Principles Pervious Concrete Testing

Principles Pervious Principles Pervious Concrete Testing

Charles Mitchell, P.E.

[email protected]

www.specializedengineering.com

Test Methods for Previous C tConcrete

Plastic TestHardened Sample TestsHardened Sample TestsIn-situ Tests


Test Methods Specific to P i C tPrevious Concrete

2 current ASTM tests ASTM C1688 – Density & Void Contenty ASTM C1701 – In Place Infiltration

3 draft test methods in ASTM3 draft test methods in ASTM Committee C09.49 (2012) Compressive Strength Compressive Strength Surface Durability Hardened Density & Porosity Hardened Density & Porosity


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10aASTM C1688/C1688M 10a

Standard Test Method forD i d V id C f F hlDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

Method not listed in ACI 522.1-08Method not listed in ACI 522.1 08 (Specification for Pervious Concrete Pavement)1.6.2 & 1.6.5.1 reference C138/C29 jiggingACI 522R-10 (Report on Pervious Concrete) ( p )references C1688Use C1688, not C138/C29 jiggingMake sure mix design density references C1688


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

Purpose:Compare density and void content ofCompare density and void content of freshly mixed pervious concrete with mix design values (± 5 pcf per ACI 522R-10) des g a ues ( 5 pc pe C 5 0)

Note: “Test results are not intended to represent the in-place density and void content”


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

Appa at sApparatus

BalanceStandard Proctor HammerMeasure (1/4 cf - similar to ASTM C231 pressure meter)Strike off plateStrike off plateScoop


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

P oced eProcedure

Moisten inside of measure and weighf f f fPlace on flat, level surface free from

vibrationFill in 2 layers, approximately equal thickness20 hammer drops per layer


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

1st Layer Consolidationay o o da o


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

2nd Layer (heaping)ay ( ap g)


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

2nd (Final) La e2nd (Final) Layer

After 10 hammer drops:If t h t dd If not enough concrete, add more

If too much concrete, remove some

Complete 2nd layer with 10 more hammer drops (20 total)


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

2nd Layer consolidationay o o da o


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

P oced e (cont )Procedure (cont.)

Strike offC 2/3 & ithd ith i ti Cover 2/3 & withdraw with sawing motion

Cover same 2/3 & advance with sawing timotion

Finish with several sawing motion strokes with inclined edge of platewith inclined edge of plate

Weigh measure with concrete


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

1st Strike offo


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

Finish Screedingd g


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

Calc lationCalculation


ASTM C1688/C1688M – 10a

Final Weight & Calculatea g & a u a


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09ASTM C1701/C1701M 09

Standard Test Method forI fil i R f I PlInfiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

Purpose:Purpose:Determination of the field water i filt ti t f i l iinfiltration rate of in place pervious concrete (surface)

Restrictions:Does not determine if bottom of pervious pconcrete is clogged, and does not determine infiltration of underlying


y gdrainage layer and soil

ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

Appa at sApparatus

Infiltration ring - 12±½” diameterBalanceContainer – 5 gallonsStop WatchPlumbers PuttyPlumbers PuttyWater


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

Appa at sApparatus


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

Test LocationsTest Locations

3 tests for up to 25,000 sffAdditional tests each 10,000 sf

Minimum 3’ between test locationsDon’t test if standing water on surfaceDon’t test within 24 hours ofDon t test within 24 hours of precipitation


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

Infilt ation Ring InstallationInfiltration Ring Installation

Clean surface by broomingfApply plumbers putty on bottom of ring

Place ring on pervious concrete surfacePress putty into surface and around ring edge, use more putty if needededge, use more putty if needed


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

P e ettingPrewetting

Pour 8 lbs. of water into ringf fMaintain a head of ½” inside of ring

Determine time from start until no free water is on surfaceDetermine water quantity for testDetermine water quantity for test 40 lbs. if time is less than 30 seconds 8 lbs if time is 30 seconds or more 8 lbs. if time is 30 seconds or more


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

TestTest

Start within 2 minutes of prewettingfRecord the weight of water to be used

Pour water into ringMaintain a head of ½” inside of ringDetermine time from start until no freeDetermine time from start until no free water is on surface


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

Calc lateCalculate


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

Repo tReport

Test locationsDateAge of Pervious ConcretePrewetting timeAmount of last rainAmount of last rain Weight of water used for test


ASTM C1701/C1701M – 09

Repo tReport

Inside diameter of ringTime elapsed during testInfiltration rateNote retests if any


ACI 522R-10

Single ing infilt ometeSingle-ring infiltrometer


Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete

ACI 522R-10ACI 522R-10Affected by mix proportions and

ti ff tcompaction effortStrength dependent on porosityC39 has not proven effectiveVariable porosity (and strength) withVariable porosity (and strength) with depth of in place pervious concrete


Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete

ACI 522R-10 (cont )ACI 522R-10 (cont.)Field cores differ significantly from cast

li dcylindersRelation between w/cm and comp. strength unlike conventional concrete High w/cm = low porosity Low w/cm = reduced durability


Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 Task G o pASTM C09.49 Task Group

There have been 4 sets of testingThere have been 4 sets of testing performed under the task group

2008200820092010 (Jan & Dec)


Compressive Strength of Pervious ConcreteASTM C09 49 T k GASTM C09.49 Task Group

200820085 labs participated, making 8 batches totalEach lab mixed their own batches with locallyEach lab mixed their own batches with locally available materials, made and tested their own cylinders4x8 and 6x12 cylinders were madePad caps and sulfur caps were usedConsolidation was by proctor hammer6x12 consolidation – 3 lifts – 10 blows/lift4x8 consolidation 2 lifts 5 blows/lift4x8 consolidation – 2 lifts – 5 blows/lift



2008 l i2008 conclusionsIt was decided that compressive strength of pervious concrete should not be measured using durometerconcrete should not be measured using durometerpads (ASTM C 1231)The variability of compressive strength testing of pervious concrete is 3 times higher than conventional concrete.This variability of compressive strength is so highThis variability of compressive strength is so high that the current method of testing will not produce data that can be relied upon.



2008 l i ( t )2008 conclusions (cont.)It may be necessary to cast 4" x 4" cylinders, or 6" x 6" cylinders Casting 4x8s or 6x12s and cutting them6 cylinders. Casting 4x8s or 6x12s and cutting them in half may also work, but this was not universally agreed upon.It may also be necessary to increase the number of blows to reduce the coefficient of variability down to acceptable levels.acceptable levels.



2009 th d l2009 methodology5 labs participatedEach lab mixed their own batch with locally availableEach lab mixed their own batch with locally available materials, made and tested their own cylinders4x8 and 4x4 cylinders were madeySulfur and gypsum caps were used



2009 th d l ( t )2009 methodology (cont.)Consolidation with standard proctor hammer4x8 consolidation 2 lifts4x8 consolidation – 2 lifts 5 &10 blows/lift Sawn and unsawn tops

4x4 consolidation – 1 lift 5 &10 blows/lift

C i b lfCapping by sulfur or gypsum



2009 C l i2009 ConclusionsHigh variability of compressive strength testing of pervious concrete compared to conventionalpervious concrete compared to conventional concrete.Do a trial with cylinders made at the same lab tested at various labs



2010 (J ) M th d l2010 (Jan.) Methodology3 labs participated2 labs mixed their own batch with locally available2 labs mixed their own batch with locally available materials, and made their own cylinders – each lab made 18 cylinders with 6 to be tested at each of the 3 labs4x8 cylinders were made – 2 layersC lid ti ith t d d t hConsolidation with standard proctor hammer



2010 (J ) M th d l ( t )2010 (Jan.) Methodology (cont.)After 10 days of moist room curing, 12 of the cylinders from Lab 1 were mailed to Lab 2 and 6cylinders from Lab 1 were mailed to Lab 2, and 6 were transported from Lab 2 to Lab 3After 10 days of moist room curing, 6 of the cylinders from Lab 2 were mailed to Lab 1, and 6 were transported from Lab 2 to Lab 3Sulfur capping used by Labs 1 & 2 and gypsum capsSulfur capping used by Labs 1 & 2 and gypsum caps were used by Lab 3



2010 (D ) M th d l2010 (Dec.) Methodology6 labs participated1 lab obtained 3 samples from Ready Mix trucks and1 lab obtained 3 samples from Ready Mix trucks and made cylinders by 2 technicians – each technician made 18 cylinders from each batch with 3 to be tested at each of the 6 labs4x8 cylinders were made



2010 (D ) M th d l ( t )2010 (Dec.) Methodology (cont.)1st set - consolidation with standard proctor hammer, 2 layers 10 drops/layer hand finish surface2 layers, 10 drops/layer, hand finish surface2nd set - consolidation with Marshall hammer, 1 layer, 5 drops/layer, no hand finishing3rd set - consolidation with Marshall hammer, 2 layers, 5 drops/layer, no hand finishing



2010 (D ) C l i2010 (Dec.) ConclusionConsolidation with standard proctor hammer, 2 layers 10 drops/layer hand finish surfacelayers, 10 drops/layer, hand finish surface Lowest Standard Deviation Lowest Coefficient of Variability


ASTM draft – Compressive StrengthASTM draft Compressive Strength

Standard Test Method forC i S h f P iCompressive Strength of PerviousConcrete (Proposed)


ASTM draft – Compressive Strength

Purpose:Determine the compressive strength ofDetermine the compressive strength of hardened pervious concrete cylinders. The cylinders are molded using freshThe cylinders are molded using fresh pervious concrete.

Note: “Test results are not intended to represent the in-place compressive strength”place compressive strength



Appa at sApparatus

4x8 cylinder mold & collarStandard Proctor HammerScoopBalance



Purpose:Determine the compressive strength ofDetermine the compressive strength of hardened pervious concrete cylinders. The cylinders are molded using freshThe cylinders are molded using fresh pervious concrete.

Note: “Test results are not intended to represent the in-place compressive strength”place compressive strength


ASTM draft – Compressive StrengthP d M ldi C li dProcedure – Molding Cylinders

Fill in 2 layers, approximately equal thicknessthickness20 hammer drops per layer

dUse collar for 2nd layer


ASTM draft – Compressive StrengthP d C i C li dProcedure – Curing Cylinders

Initial curing similar to C31Do not remove molds in fewer thanDo not remove molds in fewer than 6 daysLaboratory curing in moist room


ASTM draft – Compressive StrengthP d T i C li dProcedure – Testing Cylinders

Allow cylinder to drain 5 minutesRemove surface waterRemove surface waterWeigh and measureCap – ASTM C617 (sulfur or gypsum – no pad caps)gypsum no pad caps)Test – ASTM C39


ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityASTM draft Surface Durability

Standard Test Method forD i i P i l R iDetermining Potential Resistance to Degradation of Pervious Concrete by Impact and Abrasion (Proposed)


ASTM draft – Surface Durability

Purpose:Purpose:Evaluate the potential resistance to degradation by impact and abrasion of pervious concreteby impact and abrasion of pervious concrete mixtures. Allows the comparison of the relative potential resistance to raveling of pervious pote t a es sta ce to a e g o pe ousconcrete mixtures of varying proportions and raw materials. Note: Test method not for cores


ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityAApparatus

BalanceBalanceMarshall hammer4x8 cylinder moldLA Abrasion machineLA Abrasion machine1” SieveRuler


ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityP d M ldi C li dProcedure – Molding Cylinders

Get C1688 densityGet C1688 densityCalculate mass needed to fill 4x8 mold halfwayWeigh out calculated mass in moldWeigh out calculated mass in moldDrop mold 10 times on level, rigid

f f h i ht f 1”surface from a height of 1”


ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityProcedure – Molding Cylinders (cont.)

Use Marshall Hammer toUse Marshall Hammer to consolidate sample to 4” heightCap to prevent moisture loss


ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityProcedure – Curing Cylinders

Initial curing similar to C31Initial curing similar to C31Cure at 70-76°F until cylinders are 7 days old


ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityTest Procedure

Remove moldsRemove moldsWeigh 3 cylindersPlace 3 cylinders together in LA Abrasion machine with no chargesAbrasion machine with no charges for 500 revolutionsH d i 1” iHand sieve on 1” sieveWeigh material retained on 1” sieveg


ASTM draft – Surface DurabilityCalculate

Divide the mass loss by the originalDivide the mass loss by the original mass of the three cylinders and

lti l b 100multiply by 100.Record the mass loss as a percentage of the original mass.


ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete Density & Porosity

Standard Test Method forD i d V id C f P iDensity and Void Content of PerviousConcrete (Proposed)


ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P iDensity & Porosity

Summary:Summary:A specimen of hardened pervious concrete is measured to determine its volume Themeasured to determine its volume. The specimen is subsequently dried to constant mass and immersed to determine the ass a d e sed to dete e t esubmerged mass. Void content is calculated using the difference between the total volume and the displaced volume when submerged.


ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i ADensity & Porosity - Apparatus

BalanceBalanceJaw CalipersThermometerWater BathWater BathOvenMallet


ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i S lDensity & Porosity - Sample

4” cylinders approximately the4 cylinders approximately the same length as the in-place

tpavementor

4” diameter core


ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i S l PDensity & Porosity – Sample Prep.

Trim cylinder or core so ends areTrim cylinder or core so ends are generally perpendicular to sidesLight brushing to remove loose particlespMeasure length and diameter


ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i D iDensity & Porosity – Drying

Method AMethod A 100°F for 24 hours = 1 cycle

W i h ft h l til l th 0 5% Weigh after each cycle until less than 0.5% mass loss between cycles

M th d BMethod B 230°F for 24 hours then weigh after

licooling Additional 2 hour cycles at 230°F until less

than 0 5% mass loss between cyclesthan 0.5% mass loss between cycles


ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i W B hDensity & Porosity – Water Bath

Submerge for 30 minutesSubmerge for 30 minutesTap specimen 10 times with malletDetermine submerged massDetermine water temperatureDetermine water temperature


ASTM draft – Hardened Concrete D i & P i C l l iDensity & Porosity – Calculation

Density = A / VDensity = A / V A = Dry mass of the specimen

V V l f i f i V = Volume of specimen from measuring

Void Content = [1-((A-B)/ ρw)/V]x100 B = submerged mass of the specimen ρw = density of water at temperature of the ρ y p

water bath


O h TOther TestsSubgrade Infiltration Testing (note: aSubgrade Infiltration Testing (note: a rate less than 0.52in/hr acceptable for pervious) - Double Ring Infiltrometer,pervious) Double Ring Infiltrometer, ASTM D 3385


O h TOther TestsASTM D3665, random core locationASTM D3665, random core locationASTM C42, Coring, 3 cores/5,000 sfASTM C174 Core Thickness ½”ASTM C174, Core Thickness, -½”, +1½”

f dASTM C140, Density of Core, density +/- 5 pcf (until new pervious density is

d)approved)


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Principles Pervious Concrete Testing