QuestionnaireBy

Dr. Arlene S. Opina

Constructing the Survey

•Constructing a survey instrument is an art in itself. There are numerous small decisions that must be made –

•content, wording, format, placement

Characteristics of a good Research Instrument

1. Valid and reliable1. Valid - collects data from true respondents and gather adequate

information to complete the study

2. Reliable - yields the same result if administered to the same subjects twice under any condition

2. Based on conceptual framework

3. Suitable and relevant to research topic

4. Test the hypotheses or questions under investigation

5. Free from bias

6. Questions must be unequivocal (exact)

7. Accompanied by cordial and polite cover letter

Questionnaire

1. Drafting the questionnaire

2. Validating the questionnaire by experts

3. Pretesting the questionnaire

4. Revising the questionnaire

Types of questions according to form

1. Open ended - Free-Answer type

2. Closed or Restricted - Guided Responses type 1. Recall type

2. Recognition type

3. Multiple choice or response

Types of questions according to kind of data asked for

1. Descriptive

2. Quantified

3. Intensity of feeling, emotion, or attitude

4. Degree of judgment

5. Understanding

6. Reasoning

Types of Questions•Unstructured Response Formats• Dichotomous Questions

Questions Based on Level of Measurement

• We can also classify questions in terms of their level of measurement

• we might measure occupation using a nominal question.

Questions Based on Level of Measurement

• We might ask respondents to rank order their preferences for presidential candidates using an ordinal question:

Rensis Likert ['lick-urt' with a short "i" sound]

• Born: August 5, 1903

• Birthplace: Cheyenne, Wyoming, USA

• Death: September 3, 1981

Rensis Likert

• The 5-point Likert Scale would eventuallybecome Likert's best-known work.

• Likert was known for his support ofinterdisciplinary collaborations.

• American educator and organizational psychologist best known for his research on management styles.

• His key work is the identification of different management/leadership styles (4S Model).

Questions Based on Level of Measurement

• We can also construct survey questions that attempt to measure on an interval level.

• Likert response scale

Six-point Likert Scale

6 5 4 3 2 1

Strongly

Agree

Agree Slightly

Agree

Slightly

Disagree

Disagree Strongly

Disagree

Five-point Likert Scale

5 4 3 2 1

Strongly

Agree

Agree Fairly

Agree

Disagree Strongly

Disagree

Very

Serious

Serious Fairly

Serious

Not

Serious

Not a

Problem

Very

Adequate

Adequate Fairly

Adequate

Inadequate Very

inadequate

Five-Point Likert Scale

5 4 3 2 1

Extremely

Aware

Moderately

Aware

Somewhat

Aware

Slightly

Aware

Not at all

Aware

Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

To a very

Large

Extent

To a Large

Extent

To a

Moderate

Extent

To a

least

Extent

Needs

Improvement

4 3 2 1

Very

comfortable

Fairly

comfortable

Little

comfortable

Not at all

comfortable

Confident Partially

Confident

Not

Confident

I don’t know

Self-

Management

Integration

Level

Mastery

Level

Acquisition

Level

Proficient Comfortable Novice Never Used

4 3 2 1

Extreme

Barrier

Moderate

Barrier

Somewhat

of a Barrier

Not a

Barrier

Advanced Proficient Developing beginner

Highly

Influenced

Influenced Less

Influenced

No

Influence

Always Sometimes Rarely Never

Questions Based on Level of Measurement• Another interval question uses an approach called the semantic

differential. Here, an object is assessed by the respondent on a set of bipolar adjective pairs (using 5-point rating scale):

Questions Based on Level of Measurement• Finally, we can also get at interval measures by using what is called a

cumulative or Guttman scale

Filter or Contingency Questions

Unstructured Response Formats

Generally, it's written text. If the respondent (or interviewer)

writes down text as the response, you've got an unstructured

response format. These can vary from short comment boxes

to the transcript of an interview.

Ex. Please add any other comments: