Psychoanalysis Developed by Freud Developed by Freud

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis

Developed by FreudDeveloped by Freud

Basic ConceptsBasic Concepts

DeterminismDeterminism encompasses the idea that encompasses the idea that psychological events are causally related psychological events are causally related to each other and to the individual’s past. to each other and to the individual’s past.

The elements that occur in consciousness The elements that occur in consciousness are not random and unrelated. are not random and unrelated.


DynamicsDynamics

There is an interplay of forces in the mind There is an interplay of forces in the mind which act in unison or opposition.which act in unison or opposition.

These elements ultimately express These elements ultimately express themselves through compromise. themselves through compromise.


TopographyTopography

Individual psychic elements are layered in Individual psychic elements are layered in consciousness.consciousness.

A sort of layering of mental contents A sort of layering of mental contents according to the criterion of accessibility to according to the criterion of accessibility to awareness.awareness.


GeneticsGenetics – – There is an enduring influence of the past on our There is an enduring influence of the past on our

present mental activity. present mental activity.

It recognizes the extent to which the past is It recognizes the extent to which the past is embedded in the present and shapes current embedded in the present and shapes current thoughts, behavior and feelings. thoughts, behavior and feelings.

In accordance with psychoanalytic theory the In accordance with psychoanalytic theory the genetic principle asserts that genetic principle asserts that the past the past influences the presentinfluences the present


The pleasure principleThe pleasure principle

The idea that human psychology is The idea that human psychology is governed by a tendency to seek pleasure governed by a tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain.and avoid pain.

According to Freud the behavior of a According to Freud the behavior of a newborn is dominantly controlled by the newborn is dominantly controlled by the pleasure principlepleasure principle


An instinct is a stereotyped response (e.g., An instinct is a stereotyped response (e.g., animal instinct) while a drive is a animal instinct) while a drive is a state of state of central excitation in response to a central excitation in response to a stimulistimuli

Other SystemsOther Systems

Alfred Adler believed that Freud Alfred Adler believed that Freud overemphasized sexual drive (the libido) overemphasized sexual drive (the libido) and underestimated the role of and underestimated the role of social and social and political pressures shaping personalitypolitical pressures shaping personality..

Other SystemsOther Systems

As part of the psychoanalytic situation, the As part of the psychoanalytic situation, the analyst listens patiently, emphatically, analyst listens patiently, emphatically, uncritically, and receptively. This uncritically, and receptively. This technique forms the core of technique forms the core of Carl Roger’s Carl Roger’s Person-Centered TherapyPerson-Centered Therapy. .

HistoryHistory

The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

Freud's view of the individual psychic elements Freud's view of the individual psychic elements of the mind as layered in consciousness is of the mind as layered in consciousness is known as known as topographytopography

Freud's earliest theory of mental functioning Freud's earliest theory of mental functioning described it in layers referred to as conscious, described it in layers referred to as conscious, preconscious, and unconscious and was called preconscious, and unconscious and was called topographictopographic theorytheory

Topographical ModelTopographical Model

Freud's topographical model of the mind Freud's topographical model of the mind proposed proposed conscious,conscious, preconsciouspreconscious, and , and unconsciousunconscious..

Conscious, Preconscious, and Conscious, Preconscious, and UnconsciousUnconscious

Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

Topography of the psyche Topography of the psyche (unconscious, pre-conscious, (unconscious, pre-conscious,

conscious)conscious)Using an iceberg metaphor, Using an iceberg metaphor, The unconscious is understood to be the large The unconscious is understood to be the large

part of the mind, which is hidden from view. part of the mind, which is hidden from view. The pre-conscious is represented by the The pre-conscious is represented by the

waterline - but it is the zone in which there are waterline - but it is the zone in which there are fleeting glimpses of the unconscious, "flickering" fleeting glimpses of the unconscious, "flickering" across the screen of consciousness. across the screen of consciousness.

Finally, the relatively small part of the iceberg Finally, the relatively small part of the iceberg which sticks of the water is seen as equivalent to which sticks of the water is seen as equivalent to the small amount of conscious awareness that the small amount of conscious awareness that the human experiences. the human experiences.

Freud also believed that if there was Freud also believed that if there was information that was too painful for the information that was too painful for the conscious part to bear, that defense conscious part to bear, that defense mechanisms would act to push it down it mechanisms would act to push it down it into the unconscious part of the mind. into the unconscious part of the mind.

The process by which mental elements The process by which mental elements are barred from consciousness is termed are barred from consciousness is termed rrepressionepression

Freud’s Topographical ModelFreud’s Topographical Model

Id, Ego, SuperegoId, Ego, Superego

Freud described a structural model of Freud described a structural model of mental functioning consisting of the id, ego mental functioning consisting of the id, ego and superego. These structures were and superego. These structures were repetitive, organized mental functions repetitive, organized mental functions serving separate roles in intrapsychic serving separate roles in intrapsychic conflictconflict


Id – Instinctual Pressures (e.g., aggression Id – Instinctual Pressures (e.g., aggression and sexual)and sexual)

Ego – Orients us toward the external world Ego – Orients us toward the external world (Mediates the internal and external)(Mediates the internal and external)

Superego – Individual’s moral voiceSuperego – Individual’s moral voice


THE ID — The Demanding Child THE ID — The Demanding Child (biological component, unconsciousness)(biological component, unconsciousness) Ruled by the pleasure principleRuled by the pleasure principle

THE EGO — The Traffic Cop THE EGO — The Traffic Cop (psychological component) (psychological component) Ruled by the reality principleRuled by the reality principle

THE SUPEREGO — The Judge (social THE SUPEREGO — The Judge (social component)component) Ruled by the moral principleRuled by the moral principle

The ego is a The ego is a psychic apparatus which psychic apparatus which balances internal and external realitiesbalances internal and external realities

Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development

1. ORAL STAGE 1. ORAL STAGE Birth – 18 monthsBirth – 18 monthsGratification - Feeding, reduces tension and induces sleepGratification - Feeding, reduces tension and induces sleep

2. ANAL STAGE 2. ANAL STAGE 18 mths – 3 years18 mths – 3 yearsGratification - Toilet training, reaction formation may lead to Gratification - Toilet training, reaction formation may lead to

compulsive meticulousness compulsive meticulousness

3. PHALLIC STAGE 3. PHALLIC STAGE Ages 3-6Ages 3-6Gratification – Genitals, Males -Oedipus Complex and Females - Gratification – Genitals, Males -Oedipus Complex and Females -

Electra ComplexElectra Complex

4. LATENCY STAGE 4. LATENCY STAGE Ages 6-12Ages 6-12A time of socialization A time of socialization

5. GENITAL STAGE 5. GENITAL STAGE Ages 12 onAges 12 onGratification - sexGratification - sexPuberty and continues into adulthoodPuberty and continues into adulthood

ExampleExample

Tommy was toilet trained by age 3. During Tommy was toilet trained by age 3. During the training his parents would often make the training his parents would often make him feel shameful if he accidentally soiled him feel shameful if he accidentally soiled himself. Tommy's apartment is now himself. Tommy's apartment is now meticulously clean and he is quite rigid in meticulously clean and he is quite rigid in his views and a perfectionist. This his views and a perfectionist. This represents represents reaction formationreaction formation

ExampleExample

A male child's erotic impulses for his A male child's erotic impulses for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called the father constitute what Freud called the Oedipus complexOedipus complex

Onset of NeurosesOnset of Neuroses

Unable to cope/developUnable to cope/develop Disappointment, defeat, loss, physical illnessDisappointment, defeat, loss, physical illness Current reality is misperceived in terms of Current reality is misperceived in terms of

childhood conflict, and the individual responds childhood conflict, and the individual responds as he or she did in childhood, by forming as he or she did in childhood, by forming symptoms.symptoms.

Intrapsychic conflicts occur when Intrapsychic conflicts occur when the mental the mental components of the mind are incongruentcomponents of the mind are incongruent

Onset of NeurosisOnset of Neurosis

Psychoanalytic theorists would Psychoanalytic theorists would hypothesize that neurosis occurs due to hypothesize that neurosis occurs due to an imbalance between an imbalance between drivesdrives and and defensesdefenses

Ego-Defense MechanismsEgo-Defense Mechanisms

Ego-defense mechanisms:Ego-defense mechanisms: Are normal behaviors which operate on an Are normal behaviors which operate on an

unconscious level and tend to deny or distort unconscious level and tend to deny or distort realityreality

Help the individual cope with anxiety and Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmedprevent the ego from being overwhelmed

Have adaptive value if they do not become a Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing realitystyle of life to avoid facing reality

Ego-Defense MechanismsEgo-Defense Mechanisms

RepressionRepression RegressionRegression

Denial Denial IntrojectionIntrojection

Reaction formationReaction formation IdentificationIdentification

ProjectionProjection CompensationCompensation

DisplacementDisplacement

RationalizationRationalization

SublimationSublimation

PsychotherapyPsychotherapyThree Types of AnxietyThree Types of Anxiety

Reality – fear of danger from external worldReality – fear of danger from external world

Neurotic – fear of instincts overthrowing ego Neurotic – fear of instincts overthrowing ego (punishment)(punishment)

Moral – fear of one’s own conscious (guilt)Moral – fear of one’s own conscious (guilt)

Process of PsychotherapyProcess of Psychotherapy

Transference – Patient responds to Transference – Patient responds to therapist based on past experiencetherapist based on past experience

Countertransference – Therapist responds Countertransference – Therapist responds to patient based on past experienceto patient based on past experience


The major portion of the therapeutic work The major portion of the therapeutic work in psychoanalysis is thought to occur in a in psychoanalysis is thought to occur in a phase called phase called development of development of transferencetransference


GoalsGoals Tactical goals involve analysis of the Tactical goals involve analysis of the

immediate presenting material in terms of immediate presenting material in terms of some conflict, usually involving the analystsome conflict, usually involving the analyst

Strategic goal is to explain the unconscious Strategic goal is to explain the unconscious fantasy and demonstrate many ways in which fantasy and demonstrate many ways in which it affects the patient’s current life. it affects the patient’s current life.

ExampleExample

A therapist points out the similarities A therapist points out the similarities between her female patient's current between her female patient's current anger at a female boss and the childhood anger at a female boss and the childhood anger she felt towards her mother when anger she felt towards her mother when she was ignored by her father. The goal of she was ignored by her father. The goal of psychoanalysis this illustrates is: psychoanalysis this illustrates is: tacticaltactical


Freud viewed the main task of therapy as Freud viewed the main task of therapy as catharsis,catharsis, which he referred to as a which he referred to as a release of emotion connected with painful release of emotion connected with painful experiences which had not been naturally experiences which had not been naturally discharged.discharged.


The principle goal was to make conscious The principle goal was to make conscious the content of the unconsciousthe content of the unconscious

The goal of therapy is to make the The goal of therapy is to make the unconscious conscious, for only then can unconscious conscious, for only then can the individual exercise choicethe individual exercise choice


The unconscious cannot be studied The unconscious cannot be studied directly but is inferred from behaviordirectly but is inferred from behavior


In utilizing hypnosis, free association, and In utilizing hypnosis, free association, and other techniques Freud's therapeutic goal other techniques Freud's therapeutic goal centered primarily on centered primarily on making making unconscious events consciousunconscious events conscious


Clinical evidence for postulating the Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:unconscious: DreamsDreams Slips of the tongueSlips of the tongue Posthypnotic suggestionsPosthypnotic suggestions Material derived from free-associationMaterial derived from free-association Material derived from projective techniquesMaterial derived from projective techniques Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms

• NOTE: consciousness is only a thin slice of the NOTE: consciousness is only a thin slice of the total mindtotal mind


The most significant difference between The most significant difference between traditional psychoanalysis and current traditional psychoanalysis and current psychoanalysis is …psychoanalysis is … One-person psychology – understanding the One-person psychology – understanding the

patient exclusivelypatient exclusively Two-person psychology – understanding the Two-person psychology – understanding the

interaction between the two (patient and interaction between the two (patient and analyst)analyst)


Distractions by the patient which impede Distractions by the patient which impede psychoanalytic progress are referred to as psychoanalytic progress are referred to as resistanceresistance


The Psychoanalytic SituationThe Psychoanalytic Situation The patient lies down on a couch, facing The patient lies down on a couch, facing

away from the analyst, and is asked to away from the analyst, and is asked to report, without criticism as far as possible, report, without criticism as far as possible, the thoughts that come to his or her mind.the thoughts that come to his or her mind.

Basic premise – bring the unconscious Basic premise – bring the unconscious conflicts into awarenessconflicts into awareness


The Psychoanalytic SituationThe Psychoanalytic Situation In free association there are various levels of In free association there are various levels of

relevance of the data obtained within the relevance of the data obtained within the psychoanalytic situation. psychoanalytic situation. Observation (the order of material)Observation (the order of material) Interpretation (relationship to behavior)Interpretation (relationship to behavior) Generalization (accumulated data is generalized)Generalization (accumulated data is generalized) Theory (clinical theory is formulated)Theory (clinical theory is formulated)

ReferencesReferences

Dr. Jeffrey Arnow, PhdDr. Jeffrey Arnow, Phd

Documents

Psychoanalysis Developed by Freud Developed by Freud