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VIII Conference on Port Logistics and Transport The Ship – Technological Limits. Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram. Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion. Container shipping started in the 1950s. Rapid growth of ship size. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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VIII Conference on Port Logistics and Transport
The Ship – Technological Limits
Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram
No. 2
Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. 3
Container shipping started in the 1950s
No. 4
Rapid growth of ship size
first-generation ~1000 TEU
Panamax ~4500 TEU
Post-Panamax ~8000 TEU
Megaboxer >12000 TEU
since 1988
No. 5
Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. 6
Several factors limit ship size
Technical aspects: - limits for main dimensions- power- ...
“Soft” aspects: - available cargo- logistics- intermediate storage- ...
No. 7
Logistics may pose stricter limits
Questions to discuss:
- Do we have enough cargo to fill larger ships?
- Is it more economical to serve different slings?
- Do the economies of scale in transport outweigh the costs
for dredging, crane infrastructure, etc?
- Will the same turn-over time in port be feasible?
- ...
No. 8
Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. 9
Building facilities ?
Source: Hansa
Can we build bigger container ships?
No. 10
No problem
million-ton docks exist...
Source: Mitsubishi H.I.
No. 11
How about locks ?
Source: Hansa
Will they pass through the main shipping routes?
No. 12
Panama Canal as “bottleneck”
New locks:
lock ship
length 427.0 m 365.76 mwidth 55.0 m 48.77 mdepth 18.3 m 15.24 m
“New Panamax”:12000...13500 TEU
Figura 25 El proyecto del tercer juego de esclusas se construirá en el sitio de las excavaciones de 1939 dentro de áreas de funcionamiento del Canal
Figura 25 El proyecto del tercer juego de esclusas se construirá en el sitio de las excavaciones de 1939 dentro de áreas de funcionamiento del Canal
Figura 25 El proyecto del tercer juego de esclusas se construirá en el sitio de las excavaciones de 1939 dentro de áreas de funcionamiento del Canal
No. 13
Loa = 365.60 m < 365.76 m
B = 48.60 m < 48.77 m
T = 15.00 m < 15.24 m
“New Panamax” up to 13.400 TEU
all present vessels in Korea have this design
based on co-operative study of GL / HHI
No. 14
No increase in draught – Limits reached
10
11
12
13
14
15
162500
3500
4500
5500
6500
7500
8500
9500
10500
11500
12500
13500
14500
Ship Size in TEU
Dra
ught
No. 15
Offshore ports discussed in media
No. 16
How about cranes ?
Outreach ?
Will we need new terminals?
No. 17
Crane Outreach – Limits approached
No new terminals,but width “limited”
No. 18
Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. 19
Container ships need a lot of power
Main engine of 8200 TEU container ship:Max. power: 68650 kW
12 cylinder, 160 t/cylinder
Fuel consumption: 230 t/day at 25 kn
No. 20
New diesels for bigger ships
Single engine concept
so far maintained
JIT growth
of diesel engines
No. 21
So far just more cylinders added
Single Propeller / 2 Stroke Engine
12 Cylinder
P = 68.500 kWn = 104 min-1
m = 2150 tL = 24,6 m
14 Cylinder
P = 80.000 kWn = 104 min-1
m = 2400 tL = 28 m
16 Cylinder
P = 92.000 kWn = 104 min-1
m = 2650 tL = 31,5 m
No. 22
Limits reached for propeller loadingRudder cavitation as consequence of high propeller loading
No. 23
Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. 24
Global strength – No problem
Global strength analyses performed by GL
No. 25
Slamming loads & whipping – No problem
Dynamic analyses performed by GL
No. 26
Steel thickness no limiting factor
78 mm
Welding technologyhas progressed
Ultra-high tensile steels under development
No. 27
How about stacking containers?
No. 28
Limits reached in practice
ISO standard and GL rules limit stacking
More tiers only for lower weight of containers
a. 32 t per 40‘ container for 10 tierb. 29 t per 40‘ container for 11 tierc. 26 t per 40‘ container for 12 tier
No. 29
Larger dynamic forces on deck
No. 30
67 m
from
kee
l to
funn
el
Stacking limits reasonable height
34.3
0 m
32.4
6 m
Air draught up to 56.0 m
8 tie
rs =
23.
168m
3.4 m
~ 7.0 m
No. 31
Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. 32
Conclusion
• Growth of container ships not yet finished
• Strength of containers limits height
• “Maximum” draught reached
• Global strength can be handled by advanced engineering
• Twin-engine, twin-screw ships can push power limit
Larger ships technically feasible
No. 33
The End ?
Thank you for your attention
?