7
 Principles of Teaching Principles of Te aching – refers to the psychological laws of learning educational concepts and the rules of practice upon which all educational procedures are formed. Elements of Teaching and Learning  Teachers Learners  Conductive Learning Environmental/Favorable Environment Teacher is the prime mover of the educational wheel. Learner are the key participants in the learning process. Favorable Environment provides essentials features and ingredients that make a headway in giving the processes and methodologies needed for a smooth linkage among the three elements. CONJU!"E !N LE#$N!N% EN"!$ON&ENT' The room should be big enough Students should provided with comfortable seats Well Arrange Seats Well entilated !lassrooms should be light !lassrooms should be clean Should be observant to the students Environment should favorable in learning The Learner is an embodied spirit. The Learners is e"uipped with cognitive as well as appetitiv e faculties. CO%N!T!"E F#C!L!T!E' ense #see$ hear$ feel$ taste and smell whatever is to be learned% !nstinct # natural or ac"uired tendency% !magination #able to form representations of material ob&ects which are not actually present to the senses% &emor( #retain$ recall and recogni'e past mental acts.% !ntellect #form concepts or ideas$ make &udgement and reason out% Cognitive Factor (sychology factor )s the teacher is teaching$ what. )s been hear$ see *our mind is use when imagining #ppetitive Faculties – +unctioning ,ormally +eelings-Emotions ational will serves as guiding force and the main integrity force in the learner/s character. +or effective and efficient the five senses must function normally. What I hear, I Forget  #,ot all remember% What I see, I remember  #Sometimes% What I Do, I Understand #The 0est Way to do% “If there is an activity,, let them do the activity” )!T!N%U!*!N% EE&ENT OF LE#$NE$ +, #bilit( 1iffer in the way they observe and interpret happenings in their surroundings 1iffer on their reactions and facility to learn 1iffer on their mental ability 2. #ptitude 3 refers to the students innate talent or gift. )ndicates a natural capacity to learn certain skills -, !nterest ary in activities that are undertaken due to a story appeal or attract or attraction. 41ealing your students differently5 41ifficult "uestion will be given to the bright ones5 ., Famil( and Cult ural bacground

Principles of Teaching 1 Reviewer

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

KJ

Citation preview

Principles of Teaching Principles of Teaching refers to the psychological laws of learning educational concepts and the rules of practice upon which all educational procedures are formed.

Elements of Teaching and Learning Teachers Learners Conductive LearningEnvironmental/Favorable Environment

Teacher is the prime mover of the educational wheel.Learner are the key participants in the learning process.Favorable Environment provides essentials features and ingredients that make a headway in giving the processes and methodologies needed for a smooth linkage among the three elements.

CONJUSIVE IN LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: The room should be big enough Students should provided with comfortable seats Well Arrange Seats Well Ventilated Classrooms should be light Classrooms should be clean Should be observant to the students Environment should favorable in learning

The Learner is an embodied spirit. The Learners is equipped with cognitive as well as appetitive faculties.

COGNITIVE FACILITIES: Sense (see, hear, feel, taste and smell whatever is to be learned) Instinct ( natural or acquired tendency) Imagination (able to form representations of material objects which are not actually present to the senses) Memory (retain, recall and recognize past mental acts.) Intellect (form concepts or ideas, make judgement and reason out)

Cognitive Factor Psychology factor Is the teacher is teaching, what. Is been hear, see Your mind is use when imaginingAppetitive Faculties Functioning Normally Feelings/Emotions Rational will serves as guiding force and the main integrity force in the learners character. For effective and efficient the five senses must function normally.

What I hear, I Forget (Not all remember)What I see, I remember (Sometimes)What I Do, I Understand (The Best Way to do)

If there is an activity,, let them do the activity

DISTINGUISHING EEMENTS OF LEARNER1. Ability Differ in the way they observe and interpret happenings in their surroundings Differ on their reactions and facility to learn Differ on their mental ability2. Aptitude - refers to the students innate talent or gift. Indicates a natural capacity to learn certain skills3. Interest Vary in activities that are undertaken due to a story appeal or attract or attraction.

Dealing your students differentlyDifficult question will be given to the bright ones4. Family and Cultural background Learners who come from different social economic background manifest in upbringing practices.5. Attitude - refer to an individuals perspective anddisposition. Some positive attitudes of learner.`a. Curiosityb. Responsibilityc. Creativityd. Persistent

Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligence1. Verbal linguistic intelligence sounds, meanings, structures and styles of language sensitive to speaking, writing and reading.Ex. Politician, Sales Rep., Script Writers, Newscaster, Teachers, Priest2. Logical Mathematical Intelligence patterns, numbers and numerical data, causes and effects objective and and quantitative reasoning sensitive to finding patterns, making calculations, forming and testing hypothesis using the scientific method, deductive and inductive reasoning.Ex. Attorey Scientist, Computer Programmer, Analyst3. Spatial Inteligence color, shape, usual puzzles, symmetry, lines, images, sensitivity in representing ideas visually, creating mental images, noticing visually, creating mental images, noticing visual details, drawing and sketching.Ex. Archetect, Painters, Graphic Artist, Interior Designer4. Bodily Kinetic Intelligence touch, movement, physical self athletician, activities requiring speed, flexibility, hard-eye coordination and balance.Ex. Mechanic, surgeon5. Musical Intelligence tone, beat, tempo, melody, pitch, sound, sensitive in listening singing, playing an instrument.Ex. Composer, Musicians, singers.6. Interpersonal Intelligence body language, moods, feelings, Sensitive in noticing and responding to other peoples feeling and personalities.7. Intrapersonal Intelligence ones own strength weakness, goals and desires. Sensitive in setting goals, accessing personal abilities and liabilities, monitoring ones own thinking.8. Naturalist Intelligence - natural objects, plants, animals, natural occury patterns, ecological issues. Sensitive in identifying and classify living things and natural objects.9. Existential Intelligence ability to be sensitive to, or have the capacity for, concept analyzing or tackling deeper or larger questions about human existence such as the meaning of life, why are we born, What is one consciousness or how did we get there.

The Teacher

Professional Teacher is the licensed professional who posses dignity and reputation with high moral values as well as Technical and professional competences She/he adheres to observe and practice a set of ethical and more principles, standard and values,

A professional Teachera. Can effect change and learning (Sense of Efficiency)b. Expert in what she teaches (Subject Matter Knowledge)c. Know how she/he teaches (pedagogical Knowledge)

Attributes of a Professional Teacher1. Control of the knowledge base of teaching and learning and use of this knowledge to guide the science and art of his/her teaching practice.2. Repertoire of best teaching practice and can use these to instruct children in classroom and to work with adults in the school setting.3. Dispositions and skills to approach all aspects of his/her work in a reflective collegial and problem solving manner.4. View of learning to teach as a lifelong process and dispositions and skills for working towards improving his/her own teaching as will as improving schools.5. Sense of service is the badge of a professional teacher.

LEARNING STYLES1. Visual Learners Study graphs, models and pictures and take notes to review later.2. Auditory learners list closely to class, reacts well to tapes and films in the class.3. Verbal Learners likely to absorbs reading materials such lectures more easily that other students4. Tactile learners favor subjects that allow them to work with hands5. Kinesthetic learners learn more by moving physically6. Active and reflective learners a. Active learners Tend to retain and understand but by doing something with it, Discovery, applying it to explaining it to others. They tend to do the group work.b. Reflective learners prefer to think about it quietly first7. Visual and Verbal Learnersa. Visual Learners remember best what they see. b. Verbal Learners - Get more out of words (eg. Written, Spoken)

8. Sensing and Intuitive Learnersa. Sensing learners tend to like learning facts often like solving problems by well establishing methodsb. Intuitive Learners often prefer discovering possibilities that relationships, like innovation and dislike repetition9. Sequential and Global learnersa. Sequential Learners tend to gain understanding in linear steps with each step following logically from the previous one.b. Global Learners tend to learn in large jump absorbing material almost randomly w/o connections and then suddenly getting it.

THINKING STYLES1. Concrete Sequential Thinkers tend to be based on reality. Hands-on is a good way for these people to learn.2. Concrete Random Thinkers Are experimenters. They are based on reality, but are willing to take more of a trial and error approach3. Abstract Random Thinker organize information through reflection. World of feeling and emotions4. Abstract Sequential Thinkers Love the world of theory and abstract though. They thinking processes one logical, rational, and intellectual work alone rather than in group.

To facilitate learning, teacher must be:1. Expert in his/her subject matter and skilled in the science and art teaching2. Have a pleasing personality and a model of values3. Have passion for teaching, sense of humor and enthusiasm

OUTSTANDING PERSONAL QUALITITIES OF A TEACHER1. Passion2. Humor3. Values and Attitudea. Open Mindnessb. Fairness and Impartialityc. Sincerity and Honestyd. Professionalism4. Patience5. Enthusiasm

THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Learning Environment consists of:1. Classroom2. Instructional Features3. Non- threatening classroom climate

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

Principles rule for guiding the ship of education so that it will reach the port designated by the philosophy of education Is a compass by w/c the path of education is directed Mean any general truth or guiding norm by which a process is carried on Chief guide to make teaching and learning effective and productive1. Learning is an experience w/c occurs inside the learner.2. Learning is the discovery of the personal meaning and relevance of ideas3. Learning (Behavioral Change) is a consequence of experience4. Learning is cooperative and collaborative process5. Learning is an revolutionary process6. Learning is a painful process7. One of the richest resources for the learning is the learner himself8. The process of learning is emotional as well as intellectual9. The process of problem solving and learning are highly unique and individual

PRINCIPLES OF GOOD TEACHING1. Active Learning2. Many Methods3. Motivation4. Well-balanced curriculum5. Individual differences6. Lesson planning7. The power of suggestion8. Encouragement9. Remedial teaching10. Democratic environment11. Stimulation12. Life-like situation13. Independence

LESSON PLANLesson Plan (Welson Bossing) is a statement of achievements to be realized and the specific means by which these are to be attainmed as a result of trhe activities engaged on day by day under the guidance of the teacher.

Why is Lesson Plan important?1. A pupil educational ground depends on the selection of the subject matter, activities, experiences and methods adapted to his interest, needs, abilities and level of maturity.2. A lesson plan includes framing objects and choosing subject matter, problems, materials and evaluation technique.3. Making a lesson plan involves foreseeing what is likely to happen and choosing experience that will change leaners for the better.4. A lesson plan serves as a guide to the apprentice teacher.5. Planning presents waste of time

PARTS OF A LESSON PLANI. Objectives they are divided to the changes in the behavior of the learners. Cognitive refer to the mental ability (Learning facts & Information) Affective refer to the behavior & characteristics (Attitude Appreciation) Psychomotor refer to the action ( Habits & Skills)

II. Subject Matter Topic/Concepts Title of the days lesson Reference: Title of the book, Author/s, pages Materials Colorful, Meaningful, Attractive Visual Aids Strategies different methods strategies used depending on the aim, teacher, learner , lesson Skills Verbs taken from the Objective (Gerund Form) Subject/s Integration to the lesson Values focused valuesIII. Learning Activitiesa. Preparatory Activities Drill activity that will enable the students to automize response to a prerequisites skill of the new lesson Review activity that will refresh or renew previously taught material Introduction activity that will set the purpose of the day lesson All activities should be motivating to arouse the interest of the learners

These motivational activities could be in two types:1. Intrinsic Motivation Sustaining self interest to learn Maintains self curiosity and involvement the work by using purpose, doubt, as well as familiar things2. Extrinsic Motivation Real life situation or within the experience of the learners are incorporated The teachers uses different activities as a vehicle to translate the knowledge, values and skills into learning that could be applied in their lives outside the school

3. Discussion/ Analysis asking of a series of effective or cognitive questions about the lesson presented

4. Abstraction/Generalization The summary of the lesson Organizing significant information about the lesson presented Complete graphics organizer like concept maps, venn diagram, fish bone, table, matrices, etc.

5. Closure/Application relates the lesson to other situation in the forms of: Dramatization simulation and play Storytelling, oral reading Construction drawing Written composition Singing or reciting a poemb. Evaluation Determine whether the objectives are met and achieved Questioning, summarizing, journals Assigning work-project, research Administering short query, portfolios

c. Assignment an activity done outside the classroom/s at home Reinforce or enrich the days lesson Set the materials that students have to bring to school to implement the next lesson The acrivity should help attain the days lessonObjectives. It should be interesting and differentiatedObjectives provides goals to be attained, give direction to the class discussion, call for outcomes to expect.General aim is usually broad in scope and may be the objective of a course, subject or semester.\ It cannot be attained in one lesson. Ex. To developSpecific Usually attainable in a specific lesson and contributes to the accomplishing of the general aim.

There should be 3 objectives in the 3 domains of learning

CRITERIA OF OBJECTIVESS-pecificM-easurableA-ttainableR-esult-orientedT-ime bound

TYPES OF LESSON PLAN: Detailed - anticipating teaching because it puts into writing the classroom activities that may occur. It is divided into 2 column----The TA and SA/PA. It is the longest plan because it contains the procedure w/ questions and answer from the learners. Semi-detailed shorter that the detailed. No longer divided into two columns because PA/SA is omitted. It copies the different steps in the procedure from the preparatory to the lesson Brief shorter that the semi-detailed. It copies all the onjective, subject matter, evaluation & assignment from the semi-detailed. In the procedure, only important greetings are copied from preparatory activities and lesson proper. The different steps are omitted.

TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS & TOOLS Visual Redia Models Drawing

Teaching Approach teaches viewpointTeaching Method logical procedureTeaching Strategy general designTeaching Technique Style or act

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN CHOOSING A METHOD Objectives Subject Matter Learners Materials & Technology Time Allotment Teacher

INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL/DESIGN Multi-grade instruction combined w/ a class Team teaching Two more teacher Distance education needs of individuals Computer-assessed instruction utilize computer

TYPES OF LESSON Developmental Lesson new lesson Review Lesson renew the study Drill Lesson Automization of certain response Application lesson provides oppurtunities Appreciation lesson understand & Value

TEACHING APPROCHES Discovery Approach through discovery Conceptual Approach integrates ideas Inquiry Approach aspect Tearching Inductive Method specific to general Deductive Method general to specific Laboratory Method/Experimental Method-Teaching procedureInvestigation or Experimentation