PROCESSOR CHEMISTRYPROCESSOR CHEMISTRY

PROCESSOR COMPARTMENTSPROCESSOR COMPARTMENTS

DEVELOPMENT

FIXINGWASHING

DRYING

AUTOMATIC PROCESSORAUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR DAYLIGHT SYSTEMDAYLIGHT SYSTEM

FEEDING FILM INTO THE FEEDING FILM INTO THE PROCESSORPROCESSOR

PROCESSOR

FEED TRAY

FUNCTIONS OF HFUNCTIONS OF H22O IN O IN PROCESSORPROCESSOR

WETTING AGENT--DEVELOPERWETTING AGENT--DEVELOPER SOLVENT—FIXER & DEVELOPERSOLVENT—FIXER & DEVELOPER

SOLVENTSOLVENT

MEDIUM IN WHICH OTHER MEDIUM IN WHICH OTHER CHEMICALS ARE DISSOLVED OR CHEMICALS ARE DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED.SUSPENDED.

WETTING AGENT WETTING AGENT

AGENT CAUSING THE GELATIN OF AGENT CAUSING THE GELATIN OF THE FILM EMULSION TO SWELL AND THE FILM EMULSION TO SWELL AND ALLOWS REACTION OF THE ALLOWS REACTION OF THE DEVELOPER CHEMICALS WITH THE DEVELOPER CHEMICALS WITH THE FILM EMULSION COMPONENTS. FILM EMULSION COMPONENTS.

FUNCTION OF FUNCTION OF DEVELOPERDEVELOPER

CONVERSION OF THE IONIC CONVERSION OF THE IONIC CHAINS OF SILVER INTO BLACK CHAINS OF SILVER INTO BLACK METALLIC SILVERMETALLIC SILVER

AgAg+1+1+ -e+ -e AgAg00

DEVELOPER:DEVELOPER:

LATENT IMAGELATENT IMAGE MANIFEST IMAGEMANIFEST IMAGE

DEVELOPER

DEVELOPER COMPONENTSDEVELOPER COMPONENTS

REDUCING AGENT IREDUCING AGENT I REDUCING AGENT IIREDUCING AGENT II BUFFERING AGENTBUFFERING AGENT RESTRAINERRESTRAINER PRESERVATIVEPRESERVATIVE HARDENERHARDENER SOLVENTSOLVENT

PHENIDONEPHENIDONE HYDROQUINONEHYDROQUINONE SODIUM CARBONATESODIUM CARBONATE POTASSIUM BROMIDEPOTASSIUM BROMIDE SODIUM SULFITESODIUM SULFITE GLUTERALDEHYDEGLUTERALDEHYDE WATERWATER

REDUCING AGENTS REDUCING AGENTS

SUPPLY ELECTRONS FOR SUPPLY ELECTRONS FOR REDUCTION OF IONIC SILVER REDUCTION OF IONIC SILVER INTO METALLIC FORM.INTO METALLIC FORM.

PHENIDONEPHENIDONE –ACTS QUICKLY, –ACTS QUICKLY, PRODUCES GRAY TONES IN THE PRODUCES GRAY TONES IN THE IMAGE.IMAGE.

HYDROQUINONEHYDROQUINONE– ACTS SLOWLY, – ACTS SLOWLY, PRODUCES BLACK TONES IN THE PRODUCES BLACK TONES IN THE IMAGEIMAGE

HYDROQUINONE + PHENIDONEHYDROQUINONE + PHENIDONE

SYNERGISTIC REACTION ( WORK SYNERGISTIC REACTION ( WORK TOGETHER TO PRODUCE THE TOGETHER TO PRODUCE THE MANIFEST IMAGE. MANIFEST IMAGE.

REDUCTION ACTIONREDUCTION ACTION

--

REDUCING ACTIONREDUCING ACTION

HYDROQUINONE

PHENIDONE

BUFFERING AGENT BUFFERING AGENT PRODUCES ALKALINE PRODUCES ALKALINE ( BASIC) pH + SWELLS ( BASIC) pH + SWELLS EMULSIONEMULSION

PHPH

ACIDICACIDIC ALKALINEALKALINE1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

DEVELOPER pHDEVELOPER pH

ALKALINE !!!!

RESTRAINERRESTRAINER

ANTIFOGGING AGENT + ANTIFOGGING AGENT + MAINTAINS PROPER ACTIVITY MAINTAINS PROPER ACTIVITY OF THE REDUCING AGENTSOF THE REDUCING AGENTS

PRESERVATIVEPRESERVATIVE

CONTROLS OXIDATION CONTROLS OXIDATION

SUL-FITE --- FIGHTS OXIDATION.SUL-FITE --- FIGHTS OXIDATION.

Maintains balance of developer Maintains balance of developer components.components.

HARDENERHARDENER

REDUCES EMULSION SWELLING+ REDUCES EMULSION SWELLING+ HARDENS EMULSION+ PROVIDES HARDENS EMULSION+ PROVIDES ARCHIVAL QUALITYARCHIVAL QUALITY

SOLVENTSOLVENT

DISSOLVES CHEMICALSDISSOLVES CHEMICALS

WETTING AGENTWETTING AGENT

ALLOWS PENETRATION OF THE ALLOWS PENETRATION OF THE FILM EMULSION BY DEVELOPER FILM EMULSION BY DEVELOPER CHEMICALSCHEMICALS

WETTING AGENTWETTING AGENT

WATER

FIXER CHEMICALSFIXER CHEMICALS

FIXING AGENTFIXING AGENT

ACTIVATORACTIVATOR HARDENERHARDENER PRESERVATIVEPRESERVATIVE BUFFERBUFFER SOLVENTSOLVENT

AMMONIUM AMMONIUM THIOSULFATETHIOSULFATE

ACETIC ACIDACETIC ACID POTASSIUM ALUMPOTASSIUM ALUM SODIUM SULFITESODIUM SULFITE ACETATEACETATE WATERWATER

FIXING AGENT ( CLEARING)FIXING AGENT ( CLEARING)

REMOVES UNDEVELOPED AgBr REMOVES UNDEVELOPED AgBr

FROM EMULSION. FROM EMULSION.

HYPORETENTIONHYPORETENTION

RETENTION OF THE FIXING AGENT IN RETENTION OF THE FIXING AGENT IN THE EMULSION. IT PRODUCES THE EMULSION. IT PRODUCES BROWN DISCOLORATION ON THE BROWN DISCOLORATION ON THE FILM. IT CAUSES POOR ARCHIVAL FILM. IT CAUSES POOR ARCHIVAL QUALITY OF THE FILM.QUALITY OF THE FILM.

HYPORETENTIONHYPORETENTION

ACTIVATORACTIVATOR

STOPS THE DEVELOPMENT STOPS THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS BY PRODUCING PROCESS BY PRODUCING ACIDIC Ph. IT NEUTRALIZES ACIDIC Ph. IT NEUTRALIZES RESIDUAL DEVELOPER. RESIDUAL DEVELOPER.

ACTIVATORACTIVATOR

DEVELOPER FIXER

FIXER pHFIXER pH

ACIDIC

HARDENERHARDENER

HARDENS EMULSION FOR EASY HARDENS EMULSION FOR EASY TRANSPORT OF THE FILM TRANSPORT OF THE FILM THROUGH THE PROCESSOR. THROUGH THE PROCESSOR. ENSURES RAPID DRYING. ENSURES RAPID DRYING.

INADEQUATE HARDENINGINADEQUATE HARDENING

PRESERVATIVE PRESERVATIVE

CHEMICAL BALANCECHEMICAL BALANCE

BUFFERBUFFER

MAINTAINS ACIDIC pHMAINTAINS ACIDIC pH

DEVELOPER vs FIXER DEVELOPER vs FIXER pH?pH?

DEVELOPER FIXER

SOLVENT SOLVENT

WATERWATER

WASHINGWASHING

H20

DRYINGDRYING