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Propositional Equivalences Niloufar Shafiei

Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Page 1: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

Propositional Equivalences

Niloufar Shafiei

Page 2: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Review New propositions, called compound propositions, 

can be formed from existing propositions using logical operations. 

Logical operators Negation: ¬p “not p.” Conjunction: p∧q “p and q.” Disjunction: p∨q “p or q.” Exclusive or: p⊕q “p or q, but not both.” Conditional statement:     

p→q “If p, then q.” Biconditional statement:      

p↔q “p if and only if q.”

Page 3: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Review The Truth value of a proposition is true, 

denoted by T, if it is a true proposition.p: 1+3=4 True

The Truth value of a proposition is false, denoted by F, if it is a false proposition.

p: It snows today. False

Page 4: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Compound propositions A compound proposition that is always true is called a 

tautology.p ∨ ¬p 

p: true ¬p: false  p ∨ ¬p: truep: false ¬p: true  p ∨ ¬p: true

A compound proposition that is always false is called a contradiction.

p ∧ ¬pp: true ¬p: false  p ∧ ¬p: falsep: false ¬p: true  p ∧ ¬p: false

Page 5: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Equivalent propositions (review) When two compound propositions always have 

the same truth value, they are called equivalent.  

Conditional Statementp→qIf it snows, then I stay at home.

Contrapositive of p→q¬q→¬pIf I do not stay at home, then it does not snow.

p q p→qT T TT F FF T TF F T

¬q→¬pTFTT

Page 6: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Logical equivalence Compound propositions that have the same 

truth values in all cases are called logically equivalent.

The compound propositions v and w are called logically equivalent if v↔w is a tautology, denoted by v≡ w.(v↔w is true if v and w have the same truth value.)

Page 7: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Logical equivalence v↔w is a tautology.

The truth value of v↔w is always true.

v and w always have the same truth value.

v and w are logically equivalent (v≡ w).

Page 8: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Logical equivalence (example)p∧T ≡  p

p p∧TT TF F

p↔p∧TTT

Page 9: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Logical equivalence (example)p→q ≡  ¬p∨q

p ¬p∨qT TF TTF

qTTFF

¬pFTFT

FT

p→qTTFT

(¬p∨q)↔(p→q)TTTT

Page 10: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Truth table of compound proposition For each additional propositional variable, 

we need to double the number of rows in the truth tables.

In general, the truth table of a compound proposition that involves n propositional variables has 2n rows.

Page 11: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Distributive lawsp∨(q∧r) ≡  (p∨q)∧(p∨r)

p q r p∨(q∧r) (p∨q)∧(p∨r) p∨(q∧r) ↔ (p∨q)∧(p∨r)TTT T T TFTT T T TTFT T T TFFT T T TTTF T T TFTF F F TTFF F F TFFF F F T

Page 12: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Distributive lawsp∨(q∧r) 

≡  (p∨q)∧(p∨r) p∧(q∨r) 

≡  (p∧q)∨(p∧r)

Example:s∧(t∨r) is logically equivalent to:a. (s∨t)∧(s∨r) b. s∨(t∧r) c. (s∧t)∨(s∧r)

Page 13: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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De Morgan’s laws¬(p∨q) 

≡  ¬p ∧ ¬q ¬(p∧q) 

≡  ¬p ∨ ¬q

Example:¬s ∧ ¬r is logically equivalent to:a. ¬(s∨r)          b. s∨r c. ¬(s∧r)

Page 14: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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De Morgan’s laws

¬(p1 ∨ p2 … ∨ pn) ≡  ¬p1 ∧ ¬p2 … ∧ ¬pn  

¬(p1 ∧ p2 … ∧ pn) ≡  ¬p1 ∨ ¬p2 … ∨ ¬pn

Page 15: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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ExampleShow that ¬q∧(¬p∨q) ≡  ¬(p∨q) by developing a series 

of logical equivalences.Solution:¬q ∧ (¬p∨q) ≡(¬q∧¬p)∨(¬q∧q) ≡(¬q∧¬p) ∨F ≡(¬q∧¬p) ≡¬(q∨p) ≡¬(p∨q)

Page 16: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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ExampleIs p∨(¬(p∧q)) a tautology?Solution:p∨(¬(p∧q)) ≡p∨(¬p∨¬q) ≡(p∨¬p)∨¬q ≡T∨¬q ≡T

Page 17: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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ExampleUse De Morgan laws to find the negation of the following statement.

Jen walks or takes the bus to the class.Solution: Determine individual propositions

p: Jen walks. q: Jen takes the bus to the class.

Translate the statement to compound proposition p∨q

Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡

 ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English sentence

¬p:Jen does not walk.

¬q: Jen does not take the bus to the class.

¬p∧¬q:Jen does not walk and Jen does not take the bus to the class.

Page 18: Propositional Equivalences - eecs.yorku.ca · p∨q Find the negation of proposition (using De Morgan law) ¬ (p∨q) ≡ ¬p∧¬q Translate the negation of the proposition to English

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Recommended exercises1,4,6,7,9,13,17,32, Example 6,7,8