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Public Transportation at the State Level
Planning and Design of Public Transport Infrastructure
ByMoaz Yusuf Ahmad
Challenges faced in Selangor
• Emphasis on car travel (often single-occupancy) in Malaysia (status symbol)
• Limited investment in public transit/transport• Mainly suburban and exurban communities with
large population• Communities usually surrounded by expressways
and divided by wide “express-roads”• Trip generators are often separated from each
other discourages public transport encourages car use
Challenges faced in Selangor
• High traffic volume and incomplete roads (creates gridlock within existing road system)
• Older, high density urban areas not designed for large volumes of automobile traffic– Klang– Petaling Jaya
• Failure of existing infrastructure or costly maintenance (MRRII flyover, Klang bridges)
• Cannot keep pace with development
LRT is a high-cost, low mobility solution
• High cost of LRT construction– Cost estimated at RM 150-200 million per km– Full elevation requires large elevated station structure
• Number of lines is limited due to high costs– Lines will often run through industrial areas, TNB corridors, or
along rivers– Service to housing estates will be unpopular– Little or no reduction in the use of single-occupancy vehicles
within communities– Still requires additional feeder bus network plus parking
structures at stations potential for traffic congestion• Potential for negative impact of LRT on community
“Quick wins” - Low-cost, high mobility solutions
• Invest in Community-Based Public Transport• Shuttle Bus Services to bring public transport
to the people
“Quick wins” - Low-cost, high mobility solutions
• Direct express bus routes and feeder bus routes to link communities to LRT (Lembah Subang) and KTM lines– Encourages passenger demand to develop– Greater cost recovery = lower subsidy
• Build new station on Kelana Jaya LRT line at existing Lembah Subang Depot– Guideway, tracks and station already in place– Reduces pressure on Kelana Jaya station and existing
bus routes, roads
A low-cost, high mobility solution
• Restricted Rights-Of-Way are constructed in the outside and/or centre lanes of major arterial roads – Allows public transit vehicles to move faster– Improves reliability of public transit service– Encourages use of public transit for more trips
• Overhead bridges will connect passengers safely to clearly visible, safer public transit stops
• Increased flexibility: transit vehicles can operate in restricted ROW (Class A/B) or in mixed traffic (C)
• Saves money by reducing delays, construction costs
Restricted bus Right-of-Way
Orange Line, Los Angeles, CA (USA)TransJakarta, Jakarta (Indonesia)TransMilenio, Bogata (Columbia)
Grass-covered, restricted right-of-way
Kenosha, WI (USA)Le Mans (France)Madrid (Spain)
Stations located in existing centre median
Bus Rapid Transit, Beijing (China)TransJakarta, Jakarta (Indonesia)TransMilenio, Bogata (Columbia)
Benefits over LRT option
• ‘Impian LRT’ leads us to ignore other options• Kelana Jaya LRT currently 40% overcapacity• Confusion over State and National Government
plans for extension of Kelana Jaya LRT (Shah Alam or USJ)
• Immediate need for public transportation improvements oil, petrol price increases
• Faster planning and construction period
Benefits over LRT option
• Lower cost of construction– Travels along existing roads already owned by government– Cost estimated at RM 20 million per km (bus) to 40-50 million
per km (Rapid Tram)– Ramps, overhead bridges allow universal accessibility
• Build more lines for the same amount of money– 4km of Rapid Tram or 10km of Rapid Bus vs. 1km of LRT– More lines increases mobility for Subang Jaya residents– More money can be devoted to improving feeder bus network
and KTM Komuter service
• Positive effect on community
Bus or Rail?Saarbruken LRT/Bus interchange (Netherlands)
Bus or Rail?
Criteria Bus (12m) Tram (25m) LRT (STAR)
Construction Cost (RM)
20 million / km
40 million / km
180 million / km
Flexibility High High Very Low
Vehicle Capacity
60-80 200-240 600-650
Operator/ Passenger Ratio
1:80 max 1:240 max 1:650 max
Lifetime 15 years 25-30 years 25-40 years
Conclusion• Traffic congestion is causing significant economic and
social problems for communities in Selangor• Solutions must allow various options for residents• Planning must include transit options, mixed-uses, higher
densities Transit-Oriented Developments• Restricted Right-Of-Way (Class A/B ROW) improves
reliability of public transit modes (compare LRT vs. bus on-time performance, reliability)
• Based on cost-benefit analysis, Rapid Tram in Class A/B ROW is the best transit mode for communities in Selangor with the exception of high-density urban communities
Sources
• Selangor 2020 Draft Structural and MPSJ Local Plan
• DBKL 2020 Infrastructure Plan• National Physical Plan (Transportation)• RapidKL, Prasarana• Urban Rail, Railway Technology• Skyscrapercity.com, usj.com.my, residents• Archived photos including personal collection
