Quality of Bitumen & Modified Bitumen

8/11/2019 Quality of Bitumen & Modified Bitumen

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What is Bitumen?

Bitumens are prepared by the refining of crudepetroleum by suitable methods usingappropriate crude or by blending differentcrudes or different short residue to achievedesired properties of paving grade bitumenconforming to specifications.

IS-334: 2002

TERMS RELATINGTO BITUMEN AND TAR


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SPECIFICATION: IS:73-2006

GRADE:

Bitumens shall be classified into four

types based on viscosity as givenbelow:

A) VG-I0

B) VG-20

C) VG-30

D) VG-40


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Why Viscosity Grade?

The variability in performance at high temperature can

be addressed by adopting a Viscosity Grade bitumenrather than by Penetration Grade.

Pushing and Shoving of tender mixes under roller

posses problems during compaction which have

encountered in the past (IS 73-2006). Since theviscosity-grade bitumen specification has a requirement

of minimum viscosity at 135C, it will be helpful in

minimizing the tender mix problems in the field


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REQUIREMENTS

The paving bitumen binder shall be

homogeneous and shall not foam whenheated to 175C.

The various grades of bitumen shall

conform to the requirements prescribed

in the following Table


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Viscosity:The propertyof a liquid by which it resists

flow due to internal friction and is measured by the

ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shear and iscalled the coeftlcient of viscosity.

Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity of a Newtonian

Liquid:It is the tangential force required to maintain avelocity between the two layers unit distance apart.

The CGS unit for viscosity is poise.


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Viscosity, Kinematic

The ratio of the absolute viscosity to the

density of the liquid.It is a measure of the resistance to flow of a

liquid under gravity.

The SI unit of kinematic viscosity: Centistoke(1 mm2/s)


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Brookfield's most popular instrument is the DV-

II+Pro

It has bi-directional communication between a

dedicated computer and the instrument

It offers simplicity of operation for single point

viscosity measurement and can also run

automated tests for multiple point data collection

without the involvement of the operator or

computerFeatures & Benefits:

It is the most versatile viscometer with

continuous sensing and display

Built-in RTD temperature probe for sample

monitoring54 selectable speeds provide superior range of

viscosity/shear rate measurements

Automatic data collection and historical

comparison with Wingather software

Accuracy: 1.0% of range


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Flash Point

(IS:1209)

It is used for

determining the flash

and fire points of

petroleum products,

except fuel oils and

those products havingan open cup flash

below 79 degree C


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Universal Penetrometer (IS:1206)

A 50gm mass is placed above the

needle making the total weight atabout 100 0.15 gm


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Preparation of test sample:

The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency

between 75C and 100c and stir it thoroughly until itbecomes homogeneous and free from air bubbles

and water.

It is poured it into a container to a depth at least

15mm more than the expected penetration.

The sample containers is kept in a temperature

controlled water bath at a temperature of 25C for

one hour.


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Bring the needle to be just at the surface of thebitumen

Take the initial reading on the dial gauge.

Release the needle for five seconds.

Take the final reading on the dial gauge.

.Determine the penetration of the needle by taking

the difference between final and initial readings onthe dial gauge.

Wash the needle with benzene and dry it.

Repeat the test at least three times for each of the

two tests samples.


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Readings Sample no 1 Sample no 2Test1 Test2 Test3 Mean

Value

Test 1 Test2 Test3 Mean

Value

Penetrometer

dial reading(i) Inital

(ii) Final

Penetration value

Repeatability, percent


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Softening point

APPARATUS

The ring and ball Apparatus,consisting of steel balls, brassrings, ball Guides, support.

Thermometer that can read upto 100C with an accuracy of0.2C .

Water bath made of heatresistance glass 85mm

diameter and120mm depth. Stirrer
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.koehlerinstrument.com/images/kicproductsbig/K80000.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.koehlerinstrument.com/products/K80000.html&h=527&w=400&sz=204&hl=en&start=29&um=1&tbnid=aFqbeeWmScdcQM:&tbnh=132&tbnw=100&prev=/images?q=softening+point+of+bitumen&start=20&ndsp=20&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&sa=N


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PROCEDURE

Sample material is heated to atemperature between 75C and 100C

above the approximate softening point

until it is completely fluid.

The sample is poured in the heated

rings placed on metal plates. To avoidSticking of the bitumen to metal plate,

coating is done to this with a solution of

glycerin and dextrin (Optional: Grease).

Cool the rings in air for 30 minutes.The excess bitumen is trimmed and

rings are placed in the support.


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The temperature of distilled water is kept at 5C . This

temperature is maintained for 15 minutes after which the

balls are placed in position.

The temperature of water is raised at uniform rate of 5Cper minute with a controlled heating unit, until the bitumen

softens and touches the bottom plate by sinking of balls.

For materials whose softening point is above

80C,glycerin is used as a heating medium and thestarting temperature is 35C instead of 5C.

Two observations are required to be made.


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OBSERVATION SHEET

Experiment name: Date:

1.Bitumen grade =

2. Approximate softening point =

.Period of cooling in water bath, minutes =

Test property Sample no 1 Sample no2 Mean value,

Softening

pointBall no

(i)

Ball no.

(ii)

Temperature(C)atWhich sample touches

bottom plate

Repeatability

Reproducibility


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APPARATUS: 1. Briquette mould

2. Water bath made of heat resistance Glass.

3.Square-end trowel or putty knife

4.Ductility machine.

PROCEDURE:

Sample material is heated to a temperature between 75 C and

100C above the approximate softening point until it is

completely fluid.

The sample is strained through IS sieve 30, poured in the mould

assembly. The mould is placed on a brass plate. Solution of dextrin and

glycerin is applied to both the mould and the brass plate.

After 30 to 40 minutes, the sample is poured in to the moulds,

the plate assembly along with the sample is placed in water bathmaintained at 27C for 30 minutes

Ductility Test


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Ductility Test
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://training.ce.washington.edu/WSDOT/Modules/03_materials/Images/Main%20Page%20Pictures/ductility_sample.JPG&imgrefurl=http://training.ce.washington.edu/WSDOT/Modules/03_materials/03-3_body.htm&h=215&w=328&sz=14&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=hmcdZjkBECKxIM:&tbnh=77&tbnw=118&prev=/images?q=DUCTILITY&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en


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OBSERVATION SHEET

Grade of Bitumen =

Pouring temperature,C =

Test temperature,C =

Periods of cooling, minutes,

(a) In air =(b) In water bath before trimming =

(c) In water bath after trimming =


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Test property Briquette Number Mean value

(i) (ii) (iii)

1.Ductilityvalue(cm)

2.Repeatability

percent

3.Reproducibility

percent


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THIN FILM OVEN TEST

This dual-purpose oven is designed

to determine the loss in weight of

bitumen and flux oils (loss onheating test) and the effect of heat

and air on asphaltic materials (thin

film test).


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The temperature is controlled at 163C, +/-1C by

means of a variable temperature controller and

thermostat.

Two rotating platforms are provided with the oven:one accepts 9 standard, 3oz or 85.41gm. sample

boxes for the loss on heating test, the other

accepts two 140 mm diameter test pans for the

thin film test.The platform rotates at 5 to 6 RPM by means of

an external motor.


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Stripping TestAPPARATUS

Thermostatically controlled water bath.

Beaker

PROCEDURE Aggregate passing 20 mm IS sieve and retained on

12.5 mm sieve are heated up to 150C when these areto be mixed with bitumen and the aggregates are

heated up to 100

C when these are to be mixed withtar. For each test 500gm each of coated mixture isprepared.

5% of bitumen binder by weight is heated to160C(110C in case of tar binder).


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The aggregate and binder are mixed thoroughly till they

are completely coated and mixture is transferred to a

500 ml beaker and allowed to cool at a room

temperature for about two hours.

Distilled water is then added to immerse the coatedaggregates. The beaker is covered and kept in a water

bath maintained at 40C taking care that the level of

water in the water-bath is at least half the height of the

beaker. After 24 hours the beaker is taken out cooled at room

temperature and the extent of stripping, is estimated

visually while specimen is still under water.


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http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://chemical.kao.co.jp/e/ProductInformation/catalog/antistrippingagent/photo02.jpg&imgrefurl=http://chemical.kao.co.jp/e/ProductInformation/catalog/antistrippingagent/gripper02.htm&h=264&w=360&sz=38&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=eH9qZnS_Wvg_XM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=121&prev=/images?q=stripping+test&svnum=10&um=1&hl=enhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://chemical.kao.co.jp/e/ProductInformation/catalog/antistrippingagent/photo01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://chemical.kao.co.jp/e/ProductInformation/catalog/antistrippingagent/gripper02.htm&h=264&w=360&sz=31&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=S3ImUetb0q5X1M:&tbnh=89&tbnw=121&prev=/images?q=stripping+test&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en


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OBSERVATION SHEET-(Stripping test)

(i) Type of Aggregate =

(ii) Total weight of aggregate =

(iii) Type of binder =

(iv) Total weight of binder =(iii) Percentage binder used =

(vi) Temperature of water-bath =

Observation number. Stripping,percentage

1.

2.

3.


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CLASSIFICATION

Modified bitumen are classified into four types as given below :

a) Type A PMB(P) Plastomeric thermoplastics based

b) Type B PMB(E) Elastomeric thermoplastics basedc) Type C NRMB Natural rubber and SBR latex based

d) Type D CRMB Crumb rubber/treated crumb rubber based


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Further division of the different types into grades

Grade of Type A - PMB (P)

a) PMB (P) 120: It means that it is of type A - PMB (P) whosepenetration values range between 90 to 150 (1/10 of mm)

b) PMB (P) 70: Penetration values range between 50 to 90

c) PMB (P) 40: Penetration values range between 30 to 50


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Grade of Type A - PMB (P)

a) PMB (E) 120

b) PMB (E) 70c) PMB (E) 40

Grade of Type C - NRMB

a) NRMB (E) 120

b) NRMB (E) 70c) NRMB (E) 40

Grade of Type D - CRMB

a) CRMB (E) 120

b) CRMB (E) 70

c) CRMB (E) 40


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Sampling And Criteria for Conformity

Lot: In any consignment, all the containers of PMB of same categoryand grade manufactured from the same batch shall be grouped

to constitute a lot.

Sl. No. Lot Size (No. of Container) No. of Container to be selected1 Upto 50 2

2 51100 3

3 101200 4

4 201300 5

5 301500 7

6 501 and above 10

SamplingRandom selection of the number of containers


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Advantagesa) Lower susceptibility to daily and seasonal temperature variations

b) Higher resistance to deformation at elevated pavementtemperature

c) Better age resistance

d) Better adhesion between aggregate and the binder

e) Higher fatigue life of mixes

f) Delay of cracking and reflective cracking

g) Overall improved performance in extreme climatic conditions andunder heavy traffic conditions

h) Suitable as renewal course and overlay material on surface which

are badly cracked and subjected to heavy traffic

i) PMB can be used as Stress Absorbing Membrane (SAM) for

sealing of crack as well as interim overlay for preventive

maintenancej) They can be used as Stress Absorbing Membrane (SAMI) for

delaying reflective cracking

k) Type A PMB are considered not suitable for SAM and SAMI


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Elastic Recovery Test

It is evaluated by comparing the recovery of thread after conditioning

for 1 hour at specified temperature and the specimen is elongated upto10cm @ 5 0.25 cm/min deformation in Ductility machine.

Calculation:

Elastic recovery = (10X) / 10 * 100


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Separation Test

The separation of modifier and bitumen during hot storage is evaluatedby comparing the ring and ball softening point of the top and bottom

samples taken from a conditioned, sealed tube of polymer modified

bitumen


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Requirements of PMB (Elastomeric Thermoplastic Based) IRC: SP-53: 2002

DesignationGrade and Requirement Method of Test

PMB 120 PMB 70 PMB 40

Penetration at 25C, 0.1mm, 100g, 5 sec 90-150 50-90 30-50 IS: 1203-1978

Softening Point (R&B), C, Minimum 50 55 60 IS: 1205-1978

Ductility at 27 C, cm 75 +60 +50 IS: 1208-1978

Fraass Breaking Point, C, Minimum -24 -18 -12 IS: 9381-1978

Flash Point, By COC, C, Minimum 220 220 220 IS: 1209-1978

Elastic Recovery of half thread inDuctilometer at 15C, %, Minimum

75 75 75 Appendix-1

Separation, Difference in Softening Point,

(R&B), C, Maximum3 3 3

Appendix-2

Viscosity at 150 C, Poise 1-3 2-6 3-9 IS: 1206-1978


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Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) on Residue (IS: 9382-1992)

DesignationGrade and Requirement Method of Test

PMB 120 PMB 70 PMB 40

Loss in weight, % Maximum 1 1 1 IS: 9382-1982

Increase in Softening Point, C, Maximum 7 6 5 IS: 1205-1978

Reduction in penetration of residue, at

25C, %, Maximum35 35 35

IS: 1203-1978

Elastic Recovery of Half Thread in

Ductilometer at 25C, %, Minimum

50 50 50Appendix-1


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Requirements of Mix Design Prepared with Modified Bitumen

Sl. No PropertiesRequirement

Method of

Test

1 Marshal Stability (75 blows) at60C Kg., Minimum

1200 1200 1200 ASTM D1559

2 Marshal Flow at 60C, mm 2.5-4.0 3.5-5.0 3.0-4.5 ASTM D1559

3 Marshal Quotient, Kg/ mm 250-500 Stability/Flow

4 Void in Compacted Mix, % 3.0-5.0

5Requirement of retainedstability after 24hrs in water at

60C, Minimum

90 95 100 ASTM D1075

6 Coating with aggregate, % 95 95 100AASHTO

T182


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What is Marshall Mix Design ?


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Temperature-Viscosity Graph

10

100

1000

10000

80 100 120 140 160 180

Temperature (Degree Centigrade)

Viscosity(Cs

t)

From the above figure the mixing temperature at 170 20 centistokes (150Cst190

Cst) is between 149.5

C and 144.6

C and for Compacting temperatures at 280

30centistokes is between 138.9

Cand 134.44

C.

Note: Mixing Temperature: 149.5C to 144.6C

Compact ing Temparature: 138.9C to 134.4C


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Documents

Quality of Bitumen & Modified Bitumen