks. Using the s and k options together shows summary in KB

# du h /opt ( Shows the disk usage by the directory

# quot a ( Reports on all mounted file systems

# quot f ( Include the number of files

# quot h /export/home ( Shows disk usage userwise in the particular directory

Module 4 ( Mounts & Unmounts

# mount ( Lists all of the mounted FS in the /etc/mnttab file

VFSTAB ( Virtual File System Tab /etc/vfstab

device to mount device to fsck mount point FS type fsck pass mount at boot mount options

/etc/mnttab file is an mntfs file that provides read-only info about mounted FS on the local host

The /etc/vfstab file lists all the FS to be automatically mounted at system boot time, with the exception of the /etc/mnttab and /var/run FS

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home

Mount Options : read/write, setuid, intr, nologging and largefiles, xattr and onerror.

# mount o option,option, device_name mount_point

# mount -o ro /dev/dsk/c0d0s7 /p3 ( Mount the partition read only.

# mount o ro,nosuid /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home ( Prohibit execution of setuid pgm.

In solaris 2GB is the large file limit. Use of nolargefiles option fails if the FS to be mounted contains large files.

# mount -o nolargefiles,noatime /dev/dsk/c0d0s7 /p3

nolargefiles ( Wont allow large files in this partition

noatime ( Modification time stamp wont get updated.

# mountall ( Mounted local FS listed in the /etc/vfstab file

# mountall l ( If any FS has entry in the fsck pass field as or 0 then it will get mounted without fsck checking. Otherwise fsck carried out before mounting

# fstype /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7 ( To know the FS type

# mount F hsfs o ro /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom ( To mount CD-Drive

# mount F pcfs /dev/diskette /pcfs

# umount /export/home or umount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7

# umountall ( Will unmount local FS listed in /etc/mnttab except /, /usr, /proc, /dev/fd, /var, /var/run & /tmp

# umountall l ( To verify the FS listed in the /etc/mnttab

# fuser c /p3 ( Will show the process running on the partition

# fuser ck /p3 ( Will kill the user processes

# umount f /p3 ( Force the partition to unmount

# TERM=sun

# export TERM ( Executes this 2 command to enable the VI editor to work properly

# ps ef | grep vold

Vold is the daemon taking care of auto mounting CD-Rom.

# volcheck ( Will check any media present in CD-Rom or Floppy drive

# /floppy/floppy0 ( Floppy get mounted here automatically

# /cdrom/cdrom0 ( CD-Rom get mounted here automatically

# /etc/init.d/volmgt stop (or) start

# eject cdrom ( Will eject the CD-Rom if the vold is running

# fdformat t dos /dev/rdiskette ( To format a floppy with DOS mode

# fdformat ( To format the floppy in Solaris Format.

Module 5 ( Installation

Solaris 9 OE Installation and Upgrade options

Solaris suninstall program

Solaris Web Start Installation software

Custom Jumpstart procedure

Solaris Web Start Flash Installation

Standard upgrade

Solaris Live Upgrade method

# grep METACLUSTER /var/sadm/system/admin/.clustertoc ( To know cluster types

# cat /var/sadm/system/admin/CLUSTER ( To know the installed cluster config

CLUSTER=SUNWCXall

Module 6 ( Package Administrtaion

/var/sadm/install/contents file has all the details about installed packages.

# grep showrev /var/sadm/install/contents ( Will show whether showrev package is installed or not

/var/sadm/pkg directory maintains a record of all installed packages

# pkginfo | more ( Will show all installed packages

# pkginfo l SUNWman ( Shows information about SUNWman package

# pkginfo d /cdrom/cdrom0/s0/Solaris_9/Product | more ( To view info about pkg in CD

# pkgadd d /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_9/Product SUNWzip (

# pkgchk SUNWman ( If the pkgchk command doesnt display a message, it indicates the package was installed successfully

# pkgchk v SUNWzip ( To list the files contained in a software package

# pkgchk p /etc/shadow ( To determine if the contents and attributes of a file have changed since it was installed with its software package

# pkgchk l SUNWman ( Lists info about selected files that make up a package

# pkgrm SUNWzip ( Will remove the SUNWzip package

# pkgadd d /cdrom/cdrom0/Solaris_9/Product s spool SUNWzip

It will dump the SUNWzip package to /var/spool/pkg folder. Alternate path can be given instead of spool like /pkg etc.,

# pkgrm s spool SUNWman ( Will delete the dumped SUNWman package from spool directory

# admintool & ( Tool (GUI) used to add users, printers, groups, softwares etc.,

# prodreg & ( Tool (GUI) to view installed packages as well as to install & uninstall packages.

Module 7 ( Managing Software Patches

Solaris9/PatchReportA summary of all patches for the solaris 9 OE release

9_Recommended.README Instruction for how to intall the recommended patch.

# showrev p (or) # patchadd p ( Will show installed patches

( /var/sadm/patch - Info about all patches that are currently installed.

Patch Name 6 digit number-revision number (117753-01)

# /usr/bin/zcat 105050-01.tar.z | tar xvf -

# cd /var/tmp

# patchadd 105050-01 ( Will add patch

When you remove a patch, the patchrm command restores all files that were modified or replaced by that patch, unless

The patch was installed with the patchadd d option (Which instructs the patchadd command not to save copies of files being updated or replaced)

The patch is required by the another patch

The patch has been obsoleted by a later patch

# patchrm 105050-01 ( Will remove patch

Installing Patch Cluster

# cd 9_Recommended

# ./install_cluster

( /var/sadm/install_data/Solaris_9_Recommended_log

Module 8 ( Executing Boot PROM Commands

# /usr/platform/`uname m`/sbin/prtdiag v ( To know the OpenBoot version

Stop+D ( Press this keys when system power is turned ON to switch to diagnostic mode

This key sequence is not available on a serial port terminal

Stop+N ( Press while the system is turned ON to set the NVRAM parameters to default

Stop+A ( To get into boot PROM

( /etc/default/kbd - Remove the comment for the line KEYBOARD_ABORT=disable to

turn off Stop+A function inside OS. Then issue the command kbd i

ok go ( To comeout of PROM prompt

ok banner ( Shows system configuration

ok printenv ( Shows all variables

ok reset-all ( Will save the changes and clear the buffer & reboot the system

ok .registers ( Displays the contents of the registers

ok show-devs ( Shows all device with physical path

ok devalias ( Shows currently available devices

In sparc if we change values. There is no option to come out without saving.

ok probe-ide ( Shows ide details and device connected

ok probe-scsi ( Shows scsi details and device connected

ok probe-scsi-all ( Identifies devices on all all SCSI buses

ok probe-fcal-all ( Identifies devices on all fibre channel loops

ok nvalias /pci@if,......................

ok nvunalias ( To delete alias name

ok show-disks ( Desplays and allows a selection of device paths

ok show-ttys

ok show-displays

ok show-nets

ok show-tapes

ok help ( Shows list of help

ok help floppy eject

ok test ( Runs self-test on specified systems

ok sync ( Manually attempts to flush memory and synchronize FS

ok boot ( Boot the system

ok boot r ( Detect new devices (Reconfiguration boot)

ok boot s ( Single user mode

ok boot v ( Verbose mode boot the system and shows the background details

ok boot a ( Interactive mode. Prompt user for user input for all the process at boot time

ok boot rv (or) sv

ok printenv auto-boot?

auto-boot?=false

ok printenv boot-device ( To know the variable details

boot-device=disk

ok setenv auto-boot? True ( To change value to true for auto-boot? variable

auto-boot?=true

ok printenv diag-switch?

Diag-switch?=false

ok setenv diag-switch? True

ok set-defaults ( Reset all settings to factory default

ok setenv boot-device disk cdrom net

ok set-default boot-device ( Will reset the default value of boot-device variable

ok power-off ( Will switch off the system immediately

Inside OS

# eeprom ( Equivalent to printenv

# eeprom auto-boot

Auto-boot?=true

# eeprom auto-boot?=false

# eeprom diag-switch?=true

Module 9 ( Performing Boot and Shutdown Procedures

Run Levels

0 ( ok modes or S Solaris OE single user mode with critical FS mounted

1 ( Single user administrative state with access to all FS available

2 ( Multiuser can access the system . All sys daemons are running except NFS

3 ( Multiuser operations with NFS & N/W resource available

4 ( Reserved

5 ( Poweroff

6 ( Reboot

# who r ( Shows current run level

Boot Sequence

1. Boot PROM phase

2. Boot program phase

3. Kernel initialization phase

4. init phase

/etc/inittab ( id(S3) rstat(3) action(wait) Contains details about init levels

/etc/vfstab /etc/inittab /etc/system ( Important Files

/etc/system ( moddir root device and root FS config exclude forceload set

( Always make a copy of /etc/system file before you edit the same. In case of problem , issue the interactive boot command : boot a. When prompting for system file. Enter the path of backup file for /dev/null for a null configuration file.

/etc/init.d ( Directory contains many process or services like volume management

/sbin ( Each run level has an associated rc scripts located in this directory (eg /sbin/rc0)

The RC scripts rc0, rc5 & rc6 are hard linked to each other. Run control scripts are located in /etc/init.d directory and these files are hard-linked to corresponding run control sctipts in the .etc/rc#.d directories.

Creating New Run Control Scripts

Create the script in the /etc/init.d directory and create links in the appropriate /etc/rc#.d directory for the run level in which the service is to be started and stop.

# vi /etc/init.d/filename

# chmod 744 /etc/init.d/filename

# chgrp sys /etc/init.d/filename

# cd /etc/init.d

# ln filename /etc/rc#.d/S##filename

# ln filename /etc/rc#.d/K##filename

# /etc/init.d/filename start ( To test the filename

# init 2 ( Switch the run level to 2

# shutdown ( Will moves to maintenance mode (init S)

# shutdown y g300 i6 The system is being rebooted ( Reboots after 300 seconds.

Default is 60 sec

# shutdown i0 (or) i5 (or) i6

# halt ( Shutdown the system immediately to ok prompt

# poweroff ( Equivalent to init5

# reboot ( Equivalent to init6 ( These 3 commands wont execute rc0 kill scripts.

Module 10 ( Performing User Administration

/etc/passwd ( 7 fields loginID:x:UID:GID:comment:home_dir:login_shell

0 - 99 UID ( Reserved system user accounts

100 60000 ( UID for users range

0 ( Root

60001 ( Reserved for the nobody account

60002 ( Reserved for noaccess account ( To generate error message

65534 ( nobody4 The anoynomous user account

/etc/shadow ( 9 fields loginID:password:lastchg:min:max:warn:inactive:expire:reserved

/etc/group ( groupname:group-pwd:GID:user-list

/etc/default/passwd ( Set values for the following parameters MAXWEEKS MINWEEKS

PASSLENGTH(valid entries are 6,7 & 8) WARNWEEKS

1970 -> V4

1986 ( Sun released first OS (sunos1.0)

# useradd u g G GID,GID,.. d /export/home/user300 m s /bin/ksh c Regular User user300

# passwd user300

# useradd d /export/home/user305 m user305

# useradd user306

# usermod [-u uid [-o]] [-g gid] [-G gid] [-d dir] [-m] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-l newloginname] loginname

# usermod l d /export/home/ m

# usermod u user301 ( Change uid to 905

# usermod s /bin/csh user301

# userdel user301 ( Delete the user account not the home dir

# userdel r user301 ( Delete user id & home dir

# groupadd [-g gid [-o]] groupname

# groupadd g

# groupmod [-g gid [-o]] [-n name] groupname

# groupmod n

# groupmod g 400 class ( Change GID to 400 for the group class

# groupdel group1

/etc/profile ( The Bourne, Korn and BASH shells execute this initialization file

/etc/.login ( The C shell looks for and executes this initialization file during logon.

There are no default global initialization files for the Z or TC shells

Bourne /etc/profile $HOME/.profile /bin/sh /etc/skel/local.profile

Korn /etc/profile $HOME/.profile /bin/ksh /etc/skel/local.profile

$HOME/.kshrc

C /etc/.login $HOME/.cshrc /bin/csh /etc/skel/local.cshrc

$HOME/.login /etc/skell/local.login

Setting Environment Variables

Bourne or Korn shell

VARIABLE=value; export VARIABLE

For example: PS1=$HOSTNAME; export PS1

C

setenv variable value

For example: setenv LPDEST laserprinter

# id user301 ( Shows UID of the user & primary group

# id a user301 ( Shows secondary group details also

# groups user300 ( Shows the users groups

# chown R :grpname

# pwconv ( To sync passwd and shadow files.

/etc/skel ( Template files get copied once user id is created.

( By default /etc/skel/local.profile file dont have any content.

Profile Order

/etc/motd file ( Message of the day

/etc/profile

/$HOME/.profile

Module 11 ( Performing System Security

# who ( List of users currently logged in to the local system. The command refers /var/adm/utmpx to obtain information

# who m ( Info about only the current terminal window

# rusers -l ( Displays a list of the users logged in on local and remote hosts.

# finger m usera ( Displays info about the user and host name of user login session

# last ( Displays a record of all logins and logouts (/var/adm/wtmpx)

# last n 5 reboot ( To view the last five system reboot times only

Recording Failed Login Attempts

# touch /var/adm/loginlog ( File to log incorrect login. If a user tries to login 5 times

(default) with wrong password a entry is created here.

# chown root:sys /var/adm/loginlog

# chmod 600 /var/adm/loginlog

# /usr/ucb/whoami ( Current login name

# who am i ( Login name of the original user

Monitoring su Attempts

/etc/default/su ( File monitoring su login info

SULOG VARIABLE

SULOG=/var/adm/sulog ( Specifies the file location of the log file

Controlling System Access

# /etc/default/login file

CONSOLE=/dev/console ( This line should be commented to login as root from remote system

PASSREQ=YES ( Enforces that each user should have password to login

/etc/ftpd/ftpusers ( Lists names of users prohibited from connecting to system through FTP

/etc/ftpusers ( Solaris 8

/etc/hosts.equiv & $HOME/.rhosts ( Files to determine if a remote user is allowed to access the local host, with the identity of a local user. This procedure first check /etc/hosts.equiv and then $HOME/.rhosts

hostname

hostname username

+

If a uses local hosts /etc/hosts.equiv file contains the host name ofa a remote host, then all regular users of that remote host are trusted and do not need to supply a password to login to the local host. Wherease the /.rhosts file applies to a specific user

/etc/inetd.conf ( File used to control all services

# svcadm disable (or) enable ftp (or) telnet ( in solaris 10

# rsh 140.40.40.151

# rcp 140.40.40.151:/test/file1 . ( To copy remote system file to local

# rcp $HOME:/file1 140.40.40.151:/tmp ( To copy local files to remote system

# chown user2 file7 ( To change owner of a file

# chown R user2 dir4 ( To change ownership for folder and all its subfolders

# chown user3:class file7 ( Changing both the individual and group ownership in one shot

# chgrp class file4 ( To change the group ownership of a file or directory

Setuid Permission on Executable Files

When the setuid permission is set on an executable file, a user or process that runs this executable file is granted access based on the owner of the file.

# ls l /usr/bin/su

_ r_s r_xr_x 1 root sys .

The setuid permission displays as an s in the owners executable field. You should disallow the use of setuid programs or at least restrict their use

# chmod 4555 ( To set setuid permission on a executable.

# find / -perm 4000 ( To search for setuid files

Setgid Permission on Executable Files

When the process runs, it runs as if it were a member of the same group in which the file is a member. Also access is granted based on the permission assigned to that group

# ls l /usr/bin/write

_ r_x r_s r_x 1 root . ( Displays as s in the groups execute field

# chmod 2555

# chmod g+s ( To set setgid for a directory

# find / -perm 2000 ( To search for setgid files

Sticky Bit Permission on Public Directories

If the directory permission have the sticky bit set, a file can be deleted only by the owner of the file/directory or the root user.

# ls ld /tmp

drwxrwxrwt 6 root sys ( Displays as t in the execute field for other.

# chmod 1777

# find / -type d perm 1000 ( To search for sticky bit directory

Module 12 ( Configuring Printer Services

/etc/lp ( Directory contains a hierarchy of LP server configuration directories and files

/var/spool/lp ( Directory contains a list of current requests that are in the print queue.

/var/lp.logs ( On going history of print requests

/var/lp/logs/requests ( Completed print request job

$HOME/.printers file to set default printer (_default printername)

/etc/printers.conf ( Contains entry for printers

# lpadmin p printerB c ( Creating and adding printer class

# lpadmin p printerD c bldg2 ( Adding printerD to bldg2 class

# accept ( To queuing print request

# lpstat t ( To check the status of the new printer class

# lp d myfile ( To print myfile to printer class

# lpadmin d printername (or) printer_classname ( To set it as default

# lpstat d ( To check the systems default printer

# lpadmin d bldg2 ( To change the default printer

# lpadmin x printername ( To remove a clients printer configuration

# /usr/sadm/admin/bin/printmgr & ( Print Manager

Removing a Servers Printer Configuration

# reject printerD ( Stop queuing print requests

# disable printerD ( Stop the printer

# lpadmin x printerD ( Delete the printer config from the /etc/lp/printers and

/etc/printers.conf

# /usr/lib/lpsched ( Print services started

# /etc/init.d/lp start ( Starting by script

# /usr/lib/lpshut ( Stop print services

# /etc/init.d/lp stop ( Stopping by script

Module 13 ( Using Print Commands

# /usr/bin/lp filename ( Print to default printer

# /usr/bin/lp d printername filename

# /usr/ucb/lpr filename

# /usr/ucb/lpr p printername filename

LP Print Service Administration Command

# /usr/sbin/accept printerD ( Permits print requests to be queued

# /usr/sbin/reject r Replacing cartridge printerD ( Stop queuing print requests

# /usr/bin/enable printerD ( Activates the specified printers

# /usr/bin/disable ( Deactivates the specified printers

# lpmove printerC printerA ( Moves print requests from one printerC to printerA

# lpstat o ( Viewing print queue

# lpstat a printerA ( To check whether it accepting print jobs

# lpmove printerC 32 printerC 33 printerA ( Moving individual print requests

Module 14 ( Controlling System Processes

# /usr/dt/bin/sdtprocess & ( GUI tool for process monitoring

# prstat ( Displays info about active process (5 sec refresh interval)

Options for prstat command

-c (. Continuously prints new reports below previous reports

-n nproc ( Restricts the number of output lines

-p pidlist ( Reports only on process that have PID

-t ( Reports total usage summary for each users

-u euidlist ( Reports only processes that have an EUID in the given list

-U uidlist ( Reports only processes that have a real UID in the given list

# kill signal PID

# pkill signal process

# pgrep l mail ( To know PID

# pkill sendmail ( To kill sendmail process

# ps e | grep mail ( To know PID

# kill 314 ( To kill mail process

# kill signal PID PID PID

# pkill signal process process

Default signal is 15

1SIGHUPHnagup( Stop & start with the same pid

2SIGNT

Interrupt(

9SIGKILLKill

( Kill forcibly

15SIGTERMTerminate( Kill properly

# pkill -1 (or) HUP sendmail

# kill SIGTERM (or) -15

# kill SIGKILL (or) -9

# kill SIGHUP (or) -1 (or) HUP

# renice n -10 195 ( To change priority

-20 ( Highest priority for a process

0 ( Neutral priority

+20 ( Least priority

# psrinfo ( shows how long the system is running

# ps e ( Shows all system process

# ps ef ( Default process details with command or service name

# ps ef | grep cron ( To view specific process

# at 9:00 pm

at> find /export/home/user2 name core rm {} \;

at> Ctrl+D

# at now

at> banner welcome > /dev/pts/4

at> ctrl+d

#

# at l 1016078400.a ( Reports jobs schedule

# atq ( Shows the at jobs queue

# ls l /var/spool/cron/atjobs ( Directory contains the at jobs

# at r 1016078400.a ( To remove the at job

/etc/cron.d/at.deny ( We can add username to this file to deny access to at jobs

/etc/cron.d/at.allow ( We can add username to this file to allow access to at jobs

If neither file at.allow & at.deny file does not exist only the root user can use the at command.

Crontab File Format

0-590-231-311-121-7

MinHourDateMonthDays

# crontab l ( View content of user crontab file

# crontab e ( Editing the file

30 17 * * 5 /usr/bin/banner Time to go! > /dev/console

# crontab r username ( Remove a crontab file

/etc/cron.d/cron.deny ( Users in this file will deny access to use crontab command

/etc/cron.d/cron.allow ( Users in this file will allow access to use crontab command

If we type only crontab as the command. It will go to process so if we press Ctrl+c then it wont save the file but existing data will be present. When we press Ctrl+D then all the content will get deleted.

# crontab /root_cron ( To use a backup file for cron jobs.

# /etc/init.d/cron stop (or) start

# /var/spool/cron/crontabs ( Directory where users crontab schedule files are getting stored.

# /var/spool/cron/atjobs ( Directory where AT jobs get saved

# svcadm enable (or) disable cron

Module 15 ( Performing File System Backups

/dev/rmt/#hn ( h Tape Density (l,m,h,c,u) n no rewind

mt f tape-device-name command count

mt status ( Displays status info about the drive

mt offline ( Rewind the tape and if appropriate takes the drive unit offline

mt rewind ( Rewinds the tape

mt fsf count ( Moves the tape forward count records

# mt f /dev/rmt/0n fsf 2 ( Positions the tape at the beginning of the third tape record

Level 0 Monthly

MTWThF

34562

34562

34562

/etc/dumpdates ( Each line shows the FS that was backed up and the level of the last backup. Also shows the date, and the time of the backup

(eg) /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s6 0 fri jan 4 19:12:27 2005

When an incremental backup is performed the ufsdump command consults the /etc/dumpdates file. It looks for the date of the next lower level backup. Then the ufsdump command copies to the backup media all of the files that were modified or added since the date of that lower-level backup. When the backup is complete, the /etc/dumpdates file records a new entry that describes this backup. The new entry replaces the entry for the previous backup at that level

Options for the ufsdump command

0-9 Backup levels

vVerify, After the tape is written for any discrepancies occur

sSize estimate

lAutoload, you use this option with an autoloading tape drive

oOffline, When the backup is complete. Takes offline, rewinds, and if possible eject

uUpdates the /etc/dumpdates file

nNotify. Sends messages to the logged-in users terminals who are member of sys group

f device Specify the device

Tape Backup

Become root user, switch to single user mode, and unmount the FS

# /usr/sbin/shutdown y g300 System is being shutdown for backup

# umount /export/home

# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7

# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7

Remote Backups

To perform remote backups across the network, the system with tape drive must have an entry in its /.rhosts file for every system that uses the tape drive

# ufsdump 0uf host2:/dev/rmt/0 /export/home

Module 16 ( Performing File System restores

The ufsrestore command copies files to the disk, relative to the current working directory from backup tapes that were created by the ufsdump command.

Options for the ufsrestore Command

tLists the table of the backup media

rRestores the entire FS from the backup media

x file1 file2Restores only the files named on the command line

iInvokes an interactive restore

vSpecifies verbose mode. Displays details of the restore operation on the screen

f deviceSpecifies the tape drive name

restoresymtable ( System creates this file when you restore an entire FS. The ufsrestore command uses this file for check=printing or passing information between incremental restores. You can remove this file when the restore is complete.

Restoring the /opt FS

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 /opt

# cd /opt

# ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0

# rm restoresymtable

# cd /

# umount /opt

# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5

# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s5

Always restore a FS by starting with the level 0 backup tape, continue with the next lower level tape and continue through the highest level tape.

Restoring /usr FS

ok boot cdrom s

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 /a

# cd /a

# ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0

# rm restoresymtable

# cd /

# umount /a

# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6

# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6

# init 6

Performing a special case Recovery of the /(root) FS

ok boot cdrom -s

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /a

# cd /a

# ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0

# rm restoresymtable

# cd /usr/platform/uname m/lib/fs/ufs

# installboot bookblk /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0

# cd /

# umount /a

# fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0

# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0

# init 6

Invoking an Interactive Restore

# cd /var/tmp

# ufsrestore ivf /dev/rmt/0

ufsrestore> ls ( Display the contents of the directory structure on the backup tape

ufsrestore> cd directory1

ufsrestore> ls

ufsrestore> add file1 file2 ( Add the files you want to be restore to the extraction list

ufsrestore> delete file1 ( to delete a file from the extraction list

ufsrestore> marked ( To view the marked extraction files

ufsrestore> extract ( To restore the selected files from the backup tape

The ufsrestore command has to find the selected files. If you used more than one type for the backup, first insert the tape with the highest volume number and type the appropriate number at this point.

Set directory mde, owner, and times

Set owner/mode for .?[yn] n ( Answering y sets ownership and permission of the temp

directory to those of the directory structure on the tape

ufsrestore> quit

Move/copy the restored files to their original or permanent directory and delete from the temp directory

Performing an Incremental Restore

Always start with the last volume and towards the first. The system uses info in the restoresymtable file to restore incremental backups on top of the latest full backup.

# more /etc/dumpdates | grep c0t0d0s7

# newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7

# mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 /export/home

# cd /export/home

# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0

Load the next lower level tape into the tape drive and issue the following command

# ufsrestore rvf /dev/rmt/0

Alternate Steps (5 & 6)

# ufsrestore iv /dev/rmt/0

ufsrestore> ls

ufsrestore> add *

ufsrestore> extract

ufsrestore> q

Load the next tape and perform the below operation

# ufsrestore iv

ufsrestore> ls

ufsrestore> add*

ufsrestore> extract

ufsrestore> q

Module 17 ( Backup up a Mounted FS with a UFS Snapshot

/usr/sbin/fssnap F FsType V o special-options(s) mount-point | special

Options for the fssnap command

-dDeletes the snapshots associated with the given FS. If o unlink option was used when you built the snapshot, the backing store file is deleted together otherwise it has to be deleted manually

-F FsTypeSpecifies the FS type to be used

-iDisplays the state of an FSType snapshot

-vEchos the complete command line, but does not execute the command

-oEnables you to use special options. Such as the location & size of bs file

# fssnap F ufs o bs=backing_store_path /file_system

# fssnap F ufs o bs=/var/tmp /export/home

/dev/fssnap/0

backing store file ( The snapshot subsystem saves FS data in this file. The fssnap command creates the backing-store file and two read-only virtual devices. The block virtual device, /dev/fssnap/0, can be mounted as a read-only FS. The raw virtual device, /dev/rfssnap/0.

You can limit the size of the backing-store file by using the o maxsize=n option.

If the backing-store file runs out of disk space, the system automatically deleted the ufs snapshot.

# fssnap F ufs o bs=/var/tmp,maxsize=500m /export/home

# fssnap i ( Displays a list of all the current UFS snapshots on the system

0 /export/home

1 /usr

2 /database

# /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fssnap i /export/home ( Shows the details for the /export/home snapshot

Performing a backup of a UFS Snapshot

# mkdir p /backups/home.bkp ( Creating an empty directory

# mount F ufs o ro /dev/fssnap/0 /backups/home.bkp ( Mounting the block virtual device

# cd /backups/home.bkp

# tar cvf /dev/rmt/0

(or)

# ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rfssnap/0

# ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/0 ( To verify

Performing an Incremental Backup of a UFS Snapshot

Use ufsdump with the N option to create an incremental UFS snapshot. Which writes the name of the device being backed up, rather than the name of the snapshot device to the /etc/dumpdates file

# ufsdump 1ufN /dev/rmt/0 /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s0 /dev/rfssnap/0

# ufsrestore tf /dev/rmt/0 ( To verify

# fssnap d /extra(Source FS) ( To remove a snapshot

# rm /var/tmp/snapshot0

Restoring Data from a UFS Snapshot Backup

The backup created from a virtual device is a backup of the original FS when the UFS snapshot was taken. You can restore a UFS snapshot from a backup tape in the same manner as you would the backup of an original FS

# cd /usr

# ufsrestore if /dev/rmt/0

ufsrestore> add demo

ufsrestore> extract

ufsrestore> quit

Deleting a UFS Snapshot

# umount /dev/fssnap/0

# fssnap -d /export/home

# rm /backing_store_file

Module 1 ( Describing Interface Configuration

To know MAC Address of NIC Card

ok banner

# ifconfig a

8:0:20:93:c9. ( Sun manufacturing NIC card

hme0 qfe0 eri0 leo0 Sun NIC card types

# ifconfig hme0 down ( To down the NIC

# ifconfig hme0 up ( To up the NIC

# ping s 140.40.0.123 ( Continuous pinging

# snoop ( To display incoming & outgoing packets. Press Ctrl+c to stop the snoop utility

# snoop IP1 IP2 ( To capture communication between two systems

# snoop a dhcp ( To turn on audible clicks for all network traffic related to a dhcp boot

# snoop V ( Summary verbose output

# snoop v ( Detailed verbose output

# snoop o filename ( Redirects the snoop utility output to filename in summary mode

# snoop i filename ( Displays packets that were previously captured in filename

/etc/hosts ( Link file to /etc/inet/hosts

/etc/inet/hosts ( Should contain IP & hostname

32 virtual interface is possible

hme0:1 hmeo:2 .. hme0:32

Configuring IPv4 Interfaces at Boot Time

/etc/rcS.d/S30network.sh - file

# cat /etc/hostname.hme0

sys41 (or) 192.168.30.41

# cat /etc/inet/hosts

192.168.30.41 sys41

plumb ( To sync the IP and the config files

Changing the System Hostname

/etc/nodename ( File to change hostname

/etc/hostname.xxn

/etc/inet/hosts

/etc/net/ticlts/hosts

/etc/net/ticots/hosts

/etc/net/ticotsord/hosts

The /etc/net/tic* directories contains a host file. These files contain config info for transport independent network services. If these files become corrupted, unpredictable results can occur.

# sys-unconfig ( For total reconfiguration

Module 2 ( Describing the Client Server Model

inetd ( (Internet Service Daemon) Responsible for On-Demand services eg. Telnetd, ftpd

/etc/inetd.conf ( Config file for inetd daemon

To turn-off a service, add a symbol to the beginning of the corresponding to that service in the /etc/inetd.conf file, and send a HUP request.

# pkill HUP inetd ( Restarting the inetd services

/etc/inet/services ( Services file

/etc/inet/protocols ( Registered protocols are listed here

Network Ports ( Well-known ports & ephemeral (short-lived) ports

Port Assignment ( Central Authority (Well-known) & Dynamic Binding (ephemeral)

Central Authority Ports ( 0 1024

Dynamic Binding ( 1024 65000

Starting Services that use a Well-Known Port

1. Services that start by default at system boot time (eg. Sendmail)

2. Services start on-demand (eg. telnet)

Starting RPC Services

1. Services that start by default at system boot time

2. Services start on-demand

The rpcbind process (Daemon) associates RPC program numbers with port numbers. /etc/rc2.d/S71rpc script initializes the rpcbind service (port 111)

rpcbind - 111 port number - Resposible for rpc services

/etc/rpc ( Config file for rpc services

# grep rpcbind /etc/services

sunrpc111/udprpcbind

sunrpc111/tcp

rpcbind

# rpcinfo p ( rpcbind information

Prog No Version Protocol Port Service Name

# rpcinfo d 1002(Prog No) 1(Version) ( Deleting RPC service registration

Module 3 ( Customizing the SMC

# /etc/init.d/init.wbem status (or) stop (or) start ( SMC Service (port 898)

# smc ( Starting the console

# smc edit ( Starting the toolbox editor

http://hostname:898/toolboxes/smc/smc.tbxModule 4 ( Managing swap configuration

Virtual Memory = RAM + Disk Space

{ Swap Slice | Swap File | RAM } Swap Space

# swap s ( Summary of virtual swap space

# swap l ( Lists the details of systems physical swap (Swap file & Swap Slice)

Adding Swap Space

# vi /etc/vfstab

/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s3--swap-no-

# swap a /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s3 ( To add swap space from HDD slice.

Adding Swap File

# mkfile 20m /export/data/swapfile ( Swap file allocation

# swap a /export/data/swapfile

# swap l ( To list the details of the modified system swap space

# swap s ( List a summary of the modified system swap space

# vi /etc/vfstab

/export/data/swapfile--swap-no-

Removing Swap Space

# swap d /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s3 ( Also removes entry from vfstab

Removing Swap File

# swap d /export/data/swapfile

# rm /export/data/swapfile ( Also remove entry from vfstab

Module 5 ( Managing Crash Dumps & Core Files

When an OS has a fatal error, it generates a crash dump file (crash dump). When a process has a fatal error, it generates a core file.

If the Solaris OE kernel encounters a problem or when an unexpected hardware fault occurs, the panic routine is executed. Where memory contents are copied to a disk partition defined as a dump device.

When an OS crashes, the savecore command is automatically executed during a boot. The savecore command retrieves the crash dump from the dump device and then writes the crash dump to a pair of files in your FS.

It places kernel core info in the /var/crash/nodename/vmcore.X file

It places name list info & table info in the /var/crash/nodename/unix.X file

By default, the dump device is a swap partition. The swap partition contains temp data, therefore permanent data is overwritten by the crash dump.

# dumpadm ( To view the current dump configuration

Dump Content : Kernel pages (or) Application Pages (or) All

Dump device : /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 (swap)

Savecore directory : /var/crash/host1

Savecore enabled : yes

# cat /etc/dumpadm.conf ( Content of dumpadm command

Changing the Crash Dump configuration

/usr/sbin/dumpadm [-nuy] [-c content-type] [-d dump-device] [-m mink | minm \ min%] [-r root-dir] [-s savecore-dir]

-nModifies the dump config so it does not run the savecore command automatically on reboot

-uForcibly updates the kernel dump config based on the contents of /etc/dumpadm.conf

-yModifies the dump config so that the savecore command is run automatically on reboot. This is default

-c content-typeThe content type can be kernel, all, or curproc. The curproc includes the kernel, memoty pages and the memory page of the currently executing process

-d dump-deviceThe dump device cab be an absolute path of swap

-m mink | minm | min% Creates a minfree file in the current savecore-dir

-r root-dirSpecifies an alternative root directory relative to which dumpadm command should create files. The default root dir / is used.

-s savecore-dirTo mention savefiles dir. The default is /var/crash/hostname

Managing Core File Behavior

A core file is a point-in-time copy (snapshot) of the RAM allocated to a process. The copy is written to a more permanent medium, such as a HDD. A core file is useful in analyzing why a particular program crashed.

When a core file occurs, the OS generated two possible copies of the core files, one copy known as the global core file and the other copy known as per process core file. All depends on options in effect. Global core file is created in mode 600 and is owned by the superuser. Ordinary per-process core files are created in mode 600 under the credentials of the process.

# coreadm ( Displays the currnet core file config

global core file pattern : ( Identifies the name to use for core files placed in global directory

init core file pattern : core ( Identified the default name that per-process core files must use

global core dumps : disabled ( Indicates global core files are disabled

per-process core dumps : enabled

global setid core dumps : disabled

per-process setid core dumps : disabled

global core dump logging : disabled

# cat /etc/coreadm.conf ( Content of coreadm command

You can enable or disable two configurable core file paths, per-process and global, separately. If a global core file path is enabled and set to /corefiles/core, for eg. Then each process that terminates abnormally produces two core files: One in the current working directory, and one in the /corefiles/core directory.

coreadm [-p pattern] [pid]. ( Users can run this command

coreadm [-g pattern] [-I pattern] [-d option] [-e option..] ( only root user can run

-i patternSets the per-process core file name pattern from init to pattern

-e optionEnables the specified core file option

globalEnables core dumps by using the global core pattern

processEnables core dumps by using the per-process core pattern

global-setidEnables setid core dump by using the global core pattern

proc-setidEnables setid core dumps by using the per-process core pattern

log

Generates a syslog (3) message when a user attempts to generate a global core file

-d optionDisables the specified core file option. See the e option for possible options

-u

Updates system-wide core file options from the config file /etc/coreadm.conf.

-g patternSets the global core file name pattern to pattern. The pattern must start with a /

-p patternSets the per-process core file name pattern to pattern.

Pattern options for the coreadm Command

%pPID

%uEUID

%gEGID

%fExecutable file name

%nSystem node name (uname n)

%mMachine hardware name (uname m)

%tThe time in seconds since midnight jan 1 1970

%%Literal %

# coreadm p core.%f.%p $$ ( When executed from a users $HOME/.profile (or) .login file sets the core file name pattern for all processes run during the login session. The $$ variable is the PID of the currently running shell. The per-process core file name pattern is inherited by all child processes.

# coreadm p $HOME/corefiles/%n.%f.%p $$ ( This command places all of the users core files into the corefiles subdirectory of users home directory, differentiated by the system node name.

# coreadm g /var/core/core.%f.%p e global ( This sets system-wide parameters that add the executable filename and PID to the name of any core file that is created.

# coreadm ( to verify that this parameter is now part of the core file configuration

# coreadm 278 5678 ( Search for the core dump file. Only the owner of a process or the superuser can query a process by using the coreadm command with a list of PIDs.

Module 6 ( Configuring NFS

NFS Server Files

/etc/dfs/dfstab

Lists the local resources to share at boot time

/etc/dfs/sharetabLists the local resources currently being shared.

/etc/dfs/fstypesLists the default FS types for remote FS

/etc/rmtab

Lists FS remotely mounted by NFS clients

/etc/nfs/nfslog.confLists info of the location of config logs used for NFS server logging

/etc/default/nfslogdLists config info describing the behavior of the nfslogd daemon

# cat /etc/dfs/dfstab

share F nfs o ro /export/sys44_data

# cat /etc/dfs/sharetab

/export/sys44_data-nfsro

# cat /etc/dfs/fstypes

nfs NFS Utilities

autofs AUTOFS Utilities

cachefs CACHEFS Utilities

# cat /etc/rmtab

sys42:/export/sys44-data

#sys41:/usr/share/man

#sys43:/export/sys44_data ( The # entries are removed by the mountd daemon during a

system startup

NFS Server Daemons

To start the NFS server daemons or to specify the number of concurrent NFS requests that can be handled by the nfsd daemon, use the /etc/rc3.d/S15nfs.server script

mountdHandles FS mount requests from remote systems, and provides access control

nfsd

Handles client FS requests

statd

Works with the lockd daemon to provide crash recovery functions for the lock

manager

lockd

Supports record locking operations on NFS files

nfslogdProvides operational logging

# /etc/init.d/nfs.server start ( To start NFS server daemon

# /etc/init.d/nfs.server stop ( To stop NFS server daemon

NFS Server Commands

# share ( To share directory and also displays the contents of the /etc/dfs/sharetab file

# unshare /test ( Unshare the share

# shareall ( Shares all resources listed in the /etc/dfs/dfstab file

# unshareall ( Unshare currently shared file resources listed in the

/etc/dfs/sharetab file

# dfshares ( Displays currently shared resources by using the NFS dameon mountd

# dfshares 140.40.40.160 ( Lists available shared resources in remote system

# dfmounts ( Displays a list of NFS resources that are currently mounted and client list

# dfmounts sys42 ( Displays NFS resources of sys42 that are currently mounted & clients

share [-F nfs] [-o options] [-d description] [pathname]

# share o ro /export/sys44_data ( By default resources available with RW. Access decision is based on a comparison of the UID of the client and the owner.

The Share Command Options

roInforms clients that the server accepts only read requests

rwAllows the server to accept read and write requests from the client

root=clientInforms client that the root user on the specified client system or systems can

perform superuser-privileged requests on the share resource.

ro=access-listAllows read requests from the specified access list

rw=access-listAllows RW requests from the specified access list

Access List Options

access-list=client:clientAllows access based on a colon-separated list of clients

access-list=@network

Allows access based on a network number (eg @192.168.100

or a network name eg. @mynet.com). The network name must

be defined in the /etc/networks file

access-list=.domain

Allows access based on a DNS domain

access-list=netgroup_nameAllows access based on a config net group (NIS) or (NIS+)

anon=n

Sets n to be the effective user ID (EUID) of anonymous users.

By default, anonumous users are given the EUID 6001-nobody

user. If n is set to 1, access is denied.

# share F nfs o ro direcctory ( Restricts access to read-only access.

# share F nfs o ro,rw=client1 directory

( Restricts access to read-only, however, the NFS server accepts both read & write requests from the client client1

# share F nfs o root=client2 directory ( Allows the root user on the client named client2 to have superuser access to the NFS mounted resources

# share F nfs o ro,anon=0 directory

( By setting the option anon=0, the EUID for access to shared resources by an anonymous user is set to 0. The access is also set to read only.

# share

-/export/sys44_dataro

Managing the NFS Client

NFS Client Files

/etc/vfstabDefines FS to be mounted locally

/etc/mnttabLists currently mounted FS including automounted directories.

/etc/dfs/fstypes Lists the default FS types for remote FS

NFS Client Daemons

The NFS client daemons are started using the /etc/rc2.d/S73nfs.client script

statdWorks with the lockd daemon to provide crash recovery functions

lockdSupports record-locking operations on NFS files

/etc/init.d/nfs.client start (or) stop

NFS Client Commands

dfsharesLists available shared resources from a remote or local NFS server

mount

Attach a file resource to a specified local mount point

umountUnmounts a currently mounted file resources

mountallMounts all file resources or a specified group of file resources listed in the

/etc/vfstab file with a mount at boot value of yes

umountallUnmounts all non-critical local and remote file resources

dfmountsDisplays a list of currently mounted NFS server directories

mount [-F nfs] [-o options] server:pathname mount-point

# mount sys44:/export/sys44_data /export/remote-data

# mount o ro sys45,sys43,sys41:/multi_home_data /remote_shared_data

( When mounting a read-only remote resources, you can specify a comma separated list of sources for the remote resources. Which are then used as a list of failover resources

# umount /export/remote-data ( Unmounting remote FS from the client

# mountall r ( To limit the action of this command to remote file resources.

# umountall r ( To unmount all remote file systems

Mounting Remote Resources at Boot Time

Enter appropriate entries in the clients /etc/vfstab file to mount the remote file resources at boot time.

# vi /etc/vfstab

sys44:/export/sys44_data-/export/remote-datanfs-yessoft,bg

Mount Command Options

rw | roRead/Write or read-only. The default is read/write

bg | fgRetry to mount in background or foreground. The default is to retry in the foreground soft | hardSoft option reports an error on the request, and stop trying when retrans=n

reach. Whereas hard option prints a warning message and continue to try.

Default is hard mount

intr | nointrEnables or disabled the use of KB interrupts to kill aprocess that hangs on a

hard-mounted FS. The default is intr.

suid | nosuidIndicates whether to enable setuid execution. Default is setuid execution

timeo=nSets the timeout to n tenth of a second. The default timemout is 11, measures

in one-tenth of a second for UDP and 600 tenths of a second for TCP.

retry=n

Sets the no of times to retry the mount operation. Default is 10,000 times

retrans=nSets the number of NFS retransmission to n. The default is 5 for UDP.

Enabling the NFS Server Logging

nfslogd daemon responsible for NFS logging

The /etc/nfs/nfslog.conf file defines the path, file names, and type of logging that the nfslogd daemon must use. There is a taq corresponding to each definition.

Eg. Of nfslog.conf file

# NFS server log configuration file

global defaultdir=/var/nfs \

log=nfslog fhtable=fhtable buffer=nfslog_workbuffer

defaultdir=dir_path ( Specifies the default parent directory

log=logfile_pat ( Specifies relative or absolute path and the filename for the ASCII log file

fhtable=table_path ( Specifies path and the filename for the file-handle-to-path DB file

buffer=buffer_path ( Specifies path and the filename for the raw buffer file

log format=basic | extended ( Specifies the format when creating user-redable log files

To easily identify the log files for different shared resources, place them in separate dir. For eg.

# cat /etc/nfs/nfslog.conf

global defaultdir=/var/nfs \

log=nfslog fhtable=fhtable buffer=nfslog-workbuffer

public defaultdir=/var/nfs/public \

log=nfslog fhtable=fhtable buffer=nfslog-workbuffer

Create the /var/nfs/public directory before starting NFS server logging

Specify a tag by entering the tag to use with the log=taq option in the /etc/dfs/dfstab file. Use the log option without specifying a taq, which mean use the default global tag

share F nfs o ro,log /export/sys44_date

/etc/default/nfslogd ( The config info file controls the logging behavior of the nfslogd daemon.

Module 7 ( Configuring AutoFS

The automount facility contains three components

The AutoFS FS

The automountd daemon

The automount command

The AutoFs map types

Master MapThe auto_master map associates a directory, also called a mount point, with a

map.

Direct MapLists the mount points as absolute path names. This map explicitly indicates

the mount point on the client.

Indirect MapLists the mount points as relative path names. This map uses a relative path to

establish the mount point on the client.

Special

Provides access to NFS servers by using their host names

# cat /etc/auto_master

+auto_master

/net

-hosts

-nosuid,nobrowse

/homeauto_home-nobrowse

/xfn

-xfn

Syntax

Mount pointmap name(direct or indirect map)mount options(similar to standard mount options. But nobrowse option is an AutoFS specific mount option

The plus(+) symbol at th beginning of the +auto_maser line directs the automountd daemon to look at the NIS, NIS+, or LDAP databases before it reads the rest of the map. If this line is commented out, only the local files are searched unless the /etc/nsswitch.conf file specifies that NIS, NIS+, or LDAP should be searched.

The two mount points for special maps are hosts map & -xfn map

The hosts map Provide access to all resources shared by NFS servers. The resources being shared by a server are mounted below the /net/hostname directory, or if only the servers IP address is known below the /net/IPaddress directory. The server doesnt have to be listed in the hosts database for this mechanism to work.

The xfn map Provides access to resources available through the Federated Naming Service (FNS). Resources associated with FNS mount below the /xfn directory

Direct Map

# cat /etc/auto_master

.

.

/-auto_direct-ro

The /- mount point is a pointer that informs the automount facility that the full path names are defined in the file specified by map-name(the /etc/auto_direct file in this example)

# cat /etc/auto_direct

# Super User created direct map for automounter

/apps/frame

-ro,soft

server1:/export/framemaker

/opt/local

-ro,soft

server2:/export/unbundled

/usr/share/man-ro,soft

server3,server4:/usr/share/man

Indirect Map

The /home entry defines a mount point for an indirect map. The map auto_home list relative path names only. The Solaris 2.6 through Solaris 9 OE support browsing of indirect maps and special maps with the browse option. The nobrowse option disables the browsing of indirect maps. The default option is browse

# cat /etc/auto_home

+auto_home

stevenhosts5:/export/home/steven

mary

mars:/export/home/marry

Reducing the auto_home map to a single line

* server1:/export/home/&

The client remotely mont the /export/home/loginID directory from the NFS server server1 onto the local mount point /home/loginID. Wildcard character(*) to match any key. The substitution character (&) at the end of the location is replaced with the matched key field.

Run the automount command when making changes to the master map or creating a direct map to make the changes effective. You do not have to stop and restart the automountd daemon after making changes to existing entries in a direct map.

Automount [-t duration] [-v]

-t Specifies a time in seconds, the FS remains mounted when not in use. Default is 600 sec.

When to run the automount command

Automount MapRun if entry is added/deleted

Run if entry is modified

Master map

yes

yes

Direct map

yes

no

Indirect map

no

no

# cat /etc/mnttab

-hosts /net autofs indirect,nosuid,ignore,nobrowse dev=4300001|1008255810

auto_home.

-xfn

.

# /etc/init.d/autofs start (or) stop

Module 8 & 9 ( Solaris volume Mangement

metadb a [-f] [-c n] [-l nnnn] disk_slice

-aAdds a stale database replica

-fForce the creation of the initial replica, even if no replica exist.

-c nSpecifies the number of replicas to add to the slice

-l nnnnSpecifies the size of the new replica in blocks

disk_slice Specifies the name of the disk_slice that will hold the replica

# metadb a f c0t0d0s4 c0t0d0s5 c1t0d0s0 c1t0d0s1 ( To create metadb

# metadb ( Reports the status of all replicas

RAID 0 Config

# metainit d10(name d0-dn) 3(total disk/slice) 1 c0t1d0s0 1 c0t1d0s1 1 c0t1d0s3

# newfs /dev/md/rdsk/d10

# metaclear d10 ( Delete the volume

# metainit d0(partition name) p d10(volume name) 1000m ( Creating partition

# metattach d0 999m ( To increase partition size

# growfs M /m1(mount point) /dev/md/rdsk/d0 ( To create FS for extra space added

# metattach d10(volume) c0t1d0s4 ( To increase space for volume

RAID 5 Config

# metainit d20 r(raid 5 option) c0t1d0s0 c0t1d0s1 c0t1d0s3

# metadb d f c0t1d0s7 ( To delete metadb

RAID 1 Config

# metainit d10 m d0 ( To create mirror

Then reboot

# metattach d10 d1 ( Attaching another disk to mirror

# metastat ( To check the status of mirror disk

Building a Mirror of the Root (/) File System

metainit f concat/stripe numstipes width components

# metainit f d0 1 1 c0t0d0s0

d0 concat/stripe is setup

# metainit d1 1 1 c0t1d0s0

d1 concat/stripe is setup

metainit mirror m submirror [read_options] [write_options] [pass_num]

read_options

-g ( Enables the geometric read option, which results in faster performance on sequential reads

-r ( Directs all reads to th first submirror. Use this option, when the devices that comprise the first submirror are substantially faster than those of the second mirror.

You cannot use r option with the g option. If neither the g nor r options are specified, reads are made in a round-robin order from all submirros in the mirror. This process enables load balancing across the submirros.

write_options

S ( Performs serial write to mirrors. The default setting for this option is parallel write

Pass_num ( A number (0-9) at the end of an entry defining a mirror that determines the order in which that mirror is resynchronized during a reboot. The default is 1. If 0 used resync is skipped.

# metainit d10 m d0

d10 : Mirror is setup

# metaroot d10 ( Updates /etc/system file also /etc/vfstab

# grep md /etc/vfstab

/dev/md/dsk/d10/dev/md/rdsk/d10/ufs1no-

The metaroot command also updates the /etc/system file to contain the forceload statement that loads the kernel modules that support the logical volumes.

# tail /etc/system

forceload : misc/md_hotspares

forceload : misc/md_sp

forceload : misc/md_stripe

forceload : misc/md_mirro

forceload : drv/pcipsy

.

.

.

rootdev:/pseudo /md@0.10.blkYou must reboot the system before attaching the secondary submirror

# init 6

# metattach d10 d1

d10: Submirror d1 is attached

# ls l /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s0

Record the path that follows the /devices directory: /pci@if,0/pci@1/scsi@4......................

ok nvalias backup_root /pci@if,0/pci@1/scsi@4,1/disk@2,0:b

ok printenv boot-device

boot-device=disk net

ok setenv boot-device disk backup_root net

boot-device=disk backup_root net

ok boot backup_root ( To test the secondary submirror

Unmirroring the Root (/) File System

# metastat d10 ( To verify that status of the mirror

# metadetach d10 d1 ( To make a one-way mirror

d10: submirror d1 is detached

# metaroot /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 ( To change entries in /etc/vfstab and /etc/system

# init 6

# metaclear r d10 ( To clear the mirror and submirror. The r deletes metadevices d10: Mirror is cleared

d0:Concat/Stripe is cleared

# metaclear d1

d1: Concat/Stripe is cleared

Module - 10 ( ACL

entry-type:[UID or GID]:perm

Introducing ACL Commands

getfacl [-a] [-d] filename(s) ( Displays ACL entries for files

-a ( Displays the filename, file owner, file group, and ACL entries for the specified file

-d ( Displays the filename, file owner, file group, and default ACL entries

setfacl m acl_entries filename ( Creats or modify ACL entries on files

setfacl s acl_entries filename ( Substitute new ACL entries for old ACL entries

setfacl d acl_entries filename ( Deletes one or more ACL entries on files

setfacl f acl_file filename ( Specifies an ACL configuration file that contain ACL entries

to set on other files

setfacl r filename ( Recalculate the ACL mask based on the ACL entries. When used with

m or s option

$ ls l

_rw_r__r__+ 1 userc staf 0 Jan 2 13:40 file2 ( A plus sign appears for files

contains ACL permission

There are no effective permission listed for a files owner or others users. However, the files group and any other specific users or groups present in the ACL list have effective permissions. When no ACL mask is specifically set on a file or directory, the ACL mask has the same permissions as the group permissions for that file or directory.

$ getfacl file1 ( No ACL entries present

file : file1

owner : userc

group : sysadmin

user::rw_

group::r__

# effective:r__

mask:r__

other:r__

$ getfacl file2 ( Custom ACLentry present

file : file2

owner : userc

group : sysadmin

user::rw_

user::usera:rwx# effective:r__

group::r__

# effective:r__

mask:r__

other:r__

The effective permission shows which permissions are allowed. When you compute the intersection (a Boolean logical AND operation) of the ACL entry and the ACL mask.

$ setfacl m u:userb:7 file2 ( Set special permission to userb(username)

$ getfacl file2

file : file2

owner : userc

group : sysadmin

user::rw_

user::usera:rwx# effective:r__

user:userb:rwx# effective:r__

group::r__

# effective:r__

mask:r__

other:r__

$ setfacl d u:usera file2 ( Removing special permissions

$ getfacl file2

file : file2

owner : userc

group : sysadmin

user::rw_

user:userb:rwx# effective:r__

group::r__

# effective:r__

mask:r__

other:r__

setfacl s u::perm,g::perm,o:perm,m:perm,[u:UID:perm],[g:GID:perm] filename

$ setfacl s u::rwx,g::rw_,o:r__,m:rw_,u:usera:rwx file1

$ getfacl file1

file : file1

owner : userc

group : sysadmin

user::rwx

user:usera:rwx# effective:rw_

group::rw_

# effective:rw_

mask:rw_

other:r__

$ setfacl s u::7,g::6,0:4,m:6,u:usera:7 file2

$ setfacl r m u:usera:7 file1 ( Change the umask value as well as to the

user(Recalculating an ACL mask)

$ getfacl file1

file : file1

owner : userc

group : sysadmin

user::rwx

user:usera:rwx# effective:rwx

group::rw_

mask:rwx

other:r__

getfacl filename1 | setfacl f filename2

$ getfacl file1 | setfacl f file3 ( Copying an ACL List

You can set default ACL entries only on directories. You must set default ACL entries for the user, group, other, and ACL mask before you set a default ACL entry for an additional user of group.

$ pwd

/export/home/userc

$ mkdir dir1

drwxr_xr_x 2 userc sysadmin 512 Apr 29 17:11 dir1

$ getfacl dir1

# file:dir1

# owner:userc

# group:sysadmin

user::rwx

group::r_x# effective:r_x

mask:r_x

other:r_x

$ setfacl m d:u::rwx,d:g::r_x,d:o:r_x,d:m:r_x dir1

$ setfacl m default:user:usera:rwx dir1

$ getfacl dir1

# file:dir1

# owner:userc

# group:sysadmin

user::rwx

group::r_x# effective:r_x

mask:r_x

other:r_x

default:user:rwx

default:user:usera:rwx

default:group:r_x

default:mask:r_x

default:other:r_x

Effect of Default ACLs on New Subdirectories

When a directory contains a default ACL, the permissions granted to the user, group, and other categories for the directory represent the intersection of mode 777, which is the UNIX default for directories without umask influence.

When a subdirectory/file created, the permissions on the newly created subdirectory/file are generated according to the intersection between the default ACL entries and the permissions set initially during creation.

$ mkdir dir1/subdir1

$ ls l dir1

drwxr_xr_x+ 2 userc sysadmin 512 Apr 30 08:01 subdir1

$ getfacl dir1/subdir1

$ getfacl dir1/subdir1

# file:dir1/subdir1

# owner:userc

# group:sysadmin

user::rwx

group::r_x# effective:r_x

mask:r_x

other:r_x

default:user:rwx

default:user:usera:rwx

default:group:r_x

default:mask:r_x

default:other:r_x

If default ACL entries changed for the dir1 it wont affect the ACL of dir1/subdir1. But if we create new subdirectory the new ACL of the dir1 will get inherited.

$ setfacl m d:user::rwx,d:group::rwx,d:other:rwx,d:mask:rwx dir1

$ mkdir dir1/subdir2

$ getfacl dir1/subdir2

user::rwx

group::rwx# effective:rwx

mask:rwx

other:rwx

default:user::rwx

default:user:usera:rwx

default:group::rwx

default:mask:rwx

default:other:rwx

$ cd dir1/subdir2

$ touch filea

$ ls l

_rw_rw_rw_+ 1 userc sysadmin 0 Apr 30 13:34 filea

$ getfacl filea

user::rw_

user:usera:rwx# effective:rw_

group::rw_

# effective:rw_

mask:rw_

other:rw_

The permission granted to the user, group, and other categories for filea represents the intersection of mode 666(default for files without umask influence) with the default entries associated with the directory are set to rwx, the example of intersection is clear.

The mask value doesnt exceed the permissions assigned to the group. Eventhough the /dir1/subdir2 directory lists rwx as the default mask value inherit only upto rw_. The entry for usera was applied as a standard ACL entry and not as a default entry, because only directory replicate default entries.

Module 11 ( RBAC (Role Based Access Control)

/etc/user_attr ( The extended user attributes database, which associates users and roles with

authorizations and right profiles in addition to the /etc/passwd, /etc/group,

and /etc/shadow files

/etc/security/prof_attr ( The rights profile attributes database, which defines profiles, lists

the profiles assigned authorizations and any nested rights profiles,

and identifies the associated help files.

/etc/security/exec_attr ( The execution attributed database, which defines the privileged

commands and scripts assigned to a profile.

/etc/security/auth_attr ( The authorization attributes database, which defines authorizations

and their attributes. This database also identifies the associated

help file.

/etc/security/policy.conf ( File provides system default authorizations for users

The /etc/user_attr Database

user:qualifier(reserved):res1(reserved):res2(reserved):attr

attr : An optional list of semicolon separated (;) key value pairs that describe the security attributes to be applied when the user runs commands.

type ( Can be normal or role. A role is assumed after the user has logged in.

auths ( Specifies a list of authorization chosen from names defined in the auth_attr DB

profiles ( Specifies a list of profile names chosen from the /etc/security/prof_attr DB

roles ( Specifies a list of role names defined in the same /etc/user_attr DB. Roles are indicated by setting the type value to role. Roles cannot be assigned to other roles.

sysadmin::::type=role;profiles=Device Management,Filesystem Management,Printer Managementjohndoe::::type=normal;auth=solaris.system.date;roles=sysadmin

The /etc/security/prof_attr Database

profname:res1:res2:desc(description):attr

attr : The security attrinutes to apply to the object upon execution. You can specify zero or more key. The two valid keys are help and auths.

# grep Printer Management /etc/security/prof_attr

Printer Management:::manage Printers, daemns, \

;auths=solaris.admin.printer.read, \

The Printer Management profile, which is defined in the /etc/security/prof_attr DB, is assigned to the sysadmin role in the /etc/user_attr DB.

The Printer management profile is defined in the prof_attr DB as having all authorizations, beginning with the solaris.admin.printer.string, assigned to it. These authorizations are defined in the /etc/security/auth_attr DB.

solaris.admin.printer.read:::view printer information::\

The /etc/security/exec_attr Database

name:policy:type:res1:res2:id:attr

name ( Name of the profile

policy ( The security policy associated with this entry. The suser (superuser policy model) is the only valid policy entry.

type ( The type of entity. Whose attributes are specified. The only valid type is cmd

id ( a string identifying the entity. Command should have full path or a path with wildcard

attr ( euid and uid | egid and gid

Printer Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/accept:euid=lp

The /etc/security/auth_attr Database

You can assign authorization directly to users or roles in the /etc/user_attr DB. You can also assign authorizations to rights profiles, which are assigned to roles.

authname:res1:res2:short_desc:long_desc:attr

authname ( A unique character string that identifies the authorization in the prefix.suffix[.] format.

The /etc/security/policy.conf file

This file lets you grant specific rights profiles and authorization to all users. Two types of entries in the file are

AUTHS_GRANTED=authorizations

PROFS_GRANTED=right_profiles

# cat policy.conf

AUTHS_GRANTED=solaris.device.cdrw

PROFS_GRANTED=Basic Solaris Users

# roleadd m d /export/home/tarback m c Privileged tar backup role p Media Backup, Media Restore tarback

-A authorization and -p profile ( Assign authorization and profiles respectively to the role.

# rolemod A auth1,auth2 p profile1,profile2 role1

Additional Commands Used to Perform RBAC Functions

auths

Displays authorizations for a user

makedbmMakes a dbm file

nscd

Identifies the name service. Useful for caching the 4 RBAC DB details

pam_rolesIdentifies the role account management module for password authentication

module (PAM)

pfexec

Identifies the profile shells used to execute commands with attributes specifies

in exec_attr

policy.confIdentifies the config file for the security policy. Lists granted authorization

profilesDisplays profiles for a specified user

roles

Displays roles granted to a user

roleadd

Adds a role account to the system

rolemodModifies the roles account info in the system

roledel

Deletes a roles account from the system

Example

Profile ( Privilege to Profile ( Role ( Profile to Role ( Role to User

/etc/security/prof_attr ( Contains profile details

Creating profile in prof_attr

uadd:::Profile for user admin

init:::Profile for init process

/etc/security/exec_attr ( Privilege to profile

uadd:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/useradd:euid=0

uadd:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/usermod:euid-0

init:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/init:euid=0

init:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/shutdown:euid=0

Creating Role

# roleadd d /export/home/role1 m role1

# passwd role1

Role to Profile

# rolemod P uadd,init role1

Adding role to user

# usermod R role1 user1

/etc/user_attr ( Details about role & user to role

Login as normal user

Switch to role profile & use the privilege command

/etc/security/auth_attr ( Authorization file ( Config file for users & this roles

Module 12 ( Performing Smartcard Authentication

# /usr/dt/bin/sdtsmartcardadmin & ( To start smartcard console

ATR Answer to reset Number (unique)

# smartcard c disable ( Disabling smartcard operation

# smartcard c admin ( Display the current client and server configuration

# /etc/smartcard/opencard.properties ( Config File

Module 13 ( Configuring System Messaging

The syslog system messaging features track system activities and events. You can manually generate log messages by using the logger command. The syslog function, the syslogd daemon, and input from the /etc/syslog.conf file work together to facilitate system messaging for the solaris 9 OE.

The /etc/syslog.conf file

This file consists of two tab-separated fields: selector and action. The selector field has two components, a facility and a level written as facility.level. Facility represent categories of system processes that can generate messages. Levels represent the severity or importance of the message. The action field determines whether to send the message.

*.err /var/adm/messages ( Error messages for all facilities are sent to the /var/adm/messages

Only use tabs as white space in the .etc/syslog.conf file. The Solaris OE accesses the /usr/include/sys/syslog.h file to determine the correct facility.level sequencing order.

Selector Fields (facility) Options

kernMessages generated by the kernel

userMessages generated by user processes and dont have default priority for messages

daemon System daemon, such as the in.ftpd and the telnetd daemon

authThe authorization system, including the login, su, and ttymon commands

syslogMessages generated internally by the syslogd daemon

lprThe line printer spooling system, such as the lpr and lpc commands

newsFiles reserved for the USENET network news system

uucpThe UNIX to UNIX copy (uucp) system does not use the syslog function

cronThe cron and at facilities, including crontab, at, and cron

local0-7 Fields reserved for local use.

markThe time when the message was last saved and produced by the syslogd daemon

*All facilities, except the mark facility.

You can use the asterisk (*) to select all facilities (for eg. *.err); however, you cannot use * to select all levels of a facility (for eg. Kern.*)

The levels in descending order of severity

Selector Fields (level) Options

LevelPriorityDescription

emerg0Panic conditions that are normally broadcast to all users

alert1Conditions that should be corrected immediately

crit2Warnings about critical conditions, such as hard device errors

err3Errors other than hard device errors

warning4Warning messages

notice5Non-error conditions that might require special handling

info6Informational messages

debug7Messages that are normally used only when debugging a program

none8Messages are not sent from the indicated facility to the selected file

Not all levels of severity are implemented for all facilities in the same way.

Action Field ( The action field defines where to forward the message. This field can have any one of the following entries

/filenameThe targeted file

@host

The @sign denoted that messages must be forwarded to a remote host.

Messages are forwarded to the syslogd daemon on the remote host

user1, user2The user1 and user2 entries receive messages if they are logged in

*

All logged in users will receive messages

You must restart the syslogd daemon whenever you make any changes to /etc/syslog.conf file

# /etc/init.d/syslog stop (or) start

# pkill HUP syslogd

Syslogd started ( Its starting the M4 Macro Processor ( M4 will read the /etc/syslog.conf file.

Configuring syslog Messaging

The inetd daemon uses the syslog command to record incoming network connection requests made by using TCP. You can modify the behavior of the inetd daemon to log TCP connections by using the syslogd daemon. The daemon facility and the notice message level are supported by inetd.

Use the t option as an argument to the inetd daemon to enable tracing of TCP services. When you enable the trace option for the inetd daemon, it uses the daemon.notice to log the clients IP address and TCP port number, and the name of the service. Add the t option to the entry which activated the inetd daemon in the inetsvc script located in the /etc/init.d directory

# grep inetd /etc/init.d/inetsvc

/usr/sbin/inetd s t ( You must restart the inetd daemon for the new option to take effect

# grep daemon.notice /etc/syslog.conf

*.err;kern.debug;daemon.notice;mail.crit /var/adm/messages

Monitoring a syslog File in Real Time

The tail f command holds the file open so that you can view messages being written to the file by the syslogd daemon.

# tail f /var/adm/messages ( Press Ctrl+c to exit

Adding One-Line Entries to a System Log File

logger [-i](logs PID) [-f file] [-p priority] [-t tag] [message]

# logger system rebooted ( If the user.notice field is configured in the /etc/syslog.conf file, the message is logged to the fil