Principles and Principles and pragmatics of a pragmatics of a

Semantic Culture WebSemantic Culture Web

Tearing down wallsand

Building bridges

Overview

• Virtual collections and Semantic Web• Semantic collection-search demonstrator

– For cultural heritage objects

• Metadata & vocabulary representation and enrichment

• Principles for knowledge engineering on the Web

• Part of large Dutch knowledge-economy project MultimediaN

• Partners: VU, CWI, UvA, DEN,ICN

• People: Alia Amin, Lora Aroyo, Mark van

Assem, Victor de Boer, Lynda Hardman, Michiel Hildebrand, Laura Hollink, Marco de Niet, Borys Omelayenko, Marie-France van Orsouw, Jacco van Ossenbruggen, Guus Schreiber Jos Taekema, Annemiek Teesing, Anna Tordai, Jan Wielemaker, Bob Wielinga

• Artchive.com, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Dutch ethnology musea (Amsterdam, Leiden), National Library (Bibliopolis)

Acknowledgements

Hypothesis

• Semantic Web technology is in particular useful in knowledge-rich domains

or formulated differently

• If we cannot show added value in knowledge-rich domains, then it may have no value at all

The Web: resources and links

URL URL

Web link

The Semantic Web: typed resources and links

URL URL

Web link

ULAN

Henri Matisse

Dublin Core

creator

Painting“Woman with hat

SFMOMA

Principle 1: semantic annotation

• Description of web objects with “concepts” from a shared vocabulary

Principle 2: semantic search

• Search for objects which are linked via concepts (semantic link)

• Use the type of semantic link to provide meaningful presentation of the search results

Paris

Montmartre

PartOf

Query“Paris”

The myth of a unified vocabulary

• In large virtual collections there are always multiple vocabularies – In multiple languages

• Every vocabulary has its own perspective– You can’t just merge them

• But you can use vocabularies jointly by defining a limited set of links– “Vocabulary alignment”

• It is surprising what you can do with just a few links

Principle 3: vocabulary alignment

“Tokugawa”

SVCN period Edo

SVCN is local in-house ethnology thesaurus

AAT style/period Edo (Japanese period) Tokugawa

AAT is Getty’s Art & Architecture Thesaurus

A link between two thesauri

Levels of interoperability

• Syntactic interoperability– using data formats that you can share– XML family is the preferred option

• Semantic interoperability– How to share meaning / concepts– Technology for finding and representing semantic

links

Distributed vs. centralized collection data

• Minimal requirement: collection object has image URI

• Preference for external metadata, accessed through protocol such as OAI

• In practice, external metadata access is still cumbersome

http://e-culture.multimedian.nl/demo/search

Search strategies

• Basic search: keyword-oriented• Advanced search:

– Tweaking default search parameters– Time-related queries

• Faceted search• Relation search

– How are two URIs related?

Keyword search with semantic clustering

1. Btree of literals plus Porter stem and metaphone index

2. Find resources with matching labels• Default resources are “Work”s

3. Find related resources by one-way graph traversal• owl:inverseOf is used• Threshold used for constraining search

4. Cluster results (group instances)

Search: WordNet patterns that increase recall without sacrificing precisions

Term disambiguation is key issue in semantic search

• Post-query– Sort search results based on different meanings

of the search term– Mimics Google-type search

• Pre-query– Ask user to disambiguate by displaying list of

possible meanings– Interface is more complex, but more search

functionality can be offered

Faceted search

• Use Dublin Core scheme to formulate complex queries

• Navigate through relevant metadata

Faceted search Faceted search

What do you need to do to make your collection part of a Semantic Culture Web?

Four activities

From metadata to semantic metadata

1. Make vocabularyinteroperable

2. Align metadata schema

3. Enrich metadata

4. Align vocabulary

Activity 1: syntactic vocabulary interoperability

• Making vocabularies available in the Web standard RDF

• Many organizations already do this• W3C provides the SKOS template to make

this almost straightforward• Effort required: at most a few days

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Multi-lingual labels for concepts

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Semantic relation:broader and narrower

• No subclass semantics assumed!

Activity 2: aligning the metadata schema

• Specify your collection metadata scheme as a specialization of Dublin Core

• With RDF/OWL this is easy/trivial!• Cf. DC Application Profiles

Aligning VRA with Dublin Core

• VRA is specialization of Dublin Core for visual resources

• VRA properties “material.medium” and “material.support” are specializations of Dublin Core property “format”

vra:material.medium rdfs:subPropertyOf dc:fotmat .

vra:material.medium rdfs:subPropertyOf dc:format .

Activity 3: enriching the metadata

• Extracting additional concepts from an annotation– Matching the string “Paris” to a vocabulary term

• Information-extraction techniques exists (and continue to be developed)

• Effort required can be up to a few weeks– The more concepts, the better, but no need to be

perfect!

Example textual annotation

Resulting semantic annotation (rendered as HTML with RDFa)

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RDFa: embedding RDF in (X)HTML

Regular HTML

Resulting RDF statements

HTML with RDFa

Activity 4: aligning the vocabulary

• Find semantic links between vocabulary links– Derain (ULAN) related-to Fauve (AAT))

• Automatic techniques exists, but performance varies• Often combination of automatic and manual

alignment• Effort strongly dependent on vocabularies

– But “a little semantic goes a long way” (Hendler)

Learning alignments

• Learning relations between art styles in AAT and artists in ULAN through NLP of art historic texts– “Who are Impressionist painters?”

Extracting additional knowledge from scope notes

Principles for knowledge engineering

on the Web

Principle 1: Be modest!

• Ontology engineers should refrain from developing their own idiosyncratic ontologies

• Instead, they should make the available rich vocabularies, thesauri and databases available in web format

• Initially, only add the originally intended semantics

Principle 2: Think large!

"Once you have a truly massive amount of information integrated as knowledge, then the

human-software system will be superhuman, in the same sense that mankind with writing is superhuman compared to mankind before

writing."

Doug Lenat

Principle 3: Develop and use patterns!

• Don’t try to be (too) creative• Ontology engineering should not be an art

but a discipline• Patterns play a key role in methodology for

ontology engineering• See for example patterns developed by the

W3C Semantic Web Best Practices group

http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/• SKOS can also be considered a pattern

Principle 4: Don’t recreate, but enrich and align

• Techniques:– Learning ontology relations/mappings– Semantic analysis, e.g. OntoClean– Processing of scope notes in thesauri

Principle 5: Beware of ontologicalover-commitment!

Principle 6: Specifying a data model in OWL does ot make it an ontology!

• Papers about your own idiosyncratic “university ontology” should be rejected at SW conferences

• The qality of an ontology does not depend on the number of OWL constrcts sed

Principle 7: Required level of formal semantics depends on the domain!

• In our semantic search we use three OWL constructs:– owl:sameAs, owl:TransitiveProperty,

owl:SymmetricProperty

• But cultural heritage has is very different from medicine and bioinformatics– Don’t over-generalize on requirements for e.g.

OWL

Perspectives

• Basic Semantic Web technology is ready for deployment

• Research themes:– Scalability, vocabulary alignment, metadata

extraction

• Web 2.0 facilities fit well:– Involving community experts in annotation– Personalization

• Social barriers have to be overcome!