VIII Conference on Port Logistics and TransportThe Ship Technological LimitsProf.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram
No. * Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. * Container shipping started in the 1950s
No. * Rapid growth of ship sizefirst-generation ~1000 TEU
Panamax~4500 TEU
Post-Panamax~8000 TEU
Megaboxer>12000 TEUsince 1988
No. * Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. * Several factors limit ship sizeTechnical aspects:- limits for main dimensions - power - ... Soft aspects:- available cargo - logistics - intermediate storage - ...
No. * Logistics may pose stricter limitsQuestions to discuss:- Do we have enough cargo to fill larger ships? - Is it more economical to serve different slings? - Do the economies of scale in transport outweigh the costs for dredging, crane infrastructure, etc? - Will the same turn-over time in port be feasible? - ...
No. * Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. * Building facilities ?Source: HansaCan we build bigger container ships?
No. * No problemmillion-ton docks exist... Source: Mitsubishi H.I.
No. * How about locks ?Source: HansaWill they pass through the main shipping routes?
No. * Panama Canal as bottleneckNew locks:
lockship
length 427.0 m365.76 mwidth 55.0 m 48.77 mdepth 18.3 m 15.24 m
New Panamax:12000...13500 TEU
No. * Loa = 365.60 m < 365.76 mB = 48.60 m < 48.77 mT = 15.00 m < 15.24 mNew Panamax up to 13.400 TEU all present vessels in Korea have this design based on co-operative study of GL / HHI
No. * No increase in draught Limits reached
No. * Offshore ports discussed in media
No. * How about cranes ?Outreach ? Will we need new terminals?
No. * Crane Outreach Limits approachedNo new terminals, but width limited
No. * Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. * Container ships need a lot of powerMain engine of 8200 TEU container ship:Max. power: 68650 kW 12 cylinder, 160 t/cylinderFuel consumption: 230 t/day at 25 kn
No. * New diesels for bigger shipsSingle engine concept so far maintained
JIT growth of diesel engines
No. * So far just more cylinders addedSingle Propeller / 2 Stroke Engine12 CylinderP=68.500 kWn=104 min-1m=2150 tL=24,6 m14 CylinderP=80.000 kWn=104 min-1m=2400 tL=28 m16 CylinderP=92.000 kWn=104 min-1m=2650 tL=31,5 m
No. * Limits reached for propeller loadingRudder cavitation as consequence of high propeller loading
No. * Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. * Global strength No problemGlobal strength analyses performed by GL
No. * Slamming loads & whipping No problemDynamic analyses performed by GL
No. * Steel thickness no limiting factor78 mmWelding technology has progressed Ultra-high tensile steels under development
No. * How about stacking containers?
No. * Limits reached in practiceISO standard and GL rules limit stacking More tiers only for lower weight of containers a. 32 t per 40 container for 10 tier b. 29 t per 40 container for 11 tier c. 26 t per 40 container for 12 tier
No. * Larger dynamic forces on deck
No. * 67 m from keel to funnelStacking limits reasonable heightAir draught up to 56.0 m8 tiers = 23.168m 3.4 m~ 7.0 m
No. * Historical developmentLimiting factorsMain dimensionsSize and powerOther aspectsConclusion
No. * ConclusionGrowth of container ships not yet finishedStrength of containers limits heightMaximum draught reached Global strength can be handled by advanced engineeringTwin-engine, twin-screw ships can push power limit
Larger ships technically feasible
No. * The End ?Thank you for your attention?
Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*The air draught is not a design paramter for the shipyard. It is a request from the ownerGermanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008Name of SeminarName of SeminarGermanischer Lloyd 2008*Germanischer Lloyd 2008
![Parabola Cubica Imbunatatita - Prof.dr.Ing. Radu Constantin, CFDP [2001]](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/55cf9008550346703ba289a2/parabola-cubica-imbunatatita-profdring-radu-constantin-cfdp-2001.jpg?t=1653284881)
