Professor Dr. Nafeeza Mohd Ismail

M.B.B.S.(Mal), Ph.D (UKM)Professor of Pharmacology

Faculty of MedicineUiTM

Drugs and YouASSIGNMENT

Indications Contraindications

drug can’t be given to patient

Absolute contraindication Definitely cannot be given as it has a high

risk of causing harm to patient

Relative contraindication Drug can be given with specific cautions

Common terminologies

Tolerance - a reduced response to a drug after

repeated administration of that drug. - larger doses must be given to get the

same magnitude of effect. - not with all drugs- very important with certain drugs

Common terminologies

Drug nomenclature

Chemical name: - N-acetyl-para-amino phenol

1.**Generic name** - Paracetamol

2. Trade/Proprietary name – Panadol, Tylenol etc.

Classification of drugs based on:

MOA: COX inhibitors

Organ system that it affects: CNS drugs, GIT drugs etc

Uses – anti-inflammatories, analgesics, bronchodilators

Routes of administration

Principles in Administering Medications

“5 Rights” of drug administration Right drug Right dose Right time Right patient Right route

Routes of administration - objectives

To describe the various routes of drug administration

To understand the advantages and disadvantages of the various routes of drug administration

Routes of administration

Routes of administration Enteral

enteral means to do with the GIT (gastrointestinal tract)

includes oral, buccal, and rectal.

Parenteral Not through the GIT Common routes - IV, IM, SC; but could also

include topical and inhalation.

Special – intravenous (i/v) Does not need to cross any membrane (skips

absorption process)

Oral - Advantages

Advantages Convenient (Relatively) Cheap Variety Conscious etc. Disadvantages

http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0702.html

Buccal/Sublingual Buccal tablets

held in mouth designed to dissolve slowly.

Sublingual tablet under the tongue rapidly absorbed. e.g. nitroglycerin may be used for the rapid relief

of angina.

Advantages: Disadvantages:

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Rectal Most commonly - suppository or enema. Advantages: Disadvantages:

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IntravenousDrugs may be given into a peripheral vein over 1 to 2 minutes or longer by infusion.

Advantages: Rapid - quick response

possible Total dose - delivered

blood stream. doses – infusion.

Disadvantages: Difficult to find suitable

vein. Toxicity a problem with

rapid administrations.

Diagram - Showing IV, IM, and SC Injectionhttp://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0704.html

Subcutaneous and Intramuscular

Subcutaneous This involves

administration of the drug dose just under the skin.

Intramuscular Larger volume, than

sc, can be given by IM

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0705.html

Other ROA – what it means &when is it used

• Inhalation

• Topical

• Other ROA's

• intra-nasal

• intra-arterial

• intrathecal

• http://www.boomer.org/c/p1/Ch07/Ch0706.html