Group – 1

Anggriyani Sihotang Anisa Eka Putri Istiqomah Arika Putri Agissa Bella Agustia Delva Reski Amelia

Chapter 4 – PUBLIC SPEAKING

Organization

There are five subtitles that we want to discuss in this chapter :

1. Background

2. Abstract

3. Body

4. Conclution

5. Outline

1. Background

ABC Format for speeches :

Abstract (Introduction)

Body (Discussion)

Conclution(Wrap-up)

Aristotle’s idea about a clear “beginning, middle, and end”

serves to support the simple pattern used in this book. The

ABC format rests on five assumptions about the preference of listeners :

They need a clear mental outline into which to place information provided in a

speech.

A

B

C

Their experience with diverse media such as books, newspapers, film, and television

has shown them that most forms of communication work best when they have a clear

beginning, middle, and end.

The beginning of a work should explain why the speech is important and where is

going.

The middle should follow though on the promise of the beginning by using techniques

such as examples, transitions, and mini summaries.

The end should summarize the speech and make clear what, if anything, will happen

next.

ABC format for speeches show the ABC pattern superimposed on a “reader interest

curve”. As the figure indicates, listeners have the following priorities :

First priority – Abstract : you can count on the listeners’ greatest physical and mental

attention at the outset of the speech. Use this opportunity to create a good first impression

don’t squander the chance.

Second priority – Conclution : you have the second highest attention of listeners at the

end of the speech. They want the true sense of an ending.

Third priority – Body : listeners tend not to be as focused as they are at the beginning

and end. This fact suggests you must keep their attention with rhetorical devices, such as

changes in vocal tone or pauses in the speech.

The main rule governing every aspect of speech preparation :

Rule 1 : speak for your listeners, not for yourself

Rule 2 : guidelines for the ABC format

Abstract Session

Abstract provides an overview of speech by follow these :

Purpose – Importance – Plan

Abstract Guideline I State Your Purpose

Most important thing is make the listeners feel comfortable with your speech state the

purpose clear, and also the reason to state the purpose is to convey the listeners

because they would like to hear directly from speaker about the purpose of the speech.

And it also useful to build a good relationship with listeners, because they can judge

you from your first criterion.

Abstract Guideline II Show Importance

This thing needed to generate interest of your audience, the strategy is to show

statistic data, rhetorical question, anecdote, startling statement, prediction about the

issues and credibility statement.

By using this strategies we can avoid approach that might confuse, alienate or bore the

audience.

Abstract Guideline III Forecast Main Points of the Speech

Following are suggestions for writing a good forecast statement

1. Word points or topics exactly as they will be stated in the body of the speech, so

that listeners can follow easily

2. List points in the forecast statement in the same order they will appear in the body

of the speech

3. Consider using an overhead transparency or other visual aid for visual

reinforcement of the points in your forecast statement

This strategies help you to get the listeners focus on you by get their attention after

their attention drift. They can find the way back to the topic by remembering the point

you mention. The abstract structure suggested here gives listeners a clear sense of

direction. They know what topic you will cover, why it is important and the point will

be included in your speech.

Body Section

Following are only some general recommendations that apply to the body of all oral presentations.

Body Guideline 1: Use Three to Five Main Sections

You may have observed that your memory works best when items are grouped into just a few categories. Here are some example of grouping :

- Informative speech : five main skills you learned whle completing an internship at the country courthouse.

- Persuasive Speech : three problems will be solved by adopting your proposal for a new media center at the college you attend.

- Occasional Speech : four main contributions that support giving the “best student athlete” award to Morgan Smith, a graduating senior.

In most cases, you already will have included the three to fivw main points in the “madman” statement at the end of the abstract.

Body Guideline 2 : Choose the Most Appropriate Pattern

Each speech requires that you choose an organizational pattern for the body that best suits the particular speech. The next chapter includes techniques realted specifically to each of the three main speech types. Following are some general patterns that can be used in any speech :

- Question/answer

- Cause/effect

- Problem/solutions

- Sequence of events

- Topic of importance

- Parts of object

Body Guideline 3 : Use a Mini-ABC Format in Each Main Section

Just as the ABC format helps organize the entire speech, it also helps you reveal a sense of order in each of the main sections. Think of each section as a separate unit that, when assembled, produces a complete speech. Each of these mini-ABC units might do the following :

Abstract : Briefly state the main supporting question or statement.

Body : Give detailed support.

Conclusion : Summarize the point before moving on the next one.

Body Guideline 4 : Use Many Transitional Devices

Here are a few transitional techniques,several of which will be covered in the chapter on delivery :

Words that indicate sequence ( first, second, third...)

Words that indicate contrast ( however, on the otgher hand)

Pauses between major supporting points

Distnc gestures at points of transition

Body Guideline 5: Follow Every Abstaction with Specific Examples

Here are someexamples of abstract points, followed by specific support to back them up:

Abstraction: you enjoy gardening

Concrete Support : you include a story about how your parents bought you

gardening tools and gave you a plot to garden when you were 10.

Abstraction : fish oil prevents heart disease.

Concrete Support : you refer to the Eskimo Culture when salmon is a major part of the diet and where heart disease is rare.

Abstraction : your college roomate had a strange sense of humor.

Concrete Support : he once filled your car with turkey feathers before you were about to leave for a formal dance with your date.

Conclusion Section

Definition

Conclusion is the last part of something, its end or results and is used to introduce some final comments at the end of speech. Every speech conclusion has the same main objective: to summarize the speech and give the audience something to remember.

There are some steps how to end the speech

1. Restate the main three to five points Repeating the main points about your speech it’s really important, because in this section the audience probably have no written list in their hands.

2. Indicate what happens next Action statements are appropriate for many speeches; especially those that aim persuade there are three types of action statementsa. Action statements for informative speech

For informative speech, the closing statement sometimes referred to as a “residue message”. That is a final, brief, broad statement that sums up the

main message you want your audience to remember it usually hints the broader speech theme.

b. Action Statement for persuasive speech For persuasive talk, the closing statement is referred to as a call to action the idea is that the last words out of your mouth will be the most memorable; the most important words should be the specific action you want your audience to take. That is you should end by telling your audience what is exactly that you want them to do.

c. Action statement for occasional speech Occasional speech means that you are speaking on specialoccasion such common events include award ceremonies, weddings,political events, speakers are asked to deliver speeches relating to the event.

3. Add a personal note At the end of the speech gives you a moment to finish the speech by giving your favoritequotesor personal note to the audience.

Outlines

This section instead deals mostly with the process by which you organize a speech-the

outline. Two subsections follow, one provides a rationale for using outlines, and the other

includes guidelines for using them during the process of preparing speeches.

Reasons for Outlines

1. Organization

Outlines force you to grapple with matters of organization at a time when it is

still easy for you to change the structure of the speech that is before you have

begun writing the speech draft.

2. Visualization

An outline shows you visually whether you have enough supporting

information for a topic.

3. Review

Sometimes your speeches may need to be reviewed by another person or

persons in your organization. Reviewers who “sign off” on an outline are

much less likely to request changes later.

Guidelines for Outline

a) Outline guideline 1: Place you Purpose Statement at the op

This purpose will guide your efforts as you strive to flesh out the main points.

b) Outline guideline 2: Record Random Ideas Quickly

This “nonlinear” process involves the free association of ideas that can only

occur before you have appliedstructure to your thinking.

c) Outline guideline 3: Show Relationship

After you’ve got through the prevoius step once or twice, you will have

produced a sheet that contains most of the major and minor points to be

included in the speech.

d) Outline guideline 4: Draft a Final Outline

One related points are clustered, your messy outline can be cleaned up to make

it useful to you as you write. Whatever Outline format you use, the final

version should reflect the following features:

Depth : The outlin eshould include enough suportin information to

develop the speech adequately

Balance : All main points should be supported by an adequat eamount

of detail

Parallelism : Points in the same grouphing should have the same

grammarmatical form, so that it will be easier for ou to make the

transition later from outlin eto text.

e) Outline guideline 5: Plan where to use graphics

The time to consider using graphics in your speech is early at the outline stage.

for example, you may see several possibilities for reinforcing main points with

graphics. Here are few:

Chart : showing th eincrease in cafetaria prices over the last three years

Table: Contrasting prices for a few lunch items at the current cafetari

Map: show th elocation of th efour nearby restaurant.