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Whats so Advanced about Advanced Biofuels?
Advanced Biofuels
A Primer on Advanced BiofuelsWith Extra Slides for TeachersFor a Truly Sustainable Renewable Future
Advanced Biofuels USAwww.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org
1Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Ex r li
This teaching tool complements Whats so
vance
a out
vance
o ue s,
a s e
presentation about creating sustainable, low nput, g energy output renewa e qu
fuels. It includes, after the presentations, slides with
Questions and thoughts about the presentation Class projects adaptable to all ages Advanced class research suggestions
2Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA 3
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Economical Sustainable
Advanced Biofuels
Waste and Residues Use Existing Infrastructure
Transportation Increase Efficiencies in Biomass
Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA 4
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How will
We
Economicall
Produce
Renewable Advanced Biofuels?
, nutrient inputs and high per acre yields,
Identify agricultural
and
forestry
waste
and
Develop high conversion efficiency processing
breakthroughs in enzymatic and biochemical
5Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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How will
We
Economicall
Produce
Renewable Advanced Biofuels?
Utilize existing refinery, transportation and distribution s stems whenever necessar
Assure that complete production systems are , ,
and socially
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Overcoming the
Advanced Biofuel Production
1. Make all components of biomass available for biofuel production (Use the whole plant )2. Improve the efficiency of biomass to biofuel
conversion
(Do it
faster,
cheaper,
sustainably ). n m ze t e cost o omass transportat on
(Move more for less )
University, industry, and government researchersare pursuing a number of different paths toovercome these technical barriers
7Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Making Plant Biomass va a e or o ue ro uc on
1. Overcoming The Limits of Sugar Fermentation
Ethanol made from corn kernels or from sugar cane is ma e y a process ca e ermentation,
or anaerobic respiration. Only single or two unit , monosaccharide or
disaccharide, sugars can be used for ethanol fermentation
8Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Making Plant Biomass Ava a e or B o ue Pro uct on
1. Overcoming The Limits of Sugar Fermentation
These simple sugars, such as glucose, ,
limited supply in all plant cells walls,
So, supplies of biofuels produced from
na ura y occurr ng s mp e sugars are limited
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Making Plant
Biomass
Available for Biofuel Production
Additional simple sugars are available in plant and tree cell walls, but are in more complex forms that
production
Plant cell walls are composed primarily of three components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin
Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA 10
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Making Plant
Biomass
Available for Biofuel Production
Tree cell walls have an additional com onent li nin . This is the woody material that
gives trees
great
tensile
strength
Ce u ose, emice u ose, an pectin are composed of monosaccharides strung
toget er, t ey are ca e polysaccharides
polysaccharides and alcohols
Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA 11
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Making Plant Biomass
3. Biomass RecalcitranceA sim lified model showin the interaction of the ma or
Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin,& lignin intertwine to createcomplex cell wall matrices
polysaccharides in the cell wall
This complex structure protectsplants and trees from disease,
moves nutrients, and provides for
These complex structures alsorestrict access to the simplesu ar com onents
Current technologies to break upbiomass: acid, ammonia, steam,or ressure are ener and cost intensive
M. E. Himmel et al., Science 315,
804 -807 (2007) 12Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Making Plant Biomass Available for Biofuel Production
4. Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance
Researchers are pursuing four different
1. Reverse engineer plant cell wall genetics to
wall matrices
. ap m cro a ro ng enzymes o sso ve cell wall sugars
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Making Plant Biomass Available for Biofuel Production
4. Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance
Researchers are pursuing four different approac es o overcome omass recalcitrance
. ree p ants an trees w t ce wa structures more amenable to
4. Reduce costs and energy requ remen s o c em ca processes
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Making Plant Biomass Available for Biofuel Production
5. Examples of Research Results
University of Georgia researchers have discovered the genetic pathway for several types of plant biomass
Atlantic Biomass has adapted microbial enzymes to produce
soluble sugars from hemicellulose biomass North Carolina State researchers have produced fast growing
poplar trees with significantly lower proportions of lignin biomass
Michigan State researchers are working on a process to recycle ammonia , thereby reducing the cost of that biomass
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Goals
Expand types of biofuels produced beyond
Expand the types of plant sugars/alcohols or algae fats/oils that can be used as feedstocks
be converted to biofuel
Decrease the cost of conversion processes16Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Improve Conversion of Biomass to Biofuel Scientific Research Challenges
ermen a on s m e o pro uc ng a co o s such as ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
a limited number of sugars , no polysaccharides
can be used To pro uce ig er energy ue s; gaso ine, iese , or jet fuel, hydrocarbon compounds such as octane C H need to be roduced from lant biomass
To produce hydrocarbons from plant biomass, oxygen a oms ave o e remove rom sugars
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Improve Conversion of Biomass to Biofuel merg ng c ent c ec no og es
systems, such as the Virent aqueous reforming process converts sugars to hydrocarbons called alkanes.
Advantages: Can use a wide variety of polysaccharide sugars, has low energy inputs, adaptable to existing petroleum
re ner es Challenges: Need to increase amount of
omass car on trans erre to a anes18Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Improve Biomass to Biofuel Conversionmerg ng ec no og es
Pyrolysis/Rare Metal Cataylst : High ,
specific metal catalysts can produce liquid as well as gas hydrocarbons from biomass.
Advantages: Can use a wide variety of biomass,
does not
require
pre
processing
biomass
to
,
refineries Challen es: Need to increase amount of
biomass carbon transferred to hydrocarbons, current efficiency is about 18%, reduce energy
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Improve Biomass to Biofuel Conversionmerg ng ec no og es
Enz matic Process : Reducin enz mes can
remove oxygen
atoms
from
sugars
producing
compounds suitable for advanced biofuel
Advantages: Can use a wide variety of monosaccharide or polysaccharide sugars, has low energy inputs, adaptable to existing petroleum refineries
enzymes, reduce amount of biomass carbon released as CO2 during oxygen removal, requires biomass to sugar preprocessing
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Minimizing the Cost of Biomass Transportatione ransport onun rum
Cost Efficient Biorefinery? an omass s ow ens y ow
value bulky material , transporting
expensive
Fuels are high density, high value liquids, long distance transportation
y train or pipe ine is economica21Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Minimizing the Cost of Biomass Transportation
The Transport
ConudrumLimitations of 1st Generation Ethanol Production
production plants is limited by the amount of cro that can be economicall trucked to theplant
Production plants can not take advantage of economies of scale
Production plants may not operate year roundbecause of harvest patterns
Production plants may not be able to switchcrops o re uce cos s ecause o onger ranspor
distances 22Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA
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Cellulosic Ethanol1st Generation Production System
Limited to Individual Crops, Growing Seasons & One Biofuel Market
Step 1Biomass Production
Limited to One Crop perPlant
Step 2Ethanol Production
CentralizedBiorefineries
Agricultural ResiduesPectin, hemicelluloses,
cellulose
Sugar-to-EthanolConversion
Fermentation Yeast or Bacterial
Byproducts Animal Feed
EthanolHarvestingMechanical
Pretreatment
Medium to Long-HaulTruck
HarvestingMechanical
Energy GrassesPrairie and salt resistant
2
Sugar-to-Ethanol
Conversion
Ethanol
Pretreatment
Forest Biomass
Hemicelluloses, cellulose
Medium to Long-HaulTruck
Yeast or Bacterial
Su ar-to-Ethanol Ethanol
Animal Feed CO2
Trees, Processing Waste,Black Liquor
Lignin, hemicelluloses,
arves ngMechanical
PretreatmentConversion
Fermentation Yeast or Bacterial
Byproducts Animal Feed CO2
Atlantic Biomass Conversions, Inc.
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Minimizing the Cost of Biomass Transportationrea ng t e ransport onun rum
Separating biorefinery functions is an answer to theconundrum1. Conversion of biomass to high density liquid sugars or other
intermediate com ounds would occur at a network of decentralized, low capital facilities, often colocated with grainelevators
2. Intermediate liquids (Green Crude) would be transported bytruck or rail to existing petroleum refineries
3. Existing petroleum refineries would be retrofitted to utilizeintermediates as a feedstock alternative to oil
4. Biofuel production would be year round , utilizing a variety of different biomass sources harvested at different times of year
.one facility, provides market response flexibility
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Multiple Biomass/Multiple BiofuelDecentralized/Centralized Production System TM
Year-Round Production/Multiple Fuel Markets
Ste 1 Ste 2 Ste 3 Multiple Biomass ProductionSustainable in Selected
Environments
Biofuel PrecursorProduction
Decentralized, LowCapital Costs
Biofuel ProductionCentralized
Existing Refineries
Agricultural Residues
Pectin, hemicelluloses,cellulose
Biofuels ProducedBioJet Fuels (JP-8, Jet-A)Ship Gas Turbine BiofuelsHigh Performance BioDiesel
-Crop Processors
Short-HaulTruck
HarvestingMechanical
Pretreatment
ChemicalCommon-UseC5/C6 Sugars
and Multiple Biofuel
High Performance BioGasoline
Energy GrassesPrairie and salt resistant
Hemicelluloses, cellulose
Production Existing HydrocarbonRefinery Processes
Forest Biomass Trees, Processing Waste,
Black LiquorLi nin hemicelluloses
ugar- o-HydrocarbonConversion
Biochemical,Enzymatic, & HybridUnit Train or
Atlantic Biomass Conversions, Inc.
ys emsPipelineTransport
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biofuels can be transported. What makes
Discuss: An important element of use sustainable practices to grow energy
.
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platforms for converting biomass to advanced biofuels. Devise experiments that you can do in your
classroom to demonstrate one or more of these technologies. Visit a local cellulosic or advanced biofuels
production facility. Take pictures/video and write an article or produce a web article about w at you earne .
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What does biomass conversion mean?
Give examples
of
processes
used
to
convert
biomass
to biofuels.
technologies using different feedstocks.
Which are most efficient? What price should be paid to growers for various crops to assure that energy crops will be grown
Analyze for areas in your state. Would there be different answers for growers in different areas?
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derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, if any. Discuss what kinds of advanced biofuels could be developed from
these sugars. Describe the process. Write an analysis of possible biofuels feedstock that could be grown in your area for
an a vance o ue s re nery. ou your region produce enough to support building a
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Whats so Advanced about Advanced Biofuels?
Find out
more:
www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org
or a ru y us a na e, enewa e
Future
Copyright 2008 Advanced Biofuels USA 30