PRODUCTION OF FOAMED CONCRETE WITH A METHOD OF MIXING
Norasyikin ht. Md. Yusof
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)
2009
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA WAK
BORANGPENGESAHAN
JUDUL: PRODUCTION OF FOAMED CONCRETE WITH A METHOD OF MIXING
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009-2010
Saya NORASYIKIN BT. MD YUSOF (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini elisimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat
salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat
salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan ( ...j ) eli kotak yang berkenaan
D SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap: Pos l14A Bt 5 1f4 JIn Muar, Mukim 2 Bagan,
DR MOHAMMAD IBRAHIM SAF A WI (Nama Penyelia)
Tarikh:
Catatan:
83000 Batu Pahat, Johor.
Tarikh: ---------------- ----------------
* Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasaJorganisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
This project report attached here to, entitle "PRODUCTION OF FOAMED
CONCRETE WITH A METHOD OF MIXING" prepared and submitted by
NORASYIKIN BT. MD YUSOF (13431) as a partial fulfillment of the requirement
for degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honors in Civil Engineering is hereby
read and approve by:
(Dr Mohammad Ibrahim Safawi)
Project Supervisor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Date:
PRODUCTION OF FOAMED CONCRETE WITH A METHOD OF MIXING
NORASYIKIN BT. MD. YUSOF
This project is submitted to Faculty of Engineering,
University Malaysia Sarawak in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2009
For my beloved father and mother,
Sister, Brother in law, younger brother and fiance
Thanks for everything.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, first and foremost, thank you to Allah S.W.T with His
companion, guidance, and wishes this project complete successfully. Thanks to my
supervisor, Dr. Mohd Ibrahim Safawi B.Mohd Zain for his help, guidance and
attention in accomplishing this thesis successfully.
Special thanks also for UNIMAS Civil Engineering Laboratory technicians
En Nur Adha b. Hj Abdul Wahab for their help and cooperation during laboratory
work. Their willingness to share their knowledge and time with me during the
research is a valuable experience.
I would like to express my utmost thanks and gratitude to my beloved family,
my mother, father, sister, brother in law, younger brother and my fiance. I would
never have been able to complete this thesis without your continuous love and
support.
Lastly, not forgetting to all my coursemates and friends, who give me support
and help whenever I needed them.
ABSTRACT
In the history of the construction industry, lightweight concrete or foamed
concrete is a special concrete which can very useful in the construction sector
because it is very lightweight and it can compact by itself at each angle of foamwork.
Many researchers have been done in overseas, and show that foamed concrete is free
flowing material which is ideal for wide range of application. Moreover, material
used to produce concrete is cheap to normal concrete. The objective of this thesis is
to determine strength of concrete by using different material such as superplasticizer
and without using superplasticizer follow by mixing by using water and without
using water. The addition of chemical admixture such as superplasticizer (in the
form of liquid) can help achieve as it can produce mortar of normal workability but
with an extremely high strength owing to a very substantial reduction in the
water/cement ratio. There are three test that been through at concrete laboratory such
as Flow Table Test, Curing Test and Strength test in order to understand and look out
character of the concrete. An inspection from this project can show the nature of
foamed concrete when strength test will be done.
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ABSTRAK
Dalam sejarah industri pembinaan, konkrit ringan atau konkrit busa adalah
konkrit khas yang amat berguna dalam industry pembinaan kerana sifatnya yang
ringan dan boleh mampat dengan sendiri di dalam setiap ruang acuan. Banyak kajian
yang telah dijalankan di luar Negara, menunjukkan bahawa konkrit busa mempunyai
sifat yang mengalir dengan sendiri di mana ianya digunakan secara meluas.
Tambahan lagi, bahan yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan konkrit ini murah dan
dapat mengurangkan kos pembinaan. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk
menentukan kekuatan konkrit dengan mengunakan bahan yang berbeza seperti bahan
menggunkan superpemplastikan dan tidak mengunakan bahan superpemplastikan
diikuti dengan campuran yang mengandungi air dan campuran yang tidak
menggunkan air. Penambahan bahan tambah kimia seperti superpemplastikan
(dalam bentuk cecair) dapat membantu untuk menghasilkan ciri yang lebih baik
dengan menghasilkan mortar dengan kebolehkerjaan biasa bagi mempunyai kekuatan
yang tinggi apabila nisbah airlsimen dikurangkan. Terdapat tiga jenis ujian yang
dijalankan seperti ujian kebolehkerjaan, ujian rendaman dan ujian kekuatan untuk
mengetahui dan melihat sifat-sifat concrete tersebut. Pemerhatian daripada kajian ini
menunjukkan sifat konkrit buih apabila ujian kekuatan dilaksanakan.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT II
ABSTRAK III
TABLE OF CONTENT IV
LIST OF TABLE VIll
LIST OF FIGURE IX
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives of Study 2
1.3 Limitation of Study 2
1.4 Outline of the Thesis 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Foam Concrete 6
2.3 Type of Foamed concrete
2.3.1 Wet Foam 8
2.3.2 Dry Foam 8
2.4 Method of mixing 9
IV
2.4.1 Inline System (Wet Method)
2.4.2 Inline System (Dry Method)
2.4.3 Pre-foamed Method
2.5 Water Cement Ratio
2.6 Strength Criteria
2.7 Material Properties
2.8 Characteristic of Foamed Concrete
2.9 Typical Application
2.10 Mixer
2.10.1 Drum Mixer
2.10.2 Rotating Drum Mixer
2.11 Superplasticizer
2.11.1 Nature of Superplasticizer
2.11.2 Advantages of Superplasticizer
2.11.3 Characteristic of mortar using Superplasticizer
2.12 Pozzolan
2.13 Pulverised Fuel Ash
2.12.1 Benefit of Fly Ash
2.14 Properties of Mortar
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1
3.2
3.3
General
Preparation of Foamed Concrete
Mixing Procedure
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10
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12
13
13
14
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18
19
20
22
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26
29
32
32
33
3.3.1 Mixing with Super plasticizer 33
3.3.2 Mixing without Super plasticizer 34
3.4 Equipment 35
3.4.1 Flow Table Test 35
3.4.2 Drum Mixer 36
3.4.3 Mortar Mixer 36
3.4.4 Foam Generator 37
3.4.5 Air Compressor 38
3.4.6 Cylinder 38
3.4.7 Formwork 39
3.5 Material use in Experiment 40
3.5.1 Cement 40
3.5.2 Water 41
3.5.3 Sand 41
3.5.4 Forming agent 42
3.5.5 Super Plasticizer 42
3.5.6 Pozzolan 43
3.6 Experimental Program 43
3.6.1 Casting 45
3.6.2 Curing 46
3.7 Production of Foamed Concrete 46
3.7.1 Flow Table Test 47
3.7.2 Strength Test 48
3.7 Summary 48
VI
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Compressive Strength Test
4.3 Mortar Flow Test
4.4 Summary
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 General
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
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68
LIST OF TABLE
Tables Page
Table 2.1 Typical Properties of Foamed Concrete 13
Table 2.2 Main Features and Characteristic of Foamed Concrete 16
Table 2.3 Classification, Composition and Particle charact
