PRESSURE FITTINGS · PRESSURE FITTINGS PE 100 Short and long fittings for butt welding and electrofusion

PRESSURE FITTINGSPE 100

Short and long fittings for butt welding and electrofusion

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General foreword: Application of FIP PE pressure fittings

General foreword

General foreword:Application of FIP PE pressure fittingsFIP PE pressure fittings have been used for years in areas of applicationwhere the pipe system has to meet high standards of durability and relia-bility. These standards are met by combining the excellent material pro-perties of PE with homogeneous welded joints.

Water treatment installations Their high impact resistance, wide temperature range and outstandingchemical resistance make PE pressure pipe systems extremely suitable forthe transport of waste water in water treatment installations. As well asstandard fittings for this application, special fabricated fittings, dismantlingjoints and wall ducts are available.

Waste water transportGood flexibility, high impact resistance and wide temperature rangemake PE pressure pipe systems extremely suitable for the use in pressuresewage systems such as public sewers, culverts etc. As well as standardfittings for this area of application, long radius bends made from pipe,special electrofusion couplers and customer made inspection chambersand pump pits are available.

Swimming pool constructionsThe already mentioned properties high impact resistance, wide tempera-ture range and excellent chemical resistance make PE pressure pipe sys-tems extremely suitable for application in high quality swimming poolinstallations. As well as standard fittings for this application, special fabri-cated fittings, dismantling joints and wall ducts are available.

Industrial process pipe systemsThe outstanding chemical resistance and wide temperature range makePE pressure pipe systems extremely suitable for installations in e.g. theprocess and food process industry. As well as standard fittings for thisarea of application, screw couplings and union ends for connection tovalves and pumps are available.

Transport of solids The high wear resistance, good flexibility and the smooth internal wallmake PE pressure systems extremely suitable for the transportation ofsolids in amongst others sand & gravel dredging and mining industry. Aswell as standard fittings for this area of application, long radius bendsmade from pipe, flanged joints and electrofusion sockets are available.

General foreword: Application of FIP PE pressure fittings

2 General foreword

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Table of contentsAbriged table of contents

Table of contents

1 "Plastic" material.............................................................................................................112 Material properties of PE..................................................................................................193 Planning criteria...............................................................................................................314 Standards ........................................................................................................................335 Installation.......................................................................................................................376 Planning and construction guidelines and stress types......................................................417 Basic calculations .............................................................................................................518 Jointing ...........................................................................................................................65

Short fittings for butt-welding ............................................................................................71Long fittings for butt-welding and electrofusion ...............................................................103Fittings made from pipe....................................................................................................118Backing rings and gaskets.................................................................................................184GOEMA pipe clips.............................................................................................................197

9 Welding polyolefins .......................................................................................................20310 Quality ........................................................................................................................215

Appendix A to E ...............................................................................................................219

Specification Manual PE pressure fittings

Catalogue

Jointing techniques

Appendices

Total table of contents

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Table of contents

Table of contents

General forewordGeneral foreword: Application of FIP PE pressure fittings ..................................................... 1

Table of contentsAbriged table of contents .................................................................................................... 3Total table of contents......................................................................................................... 4

ForewordForeword Specification Manual.......................................................................................... 10

1 "Plastic" material1.1 Classification of plastics ............................................................................................... 111.2 Thermosets and elastomers.......................................................................................... 111.3 Thermoplastics............................................................................................................. 111.4 Characteristics of amorphous and semi-crystalline thermoplastics ................................ 121.5 Plastic processing machines ......................................................................................... 121.6 Mechanical properties.................................................................................................. 131.7 Thermal properties....................................................................................................... 151.8 Chemical properties..................................................................................................... 161.9 Processing characteristic: Melt index ............................................................................ 161.10 Physics of plastics....................................................................................................... 161.11 Chapter summary ...................................................................................................... 18

2 Material properties of PE2.1 General material properties of polyethylene (PE) .......................................................... 192.2 Properties of PE100 ..................................................................................................... 192.3 Chemical resistance ..................................................................................................... 212.4 Health assessment of PE .............................................................................................. 302.5 Chapter summary ........................................................................................................ 30

3 Planning criteria3.1 Selection criteria for PE pipe systems............................................................................ 313.2 User instructions .......................................................................................................... 313.3 Checklist for pipe and equipment contractors .............................................................. 32

4 Standards4.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 334.2 Minimum required strength (MRS) ............................................................................... 334.3 Pipe series number (ISO-S) ........................................................................................... 334.4 Maximum operating pressure (MOP)............................................................................ 344.5 Standard dimension ratio (SDR).................................................................................... 344.6 The polyethylene (PE) mark .......................................................................................... 344.7 Load capacity of welded PE100 pipe and fittings.......................................................... 354.8 Wall thicknesses and acceptable internal pressure load capacity for PE100 pipes.......... 354.9 Chapter summary ........................................................................................................ 36

Specification Manual PE pressure fittings

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Table of contentsTotal table of contents

Table of contents

5 Installation5.1 Pre-requisites ................................................................................................................375.2 General ........................................................................................................................375.3 Classification criteria .....................................................................................................375.4 Influence of operating conditions..................................................................................375.5 Structural analysis .........................................................................................................37

6 Planning and construction guidelines and stress types6.1 Internal and external pressure loads ..............................................................................416.2 Stress due to pipe deflection.........................................................................................416.4 Loads on buried pipe systems .......................................................................................426.5 Causes of length change ..............................................................................................446.6 Compensation for length changes ................................................................................446.7 Brackets .......................................................................................................................456.8 Construction and installation of buried pipe systems.....................................................466.9 Principles of constructing and installing concrete-encased pipe systems ........................486.10 Chapter summary .......................................................................................................49

7 Basic calculations7.1 Factors influencing pipe system design..........................................................................517.2 Calculating pipe parameters .........................................................................................51

8 Jointing8.1 General ........................................................................................................................658.2 Detachable connections................................................................................................658.3 Non-detachable connections.........................................................................................678.4 Chapter summary .........................................................................................................68

ForewordForeword catalogue............................................................................................................70

PE100 pressure fittings

Short fittings for butt-weldingStub flanges .......................................................................................................................71Tees ...................................................................................................................................77Bends .................................................................................................................................84Reducers ............................................................................................................................86End caps.............................................................................................................................94Unions................................................................................................................................96Adaptors ..........................................................................................................................102

Catalogue


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Table of contents

Table of contents

Long fittings for butt-welding and electrofusionStub flanges .................................................................................................................... 103Tees................................................................................................................................. 105Elbows............................................................................................................................. 109Bends .............................................................................................................................. 112Reducers.......................................................................................................................... 113End caps.......................................................................................................................... 116

Fittings made from pipeTees welded .................................................................................................................... 118Tees welded with reduced branch.................................................................................... 123Tees extrusion welded with reduced branch..................................................................... 129Tees reduced machined - pressure class ........................................................................... 137Bends seamless formed.................................................................................................... 145Bends welded .................................................................................................................. 182

Backing rings and gasketsProfile backing rings PP with ductile iron core .................................................................. 184Backing rings PP with ductile iron core............................................................................. 186Profile backing rings ductile iron and coated .................................................................... 188Backing rings GRP............................................................................................................ 190Flange connections .......................................................................................................... 191Blind flanges.................................................................................................................... 193Gaskets ........................................................................................................................... 194Profile gaskets ................................................................................................................. 196

GOEMA pipe clipsPipe clips complete .......................................................................................................... 197Pipe clips components ..................................................................................................... 199

9 Welding polyolefins9.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 2039.2 Welding procedures................................................................................................... 2039.3 Test procedures for evaluating welds ......................................................................... 2109.4 Chapter summary ...................................................................................................... 213

10 Quality10.1 Production quality.................................................................................................... 21510.2 Quality inspection during work-site assembly ........................................................... 21510.3 Leak test prior to initial use ...................................................................................... 21510.4 Chapter summary .................................................................................................... 216

GOEMA pipe clips

Jointing techniques

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Table of contentsTotal table of contents

Table of contents

Appendix AGeneral Diagrams.............................................................................................................219

Appendix BDiagrams: Pressure pipe systems .......................................................................................237

Appendix CExplanation of the applied formulas and abbreviations......................................................249

Appendix DConversion tables .............................................................................................................253

Appendix EStandards and guidelines ..................................................................................................255

IndexAlphabetical index ............................................................................................................259Index of article numbers ...................................................................................................263

Appendices


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Table of contents

Table of contents

SPECIFICATION MANUAL

Foreword

10 Foreword

Foreword Specification ManualThe economic and technical advantages of plastic as opposed to con-ventional materials (such as steel) have caused builders and projectdevelopers to become strongly interested in the applications of suchmaterials. For this reason, thermoplastics are an increasingly morefrequent component of many community and industrial facilities. Highdemands on quality and comparatively low costs are therefore factorsthat cause planners and fabricators to use plastics in projects with everincreasing frequency. Nowadays, plastic has become an indispensablesubstance employed in all areas of modern life. Associated with theterm "plastic" is a variety of synthetic polymers that, due to their diffe-rent qualities, are used in many sectors, such as engineering, medicine,clothing industry and the building trades. This list of industries is onlymeant to have an exemplary character and does not represent any indi-cation of value, as the industrial areas in which plastic is an essentialmaterial could be lengthened in any number of ways. However, whenmention is made of plastic in this Specification Manual, it is primarilythe PE100 (polyethylene) polymer employed by FIP S.p.A. that is meant.

This Specification Manual is a useful tool providing extensive informationfor both the engineer and contractor.Extensive planning and fabrication requires users to be sufficiently fami-liar with material-specific qualities, have this information clearly andcomprehensively presented to them and have a variety of possibilitiesindicated. FIP is able to present with pride an up-to-date SpecificationManual for PE100. This is a revised version of the Akatherm TechnicalManual for PE/PP Pipe Systems compiled under the technical and editorialsupervision of Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Jürgen Thielen (Akatherm FIP GmbH) in col-laboration with PM Engineering in Leimen, a firm involved in polymerengineering and the design of industrial facilities. The process has yieldeda manual in which tables, diagrams, variables, guidelines and installationtips are partly reprinted and partly are reformulated, always in compli-ance with all the, EN, ISO and other national and international standardsthat were important and valid at the time of printing, while also takingother guidelines and regulations applicable to pipe construction intoaccount.

The result is a Specification Manual that provides the engineer and con-tractor with the appropriate calculation and dimensioning principles, aswell as installation instructions applicable from the beginning of theplanning stage to the completion of a pipe system.

This Specification Manual is to be viewed as a contribution to customerservice in association with the wish to standardise the use of plasticmaterials and to make their applications generally understandable. Forcases involving special applications, as experienced FIP S.p.A. employeewill always be placed at your disposal. The data contained in variouschapters corresponds to the current state of our knowledge and is essen-tially based on standards involving plastics or pipe construction. Never-theless, the content of the Specification Manual is only of an informativenature, and its use does not entail any legal obligation.

There are no claims concerning certain product qualities or their appro-priateness for a specific requirement connected with the data in theSpecification Manual. All liability for deviations from existing standards,deficiencies or errors, as well as infringement of third party industrialrights is excluded. The responsibility of and warranties offered by usersfor proper planning and construction of thermoplastic components andfacilities are not limited by the use of this manual. For its part, FIP S.p.A.guarantees the faultless quality of its own products in accordance with itsterms of delivery and sale. Reproduction and copying even of extracts ofthis Specification Manual can only occur with the written consent of FIPS.p.A.

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"Plastic" material

"Plastic" material

1 "Plastic" materialPlastic is a familiar term and a frequently-used material both in enginee-ring and in daily life. Since this material is employed in almost all areas ofour everyday lives, it has become indispensable. Although we use it on adaily basis, most people are forced to admit that they actually know littleabout the substance itself.Planners and manufacturers in the fields of pipe construction, mechanicalengineering and the manufacture of special parts are also increasinglyconfronted with plastic materials. It is at this point that questions of thefollowing type arise:What is plastic? How do I handle the material? What advantages doesthe material have over conventional materials such as concrete, ductileiron, etc.?To lighten the introduction to plastics we have compiled the most impor-tant information about plastics and polymer processing machinery. As aresult, this chapter is purely informative.

1.1 Classification of plastics

Plastics are subdivided into three large groups. Figure 1.1 provides anoverview of the polymer groups and figure 1.2 presents their structuralmodels.

Figure 1.1 Classification of plastics into main categories: thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers

1.2 Thermosets and elastomers

Thermosets and elastomers play a rather secondary role in plastic pipeconstruction and are therefore only discussed briefly in this SpecificationManual.

Thermosetting plastics have a close-meshed macromolecular structure(figure 1.2). As a consequence, these plastics are usually hard, brittle andno longer meltable. For this reason manufacturers mix the molten masswith fillers that not only have a "filler" (i.e. material saving) function butare primarily added to improve material properties.Areas of application relating to pipe construction are plant engineering(fibre-glass reinforced containers, flanges, etc.).Elastomers (better known as "vulcanised rubber") are made from naturalor synthetic rubber by means of an interlinking reaction (vulcanisation).The vulcanisation of rubber creates a broad-meshed, loose interweaving,which gives the material its typical rubbery qualities under the normalconditions of its use. Elastomers are used in pipe construction as seals(O-rings, flat gaskets, etc.) between connected elements.

1.3 Thermoplastics

Thermoplastics are by far and away the most important for pipe con-struction. The plastic often used in pipe fabrication is polyolefin, of whichthe most important representatives are polyethylene and polypropylene.They belong to the category of semi-crystalline thermoplastics. As a rule,thermoplastics are produced by one of the three following processes:- Polymerisation- Polyaddition- Polycondensation The different processes produce various plastics with various properties.Within each individual manufacturing process, there are special procedu-res that influence the appearance and characteristics of the specific plas-tics. Thermoplastics can be further subdivided into two groups: adistinction is made between amorphous and semi-crystalline thermoplas-tics. It should be further mentioned that plastics are seldom used in theirpure form but usually as mixtures in what are known as blends or com-pounds. The composition of which depends on their purpose and area ofapplication. Blends allow new or altered characteristics (mechanical, phy-sical or chemical properties) to be produced.It is however not possible to combine just any type of plastic with anyother type. Very often, bonding agents or other additives are needed tocreate any bond at all.

Plastics

Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers

Amorphous Semi-crystalline

1. 2.

3. 4.

1 Thermosets2 Elastomers3 Semi-crystalline

thermoplastics4 Amorphous thermoplastics

Figure 1.2 Structural model of thermosets, elastomers and semi-crystalline and amorphous thermoplastics

"Plastic" material

12 "Plastic" material

1.3.1 Amorphous thermoplasticsThe arrangement of the molecular bond depends on several factors.Especially important is the chemical structure of the chain molecule (orthe macro-molecular structure). An ordered spatial structure is impededby long and cumbersome lateral chains. Since the molecular bond occursamidst what amounts to perfect disorder, the structure resembles thestructure that of a cotton wad. The best known representatives of thegroup are:- polystyrene (PS)- polycarbonate (PC)- polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA -> plexiglas)- polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

In uncoloured state, amorphous thermoplastics are as clear as glass.

1.3.2 Semi-crystalline thermoplasticsSemi-crystalline thermoplastics develop both chemically-uniform as well asgeometrically-structured regions (figure 1.2), which means that there areregions in which crystals form. Crystals are understood to be parallel grou-pings of molecular segments or folds in molecular chains. Some chainmolecules can therefore partly traverse the crystalline and amorphous regi-ons, or they can even belong to several crystallites at the same time. Semi-crystalline thermoplastics are white in colour. Due to the dense arrange-ment of molecules in crystalline bonds, crystallites refract light.The degree of crystallisation greatly influences the properties and trans-parency of plastic in its uncoloured state. The use of an accelerated coo-ling rate significantly affects the crystallisation tendency of the material.Important types of semi-crystalline thermoplastic are:- polyethylene (PE)- polypropylene (PP)- polyoxymethylene (POM)

1.4 Characteristics of amorphous and semi-crystallinethermoplastics

A comparison of amorphous and semi-crystalline thermoplastics reveals afew distinctive properties. The most important qualitative distinctions arecontrasted below.In contrast to semi-crystalline thermoplastics, amorphous thermoplasticsdisplay:- greater strength- greater rigidity- greater surface hardness- better surface quality- less thermal expansion- less distortion

In contrast to amorphous thermoplastics, semi-crystalline thermoplasticsdisplay:- greater resilience- less impact sensitivity- greater flexibility and elasticity

1.5 Plastic processing machines

Plastic processing machines are used to transform raw plastic (mostly ingranular form) into semi-finished products. The following section brieflysketches the most important plastic processing machines and explainstheir functions and applications in simple terms. Emphasis will be placedon machines that are important for the manufacture of plastic pipes andfittings.

1.5.1 ExtruderExtruders are used to manufacture pipes, along with associated dies,cooling units, extractor units and cutters. Due to increased qualitystandards, a modern extrusion installation now includes connected inlinemeasuring systems (e.g. wall thickness metres) that enable immediateresponses to irregularities during the production process. The functionalprinciple of the extruder involves melting (i.e. plasticising) raw material(e.g. granulate) and shaping it into a new form by pressing it through adie linked to a cooling unit.

An extruder (figure 1.4) can be equipped with one, two or several screws(also known as worm shafts). Depending on the material being pro-cessed and the semi-finished product being manufacture, special extru-ders are individually made to suit the needs of the production process.Especially important for the actual plasticising processes (i.e. the meltingof the supplied raw material) are the screws, the screw geometry and thetemperature of the heated cylinders. Due to the shear force in the mate-rial, it is plasticised at the corresponding cylinder temperature and pres-sure build-up by the extruder screw geometry and the die, and thentransported further along the screw channels. Material to be plasticised(melted) is fed into the extruder, usually in granular form. Often, three-section screws are used in standardised single-screw extruders, alongwith barrier screws. The plasticised material is pressed through the dieand cooled in a sizing and cooling section. The fitting (e.g. pipe, profile,solid bar) is fixed in the sizing unit. As a result of this process, the plastic,specifically the macromolecule chains, are forced into an arrangementand alignment. In technical terminology, this is called "orientation".Extrusion involves a continuous process (i.e. the process is uninterruptedunless the machine is switched off or not supplied with new material).

1 Extruder2 Die head3 Sizer4 Water bath

5 Caterpillar6 Cutting saw7 Tip unit

Figure 1.3 Principle layout of a pipe extrusion installation

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Figure 1.4 Layout of an extruder

1.5.2 Injection moulding machineThe layout of an injection moulding machine (figure 1.5) resembles theextruder in its structure. The most important distinction between the twomachines involves the motion of the screw. In addition to the rotary motionalready described for the extruder, it also makes an axial movement.In contrast to extruders, the injection moulding machine is involved in a dis-continuous process. A discontinuous production process makes specialdemands on the machine, the mould and the associated and necessarymould cooling. There are three important parameters for the manufactureof an injection moulded part.- temperature- time- pressure

These three parameters have an extremely important impact on the injec-tion moulding process, which is organised into three functional steps:- plasticisation- injection- cooling

The plastic to be processed is plasticised while moving along the screwthrough the heated cylinder. The actual plasticising process correspondsessentially to extrusion. The plasticising material is moved forward by thescrew in the direction of the screw tip.

The plasticising material is simultaneously pre-compressed. Once there issufficient material in the "accumulator", which is at the end of the plas-ticising unit, the material is squeezed through an injector into the mould.To prevent material shrinkage, plasticised material is compressed for acertain time during the cooling phase. The machine parameters dependon the material being worked and the fitting being manufactured. At theend of the injection cycle, the process begins again.

1.6 Mechanical properties

1.6.1 Assessing creep behaviourCreep behaviour is among the most important tested factors for pipesand fittings. It indicates the life expectancy possessed by the plastic pipeor fitting when it is subject to internal pressure. The internal pressureinvolved generates stress in the pipe wall. An appropriate reference stress(�r) is based on the relationship of internal pressure (�i), the safety coeffi-cient (SF) and the diameter - wall thickness ratio (SDR). The referencestress (�r) can be calculated using the well-known boiler formula. Itreads:

Equation 1.1

�ref = Reference stress (N/mm2)�acc = Acceptable stress (N/mm2)�i = Internal pressure (bar)SDR = Standard dimension ratioSF = Safety factor = General design coefficient "C"

The reference stress (�r) conforms, in practice, to the stress on thecircumference of the internal pipe surfaces. In contrast to this stress, thestress in the axial direction of the pipe is only half as large. In applying theboiler formula, the acceptable stress (�acc) of the corresponding materialprovides the basis for dimensioning the plastic pipe. Additionallyextremely important is the fact that the stress at break has a very largedependence on the thermal load and period of load. Usually, tests are

1 Screw2 Cylinder3 Hopper

4 Motor5 Drive6 Heater

Figure 1.5 Functional principle of a injection moulding machine

a) The turning screw takes extracted granulate from the bulk hopper and feeds it along the screw channel to the screw tip.

b) The mould is closed, the injection unit moves against the feedbush, the screw operates as a piston to press plasticisedmoulding material into the mould.

c) The cooled injected material drops out of the opened mould,the screw moves new moulding material to the screw tip, theinjection unit withdraws from the tip.

1 Movable mould part2 Injection-formed component3 Mould cavity4 Fixed part of the mould5 Nozzle6 Heating band7 Material cylinder8 Screw9 Bulk material hopper

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conducted on water-filled sections of standardised pipe. During the tests,the test sample is placed in a water bath.

Special applications require the testing of pipe sections filled with theintended flow medium. The results of such tests are shown on a double-logarithm diagram in which the reference stress is plotted over time. Thetests are conducted at various temperatures. The bend in the curve indi-cates when pipe failure is to be expected. Results of the tests at highertemperatures allows an interpolation of the creep behaviour for a pipe atlower temperatures. This provides an indication of the life expectancy ofa pipe under certain conditions. Time curves for PE100 are displayed inappendix A1.

1.6.2 Assessing the mechanical variablesThe tensile test is described in EN-ISO 527-1, EN-ISO 527-2 and EN-ISO527-3.In the tensile test, precisely defined samples are stretched to the breakingpoint and the required force measured. This usually involves a 1-axialload on the sample. The force used for this purpose is applied in a time-dependent manner. An adjustment screw on the tensile testing machineis used to plot the relationship between force and length change in thetest, enabling a force-linear expansion diagram to be made, which canbe converted into a stress-elongation diagram.

Figure 1.6 Force-linear expansion diagram (tensile force)

The diagram provides information on the following characteristic varia-bles:- Elongation (�) - linear expansion (�l) as a percentage of the initial

length (l0) at each time interval in the test.- Tensile strength (�B) - which is the tensile stress at maximum load.- Breaking strength (�B) - which is the tensile stress at the moment of

breakage.- Yield stress (�Y) - which is the stress at which the increase in the

stress-elongation curve is first equal to null.

The mechanical variables are very strongly dependent on the test conditi-ons. The tests are therefore conducted under normal climate conditions(23°C and 50% relative humidity). The tensile test is one of the short-term tests and the knowledge gained does not indicate anything aboutthe behaviour of material under a long-term mechanical load. Semi-crystalline materials such as PP and PE mostly display a distinct yield stressand a high degree of elongation (figure 1.6).

1.6.3 Assessing the elasticity modulus (creep modulus)

Short-term valuesThe elasticity modulus (E-modulus) is the ratio of stress (�) to elongation (�):

Equation 1.2

�1 = Normal stress at 0.05% elongation (N/mm2)�2 = Normal stress at 0.25% elongation (N/mm2)�1 = Elongation of 0.05 (%)�2 = Elongation of 0.25 (%)F = Force (N)A0 = Starting section (mm2)�l = Change of length due to force (F) (mm)l0 = Starting length (mm)E = E-modulus (N/mm2)

DIN 53457 describes the determination of the E-modulus from the ten-sile test (Et), the compressive test (Ed), from the 3-point flexural test (EF3)and the 4-point flexural test (EF4).

Long-term valuesThe E-modulus under tensile load is determined by means of the creeptensile test specified in EN-ISO 899-1. The creep tensile test allows calcu-lation of the creep modulus (EcR). In general, the tensile test is given pre-ference over the flexural or compressive tests, as its performance isusually easier. The test items are non-axially stressed in a controlled testenvironment by a force that remains constant throughout the testperiod. If these tests are conducted at temperatures resembling the sub-sequent application temperature range, the diagram provides the engi-neer with important data to assess the behaviour of the correspondingmaterial.

1.6.4 Impact resistanceThe procedures for the impact flexural and notched impact flexural testsare described in DIN 53453 and DIN 53753. The tests are used to deter-mine impact behaviour, otherwise known as the resilience of the plastic.The variable measured is the quantity of absorbed impact energy in rela-tion to the cross-sectional areas that results in breakage of the bar orplate-shaped test specimen, which may be notched. Force is generatedby a pendulum impact tester, which strikes the specimen at high speed.In Europe, two test procedures (notched and unnotched) are most com-monly performed: one known as "Charpy" uses a pendulum impact tes-ter as specified in EN-ISO 179 and the other, which is called "Izod", usesa Dynstat apparatus as specified in EN-ISO 180. Three defined notchtypes are used to determine notched impact resistance.

1.6.5 Surface hardnessSurface hardness indicates the resistance that a defined specimen dis-plays in order to prevent it from being penetrated. The Shore test, speci-fied in NEN-EN-ISO 868, may make use of two procedures to determineShore hardness: these are known as Shore A and Shore D. The two pro-cedures differ in the geometry of the test specimen used (test needle).Figure 1.7 shows the two different test objects. Shore hardness is dimen-sionless, and the range of hardness varies between values of 0 and 100.The Shore A procedure is predominantly applied to soft plastics, whileShore D is used with hard ones.In addition to the Shore hardness test, the hardness of a material can bedetermined as specified in EN-ISO 2039-1 in terms of its ball indentationhardness. This method is mostly used when the hardness of a materialcan no longer be established by the Shore procedure. A ball with a 5 mmdiameter serves as the test object, which is subject to a defined load for30 seconds.

Curve 1: hard brittle plastic without yield range, e.g. polystyrene (PS)Curve 2: ough hard plastic, e.g. polyethylene (PE)Curve 3: flexible elastic plastic, e.g. plasticised polyvynil chloride

(PVC-P)

Tens

ile f

orce

F in

N

Linear expansion �l in mm

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Figure 1.7 Test objects for Shore A and Shore D hardness tests

1.7 Thermal properties

1.7.1 Heat expansion coefficientIn determining the heat expansion coefficient, a distinction is madebetween the linear expansion coefficient (thermal length expansion coef-ficient (a�)) and the cubic expansion coefficient (spatial expansion coeffi-cient (��)). The linear expansion coefficient (��) indicates the amountthat a material with a standard length of one metre will lengthen or shor-ten under a temperature change of 1 K. The spatial expansion coefficient(��) indicates the amount that a cubic meter of material will lengthen orshorten under a temperature change of 1 K. DIN 53752 describes thetests for the linear and cubic expansion coefficients. The unit of theexpansion coefficient is (1/K), (K-1) or (mm/mK).

1.7.2 Deformation resistance to heatAll property changes are important to the engineer and especially behavi-ours in response to heat effects. For this reason, various tests are conduc-ted to ascertain the approximate boundary temperatures below whichdeformation does not occur. EN-ISO 75-1 and EN-ISO 75-2 describemethods of determining heat resistance.

Three procedures are used to determine deformation resistance:1. Martens (DIN 53462)2. Vicat3. ISO/R 75 (ASTM D 640)

The determined variables do not, however, permit any conclusions to bedrawn about the working temperature of the tested plastics. Valuesascertained for plastics are only comparable when they are tested underidentical conditions and procedures. The outside temperature effects ofair or fluid as well as the form and manufacturing method of the sampleshave a large influence on the measured results.

1.7.3 Heat conductivityThe heat conductivity or the heat coefficient (), measured as (W/mK), isa temperature dependent material characteristic that indicates some-thing about the capacity of a material to conduct heat. An indication ofheat conductivity or insulation capacity (negative thermal conductivity) ofa material can be provided by tests specified in DIN 52612-1 or DIN52613 (ISO/DIS 8497-1988). The heat conductivity of a substance can besignificantly influenced by the filling, reinforcements, auxiliary materials,and colouring.

1.7.4 Heat transfer coefficientThe Heat transfer coefficient (�) is an important factor needed to calcu-late the heat transition coefficient () as well as specific heat conductivity(l) of a material. The heat conductivity, like the heat transfer coefficient, isstrongly dependent on other influences, such as separation plane, geo-metry and flow rate of the medium.

1.7.5 Heat transition coefficient The heat transition coefficient (k) provides information about the insula-tion capacity of a material. The unit is (W/m2K). The smaller the k-valueis, the higher the insulation capacity of the material. The heat transitioncoefficient is computed with the equation:

Equation 1.3

k = Heat transition coefficient ( - )�w1 = Heat transition coefficient of medium 1 to the wall (W/m2K)�w2 = Heat transition coefficient of the wall to medium 2 (W/m2K) = Heat conductivity of the wall (W/mK)dw = Thickness of the separation wall (m)

1.7.6 Burning behaviourPlastics are organic compounds that are, by their nature, combustible.The European standard EN 13501-1 defines a classification system formaterial burning behaviour for building products and building structures.The burning behaviour of finished products (in the manner that they areused) must be described in terms of the extent to which the materialcontribute to the development and spread of fire and smoke in an areaor environment. In the case of fire, building products are exposed to afire ignited in a given area. This fire can then grow (increase) and finally

Shore A test needle Shore D test needle

Stage 1: Combustibility

Table 1.1

Class Fire tests Spreading of flames Contribution Practice

F Not tested or does not meet class E Unclassified Undefined Extremely combustibleE EN-ISO 11925-2 (15 sec-Fs<150 mm-20 sec) Spreading of flames 100 kW <2 min. Very high contribution Very combustibleD EN 13823, Figra <750 W/sEN-ISO 11925-2 (30 sec-

Fs<150 mm-60 sec)Spreading of flames 100 kW >2 min. High contribution Quite combustible

C EN 13823, Figra <120 W/s + Thr <15 MJEN-ISO11925-2 (30 sec-Fs<150 mm-60 sec)

Spreading of flames 100 kW >10 min. Large contribution Combustible

B EN 13823, Figra <120 W/s + Thr <7.5 MJEN-ISO 11925-2 (30 sec-Fs<150 mm-60 sec)

No spreading of flames Very limited contribution Very difficult tocombust

A2 EN ISO 1182 of EN-ISO 1716 plusEN 13823,Figra <120 W/s+ Thr <7,5 MJ

No spreading of flames Hardly any contribution Practicallyincombustible

A1 EN ISO 1182 = IncombustibleEN-ISO 1716 = Caloric values

No spreading of flames No contribution Incombustible

"Plastic" material


spread. The scenario contains three components of fires that correspondthe stages in the development of a fire:- Combustibility: the starting of a fire by ignition using a small flame on

a small surface/product.- Smoke production: development and potential spread of fire.- Burning drops/fragments: outbreak of fire when all combustible

material contribute to the fire potential.

Combustion classification

Stage 2: Smoke production

Stage 3: Burning drops/ fragments

Fire safetyThe required fire safety level of a building is not the same in all Europeanmember states. Every member state may make its own regulations todetermine the products that may be used and the combustion class thatis suitable for the circumstances.

1.8 Chemical properties

1.8.1 Chemical resistanceThe chemical resistance of PE to contacting media will be treated in detailin Chapter 2 (table 2.3).

1.8.2 PermeationPermeation is regarded as the diffusion of a medium through a plastic(e.g. container wall, shaft wall or pipe wall). Contact between plastic andchemical medium can, under certain circumstances, result in moistureexpansion or dissolution. Problems can also result from the dislodging ofmaterial by softening and processing agents, as well as from the bleedingof colouring. Practical testing procedures are presented in DIN 53405(dislodging) and EN-ISO 183 (bleeding of colouring).

1.8.3 Water absorptionMany plastics tend to absorb water. Due to swelling the dimensional sta-bility changes. PE is water-repellent, which means that it cannot bedamaged by swelling. The test procedure is described in EN-ISO 62.

1.9 Processing characteristic: Melt index

Determination of the melt-mass flow rate (MFR) as specified in EN-ISO1133, also known as the melt flow index (MFI), is a standardised testingmethod for obtaining a relatively quick and quantitative indication of aplastic's flow behaviour. The MFR value indicates the amount of thermo-plastic molten mass pressed through a standardized nozzle during 10minutes of steady piston force and constant melt temperature. Table 1.4indicates the test conditions:

The melt volume flow rate (MVR), also known as the melt volume index(MVI) is used to test the flow behaviour of a molten mass at constant pis-ton force and defined temperature. The unit of the MRV is cm3/10 min.

1.10 Physics of plastics

1.10.1 Residual stressAll plastic components possess a certain residual stress potential, which isnot attributable to external forces but exists on account of manufactu-ring and cooling conditions. In the process of extruding plates, pipes andprofiles, molten mass is pressed through a die, causing the macromole-cule to be stretched. Subsequently, it is cooled and fixed in a sizing unit.Since the pipe is cooled from the outside in, the pipe wall cools at sub-stantially different rates.This cooling behaviour has consequently effects on the structure and/orthickness of the pipe shell.In the pipe wall results at the initially cooled side residual compressive stress(�D) and at the subsequently cooled side residual tensile stress (�T) (figure1.8). These stresses may be significantly reduced by means of tempering(i.e. reheating the pipe to a defined temperature). The subsequent heatingreduces the existing residual stresses, which have substantial effects on thedimensional stability, retraction, shrinkage and service life of the pipe.Dimensional stability is extremely important for pipes and components,since a change in diameter can have negative consequences for the leaktightness of connections. Usually, PE pipes are tempered.

Figure 1.8 Stress in the pipe wall

The stresses normally equally offset each other. If external or internalinfluences cause the stresses to fall into disequilibrium, the componentcan be deformed.However, the cooling procedure is not the only cause of residual stressesin a plastic component. The following sections describe other types ofstress that have residual effects on a pipe or fitting.

Class Description

s3 Great deal of smoke productions2 Average smoke productions1 Little smoke production

Class Description

d2 Fragments burning longer than 10 sec.d1 Fragments burning shorter than 10 sec.d0 No production of burning fragments

Test specification Test conditions

ISO 1133 Temperature (°C) Load (kg)1 190 2.166 190 10.0012 230 2.1618 190 5.0020 230 5.00Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4 Test specifications and conditions for determining the MFR value

1

2 4

3

1 Pipe wall exterior2 Pipe wall interior3 �D = compressive stress4 �T = tensile stress

17

"Plastic" material

"Plastic" material

- Residual orientation stressThis strongly depends on cooling patterns. The speed with which theorientation in longitudinal and transverse directions is fixed ("frozen" inthe technical terminology), which is to say the strength with which heatdissipation acts on both orientation states, raises or lowers the level oforientation, causing stresses to be increased or decreased.

- Residual after-pressure stressResidual after-pressure stress mostly occurs in injection-moulding compo-nents, although it can also be caused by extrusion processes. Forexample, an extrusion process is typically involved in the manufacture ofsolid bars, which have to be subject to after-pressure in order to preventcavities (holes) or bubbles (empty spaces) from forming. If the pressureduring cooling of the fittings is too high, a residual pressure remains inthe fitting that can lead to its deformation.

- Residual crystallisation stressThis stress originates in the crystallisation phase of semi-crystalline ther-moplastics. Crystallites forming when the molten mass is cooling are sub-ject to contraction (volume change). Cooling that occurs in an unevenmanner and results in a temporarily irregular crystallisation process cancause structural strains.

- Stress reductionA remedial measure to abate frozen stresses (residual stresses) is the tem-pering of the pipe. Besides reducing residual stress, tempering can insti-gate an after-crystallisation process (in semi-crystalline plastics), whichcan have a positive effect on the properties of plastic.Tempering is a special temperature control or heat treatment, the para-meters of which depend on the plastic involved. During tempering, caremust be taken not to set the heat high enough to generate reset forcesand cause deformation. As a rule, the parameters depend on the thick-ness of the tempered fittings and the level of the stress profile.It is important that the products are slowly cooled after storage to pre-vent stresses from recurring as a result of local temperature differences.

1.10.2 Flexural, thermal, tensile and compressive stresses These types of stress are discussed in detail in chapter 6, as they repre-sent important criteria in planning and constructing pipe systems. Theyare basic elements in the construction and manufacture of plastic buil-ding supplies.

1.10.3 OrientationOrientation designates the arrangement of macromolecules in a plasticcomponent.Initially, the macromolecules of a plastic are in a disordered state ("knot-ted ball"). The processing procedures (e.g. extrusion or injection moul-ding) force the macromolecules through dies, moulds, extractor units,cooling processes, etc., aligning them in a certain direction. They can bearranged both longitudinally (in the case of extrusion in the direction thatthe fitting is extracted) or transversely to the centre line. The nature andalignment of the orientations have very great effects on the mechanicalproperties and stability of the product. Orientation results from shear andexpansion forces.Shear forces are created in both injection moulding and extrusion proces-ses. They are produced by the shear strain of adjacent strata of moltenmaterial flowing at different velocities, for example when molten mate-rial is clinging to the wall of the mould. Expansion forces are caused bythe flow of molten material through constrictions or flow channels, suchas nozzles. In extruded semi-finished products (e.g. plates, pipes, pro-files), the preferred orientation is longitudinal to the extrusion directionand less optimally in the transverse direction. In opposition to the pressedsemi-finished products in which no distinct orientation is the result, theproperties of extruded semi-finished products are anisotropic, whichmeans strongly dependent on orientation. Mechanical properties such asstrength, impact resistance and impact strength are better in anisotropicsemi-finished products oriented in the direction of extrusion and poorerin the case of transverse orientation such as isotropic semi-finished

products. Since thermal elasticity is only utilised in temperatures abovefreezing (or crystallite melting temperature), it is not possible to remedyorientation by tempering.

1.10.4 RetractionThe term "retraction" is understood as a change in the fitting as a resultof forced length changes of the macromolecule. This process occursespecially in extrusion procedures. The molecule is consequently stret-ched by the extrusion die and/or extractor unit, usually in a axial (i.e. lon-gitudinal) direction. As soon as the macromolecule again has theopportunity to resume its original shape, a length change counteractsthe stretching orientation. This is called the "memory effect". Rapid coo-ling of the molten plastic fixes it in a given (frozen) state. Heating theplastic above the "freezing temperature" activates the above-mentioned"memory effect" and the macromolecule attempts to return to its origi-nal ("knotted") state. Retraction is therefore a pure contraction in length(length change) as a consequence of orientation of the macromolecule inthe fitting.

1.10.5 ContractionThe term shrinkage designates a volume contraction of the plastic fittings.Like other materials, a volume increase occurs when plastic is exposed to atemperature rise.The cooling of the material instigates the inverse process. Since this effectis well-known, this phenomenon must be considered when constructingtools and fittings if a manufacturer wishes to produce technically high-grade products. There are two kinds of shrinkage:- processing shrinkage - after-shrinkage

1.10.6 Notch effectThe calculation of component stresses is ideally based on tensile and flexu-ral stresses. The stresses that actually occur are however influenced by anumber of factors (e.g. scratches, material inhomogeneities, structuralcomposition of the fitting, etc.), all of which result in deviation from theideal state. The size of notches, the radius of notch bases and the types ofload have important effects on the strength of a fitting. The deeper andsharper that a notch is formed, the higher the stress peak at the notchbase and, consequently, the greater the danger of damage to the compo-nent. It is therefore advisable to make the smallest possible notches thatare round (circular) shaped.

"Plastic" material


1.11 Chapter summary

Plastic Plastic is divisible into three main groups: thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers.

Elastomers Elastomers are better known as rubber. They are wide-meshed, spaciously interlinked synthetic or natural rubber compounds. Interlinking is enhanced by vulcanisation.

Thermosets Thermosets possess a close-meshed interlinked macromolecular structure. They are hard, brittle and no longer plasticisable (meltable).

Thermoplastics Thermoplastics can be divided into amorphous and semi-crystalline thermoplastics.Polyolefin This compound belongs to the group of semi-crystalline thermoplastics. Its most important representatives are

polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP).Plastic processing machines Extruders, injection moulding machines and calendars (not discussed in this manual) are machines used to manu-

facture plastic semi-finished products.Extruder An extruder is responsible for plasticising raw materials. Used, for example, in the manufacture of pipes, profiles

and plates. Continuous process.Injection moulding machine Injection moulding involves a discontinuous manufacturing process. The screw performs both a rotational and an

axial motion. Important parameters for injection moulding are: temperature, time and pressure. Process steps are: plasticisation, injection and cooling.

Internal pressure creep test Simulates the life expectancy of a plastic pipe under an internal pressure load. The associated reference stress (�ref) is a function of the internal pressure, mean pipe diameter and wall thickness. It is calculated using the boiler formula.

Short-term tensile test The short-term tensile test involves stretching a sample bar to the breaking point. The result provides an indica-tion of the mechanical values of the tested material. The most important mechanical values are: expansion, ten-sile strength, breaking strength and breaking strain.

Elasticity modulus (Creep modulus) The elasticity modulus is the ratio of stress to expansion.Creep tensile test The creep tensile test is used to determine the creep modulus.Impact resistance Impact resistance is determined by means of the impact flexural test and the notched impact flexural test (the lat-

ter involving defined notches in the sample). Most important test methods are the "Charpy" and "Izod" tests.Surface hardness Designates the resistance against the penetration of the test specimen. Most important procedures are Shore A,

Shore D and ball indentation hardness.Heat expansion coefficient The heat expansion coefficient is an important parameter in plastics. A statement of this mechanical value is usu-

ally accompanied by an indication of the linear expansion coefficient (��) (in literature, this is mostly expressed as the mean linear longitudinal expansion coefficient �).

Heat resistance This term designates the temperature limits of thermoplastics under the effects of heat. Testing procedures are Martens, Vicat and ISO/R 75. No conclusions about working temperatures are possible.

Heat conductivity Variable indicating the capacity of a material to conduct heat. Filling, reinforcements, auxiliary material and colouring affect heat conductivity.

Heat transfer coefficient This variable is used to calculate the heat transition coefficient. It depends on the separation plane, geometry and flow speed of the medium.

Heat transition coefficient The heat transition coefficient (k) provides information about the insulating capacity of a material.Burning behaviour Plastics are organic compounds and therefore combustible by nature. Permeation Diffusion tendency of a material, which is the permeability of fluids or gaseous elements through the plastic.Water absorption Many plastics tend to absorb water (swelling). This means that the stability of the plastic is no longer assured. PE

has hardly any tendency to absorb water.Melt index The melt index indicates the flow capacity of a plasticised plastic. Previously known as the MFI value, it is now

referred to as the MFR value.Residual stress During an extrusion process, residual stresses build up in pipes as a result of cooling procedures at high extraction

speeds, for example. These stresses can be reduced in pipes by adopting special temperature controls or heat tre-atments (tempering).

Residual orientation stress Dependent on cooling conditions. Increasing cooling speed raises the stress potential in pipes.Residual after-pressure stress Phenomenon in injection moulding components. Residual after-pressure stress can also occur in extrusion com-

ponents when, for example, after pressure has to be used in manufacturing solid bars to prevent bubbles and cavities.

Residual crystallisation stress This occurs in semi-crystalline plastics (e.g. PE) due to crystallite formation during the cooling phase.Tempering Heat treatment to reduce or eliminate residual stress potentials.Orientation Alignment of the macromolecules by external forces (e.g. extraction speed).Retraction Retraction designates a longitudinal contraction (negative length change) in the direction in which the macromo-

lecules are oriented.Shrinkage In contrast to retraction, shrinkage designates a volume contraction (negative volume change) as a result of coo-

ling processes. In contrast to retraction, a volume change is discernible in every plastic component. These volume changes are seen in the fitting structure and in the die or mould structure.

Notch effect The notch effect affects the strength of the component. Grooves, scratches, inhomogenities or a component's structural form can have adverse affects on the fittings.

19

Material properties of PE


2 Material properties of PE

2.1 General material properties of polyethylene (PE)

Thermoplastics are sub-divisible into two groups: amorphous and semi-crystalline thermoplastics. Polyethylene is a polyolefin, which forms aseparate group among the semi-crystalline thermoplastics. Polyethylene,abbreviated PE, is an umbrella term for a group on individually distinctivePE types.In specific, the following PE types are distinguished:- PE-LD (Density: 0.9 - 0.91 g/cm3)- PE-LLD (Density: 0.91 - 0.93 g/cm3)- PE-MD (Density: 0.93 - 0.94 g/cm3)- PE-HD (Density: 0.94 - 0.965 g/cm3)

It is PE-HD that is of primary interest for use in plastic pipe construction,although PE-MD is also used in the gas-pipe sector. The characteristics ofPE-MD will, however, not be further detailed in this Specification Manual. PE-HD (high density) has a high density with an average molar mass(MM) between 40,000 and 400,000 g/mol (depending on the manufac-turing process and the process parameters). In comparison, PE-LD (lowdensity) has a lower density and therefore a molar mass of up to 600,000g/mol. PE-HD is manufactured as a polymer either by using a mediumpressure procedure (Phillips) or a low pressure procedure (Ziegler). Poly-mers based on ethylene offer semi-finished product manufacturers agreat deal of latitude in making modifications. For pipe and fitting manu-facture, it is the mechanical properties of PE that are foregrounded (elas-tic stiffness).As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, PE is to be understood asan umbrella term for a thermoplastic group. For instance, PE includes thesubstance PE100.

More attention will be paid to the significance of the numerical values(e.g. PE100) in the course of chapter 4. For the sake of simplification, thelabel "PE" will be used throughout the rest of this manual to designatePE-HD. PE is resistant to acids, bases, saline solutions, water, alcohol andoil. Under 60°C, it is practically insoluble in nearly all organic solvents. PEcan readily withstand ionised rays if they are not too strong and will notbecome radioactive itself. It is furthermore readily weldable, althoughthere are problems involved in gluing and decorating PE. The surfaceswill allow imprinting or painting to adhere only after physical or chemicalpre-treatment. Bonding can only be done with the help of contact glue,although such adhesive bonds cannot be subject to very high mechanicalloads.

2.2 Properties of PE100

Unit Test method Value

Densityat 23°C

g/cm3 ISO 1183 0.958

Elasticitymodulus

N/mm2 ISO 527 900

Tensile creepmodulus

N/mm2 ISO 899 850

Bending creepmodulus

N/mm2 DIN 54852-Z4 1200

Tensile strengthat 23°C

N/mm2 ISO 527 23

Elongationat break

% ISO R 527 >600

Linear expansioncoefficient

mm/mK DIN 53752 0.13 - 0.19

Indentationhardness

N/mm2 ISO 2039 36 - 46

Ignitiontemperature

°C - ~350

Thermalconductivity

W/m . K DIN 52612 0.23

Shore hardness ISO 868 65

Crystallitemelting range

°C ~130

Operationaltemperature range

°C - -40 - +100

Melt flow rateMFR 190/5

g/10min ISO 1133 0.43

Table 2.1


20 Material properties of PETable 2.2

Properties PE Benefits

Impact-resistant and tough Unbreakable at temperatures > 5ºC

Elastic Suitable for underground pipes through adjustment to

local ground movement

Thermal resistant Application possible between -40ºC and 100ºC

Smooth internal wall Low blockage risk due to low deposit/residue effects

Wear resistant Lower costs due to relatively long life

Weather-resistant / UV resistant Application in open air unrestricted through colouring

with carbon black

Chemical Resistance Suitable for the transport of polluted waste water

Poor heat conductivity No condensation during short periods of cooling

Non-toxic Environmentally friendly

Insulating Non-conductive

Highly suitable for welding Easy installation using butt-welding and electrofusion

techniques

Homogeneous welded joints End load resistant and leak proof

Prefabrication Reduces on-site installation times

Light in weight Cost-saving in transport and handling

21



2.3 Chemical resistance

Table 2.3 indicates the chemical resistance of PE to various media at anumber of temperatures.

In transporting chemicals, consideration needs to be given to the follo-wing factors:- the medium- concentration of the medium- temperature- duration of the load- flow volume

The elastomer resistance list is intended as an aid for determining thesuitability of a given seal. The indicated values refer to the volume of swel-ling for the rubber compound, which is only one of the indications con-cerning resistance. Chemical damage to the polymer chain can also lead tochanges in mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elasticity atbreak, etc. The most commonly indicated values are measured at a tem-perature of 20°C. A longer exposure to a higher temperature can createmore aggressive conditions that reduce the life-span of elastomers.

Empty field = The material has not been tested on this medium at thistemperature.

1 Little of no effect: volume change <10%, the elastomer can displayslight swelling and/or loss of physical characteristics under heavyconditions.

2 Possible change of physical qualities: volume change of 10-20%, theelastomer can display swelling and a change of physicalcharacteristics, can be suitable for structural applications.

3 Substantial change in physical characteristics: the elastomer displays asubstantial change in volume and physical qualities.

4 Excessive change: elastomer is unsuitable.

Empty field = The elastomer has not been tested on this medium.

Abbreviations used:PE = polyethyleneNBR = acrylonitrile butadieneEPDM = ethylene propyleneFPM = fluorocarbonSBR = styrol butadiene

Explanation of symbols used for PE pipes and fittings:+ Resistant: based on performed tests, PE is in general a suitable

material for this application/ Limited resistance: further research required- Non-resistant



Fluid Concentration Pipe and fittings Elastomeric seals

HDPE NBR EPDM FPM SBR

Name Formula Remark °C °C °C °C °C

20 40 60 20 20 20 20

Acetaldehyde CH3CHO Aqueous solution 40% + + / 4 2 4 3Acetaldehyde CH3CHO Technically pure 100% + / / 4 2 4 3Acetic Acid CH3COOH Aqueous solution 10% + + + 4 3/4 4 4Acetic Acid CH3COOH Aqueous solution 30% + + + 4 4 4 4Acetic Acid CH3COOH Aqueous solution 60% + + + 4 4 4 4Acetic Acid CH3COOH Aqueous solution 80% / / - 4 4 4 4Acetic Acid CH3COOH Technically pure 100% + + / 4 4 4 4Acetic Acid Anhydride (CH3CO)2O Technically pure 100% + / 4 2 4 2Acetone CH3COCH3 Aqueous solution 10% + + + 4 1 4 2/3Acetone CH3COCH3 Technically pure 100% / / 4 1 4 2/4Acetophenone CH3COC6H5 Technically pure Indetermined + + + 4 1 4 4Acrylonitrile CH2=CH-CN Technically pure 100% + + + 4 4 4 3Adipic Acid HOOC(CH2)4COOH Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Alcohol 40% +Alcoholic Spirits Comm. Comp. + +Allyl Alcohol CH2=CH-CH2OH Aqueous solution 96% + + +Alum Al2(SO4)3K2SO4 4H2O Aqueous solution Solution + + + 2 1 1 1Alum Al2(SO4)3K2SO4 4H2O Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 1Aluminium Acetate (CH3COO)3Al Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 4 4Aluminium Bromide AlBr3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Aluminium Chloride AlCl3 Aqueous solution All + + + 2 1 1 1Aluminium Fluoride AlF3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 1Aluminium Nitrate Al(NO3)3 Aqueous solution Saturated + 1 1 1 1Aluminium Sulfate Al2(SO4)3 Aqueous solution 10% + + + 2 1 1 1Aluminium Sulfate Al2(SO4)3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 1Ammonia NH3 Aqueous solution Solution + + + 2 1 3 2Ammonia Gas NH3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 3 2Ammonia Gas NH3 Technically pure 100% + + + 2 1 3 2Ammonium Acetate CH3COONH4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Ammonium Bifluoride NH4FHF Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3 Aqueous solution 100% + + + 2 1 2 2Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Ammonium Fluoride NH4F Aqueous solution 25% + + + 1 1 1 1Ammonium Fosfate (NH4)3PO4 X H2O All + + + 1 1 1 1Ammonium Hydroxide NH4OH Aqueous solution Solution + + + 4 1 2 4Ammonium Hydroxide NH4OH Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 4 1 2 4Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + / 2 1 1 1Ammonium Sulfate (NH4)2SO4 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Ammonium Sulfhydrate NH4OH(NH4)2SO4 Aqueous solution Solution +Ammonium Sulfhydrate NH4OH(NH4)2SO3 Aqueous solution Saturated +Ammonium Sulfide (NH4)2S Aqueous solution 10% + + + 1 1 1 1Ammonium Sulfide (NH4)2S Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Amyl Acetate CH3COO(CH2)4CH3 Technically pure 100% + + + 4 2 4 3Amyl Alcohol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH 100% + + / 2 2 2 1Amyl Chloride CH3(CH2)4Cl Technically pure 100% - 4 1 4Aniline C6H5NH2 Technically pure 100% / 4 2/3 1 3Aniline Chlorhydrate C6H5NH2HCl Aqueous solution Saturated / / / 2 2 1 1Anthraquinone Sulfonic Acid

Solution +

Antimony Trichloride SbCl3 Aqueous solution 90% + + + 1 1 1 1Aqua Regia 3HCl+1HNO3 100% - - - 4 4 2/3 4Arsenic Acid H3AsO4 Saturated + +Barium Carbonate BaCO3 Aqueous solution All + + +Barium Chloride BaCl2 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Barium Nitrate Ba(NO3)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Barium Sulfate BaSO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Barium Sulfide BaS Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 2Beer 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Benzaldehyde C6H5CHO Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 4 2 4 3Benzene C6H6 Technically pure 100% / - - 4 4 3 4Benzene + Benzine 20/80% / - - 2/3 4 2 4

23



Benzene Sulfonic Acid C6H5SO3H Aqueous solution 10% - 4 4 1 4Benzine (Free Of Pb And Aromatic)

C5H12÷C12H26 Technically pure 100% + + / 4 4 1 4

Benzoic Acid C6H5COOH Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 4 4 1 4Benzyl Alcohol C6H5CH2OH Technically pure 100% + + / 4 1 1 4Bleaching Lye NaClO+NaCl 12,5% Cl / / 4 1 1 4Borax Na2B4O7 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Boric Acid H3BO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Brine Comm. Comp. +Bromic Acid HBrO3 10% + + + 4 1 1 4Bromine,Liquid Br2 Technically pure 100% - 4 3 2 4Bromine,Liquid Br2 High - 4 4 1 4Butadiene CH2=CH-CH=CH2 Gas 100% + 3 4 2 4Butane Gas CH3CH2CH2CH3 100% + + + 2 4 2 4Butanediol OHCH2CH2CH2CH2OH Aqueous solution 10% + + +Butanediol OHCH2CH2CH2CH2OH Aqueous solution Concentrated / - -Butyl Acetate CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3 Technically pure 100% / / / 4 2 4 4Butyl Alcohol CH3(CH2)3OH Technically pure 100% + + + 1 2 1 1Butyl Ether (CH3(CH2)3)2O Technically pure 100% / - - 4 3 4 4Butyl Phenol C4H9C6H4OH Technically pure 100% - 4 4 2 4Butyl Phthalate HOOCC6H4COOC4H9 Technically pure 100% + / /Butylene CH2=CH-CH2CH4 Liquid 100% - 2 4 1 4Butylene Glycol OHCH2-CH=CH-CH2OH Technically pure 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Butylene CH2=CH-CH2CH3 Technically pure 100% - 2 4 1 4Butyric Acid CH3CH2CH2COOH Aqueous solution 20% + + /Butyric Acid CH3CH2CH2COOH Technically pure 100% + + /Calcium Acetate Ca(CH3COO)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 4 4Calcium Bisulfite Ca(HSO3)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 2 2Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Calcium Chlorate Ca(ClO3)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Calcium Chloride CaCl2 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Calcium Hypochloride Ca(CIO)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 4 1 1 4Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2 Aqueous solution 50% + + + 1 1 1 1Calcium Sulfate CaSO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Calcium Sulfide CaS Aqueous solution Saturated / / / 1 1 1 2Camphor Oil Comm. Comp. - -Carbon Dioxide CO2+H2O Aqueous solution Indetermined + + + 1 1 1 1Carbon Dioxide CO2 Gas 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Carbon Disulfide CS2 Technically pure 100% / - 4 4 1 4Carbon Monoxid CO Gas 100% + + + 2 2 1 2Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 Technically pure 100% -Carbonic Acid H2CO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Chloramine C6H5SO2NNaCl Aqueous solution Solution +Chloric Acid HClO3 Aqueous solution 20% /Chlorine Cl2 Wet All / - 4 3 1 4Chlorine Cl2 Gas 100% / / - 4 2 4 4Chlorine Cl2 Technically pure 100% -Chlorine Water Cl2+H2O Saturated / /Chloro Benzene C6H5Cl Technically pure 100% / - -Chloro Sulfonic Acid HClSO3 Technically pure 100% - - -Chloroform CHCl3 Technically pure 100% - 4 4 2 4Chrome Alum KCr(SO4)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Chrome Alum KCr(SO4)2 Indetermined + + +Chromic Acid CrO3+H2O Aqueous solution 10% / - - 4 2/3 1 4Chromic Acid CrO3+H2O Aqueous solution 30% / - - 4 2/3 1 4Chromic Acid CrO3+H2O Aqueous solution 50% / - - 4 2/3 1 4Citric Acid C3H4(OH)(COOH)3 Aqueous solution 50% + + + 2 1 1 2Compressed Air with Oil 100% + +Copper Acetate Cu(COOCH3)2 Saturated + 2 1 4 4Copper Chloride CuCl2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Copper Fluoride CuF2 Aqueous solution All + + + 2 1 1 1Copper Nitrate Cu(NO3)2 Aqueous solution Indetermined + + + 2 1 1 1




20 40 60 20 20 20 20



Copper Sulfate CuSO4 Aqueous solution Solution + + + 1 1 1 1Copper Sulfate CuSO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Cresol CH3C6H4OH Aqueous solution >=90% + + /Cresol CH3C6H4OH Aqueous solution Solution + + /Croton Aldehyde CH3-CH=CH-CHO Technically pure 100% /Cryolite Na3AlF6 Aqueous solution Saturated / / -Cyclohexane C6H12 Technically pure 100% + + + 2 4 1 4Cyclohexanol C6H11OH Technically pure 100% + / / 2 4 2 3Cyclohexanone C6H10O Technically pure 100% + / / 4 3 4 4Decalin (Decahydronaf-talene)

C10H18 Technically pure 100% + / /

Detergents Aqueous solution Comm. Comp. + + +Dextrine Comm. Comp. + + +Dextrose C6H12O6 Aqueous solution All + + +Dextrose C6H12O6 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Dextrose C6H12O6 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Dibutyl Phthalate C6H4(COOC4H9)2 Technically pure 100% - 4 2 2 4Dibutyl Sebacate C8H16(COOC4H9)2 Technically pure 100% + 4 2 2 4Dichloro Benzene C6H4Cl2 Technically pure 100% / 4 4 2 4Dichloroacetic Acid Cl2CHCOOH Aqueous solution 50% + + + 2 2 2 2Dichloroacetic Acid Cl2CHCOOH Technically pure 100% + + / 3 2 3 3Dichloroacetic Acid Methyl Ester

Cl2CHCOOCH3 Technically pure 100% + + +

Dichloroethylene CHCl=CHCl Technically pure 100% - 2 2 4Diesel Oil 100% + / / 1 4 1 4Diethylether C2H5OC2H5 Technically pure 100% - - 4 4 4 4Diglycolic Acid HOOCCH2OCH2COOH Aqueous solution Saturated +Di-Isobutyl Ketone (CH3)2CHCH2COCH2CH

(CH3)2

Technically pure 100% + / - 4 2 4 2/3

Dimethyl Amine (CH3)2NH Technically pure 100% / -Dimethyl Formamide HCON(CH3)2 Technically pure 100% + + / 4 2 4 3Dioctyl Phthalate C6H4(COOC8H17)2 Technically pure 100% + / / 4 2 2 4Dioxane (CH2)4O2 Technically pure 100% + + + 4 2/3 4 4Ethyl Acetate CH3COOCH2CH3 Technically pure 100% + / - 4 2/3 4 4Ethyl Alcohol CH3CH2OH Aqueous solution 96% + + / 2 1 2 1Ethyl Benzene C6H5C2H5 Technically pure 100% / / / 4 4 2 4Ethyl Chloride CH3CH2Cl Technically pure 100% / - 2/3 4 2 4Ethyl Ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Technically pure 100% / 3 3 4 4Ethylene Chlorohydrin ClCH2CH2OH Technically pure 100% + + / 4 2 2 2Ethylene Diamina NH2CH2CH2NH2 Technically pure 100% - - - 2 1 4 2Ethylene Dichloride CH2CICH2CI Technically pure 100% / / 4 4 2/3 4Ethylene Glycol HOCH2-CH2OH Technically pure 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Ethylene Oxide C2H4O Technically pure 100% - 3 3 4 4Exhaust fumes Traces + + +Fatty Acids R>C6 Technically pure 100% + + /Ferric Chloride FeCl3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 2Ferric Nitrate Fe(NO3)3 Indetermined + + +Ferric Sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Ferrous Chloride FeCl2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 2Ferrous Nitrate Fe(NO3)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Ferrous Sulfate FeSO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 2Fertilizer Salts Aqueous solution 10% + + +Fertilizer Salts Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Fluoboric Acid HBF4 Technically pure 100% + + + 1 1 1Fluorine Gas Dry F2 100% - 4 1 4Fluosilicic Acid H2SiF6 Aqueous solution 32% + + +Formaldehyde CH2O Aqueous solution 37% + + + 1 1 1 1Formamide HCONH2 Technically pure 100% + + + 2 2 1 1Formic Acid HCOOH Aqueous solution 50% + + + 4 2 4 2Formic Acid HCOOH Technically pure 100% + + + 4 2 4 2Freon F-12 CCl2F2 Technically pure 100% - 2 2/3 2 4Fruit pulp and juice Comm. Comp. +Furfuryl Alcohol C5H6O2 Technically pure 100% + + / 4 2 4




20 40 60 20 20 20 20

25



Gelatine 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Glycerine C3H5(OH)3 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 2 1Glycocoll NH2CH2COOH Aqueous solution 10% + +Glycolic Acid HOCH2COOH Aqueous solution 37% + + +Gas containing:- Carbon Dioxide CO2 Gas All + + +- Carbon Monoxid CO Gas All + + +- Hydrochloric Acid HCL Gas All + + +- Hydrochloric Acid HCL Gas All + + +- Hydrofluoric Acid HF Gas < 0,1 % + + +- Nitrous Vapours NO, NO2, N2O3, NOx Gas < 0,1 % + + +- Nitrous Vapours NO, NO2, N2O3, NOx Gas 5% + + +- Oleum H2SO4 + SO3 Gas < 0,1 % - - -- Oleum H2SO4 + SO3 Gas 5% - - -- Sulphur Dioxide Liquid SO2 Gas All + + +- Sulphur Trioxide SO3 Gas < 0,1 % - - -- Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Gas All + + +Heptane C7H16 Technically pure 100% + / - 1 4 1 4Hexane C6H14 Technically pure 100% + / / 1 4 1 4Hydrazine Hydrate NH2-NH2 H2O Aqueous solution Solution + + + 2 1 1Hydrobromic Acid HBr 10% + + + 3 2 1 3Hydrobromic Acid HBr 48% + + + 4 1 1 4Hydrochloric Acid HCl Aqueous solution 10% + + +Hydrochloric Acid HCl Aqueous solution 30% + + + 2/3 1 2 2/3Hydrochloric Acid HCl Aqueous solution 5% + + +Hydrochloric Acid HCl Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Hydrocyanic Acid HCN Aqueous solution Solution + + + 2 2 1 2Hydrocyanic Acid HCN Technically pure + + + 2 2 1 2Hydrofluoric Acid HF Aqueous solution 10% + + / 4 3 2/3 3Hydrofluoric Acid HF Aqueous solution 40% + / / 4 3 2/3 3Hydrofluoric Acid HF Aqueous solution 70% + / / 4 3 2/3 3Hydrogen Gas H2 100% + + + 2 1 1 4Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 Aqueous solution 10% + + + 2 1 1 2Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 Aqueous solution 50% + + / 2 1 1 2Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 Aqueous solution 90% + - - 2 1 1 2Hydrogen Sulfide H2S Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 100% + + /Hydroquinone C6H4O2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 3 4 2 4Hydroxylamine Sulphate (NH2OH)2-H2SO4 Aqueous solution All + + +Iodine Dry And Wet I2 3% / - 1 2 1 1Iso-Octane C8H18 100% / / - 1 4 1 4Isopropyl Alcohol (CH3)2CHOH Technically pure 100% + + + 2 1 1 2Isopropyl Ether (CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2 Technically pure 100% / - - 2/3 3 4 4Lactic Acid CH3CHOHCOOH Aqueous solution <=28% + + + 2 1 1 3Lanoline Comm. Comp. + + + 1 4 1 4Lard Oil Comm. Comp. +Lead Acetate Pb(CH3COO)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 4 4Lead Chloride PbCl2 Aqueous solution Saturated + +Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + 1 1 1 1Lead Sulfate PbSO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Linseed Oil Comm. Comp. / 1 3 1 4Lubricating Oils Comm. Comp. - 2 4 1 4Lubricating Oils,Free Of Aromatic

Comm. Comp. + + / 1 4 1 4

Magnesium Carbonate MgCO3 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Magnesium Chloride MgCl2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 1Magnesium Nitrate Mg(NO3)2 Aqueous solution Indetermined + + +Magnesium Sulfate MgSO4 Saturated + + + 2 1 1 1Maize Oil Comm. Comp. + + / 1 1 1 4Maleic Acid HOOC-CH=CH-COOH Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Malic Acid HOOCCH2CHOHCOOH Aqueous solution Saturated + 1 4 1 2Mercuric Chloride HgCl2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1




20 40 60 20 20 20 20



Mercuric Cyanide Hg(CN)2 Aqueous solution All + + +Mercuric Sulfate HgSO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Mercurous Nitrate HgNO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Mercury Hg Technically pure 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Methane CH4 100% + 1 3 1 3Methanesulfonic Acid CH3SO3H Aqueous solution 50% / /Methanesulfonic Acid CH3SO3H Technically pure 100% - -Methyl Acetate CH3COOCH3 Technically pure 100% + 4 2 4 4Methyl Alcohol CH3OH Technically pure 100% + + +Methyl Amine CH3NH2 Aqueous solution 32% / 4 1 4 2Methyl Bromide CH3Br Technically pure 100% / 4 4 1 4Methyl Chloride CH2Cl Technically pure 100% / 4 3 1 4Methyl Ethyl Ketone CH3COCH2CH3 100% + / - 4 2 4 4Methylene Chloride CH2Cl2 100% / 4 4 3 4Milk 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Mineral oil Comm. Comp. / / - 1 4 1 4Mixed Acids(Chromic, Sulphuric)

H2CrO4/H2SO4/H2O 50/15/35% -

Mixed Acids(Sulphuric, Nitric)

H2SO4/HNO3/H2O 10/20/70% / / /


H2SO4/HNO3/H2O 48/49/3 - - -


H2SO4/HNO3/H2O 50/50% - - -

Mixed Acids(Sulphuric, Phosphoric)

H2SO4/H3PO4/H2O 30/60/10% + /

Molasses Comm. Comp. + / / 1 1 1 1Monochloracetic Acid ClCH2COOH Aqueous solution 50% + / / 4 2 4Monochloroacetic Acid Ethyl Ester

ClCH2COOCH2CH3 Technically pure 100% + + +

Naphthalene C10H8 Technically pure 100% + / /Nickel Chloride NiCl2 Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 1Nickel Nitrate Ni(NO3)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Nickel Sulfate NiSO4 Aqueous solution Solution + + / 1 1 1 1Nickel Sulfate NiSO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Nicotine C10H14N2 Indetermined + + +Nitric Acid HNO3 Aqueous solution 20% + / / 4 4 2/3 4Nitric Acid HNO3 Aqueous solution 40% / - - 4 4 2/3 4Nitric Acid HNO3 Aqueous solution 70% - - - 4 4 2/3 4Nitric Acid HNO3 Technically pure 100% - 4 4 2/3 4Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 100% + / /Nitroethane CH3CH2NO2 Technically pure 100% + / / 4 2 4 2Nitromethane CH3NO2 Technically pure 100% + / / 4 2 4 2Nitrotoluene CH3C6H4NO2 Technically pure 100% + + /Nitrous Gases NOx Anhydrous Solution + + + 1 1 1 1Oleic Acid C17H33COOH Technically pure 100% + + / 2 3 1 4Oleum H2SO4+SO3 10% - 4 4 1 4Oleum H2SO4+SO3 High - 4 4 1 4Oleum H2SO4+SO3 Traces - 4 4 1 4Olive Oil Comm. Comp. + + / 1 4 1 4Oxalic Acid HOOCCOOH Aqueous solution 10% + + + 1 1 1 1Oxalic Acid HOOCCOOH Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Oxygen O2 All + + / 2 1 1 4Ozone Gas O3 Aqueous solution Saturated / - 4 1 1 4Ozone Gas O3 >2% / - 4 1 1 4Palmitic Acid CH3(CH2)14COOH 70% / - -Paraffin Emulsion Water-emulsie Comm. Comp. / / / 1 4 1 4Paraffin Oil Comm. Comp. + + + 1 4 1 4Peanut Oil Comm. Comp. + 1 3 1 4Perchloric Acid HClO4 Aqueous solution 10% + + + 4 1 1 4Perchloric Acid HClO4 Aqueous solution 70% + / - 4 1 1 4Perchloric Acid HClO4 Aqueous solution 10% + + 4 1 2 4




20 40 60 20 20 20 20

27



Petroleum Technically pure 100% + + / 1 4 1 4Petroleum Ether Technically pure 100% + / / 1 4 1 4Phenol C6H5OH Aqueous solution 1% + / 4 4 2 4Phenol C6H5OH Aqueous solution 90% + + 4 4 1 4Phenylhydrazine C6H5NHNH2 Technically pure 100% / / / 3 3 2 4Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride

C6H5NHNH2HCl Aqueous solution Saturated +

Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Aqueous solution 25% + + + 1 1 1 1Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Aqueous solution 50% + + + 1 1 1 1Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Aqueous solution 85% + + / 1 1 1 1Phosphorous Penta-Trichloride

PCl5-PCl3 Technically pure 100% + / /

Phosphorous Pentoxide P2O5 Technically pure 100% + + +Photographic Developer Comm. Comp. + 1 2 1 2Photographic Emulsion Comm. Comp. + +Phthalic Acid C6H4(COOH)2 Aqueous solution 50% + + +Picric Acid C6H2(OH)(NO2)3 Aqueous solution 1% + + / 2 1 1 2Potassium Acetate CH3COOK Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 2 4Potassium Bicarbonate KHCO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Potassium Bichromate K2Cr2O7 Aqueous solution Saturated + + 2 1 1 2Potassium Bisulfate KHSO4 Aqueous solution Indetermined + + + 1 1 1 1Potassium Borate K3BO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Potassium Bromate KBrO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + / 1 1 1 1Potassium Bromide KBr Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Potassium Carbonate K2CO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Potassium Chlorate KClO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 4 1 1 2Potassium Chloride KCl Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Potassium Chromate K2CrO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + 2 1 1 2Potassium Cyanide KCN Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Potassium Ferricyanide K4Fe(CN)63H2O Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Potassium Fluoride KF Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Potassium Hydroxide KOH Aqueous solution <=60% + + + 2 1 2/3 1Potassium Hypochlorite KClO Aqueous solution Indetermined + / /Potassium Iodide KI Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Potassium Nitrate KNO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Potassium Perborate KBO3 Aqueous solution Indetermined + + +Potassium Perchlorate KClO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 3 1 1 3Potassium Permanganate

KMnO4 Aqueous solution 10% + + +

Potassium Permanganate

KMnO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + /

Potassium Persulfate K2S2O8 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Potassium Phosphates Acids

K2HPO4 KH2PO4 Aqueous solution All + + +

Potassium Sulfate K2SO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Propane Gas CH3CH2CH3 100% + 1 4 1 4Propane Gas CH3CH2CH3 100% + 1 4 1 4Propionic Acid CH3CH2COOH Aqueous solution 50% + + + 2 4 1 4Propyl Alcohol C3H7OH Aqueous solution 97% + + +Propylene Glycol CH3CHOHCH2OH Technically pure 100% + + + 2 1 1 1Propylene Oxid Technically pure 100% + 4 1 4 4Pyridine C5H5N Technically pure 100% + / / 4 4 4 4Silicic Acid H2SiO3 Aqueous solution All + + +Silicone Oil Comm. Comp. + + / 1 1 1 1Silver Cyanide AgCN Aqueous solution All + + +Silver Nitrate AgNO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Silver Sulfate Ag2SO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Soap Aqueous solution All + + + 1 1 1 2Sodium Acetate CH3COONa Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 4 4Sodium Alum NaAl(SO4)2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Sodium Benzoate C6H5COONa Saturated + + +Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 1Sodium Bichromate Na2Cr2O7 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +




20 40 60 20 20 20 20



Sodium Bisulfate NaHSO4 Aqueous solution 10% + + + 1 1 1 2Sodium Bisulfite NaHSO3 Aqueous solution 100% + + + 1 1 1 2Sodium Bromate NaBrO3 Aqueous solution All + /Sodium Bromide NaBr Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Sodium Carbonate (Soda)

Na2CO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 1

Sodium Chlorate NaClO3 Aqueous solution All + + + 2/3 2 1 4Sodium Chloride NaCl Aqueous solution Solution + + + 1 1 1 1Sodium Chloride NaCl Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Sodium Chromate Na2CrO4 Aqueous solution Solution +Sodium Cyanide NaCN Aqueous solution All + + + 2 1 1 1Sodium Disulphite Na2S2O5 Aqueous solution All + 1 1 1 2Sodium Ferrocyanide Na4FeCN6 Aqueous solution Saturated + +Sodium Fluoride NaF Aqueous solution Saturated +Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Aqueous solution 10% + + + 3 1 2 2Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Aqueous solution 30% + + + 4 1 3 2Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Aqueous solution 50% + + + 1 1 3 2Sodium Hypochlorite NaClO Aqueous solution 12,50% / - 4 1 1 4Sodium Hypochlorite NaClO Aqueous solution 3% + / / 4 1 1 4Sodium Iodide NaI Aqueous solution All +Sodium Metasilicate Na2SiO3 Aqueous solution <5% + + +Sodium Metasilicate Na2SiO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Sodium Nitrate NaNO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Sodium Nitrite NaNO2 Aqueous solution Saturated +Sodium Oxalate Na2C2O4 Aqueous solution Saturated +Sodium Perborate NaBO3 Aqueous solution All + 2 1 1 2Sodium Perchlorate NaClO4 Aqueous solution Indetermined +Sodium Peroxide Na2O2 Solution + 2 1 1 2Sodium Persulphate Na2S2O8 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Sodium Phosphate Na3PO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Sodium Phosphate Monoacid

Na2HPO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + 1 1 1

Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Sodium Sulfide Na2S Aqueous solution Solution + + + 2 1 1 3Sodium Sulfide Na2S Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 3Sodium Sulfite Na2SO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Sodium Thiocyanate NaSCN Aqueous solution Indetermined + + +Sodium Thiosulphate Na2S2O3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 3 1 1 2Stannic Chloride SnCl4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 2Stannous Chloride SnCl2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Stearic Acid C17H35COOH Technically pure 100% + / 1 1 1 1Styrene C6H5CH=CH2 100% / - - 4 4 1 4Sugar Syrup Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Sulfamic Acid HSO3NH2 Aqueous solution 20% -Sulphur S 100% + + +Sulphur Dioxide Liquid SO2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + +Sulphur Dioxide Liquid SO2 Technically pure 100% -Sulphur Dioxide Liquid SO2 Technically pure 100% + + +Sulphur Trioxide SO3 100% -Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Aqueous solution 10% + + + 2 1 2 2Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Aqueous solution 50% + + + 4 1 2 4Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Aqueous solution 80% + + / 4 2 2 4Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Aqueous solution 90% / / -Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Aqueous solution 96% - - - 4 4 2 4Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Aqueous solution

indetermined

98% - - -

Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Technically pure 100% - - -Sulphurous Acid H2SO3 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 2 1 2Tallow Emulsion Comm. Comp. + / / 2 2 1 4Tannic Acid C76H52O46 Aqueous solution All + + + 2 2 2 2Tartaric Acid COOH(CHOH)2COOH Aqueous solution All + + +Tetrachloroethane CHCl2CHCl2 100% / - 4 4 1 4




20 40 60 20 20 20 20

29



Tetrachloroethylene Cl2C=CCl2 100% / - 4 4 2 4Tetraethyl Lead Pb(C2H5)4 Technically pure 100% + 2 4 1 4Tetrahydrofurane (CH2)4O 100% / - 4 4 4 4Tetrahydronaphthalene C10H12 100% /Thionyl Chloride SOCl2 Technically pure 100% - 2/3 1 1 2/3Thiophene C4H8S 100% / / / 4 4 4 4Toluene C6H5CH3 Technically pure 100% / - - 4 4 2 4Toluic Acid CH3C6H4COOH 50% /Transformer Oil Comm. Comp. + / / 2 4 2 4Tributylphosphate (C4H9)3PO4 Technically pure 100% + + + 4 2 3 4Trichlorethylene ClCH=CCl2 Technically pure 100% - - - 4 4 2 4Trichloroacetic Acid CCl3COOH Aqueous solution 50% + / / 2 2 4 4Trichloroacetic Acid CCl3COOH Technically pure 100% + / - 2 2 4 4Trichloroethane CH3CCl3 Technically pure 100% / 4 4 1 4Tricresylphosphate (CH3C6H4O)3PO4 Technically pure 100% + + + 4 2 2 4Triethanolamine N(CH2CH2OH)3 Technically pure 100% + + / 3 1 4 2Trioctylphosphate (C8H17)3PO4 Technically pure 100% / 4 1 2 4Turpentine Oil Technically pure 100% / - - 2 4 1 4Urea NH2CONH2 Aqueous solution <=10% + + + 1 1 1 1Urea NH2CONH2 Aqueous solution 33% + + + 1 1 1 1Urine Indetermined + + +Vaseline Oil Comm. Comp. + + / 1 1 4Vegetable Oils and fats Comm. Comp. + / 1 4 1 3Water H2O 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Water H2O 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Water H2O 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Water H2O 100% + + + 2 1 2 2Water H2O 100% + + + 2 1 2 2Water, Rain H2O 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Water, Salt H2O+NaCl Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1Water, Sea 100% + + + 1 1 1 1Wine Comm. Comp. + + + 1 1 1 1Wine Vinegar Technically pure Comm. Comp. + + +Xylene C6H4(CH3)2 100% - 4 4 2 4Zinc Acetate Zn(CH3COO)2 Indetermined + + + 2 1 4 4Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 Aqueous solution Solution + + + 2 1 1 2Zinc Chloride ZnCl2 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 2 1 1 2Zinc Chromate ZnCrO4 Aqueous solution Indetermined + + +Zinc Cyanide Zn(CN)2 Aqueous solution All + + +Zinc Nitrate Zn(NO3)2 Aqueous solution Indetermined + + +Zinc Sulfate ZnSO4 Aqueous solution Solution + + + 1 1 1 1Zinc Sulfate ZnSO4 Aqueous solution Saturated + + + 1 1 1 1




20 40 60 20 20 20 20

Table 2.3 Chemical resistance. The data is based on the latest knowledge. When in doubt please contact Technical Support.

2.5 Chapter summary

Polyethylene Polyethylene is abbreviated "PE". PE is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic belonging to the polyolefin group. Depen-ding on the average molar mass, the compound produced may be PE-LD (low density PE), PE-LLD (linear low den-sity PE), PE-MD (medium density PE) and PE-HD (high density PE).



31

Planning criteria

Planning criteria

3 Planning criteria

Figure 3.1

3.1 Selection criteria for PE pipe systems

For a professional and economic construction of plastic pipe systems aseries of parameters and criteria have to be considered in planning. Toemploy plastic pipe systems made of PE the following has therefore to beincluded in the general considerations.

EconomicsEconomics is one of the most important factors that tip the balance con-cerning the use of materials in planned applications. The question ofprice is not the only crucial factor included under the term "economics",but equally decisive in assessing economic considerations are life-span,flexibility, ease of installation, handling and increasingly stronger con-cerns about environmental impact as well. A cost comparison of pipeinstallations usually involves facilities made from plastic with those madefrom other materials such as metal, concrete or clay. Due to shortenedinstallation times and ease of handling, plastic pipe systems enableimportant cost savings.A further factor involving economic considerations of using PE plasticpipe systems is the reduced maintenance with respect to corrosion pro-tection. The costs of preserving and maintaining an installation are regar-ded as a cost-intensive part of an overall project and therefore affect theinvestment decision after the fact.

The advantages and disadvantages of PE in pipe and equipment con-struction will be discussed on the basis of some practical applications.The potential of PE as a problem solutions will be indicated in subsequentparts of this Specification Manual. Based on more than 40 years of expe-rience with PE, FIP S.p.A. possesses fundamental knowledge about instal-lation techniques and solutions to the problems that arise in plastic pipeconstruction.We are pleased to share this expertise with our customers. FIP will, howe-ver, restrict itself in this Specification Manual to application techniquesand resulting problem solutions involving the use of PE in plastic pipe sys-tems.

CapacityThere are many requirements in industrial pipe construction, and process-related details frequently necessitate the manufacture of components ofvarious geometries and configurations.FIP places a great deal of value on the continuous contact with its custo-mers in order to maintain regular exchanges of information. Years ofexperience with our products as well as their continuous adaptation tothe needs of our customers has led to steady development and expan-sion of our product range. We have a large range of injection mouldingcomponents from our own production facility at disposal. The productrange PE100 spigot fittings consists of:- Short spigot fittings for butt-weld- Elongated fittings for butt-weld and electrofusion- Fittings made from pipe- Flanges and gaskets

On account of these components, FIP is capable of offering a solution forevery connection of PE pressure pipes.

ReliabilityEvery malfunction, if only of short duration, incurs costs and reduces con-fidence in the reliability of facilities. Users should therefore make sureahead of time that their decisions in choosing the right materials involvesufficient attention to quality assurance. The demands of operational reli-ability begin in the earliest project stage and must be comprehensivelyrealised in compliance with rules and regulations as well as the availabletesting methods. Incisive knowledge, professional advice and optimalprocessing are important pre-requisites for reliable and proper-functio-ning plastic pipe systems.

HandlingIn employing PE materials, attention must always be paid to the fact that,beside all the advantages over conventional materials, there are alsosome disadvantages and therefore certain rules have to be followed. Justas in processes involving other materials, the use of plastic in pipe sys-tems requires appropriate expertise and care. In contrast with conventio-nal materials, the mechanical factors of PE are significantly affected byinternal and external influences (e.g. medium and environmental tempe-ratures). In contrast to concrete or other materials employed in pipe con-struction, PE pipe systems possess a comparably small surface hardness,which is compensated by high flexibility and long life-span. A positiveproperty worth mentioning is the good chemical resistance of PE againstmany aggressive media. Conventional pipe materials such as concrete areunsuitable. Unlike conventionally employed materials, appropriate exploi-tation of the offered advantages yields more technical possibilities for sol-ving numerous problems during installation. In most cases resolved in anuncomplicated manner. The handling of plastic materials is relatively easyto learn, but basic manual training is nevertheless beneficial.

The following rules are to be observed when working with PE pipes:- Pipes are to be transported in appropriate vehicles and carefully

loaded and unloaded.- During transport, they should not be exposed to impact loads.- Surfaces are to be protected against mechanical influences and their

effects (such as grooves, scratches, notches and the like).- Storage should occur in such a manner that the products are not

exposed to the effects of heat, solar radiation, UV radiation or otheradverse atmospheric and/or environmental influences for any lengthof time.

- The products should not be soiled any more than is necessary. Thesupporting surfaces for the pipes and fittings must remain free ofstones and level under all conditions.

- Deformations of the pipes can be prevented by restricting stackingheights. As a rule, do not stack PE pipes higher than 1 metre.

3.2 User instructions

Loads to which pipe systems are exposed during installation or operati-ons are indispensable variables for the engineer. The reasons for thisinformation need involve the behaviour of plastic, which is directly affec-ted by external and internal parameters such as internal pressures as wellas temperature fluctuations of the environmental and the flow medium.These influences have a great deal of significance for the life expectancyof a plastic pipe system. The necessary information about the expectedloads that could affect the pipe system have therefore to be consideredeven in the planning phase.For this purpose a selection of recurring considerations regarding mate-rial application and processing is gathered into the form of a checklist.

Capacity

Economics

Handling

Reliability

Planning criteria

32 Planning criteria

3.3 Checklist for pipe and equipment contractors

What is to be considered? Pipework EquipmentAre the dimensions of the pipes and fittings (connecting dimensions) as well as the material data clear and complete? x xAre the requirements of the fittings appropriately indicated (dimensions, load, chemical resistance)? x xIs the standard length of pipe sufficient or are custom lengths possibly more economical? xGiven the component dimensions based on the indicated catalogue sizes, is a prefabricated part more appropriate? xDoes the external and internal pipe diameter conform to the chosen nominal size? x xIs statistic evidence to be provided? Should or must an engineer be brought in? x xDo the flanged connecting dimensions indicated in DIN 2501 or ASTM correspond to the pressure ratings for armatures and components?

x

Are special product requirements demanded by the operator, agency or authorities?Are acceptance tests required or must test reports be issued in accordance with EN 10204?

xx

xx

When are the delivered fittings required on the construction site? Are there adequate storage facilities or are on-demand deliveries to be agreed?

x x

What are the possibilities for transport to the construction site? Is packaging of products required or possible? xDuring installation work, is there surveillance by a neutral agency? x xAre there certified welders for the welding work and are they available? x xDoes the welding and auxiliary equipment meet the requirements of current standards? x xWhat are the local conditions? xIf applicable, do the components have to be manufactured on site? x xAre facilities available for a final pressure or leakage test? x xMust these be documented? x xAre suppliers and/or manufacturers aware of the operating conditions?Important information includes:- the medium or nature of the flow substance in order to determine the chemical resistance (if applicable, additional information must be obtained from the pipe manufacturer!)- the temperature limits (Ti min) and (Ti max), the load duration, and the medium that loads the pipe or fitting- the environmental temperature (Ti min) and (Ti max)- the internal pressure (pi min) and (pi max)- the negative pressure (pu)- the external pressure (pa) (e.g. soil loads, etc.)- does the data involve conditions of continuous load or intermittent operation?- does the system to be installed involve an aboveground or an underground system?- could there be long periods of disuse with unfilled pipes?- are pressure surges resulting from pump operation to be expected? Size?- are the respective weld parameters known?- must special manufacturing guidelines or instructions be followed as well?

x

x

xxxxxxxxxxx

x

x

xxxxxxx

xxx

Table 3.1

33

Standards

Standards

4 Standards

4.1 General

Harmonisation of European standards for plastic piping systems is anongoing process. Plastic pressure pipe systems are subject to:

prEN 15014 Pressure Drainage & SewerageThis harmonised European standard contains only the performance cha-racteristics needed to meet the essential requirements of EU Directive(s).It does not cover all the characteristics of the products. These are speci-fied in the product standards listed in table 4.1 "European productstandards for PE pipe systems" and other appropriate product specificati-ons. This listing represents the situation at the time this document waspublished and may be changed if new standards are developed.

The harmonised European standard belongs to a family or cluster ofstandards aimed at plastic pipe systems. The relationship is shown infigure 4.1.

Figure 4.1

For the harmonisation of pressure plastic pipe systems figure 4.2 applies:

Figure 4.2

The harmonised European standard prEN 15014 specifies performancerequirements for plastic pipes, fittings and their joints for buried or aboveground pressure applications involving general purpose water, drainage,sewerage and irrigation, as well as for any other pressure applicationwith other fluids covered by the Construction Products Directive, with theexception of drinking water for human consumption. It gives associatedtest methods for verification and evaluation of compliance with thisstandard.

Table 4.1

4.2 Minimum required strength (MRS)

As mentioned in section 1.6.1, the internal pressure creep test is one ofthe most important indicators of a thermoplastic pipe's capacity. The ISODIS 12162 classification system was created to classify pipe material in ameaningful manner. The basis for this classification is formed by the mea-surement and analysis of creep rupture curves according to the standardextrapolation method specified in ISO/TR 9080. For the circumferentialstress (measured at a temperature of 20°C, a life-span of 50 years andusing water as test medium), this enables us to determine:- the expectation value for long terms hydrostatic strength (LTHS)- the 97.5% lower confidence level (LCL)

The LCL value is categorised according to the Renard 10 number series(R10). This standard number series (DIN 323, ISO 30) involves the subdivi-sion of a decade into 10 equal parts, plotted on a logarithmic scale. Thisproduces the following series (10 10)n with n = 1, 2, 3, ......, n.Rounding these values produces the following number series: 1 - 1.25 -1.6 - 2 - 3.2 - 4 - 5 - 6.3 - 8 - 10. The smooth values result from the factthat these results are rounded down to the next lowest R10 number. Theoutcome is viewed as the minimum required strength (MRS). The signifi-cance of the MRS values will be illustrated using an example involving PE:MRS 6.3 = �ref = 6.3 MPa (Mega Pascal) and corresponds to PE63.MRS 8 = �ref = 8 MPa and corresponds to PE80.MRS 10 = �ref = 10 MPa and corresponds to PE100.

4.3 Pipe series number (ISO-S)

To calculate wall thickness, material-specific variables are reinforced by asafety factor in order to guarantee the permissible internal pressure loadfor the pipe. For the transport of water through a pipe system, calculations are perfor-med using an aggregate pipe coefficient (C) = safety factor (SF) > 1.25.For the transport of gas in pipe systems an aggregate pipe coeffcient (c)= Safety Factor (SF) > 2.0 is used. The aggregate pipe coefficient is com-parable to the safety factor (SF) in its size and significance, as it comprisesthe safety reserves required under certain circumstances when additionalloads affect the pipe. For instance, pressure surges, heat stresses duringtemperature changes, agitations and ground subsidences can reduceinternal pressure load capacity. In contrast to the calculation of minimumvalues when sizing pipes, which are determined simply by running tests,the calculation of pipe safety factors must resort to empirical values. Divi-ding the MRS value by the aggregate pipe coefficient (C) yields the refe-rence stress (�ref), and the acceptable stress (�acc) is produced by dividingthe reference stress (�ref) by the aggregate pipe coefficient (C) (equation4.1).

Material independent

Specificsolutions

Harmonised EuropeanStandard prEN15014

Productsfor which no

standard exists

Internationalproduct

standards

European product

standards:

- EN 12201- EN 1555- EN 13244- EN ISO15494

For pipesand fittings

Harmonisation of pressureplastic piping products

Annex ZAof this

standard

Harmonised cluster of standards for valves

For valves

European product standards for PE pipe systemsEN 12201 Plastic pipe systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE)EN 1555 Plastic pipe systems for the supply of gaseous fuels -

Polyethylene (PE)EN 13244 Plastic pipe systems for buried and aboveground

pressure systems for general purpose water, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE) - Part 1: General

EN ISO 15494 Plastic pipe systems for industrial applications -Polybutene (PB), Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP) - Specifications for components and the system - Metric series

Standards

34 Standards

Equation 4.1

MRS = Minimum required stress (-)�ref = Reference stress (N/mm2)�acc = Acceptable stress (N/mm2)C = SF = Aggregate pipe coefficient (safety factor) (-)

The safety factor underlying calculations for an entire pipe system has tobe established in the context of individual applications (consideration isfirst given to the weakest pipe elements, such as branches, tees, etc.).The values of the safety coefficient for an entire pipe system are normallyalways larger than the values indicated in the DIN, which only apply to astraight pipe

4.4 Maximum operating pressure (MOP)

Before introduction of the European standard the internal pressure loadcapacity of PE pressure pipes and fittings was indicate by the nominalpressure stages of a pipe in terms of a PN rating. For instance, pipes ratedPN 6 meant that the permissible internal pressure load capacity of thepipe was 6 bar for water at a temperature of 20°C over a lifespan of 50years. According to the present European standard, the designation (PN) isreplaced by the designations (SDR) or (ISO-S), whereby:

Equation 4.2

The permissible internal pressure load capacity or maximun operatingpressure of PE pipes (PE80, PE100) are based on variable safety factorsSF = 1.25 (for water supply pipes) and SF = 2.0 (for gas pipes). The signi-ficance of these specifications will be investigated further in the rest ofthis chapter.

4.5 Standard dimension ratio (SDR)

In European standards the notion of nominal pressure "PN" is beinglargely abandoned. Instead, the previously used pipe series number "ISO-S" and the standard dimension ratio "SDR" are being emphasised. Therelationship between ISO-S and SDR is shown in equation 4.3. This ratio is indicated in the form of an SDR mark (standard dimensionratio). Within a pipe series, this SDR number is constant and correspondsto the value of the rounded outside diameter of the pipe divided by thewall thickness of the pipe.

Equation 4.3

SDR = standard dimension ratio (-)de = rounded outside diameter of the pipe (mm)e = pipe wall thickness (mm)

Table 4.2 shows the maximum permissible operating pressure (accordingto DVGW VP for drinking water and G 472 for gas), the current pipeseries as specified in DIN 8074, and their standard dimension ratios (SDR)for the PE100 material classes.

Note on table 4.2If PE pipes and fittings are used to supply drinking water (e.g. tablewater, mineral water), an additional test must be conducted regardingany adverse effect on taste. In transporting chemical flow materials (notincluding gas or tap water), special consideration must be given to theappropriateness of PE with regard to the indicated media. The choice ofthe appropriate pipe series is fundamentally linked to a consideration ofstress reduction factors. Black coloured PE pipes are storable in centralEuropean climate zones for 25 years.

4.6 The polyethylene (PE) mark

The continuous development and improvement of plastic also influencesits mechanical properties and variables. These are continuously improveddue to years of practical experience, as well as efforts in the researchdepartments of pipe manufacturers in improving the capacity of plastic.Improvements in the mechanical properties of the polyolefin used in plas-tic pipe construction primarily involve PE compounds.Associated with changes in material characteristics are correspondingchanges in material designations. In plastic pipe construction, reference isno longer made to PE-HD but to the PE types PE63, PE80 and PE100.It must, however, be noted that only PE100 is, in fact, used in this field.The digits indicate the long-term stability of the material, a conventionalpractice in labelling metal materials. The long-term stability for PE100 iscalculated as follows: �ref = 100/10 = 10 MPa = 10 N/mm2 and applies tosituations where the flow medium is water at 20°C and the load period50 years. Both German and European standards incorporate the new PEtypes by adopting the following classification:

- PE63 -> MRS 6,3- PE80 -> MRS 8,0- PE100 -> MRS 10,0

Since PE63 has smaller creep strength than PE80 and PE100, it has onlylimited applications in pressure pipe systems. In terms of strength values,PE80 largely corresponds to PE-HD with partial improvements of materialproperties. Due to its greater strength, the use of PE100 is increasingly more com-mon in pipe construction, especially in areas involving high pressure. Ini-tial suspicions with regard to welding have been dispelled, so thatmanufacturers and contractors can widely benefit from the advantagesof PE100.

ApplicationMaterialStandards�ref (Water 20°C, 50 years)Aggregate pipe coefficient C�acc (Water 20°C, 50 years)

Drinking waterPE100E DIN 8074101.258

GasPE100E DIN 8074102.05

SDR ISO-S41 20 433 16 526 12.5 6.317.6 8.3 9.617 8 10 511 5 16 109 4 20 -7.4 3.2 25 -

Table 4.2 Internal pressure load capacity for PE100 drinking water and gas pipes

35

Standards

Standards

Standards and application guidelines have been updated so that anyimpediments in them no longer exist. The new bimodular types of PE80and PE100 demonstrate, in addition to improvements in strength proper-ties, greater resilience than PE-HD, a quality improvement that yields thefollowing benefits:- greater creep strength at higher temperatures- greater resistance to rapid crack growth- reduced susceptibility to notching

In terms of the service life of the bimodular types, evidence to supportassuming it to be 100 years is provided by the standard extrapolationmethod specified in ISO/TR 9080. Based on years of positive experience,the minimum safety factor (SF) has been established on 1.25 (gas pipe SF= 2.0). The creep rupture curve for calculating strength values can bederived from appendix A1. The important properties and variables of PEare discussed in chapter 2.

4.7 Load capacity of welded PE100 pipe and fittings

PE100 can be welded without restriction. Welding of PE100 onto PE80components can also be performed unrestricted.In case of application of welded fittings, a reduced pressure load madefrom pipe has to be taken in account. Please consult FIP S.p.A. about theinternal pressure load capacity.

4.8 Wall thicknesses and acceptable internal pressure load capacity for PE100 pipes

SF = Safety factor (valid for water at 20°C)

Table 4.3 Classification criteria for pressure pipes: PE100 / DIN 8074: 1999-08

Wall thicknesses of PE100 pipes and fittings of the corresponding SDR seriesPE100

(SF = 1.25)MOP 40 (31.9) 25 20 16 12.5 10 (9.7) 8 (7.5) 6.3 5 4 3.2

ISO-S 2 2.5 3.2 4 5 6.3 8 8.3 10 10.5 12.5 16 20 25SDR 5 6 7.4 9 11 13.6 17 17.6 21 22 26 33 41 51

de Wall thickness (e) (mm)10 2.0 1.812 2.4 2.0 1.816 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.820 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.3 1.9 1.825 5.1 4.2 3.5 2.8 2.3 1.9 1.832 6.5 5.4 4.4 3.6 2.9 2.4 1.9 1.840 8.1 6.7 5.5 4.5 3.7 3.0 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.850 10.1 8.3 6.9 5.6 4.6 3.7 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.863 12.7 10.5 8.6 7.1 5.8 4.7 3.8 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.0 1.875 15.1 12.5 10.3 8.4 6.8 5.6 4.5 4.3 3.6 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.9 1.890 18.1 15.0 12.3 10.1 8.2 6.7 5.4 5.1 4.3 4.1 3.5 2.8 2.2 1.8

110 22.1 18.3 15.1 12.3 10.0 8.1 6.6 6.3 5.3 5.0 4.2 3.4 2.7 2.2125 25.1 20.8 17.1 14.0 11.4 9.2 7.4 7.1 6.0 5.7 4.8 3.9 3.1 2.5140 28.1 23.3 19.2 15.7 12.7 10.3 8.3 8.0 6.7 6.4 5.4 4.3 3.5 2.8160 32.1 26.6 21.9 17.9 14.6 11.8 9.5 9.1 7.7 7.3 6.2 4.9 4.0 3.2180 36.1 29.9 24.6 20.1 16.4 13.3 10.7 10.2 8.6 8.2 6.9 5.5 4.4 3.6200 40.1 33.2 27.4 22.4 18.2 14.7 11.9 11.4 9.6 9.1 7.7 6.2 4.9 3.9225 45.1 37.4 30.8 25.2 20.5 16.6 13.4 12.8 10.8 10.3 8.6 6.9 5.5 4.4250 50.1 41.6 34.2 27.9 22.7 18.4 14.8 14.2 11.9 11.4 9.6 7.7 6.2 4.9280 56.2 46.5 38.3 31.3 25.4 20.6 16.6 15.9 13.4 12.8 10.7 8.6 6.9 5.5315 63.2 52.3 43.1 35.2 28.6 23.2 18.7 17.9 15.0 14.4 12.1 9.7 7.7 6.2355 59.0 48.5 39.7 32.2 26.1 21.1 20.1 16.9 16.2 13.6 10.9 8.7 7.0400 66.5 54.7 44.7 36.3 29.4 23.7 22.7 19.1 18.2 15.3 12.3 9.8 7.9450 61.5 50.3 40.9 33.1 26.7 25.5 21.5 20.5 17.2 13.8 11.0 8.8500 68.3 55.8 45.4 36.8 29.7 28.4 23.9 22.8 19.1 15.3 12.3 9.8560 62.5 50.8 41.2 33.2 31.7 26.7 25.5 21.4 17.2 13.7 11.0630 57.2 46.3 37.4 35.7 30.0 28.7 24.1 19.3 15.4 12.3710 64.5 52.2 42.1 40.2 33.9 32.3 27.2 21.8 17.4 13.9800 58.8 47.4 45.3 38.1 36.4 30.6 24.5 19.6 15.7900 66.1 53.3 51.0 42.9 41.0 34.4 27.6 22.0 17.6

1000 59.3 56.7 47.7 45.5 38.2 30.6 24.5 19.61200 68.0 57.2 54.6 45.9 36.7 29.4 23.51400 66.7 63.7 53.5 42.9 34.4 27.41600 61.2 49.0 39.2 31.3

Standards

36 Standards

Note to tables 4.3 and 4.4:The stated values do not apply to pipes exposed to the effects of UV and pressureless drainage and sewerage pipes with maximum operating pressures <1bar and are not included in the tables.

4.9 Chapter summary

Temperature (°C)

Years ofservice

SDR

ISO-S

51

25

41

20

33

16

26

12.5

22

10.5

21

10

17.6

8.3

17

8

13.6

6.3

11

5

9

4

7.4

3.2

6

2.5

5

2

Maximum operating pressure (bar)10 5 4.0 5.0 6.3 7.9 9.4 10.1 12.1 12.6 15.7 20.2 25.2 31.5 40.4 50.5

10 3.9 4.9 6.2 7.8 9.3 9.9 11.9 12.4 15.5 19.8 24.8 31.0 39.7 49.625 3.8 4.8 6.0 7.6 9.0 9.6 11.6 12.1 15.1 19.3 24.2 30.2 38.7 48.450 3.8 4.7 5.9 7.5 8.9 9.5 11.4 11.9 14.8 19.0 23.8 29.7 38.0 47.6

100 3.7 4.6 5.8 7.3 8.7 9.3 11.2 11.6 14.6 18.7 23.3 29.2 37.4 46.720 5 3.3 4.2 5.3 6.6 7.9 8.4 10.2 10.6 13.2 16.9 21.2 26.5 33.9 42.4

10 3.3 4.1 5.2 6.5 7.8 8.3 10.0 10.4 13.0 16.6 20.8 26.0 33.3 41.625 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.4 7.6 8.1 9.8 10.1 12.7 16.2 20.3 25.4 32.5 40.750 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.3 7.5 8.0 9.6 10.0 12.5 16.0 20.0 25.0 32.0 40.0

100 3.1 3.9 4.9 6.1 7.3 7.8 9.4 9.8 12.2 15.7 19.6 24.5 31.4 39.230 5 2.8 3.6 4.5 5.6 6.7 7.2 8.6 9.0 11.2 14.4 18.0 22.5 28.8 36.0

10 2.8 3.5 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.0 8.5 8.8 11.0 14.1 17.7 22.1 28.3 35.425 2.7 3.4 4.3 5.4 6.4 6.9 8.3 8.6 10.8 13.8 17.2 21.6 27.6 34.550 2.7 3.3 4.2 5.3 6.3 6.7 8.1 8.4 10.6 13.5 16.9 21.2 27.1 33.9

40 5 2.4 3.0 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.1 7.4 7.7 9.6 12.3 15.4 19.3 24.7 30.910 2.4 3.0 3.8 4.7 5.7 6.0 7.3 7.6 9.5 12.1 15.2 19.0 24.3 30.425 2.3 2.9 3.7 4.6 5.5 5.9 7.1 7.4 9.2 11.8 14.8 18.5 23.7 29.750 2.3 2.9 3.6 4.5 5.4 5.8 7.0 7.2 9.1 11.6 14.5 18.2 23.3 29.1

50 5 2.1 2.6 3.3 4.2 5.0 5.3 6.4 6.7 8.3 10.7 13.4 16.7 21.4 26.810 2.0 2.6 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.2 6.2 6.5 8.1 10.4 13.0 16.2 20.3 26.015 1.9 2.3 2.9 3.7 4.4 4.7 5.7 5.9 7.4 9.5 11.8 14.8 19.0 23.7

60 5 1.5 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.6 3.8 4.6 4.8 6.0 7.7 9.7 12.1 15.5 19.470 2 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.1 3.7 3.9 4.9 6.2 7.8 9.8 12.5 15.7

European standards prEN 15014 Pressure Drainage & Sewerage is the harmonised European standard for buried or aboveground pressure facilities for general purpose water, drainage, sewerage and irrigation, as well as for any other pressure applications involving other fluids. National standards have been revised in order to comply with European standards.

Minimum required strength (MRS) The minimum required strength corresponds to the reference stress (�ref) of water at 20°C and a service life of 50 years.

Maximum operating pressure (MOP) The internal pressure load capacity was formerly used to designate the nominal pressure "PN" of pipes and fit-tings. In the European standards, the designation has been abandoned and replaced by (SDR) or (ISO-S).

Standard dimension ratio (SDR) The standard dimension ratio indicates the relationship of the pipe outside diameter to wall thickness.Pipe series number (ISO-S) The pipe series number (ISO-S) indicates the internal pressure load capacity of a pipe, while taking a safety factor

into account.Aggregate pipe coefficient (C) The aggregate pipe coefficient (C) is a safety buffer (safety reserve) to allow for the additional loads that occur in

pipe systems. It corresponds to the safety factor (SF). 1.25 for water and 2.0 for gas.Safety factor (SF) The safety factor (SF) corresponds to the aggregate pipe coefficient (C).Welding property of PE100 Demonstrated by extensive research: no problems have been shown to arise in welding PE80 to PE100 pipe ele-

ments of identical SDR values. Welding can therefore be done without restriction.

Table 4.4 Acceptable operating overpressures for pressure pipes: PE100 with SF = 1.25 (flow medium: water) / DIN 8074: 1999-08

37

Installation

Installation

5 Installation

5.1 Pre-requisites

Principle pre-requisites for a professionally designed pipe system aregood technical knowledge coupled with many years of experience inapplication and production techniques. Customers now expect that boththe engineering (planning) firm and construction company possesses theappropriate theoretical basis and the correspondingly qualified professio-nal personnel. In addition, they must be able to offer an environmentally-friendly, low-maintenance, economical and long-lasting pipe system, fea-tures that a plastic system can provide.

5.2 General

The references to corresponding chapters of the Specification Manualindicated in the figures will serve as guides to passages in which the rele-vant subjects are discussed in detail and should facilitate the use of thisSpecification Manual in specific applications.

5.3 Classification criteria

In the project planning and installation of thermoplastic pipe systems, con-sideration must always be given to material-specific properties. The appli-cability of general principles to specific applications is only possible whenmaterial variables and behaviours display similarities (to the requirements ofthe given situation). In the age of the PC, modern computer programmesare used to design reliable pipe systems, and graphical planning occurs withthe support of modern CAD applications. But these are not sufficient toguarantee the operational reliability of pipes, which still depends on theprofessional processing and use of plastic. The following instructions shouldbe used, especially in planning, as a guide for the design and construction ofPE pipe systems. A general distinction in the classification of plastic pipe sys-tems is based on the method of installation. In general, there are three maingroups, which are shown in figure 5.1.

Group 1 consists of pipe systems with and without linear compensation.These systems require a bracket construction and are predominantlyfound in chemical or sewage plants, as well as in swimming poolconstruction. They generally require the largest project outlays. Planning

aids and discernible influential factors for these pipe systems can be seenin figures 5.2 and 5.3.

Groups 2 pipe installations are exemplified by the parts of a communalwater supply network. They are, however, also frequently used in thearea of industrial waste water technology. Due to the flexibility of PEpipes, the costs of groundwork are lower than they are when layingsteel, ductile iron or concrete pipes. PE also has distinctive advantagesover less flexible plastic pipes (such as PVC). Planning aids and discernibleinfluential factors are shown in figure 5.4.

Group 3 pipe systems constitute exceptional cases, especially as theaccessibility for maintenance is limited. If possible, a pipeline should beinstalled according to the principles of groups 1 or 2, and direct integra-tion into structures be reserved for open channels or discharge pipes,which are subject to lower stress. Planning aids and discernible influentialfactors are shown in figure 5.5.

5.4 Influence of operating conditions

The influence of pressure and temperature fluctuations depends on theindividual system.Since the possibility of thermal linear compensation is not always available,this limitation must be taken into account when calculating load effects.Stress due to internal pressure, bending, external loads, etc can collectivelyoccur and make it necessary for the individual pipe system to be sized in asystem-dependent manner.

5.5 Structural analysis

Depending on the nature of the load, various tests can be run on buriedpipe systems. In one design, it is the stress and deformation calculationthat is important. In another, it is a stability test. A summary of the relevantconsiderations in this respect is presented in chapters 5.5.1 and 5.5.2.

5.5.1 The stress and deformation calculationSoil loads and traffic loads give rise to pipe cross-section tensile and com-pressive stresses. The extent of the stress is influenced by the elasticity ofthe pipe. In general, increasing the elasticity of the pipe will reduce ten-sion. The testing for stress is therefore to be conducted while consideringall inner and outer influential factors (e.g. soil stress, traffic load, water,ground water, chemical resistance internal over- or underpressure). Themanner of embedding in the ground is particularly responsible for degreesof pipe deformation. The higher the compression ratio of the surroundingground, the smaller the deformation. The requirement of locating the pipezone in compactable soil is derived from this observation. The acceptablevertical deformation of a PE pipe is currently 6% and is based on theaverage pipe diameter. Stress and deformation calculations are always per-formed in parallel.

5.5.2 Stability testIn a PE pipe susceptible to deformation, exceeding a critical load willcause the pipe cross section to buckle. This occurs as a result of increasedexternal (external overpressure due to the effects of groundwater, depthof the covering soil, etc) or internal (underpressure) stresses. The stabilitytest is used to document the safety clearance between the critical andactually occurring load. Details and instructions for the calculation andthe installation of the pipe systems are provided in the following chapter.

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Above ground systems

Buried sys-tems

Concrete-encased sys-

tems

with linear compensation

without any linear compen-sation worth mentioning

with limitedpossibilities for

linearcompensation

without linear compensation

in buildings subject to soil load

in foundationsin buildings

in the open subject to traffic loads

in decksin the open

in groundwater

in walls

Figure 5.1 Pipe system applications

Installation

38 Installation

Pipe systems are usually installed so that the pipelines can elongate underthe effects of heat. The latitude of movement can be provided by theinstallations own compensation elements (e.g. expansion bends andcompensators) and by properly positioned sliding and guiding brackets.Special consideration needs to be given to ensure adherence to theacceptable support distances and the limiting of flexural loads in pipebends and branches.

Figure 5.2 Above ground pipe systems with linear compensation

Pipe systems can also be installed without special thermal linear compen-sation. Pipe systems in which linear movement is impeded must pay spe-cial attention to the tensile and compressive stresses that occur, as well asto forces at fixed points. Exposed plastic pipes that are rigidly or firmlyclamped (e.g. on a pipe bridge) can be exposed to large temperaturevariations. For this reason, calculations can be used in individual cases totest the expected stresses in order to determine if linear compensationcan be excluded.

Figure 5.3 Above ground pipe systems without linear compensation

Group 1a:Above ground pipe system with linear compensation

In the open and in buildings

Hydraulicdesign

Flow ratiosChapter 7.2.2

Pressure surgesChapter 7.2.3

UnderpressureChapter 6.1

Pressure lossesChapter 7.2.2

Constructionguidelines

Length changesChapters 6.5 and

7.2.10

Expansion bendsChapters 6.6.1 and

7.2.10

CompensatorsChapters 6.6 and

7.2.11

BracketsChapter 6.7

Fix pointsChapters 6.7 and

7.2.11

Valve mountingChapter 6.7.6

Protective measuresChapter 6.6.7

Pipe connectionsChapter 8

Pipe stress

Chemical resistanceChapter 2.3

Internal pressureChapter 6.1

Flexural stress Chapters 6.2 and

7.2.13

Thermal expansionChapters 6.5 and

7.2.10

Heat stressChapters 6.5 and

7.2.13

Tests / qualitycontrol

Chapter 10

Group 1b:Above ground pipe system without linear compensation

In the open and in buildings

Hydraulicdesign



UnderpressureChapter 6.1



BracketsChapter 6.7


7.2.11

Compensators Chapters 6.6 and

7.2.11

Valve mountingChapter 6.7.6

Protectivemeasures

Chapter 6.6.7

Pipe connections Chapter 8


Chapter 10

Pipe stress


Internal pressure Chapter 6.1

Heat stressChapters 6.5 and

7.2.13

Flexural stress Chapters 6.2 and

7.2.13

Tensile and compres-sive stresses Chapters

6.3 and 7.2.13


7.2.10

39

Installation

Installation

Group 2:

Buried pipe systems

Hydraulicdesign



Soil loadsChapters 6.4.1 and

6.8

Traffic loadsChapters 6.4.2 and

6.8

Ground water effects

Chapter 6.4.3

Pressure losses Chapter 7.2.2


Trench formChapter 6.8


7.2.11

Bending radiusChapter 6.8.2

Buildingconnections

Chapter 6.8.3



Chapter 10

Pipe stress


Internal pressureChapter 6.1

External overpressure and internal under-

pressure Chapter 6.1

Heat stressesChapter 6.5

Thermal expansion Chapters 6.5 and

7.2.10

Buried pipe systems are subject to other load characteristics than aboveground pipe systems. In designing pipelines, emphasis is placed ondetermining the largest possible load capacity of the pipe under theeffects of external forces and the testing of stability.

Figure 5.4 Buried pipe systems

Group 3:

Concrete-encased pipe systems

Hydraulicdesign



BuoyancyChapter 6.4

Dent resistanceChapter 6.4.3


Constrictionguidelines

BracketsChapter 6.7

Expansion cushionChapter 6.9


7.2.11



Chapter 10

Pipe stress

Chemicalresistance

Chapter 2.3

Internal pressure Chapter 6.1

Heat stressChapters 6.5


7.2.10

Pipe systems can also be installed so that an encasement in concrete walls,decks, foundations, etc is possible after completion of the installation. The concrete surrounding the pipe impedes length changes resultingfrom temperature fluctuations (e.g. due to the temperature of the flowmedium or the effects of external temperature). Since no friction-typeconnection exists between the plastic pipe and the concrete, measuresmust be taken to protect individual pipe elements.

Figure 5.5 Concrete-encased pipe systems

External overpressure and internal under-

pressure Chapter 6.1

Installation

40 Installation

41

Planning and construction guidelines and stress types


6 Planning and construction guidelines andstress types

In principle, several internal and/or external stresses can affect a pipe sys-tem. This especially applies to buried pipe systems. Potential types ofstress will be discussed below.

6.1 Internal and external pressure loads

In a pressure pipe system, principal stresses occur in various directionsunder the effects of compressive loads (internal and external overpres-sure, or internal underpressure). In principle, the below-listed types ofstress can be distinguished:- Radial stress (�r)- Axial stress, longitudinal stress (�a)- Tangential stress, circumferential stress (�t)

Figure 6.1 Stresses as function of the direction of their effects

The size of the respective stress can be calculated using the equations inchapter 7. The diagrams in appendix B are also aids for determining pres-sure load capacity.

6.1.1 Internal overpressureAn overload of a pressure pipe system due to internal overpressureresults, especially in association with additional heat effects, to a conti-nuous expansion of the pipe until it breaks.The danger of an expansion arises as a result of too small wall thicknes-ses, in which an indiscriminate wall thickness increase is not justifiable. Inthe presence of heat expansion, a wall thickness enlargement also incre-ases the reactive forces on the pipe fixed points. The engineer mustensure that the wall thickness is designed to meet requirements whilethe pipe remains elastic in response to any length changes that mightarise. A sudden change in structural operating conditions due to internalpressure leads to pressure surges. The distinctive elasticity of the plastic

pipe has the advantage that the extreme values of pressure waves aresignificantly lower than in steel pipes. Despite this fact, pipe systems ope-rated by pumps or containing rapidly closing shut-off valves must betested for any foreseeable effects of pressure surges.

6.1.2 Internal underpressure and/or external overpressureThin-walled pipes can dent as a result of internal underpressure or exter-nal overpressure, which is to say that they can lose their circular shape. Toguard against possible instability, the critical dent pressure of a pipe mustbe calculated in relation to the standard dimension ratio. The critical dentpressure (�crit) must display a safety factor SF = 2.0 against underpressure(according to ATV A 127, a safety factor of 2.0 to 2.5 is to be incorpo-rated). In professional literature, the denotation "N" is used to designatethe safety factor (SF).

6.2 Stress due to pipe deflection

Usually, deflection occurs in a pipe length as a result of the filled pipe'sdead weight, including the weights of valves. The flexural stress resultingfrom a bend depends on the weight and span of the pipe between twosupport points. In establishing support distances (LD) in compliance with appendix B4,the flexural stresses are so small that no overload or strain on the outersurface can occur. It must be noted that support distances have to bereduced when other components (e.g. valves) are present, or else additi-onal support has to be provided. Especially notable are the significantlyhigher flexural stresses created by deformation of pipe branches andbends in connection with changes in direction. Experienced has shown that, depending on the installation temperatureand the standard dimension ratio, the bending of pipe strings that mightpredominantly occur in buried installations does not have any effect onthe service life and operational reliability of the pipe. Temperature loadsin a plastic pipe system affect strength values. Varying temperature loadscan produce heat stresses if pipe expansion is restricted or prevented.Heat stresses are also created by temperature differences between theinner and outer wall of the pipe.

The stresses created by constricted conditions (e.g. impeded thermalexpansion between two fixed points) are absorbed by the visco-elasticbehaviour of the plastic pipe until a tension/expansion equilibrium is cre-ated. This process is also termed relaxation. Critical operating conditionsarise when varying loads are involved, and the periods of high tempera-ture grow longer than the periods of low temperature. In particular, ten-sile stresses with long-term effects can, after frequent load changes,result in fatigue fractures. Stress peaks occur when an initial temperaturevariation affects an installation condition. If the temperature levelremains nearly constant over a longer period, the heat stresses are redu-ced by relaxation to level = 0.50% of the maximum value. Heat stressgenerated by a varying thermal load and tensile stress having a long-termrelaxing effect can be calculated according to the equations in chapter 7.

Internal and external loads on pipe systems

Internal pressure

Internal over-

pressure

Pipe bendingChemicalinfluences

Temperature loads

External loads (buried pipe sys-

tems)

Tensile and com-pressive loads

Figure 6.2 Internal and external loads on pipe systems

Outer Inner(e.g. flow medium)

Soil load

Traffic load

Ground water

Internal under-

pressure

�r

�t

�a


42 Planning and construction guidelines and stress types

6.3 Tensile and compressive loads

As a result of differing thermal expansions in the inner and outer wall ofa pipe, compressive stresses develop on the warmer side and tensilestresses on the colder side. At the same time, these stresses interact withthe internal pressure. Stress values can be calculated using the equationsin chapter 7. Compressive and tensile stresses do not only arise in con-nection with constricted thermal expansion but also due to the internalpressure itself. In particular, length changes related to short-term stresspeaks can be observed in pressure tests involving increased internal pres-sure. It should also be noted that the effects of notches in the pipe wallare significantly strengthened by tensile loads.

6.4 Loads on buried pipe systems

6.4.1 Soil loadThe bearing capacity of buried plastic pipes depends on the combinedeffects of pipe and soil. The top of the pipe is pressed down under soilload and the sides of the pipe are pushed out into the surrounding soil. The reaction pressure that a lateral force exercises on the pipe causes alarge cross-section deformation (support effect). The form of the trench,the nature of the pipe embedding and the backfill for the trench sub-stantially determine the bearing capacity and stability of a buried plasticpipe system. The load must be evenly spread over the entire pipe length.It is also necessary to design pipe brackets that eliminate longitudinalbending and point loading. The acceptable installation depth (i.e. thebearable soil load (pE)) is calculated using the following equation:

Equation 6.1

pE = external soil pressure (kN/m2)�B = specific weight of the soil (kN/m3)

(soil groups 1-3 -> �B = 20)h = height of the soil layer above the top of the pipe

The acceptable installation depth (i.e. the bearable soil load) essentiallydepends on:- pipe wall thickness- pipe and soil stiffness- form of the trench- pipe embedding and trench backfill

6.4.2 Traffic loadPressure dispersals resulting from traffic loads due to road and rail trans-port are assumed to be an evenly distributed surface load (p = surfaceload). The soil stress (psoil) resulting from traffic loads is calculated in thefollowing equation:

Equation 6.2

psoil = soil stress (kN/m2) (acc. to ATV A 127, there designated "�")aF = correction factor for road-traffic loads (-)pF = soil stress resulting from traffic loads (kN/m2)

(acc. to ATV A 127)

The stresses derived from the above-indicated equation are multiplied bya shock factor ( ), which takes the nature of traffic load into considera-tion.Generally, the following shock factors are employed:1.2 for SLW 60 1.4 for SLW 30 road traffic 1.5 for SLW 12

Inserting the calculated stresses and corresponding shock factors in thefollowing equation 6.3 yields the actual effective traffic load.

Equation 6.3

psoil = soil stress (kN/m2) (acc. to ATV A 127) = shock factor for road-traffic loads (-)pv = soil stress resulting from traffic loads (kN/m2)

(acc. to ATV A 127)

For pipes under railways, the following applies: = 1.4 - (0.1 . (H - 0. 5)) > 1With burial depth > 4.00 m, general experience indicates that all stressdifferences between dead soil load and percussive traffic load completelydisappear. With diminishing burial depths, the influence of the trafficload above soil load grows larger. The minimum height of the soil layerHmin for railway traffic loads is:

Equation 6.4

Under certain conditions, a minimum soil layer Hmin < 1.50 m make itnecessary to invoke special measures (e.g. use of protective pipe). Theguidelines from Bahn AG are to be observed when manufacturing rail-way crossings. The vertical aggregate stress on buried pipes is composedof both soil and traffic loads. The horizontal stresses produced by trafficload can be ignored.

6.4.3 Ground waterBuried pipes can be exposed to external overpressure (this especiallyapplies to areas with high ground-water tables). Similarly, a pipe encasedin concrete, if only for a short time, is subject to an external pressure. Adent resistance test is required for buried pipe systems that are burdenedby additional external pressure.The effects of the external pressure load correspond to the hydrostaticpressure on the pipe axis.

Equation 6.5

pw = external water pressure (bar)�w = specific weight of the fluid (for water = 1.00) (kN/m3)hw = height of the water column above the top of the pipe

The critical dent pressure (pK) of a circular PE pipe as a result of waterpressure is:

Equation 6.6

ECR = creep modulus for the pipe material as a factor of temperatureand load period (N/mm2)

e = pipe wall thickness (mm)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)pk = critical dent pressure (bar)� = transverse contraction value (for PE � = 0.38-0.40) (-)

The safety factor (SF > 2.0) usually used in the stability test (according toATV A 127, a security factor designated there as "N" of 2.0 to 2.5 is tobe taken into account) makes it necessary to undertake the followingverification:}

43



Equation 6.7

pw acc = acceptable external water pressure (bar)p = critical dent pressure (bar)SF = safety factor (-)

Note:The soil surrounding a buried pipe has a supporting effect. It is thereforepossible to derive support factors that enable the critical and, conse-quently, the acceptable external pressures to be increased. Technical lite-rature provides the support factor values indicated in table 6.1.

Appendix B11 can be consulted to roughly estimate the external pressurestability.

Example applying appendix B11Invoking three examples, we can clarify the use of appendix B11 forpotential pressure loads created by external overpressure or internalunderpressure.

Case 1: External overpressure aloneOperating conditions:Material: PE100, SDR 11Operating temperature: 25°CInternal underpressure (pu) 0 bar (no underpressure)

Result:Maximum pressure load (pex tot) from external overpressure (pex) (maxi-mum height of the water column (hw) above the top of the pipe) and nounderpressure (pu) in the pipe system:

Read from appendix B11:pex tot = 1.0 bar à 10 mWs

-> pex tot = pex + pu-> pex = pex tot - pu = 1.0 bar - 0 bar = 1.0 bar

à pex = pex tot = 1.0 bar

Case 2: Internal underpressure aloneOperating conditions:Material: PE100, SDR 11Operating temperature (TO1): 25°COperating temperature (TO2): 50°CExternal over pressure (pex): 0 bar (no external overpressure)

Result:Maximum pressure load (pex tot) from internal underpressure (pu) andno outside overpressure (pex):

Read from appendix B11:for TO1 = pex tot1 = 1.0 barfor TO2 = pex tot2 = 0.6 bar

For TO1, the following holds:-> pex tot1 = pex + pu-> pu = pex tot1 - pex = 1.0 bar - 0 bar = 1.0 bar

-> p = pex tot1 = 1.0 bar-> The selected pipe system is vacuum stable.

For TO2, the following holds:-> pex tot2 = pex + pu-> p = �ex tot2 - p = 0.5 bar - 0 bar = 0.5 bar

-> pu = p tot2 = 0.6 bar-> patm = 1 bar ; pabs = patm - pu = 1 bar - 0.6 bar

= 0.4 bar absolute pressure-> The selected pipe system is not vacuum stable under these

operatingconditions, as �u max = 0.6 bar!

Case 3: Internal underpressure and external overpressureOperating conditions:Material: PE100, SDR 11Operating temperature (TO1): 25°COperating temperature (TO2): 50°CMaximum water column above the top of the pipe = pex: 7 mMaximum underpressure (pu) in pipe system: 0.2 bar

Result:Maximum pressure load (pex tot) from external overpressure (pex) (maxi-mum height of the water column (hw) above the top of the pipe) andinternal underpressure (pu) in the pipe system:

Read from appendix B11:for TO1 = p tot1= 1.0 barfor TO2 = p tot2= 0.6 bar

For TO1, the following holds: -> p tot = pex + pu-> pex tot = pex + pu = 0.7 bar + 0.2 bar = 0.9 bar

-> pex tot = pex tot 1-> selected pipe is suitable!

For TO2 , the following holds:-> pex tot = pex + pu-> pex tot = pex + pu = 0.7 bar + 0.2 bar = 0.9 bar -> pex = pex tot2-> Since pex tot > pex tot2, the total pressure load for the pipe system

selected in the example is too large, which means that the selectedpipe is unsuitable for this load.

TO = operating temperature (°C)TO1, TO2 = selected operating temperature (°C)pex = external over pressure (bar)pabs = absolute pressure (bar)patm = atmospheric pressure 1 bar (bar)pex max = maximum external overpressure (bar)pu = internal underpressure (bar)pu max = maximum internal underpressure (bar)pex tot = pressure difference between external overpressure and

internal underpressure (bar)pex tot1 = pressure load read from appendix B11 for tO1 (bar)pex tot2 = pressure load read from appendix B11 for tO2 (bar)hw = height of the water column above the top of the pipe (m)

6.4.4 Superposition of loadsAccording to appendix B11, the simultaneous effects of soil pressure andexternal water pressure can reduce additional load values.In practice, the superposition of several internal and external influencescan occur and have adverse effects on a pipe system. This means that,besides external loads, internal loads arising from internal pressure and/or impeded thermal expansion can affect the pipe system. In addition,buoyancy in ground water can cause flexural stress along the pipe axis.The multiplicity of superposed loads requires careful and extensive plan-ning of buried plastic pipe systems.

6.4.5 Structural analysisBuried pipe systems must be regarded as special cases on account oftheir external loads.They always require a differentiated analysis based on the installationguideline ATV A127. Most equations and data on the preceding pages

Nominal pressure Support factors fsup (-)

(bar) with compaction without compactionSDR 17 2.3 1SDR 11 1.2 1

Table 6.1 Support factors for buried pipe systems

~~



are established on the basis of this ATV guideline. A generalisation of thecalculation methods is not possible due to the extent of the factorsinvolved, making it necessary to abandon any simple overview of theequations.

6.5 Causes of length change

Plastic pipe systems are subject to discernible length changes even undersmall temperature variations on account of their high thermal lengthexpansion coefficient (��). As a result, the pipe system is constantly inmotion in order to compensate for any temperature differences thatarise. Length changes and associated linear expansions in pressure pipesystems mostly occur due to the superposition of several influential fac-tors. The largest role in this regard is played by the additional occurrenceof internal pressure loads.

6.5.1 Length change due to internal pressure loadConsideration must be given to pressure tests on pipe systems in whichthe test pressure can be 1.5 times larger than the nominal pressure. Testand/or operating pressures create axial stresses in the pipe that can resultin longitudinal deformation on account of the low creep modulus ofthermoplastics. The actual length change will often turn out to be smal-ler than the mathematically calculated one, since the expansion of thepipe system is impeded by friction. This difference is, however, irrelevantto the mathematical analysis of length changes and their effects.

6.5.2 Length change due to chemical effectsBesides the frequently mentioned good to very good resistance of polyo-lefin to a large number of chemicals, there are cases when chemicalinteraction is to be anticipated. In such cases, the appropriateness of thepipe material should be tested on the expected chemicals to be transpor-ted early in the planning stage. Various chemicals can cause length chan-ges in pipe systems. Under certain circumstances, the chemicals beingused can instigate swelling of the pipe or fitting. In such cases, the pipewall absorbs more or less of the fluid contacting the pipe wall and conse-quently increases in volume. This expansion occurs both in a horizontaland in a radial direction to the pipe axis. The action of chemical com-pounds can, under certain conditions, result in reactions that have adetrimental effect on operating temperature. These temperature chan-ges can subsequently produce thermal length changes that are unwan-ted and harmful to the pipe system.

Figure 6.3 Variables that affect length change

6.5.3 Length change due to varying operating temperaturesIn only considering the effects of operating temperature, it is possible todetect that the condition of the pipe changes after initial use in accor-dance with the operating temperature involved. Decisive for the size of the length change is the temperature difference(��) that comes into effect. It is therefore advisable to test the effects ofthe length change at various operating temperatures at least once. Afterinitial operation, a check should be made to see if the shifting of indivi-dual pipe lengths has damaged or might damage the pipe fixed points.

6.5.4 Length change due to ambient temperaturesNot only temperature differences of the medium but also outside tempe-rature differences caused by changes between day and night as well assummer and winder periods are partly associated with large length chan-ges. In particular, empty pipe systems exposed to solar radiation or the

effects of frost must contain sufficiently designed compensation ele-ments. The risk potential results from high flexural stresses in expansionbends and large forces on clamp positions (pipe fixed points).

6.6 Compensation for length changes

Plastic pipe systems are generally installed so that a compensation deviceabsorbs any length change. There are also various design options, whichwill be dealt with in the following chapters.

6.6.1 ElbowsUsually, the site-specific pipe layout can be segmented by a given fixed-point design enabling length changes to be absorbed by pipe strings run-ning at right angles to the direction of expansion.This requires the smallest expenditure and the pipe system remains, initself, closed.The compensation pipe lengths created by this installation method haveL, Z or U forms, or are geometrically interconnected with each other inthe indicated forms.Consideration has to be given to the fact that length changes in one pipestring lead to bends in others.Since the resulting flexural stresses are transmitted to the expansionbend, it is recommended that these do not exceed the minimum lengthcalculated in appendices B5 to B8.The mathematical determination of expansion bends as compensationfor length changes will be discussed in detail in chapters 7.2.10.

6.6.2 CompensatorsIf linear compensation by means of expansion bends is not or only partlypossible, compensators must be incorporated in the system. These arealso required at connection points with smaller load capacities, such aspump and tank supports.In addition, compensators serve to reduce vibrations and their transmis-sion to building structures. The design and construction of compensatorsis based on operating pressure and temperature.

- Axial compensatorsAxial compensators are predominantly used to absorb length changesalong the pipe axis. They can only absorb longitudinal forces by usingtension bars, but not any transverse forces.

- Lateral compensatorsLateral compensators serve to absorb movement in both axial and trans-verse directions to the pipe axis. Since tension rods are involved in theirconstruction, they constitute a force-locking element in the axial direction.

- Angular compensatorsAngular compensators are also called lateral expansion joints. They pro-vide suitable compensation for large length changes in both level andthree-dimensional pipe systems. A length change is compensated in theexpansion joint by bending pipe sections.

Figure 6.4 Length change compensation

Variables that affect length change

Chemicals Varyingoperating

temperatures

Ambienttemperatures

Internalpressure

Compensation possibilities for length changes

Expansions bend Compensators Expansion couplers

Axial compensators Angularcompensators

Lateralcompensators

45



- Forces in pipe lengths with compensatorsEach length change in pipe systems generates a resistance of which thesize is influenced by the nature of the compensation elements. The smal-ler that this resistance is, the smaller the reaction forces are and the lar-ger the length change (�l). The length change of the pipe causes thecompensator to be pressed together or deformed and exercises, as aresult, a reaction force.The reaction force (= fixed point load) is composed of the deformationresistance of the compensator and the longitudinal force produced bythe internal pressure, based on the effective cross-sectional area of thecompensator.The possibility cannot be excluded that the load on the fixed point ismade larger by incorporating an compensator than it would be usingexpansion bends. In planning fixed point constructions, special attentionshould be paid to this fact.

- General remarks on compensatorsThe following rules need to be followed when making use of compensators:- To function effectively, compensators must be mounted between

two fixed points.- The distance from one guide bracket (guide saddle) should not be

any larger than 3x the pipe diameter.- Only one compensator can be fitted between two fixed points.

6.6.3 Expansion couplersExpansion couplers are suitable for absorbing axial length changes.Moreover, expansion couplers are only to be used in pipe systems inwhich no load produced by underpressure is to be expected (leakage inthe sealing part of the coupler). If abrasive media are being transported(e.g. hydraulic transport of solids such as quartz sand water mixtures), FIPwill certainly not be allowed to employ expansion couplers. Details onfunction, specifications and areas of application for expansion couplerscan be found in chapter 8. By arranging guide brackets (guide saddles) inthe immediate proximity of couplers, care needs to be taken to preventthe pipe from kinking on the side. The expansion coupler is not longitudi-nally force-locked and must also be installed between two fixed points.The resulting load on fixed points is smaller than the fixed-point thatoccur when compensators are used. A typical application for expansioncouplers involves linear compensation in a rigid connecting piecebetween or more tanks.

6.7 Brackets

Brackets, also called pipe bearings, pipe saddles or pipe fixings, have thetask of safely transferring all the loads arising in an pipe system to thebuilding structure or infrastructure. Pre-requisite for the combined effectsof pipes and brackets is the functional construction and design of thefixing elements. Examples of various arrangements of brackets in a pipesystem are presented in figure 7.13.

6.7.1 Sliding and hanging bracketsSliding and hanging brackets (sliding and hanging bracket saddles) canonly absorb vertical forces and will only provide limited resistance to anyoperating movement. In incorporating sliding and hanging brackets, caremust be taken that both longitudinal and a lateral movement of the pipe isgiven some play. The nature of this type of fixing is extremely susceptible tovibration, so their use in pipe systems powered by pumps is not recom-mended or only permissible along with guide brackets (guide saddles).

6.7.2 Guide bracketsGuide brackets (guide saddles) have to prevent any lateral deflection ofthe pipe. Due to their construction, they are therefore able to absorbtransverse forces. The incorporation of guide brackets ensures that a pipestring cannot kink as a result of axial restraint.

6.7.3 Criteria for using bracketsThe most important criteria for the correct application of brackets in aplastic pipe system are:- If possible, pipes should be equipped at the bracket points with

saddles. If there is no provision for the sliding of pipes in the saddles,plastic or rubber inserts can be used. The pipe may, however, not becrimped at the fixed point.

- If the pipe is to have the possibility of moving freely and uninhibitedlyin brackets (saddles), the inside diameter of the bracket must be largerthan the outside diameter of the pipe.

- Brackets may not be sharp-edged or linear. Point supports are also notacceptable.

- Pipes with large diameters are frequently equipped with saddle shapedsupports. The angle of contact of the pipe must be at least 90°. At thesame time, it must ensure suitable lift protection.

- The expansion of the pipe string must not be impeded by the bracketconstruction. The structure of the sliding surfaces must be corrosionresistant and offer sufficient room for shifting. Under certaincircumstances, a final limit is provided.

- In a pipe installation without linear compensation (axially constricted),the acceptable support intervals (LS) is, according to appendix B4,comparable with the critical buckling length LK = LF (guide distance)indicated in appendix B10.

The smallest value indicated in this comparison is to be used as the actualvalue, which is Lact = Lx (with Lx < f (Ls, LK, LF). The acceptable fixing dis-tance is:

Equation 6.8

This especially applies to pipes of small diameter.- At positions in which the bracket distances must have very large

designs for structural reasons, additional or movable supports (e.g.installation rails) must be provided. A support also serves to stabilisesmall pipes and prevent larger flexural deflections in pipe systemsunder constantly high operating temperatures. The support isconnected to the pipe by means of a strap. Care must also be taken toensure that , despite the additional supports, unimpeded sliding inbrackets and/or expansion couplings can occur.

- If heat expansion gives rise to the danger of the pipe being lifted off itssupports, or if vertically hanging brackets are attached to verticallyinclined pipe sections, the inclusion of additional spring elements canbe required (constant support).

- Sliding and hanging brackets (sliding and hanging bracket saddles) areprovided if movement might occur in any direction. The pipesupported in this manner is however very susceptible to damage fromvibration and must have a few intermediate brackets for cushioningeffect.

- Concrete applications for sliding and hanging brackets (sliding andhanging bracket saddles) occur as fixed points involving expansionbends. Their design ensures that the acceptable support distances arenot exceeded even in cases of large expansion bends.

- Radial guide brackets (guide saddles) are predominantly used withinclined pipes. They should be constructed In such a way thatmovements along the pipe axis are possible while the pipe axis isprevented from kinking. In addition, reaction forces due to vibrationsof the radial guide brackets can be dissipated.

6.7.4 Fixed pointsFixed points will prevent shifting or movement of the pipe in any direc-tion. They also serve to absorb reaction forces (e.g. when compensatorsor expansion couplers are used).If a pipe system is constructed so that linear compensation cannot occur(axially constricted), the fixed-point design must be given special atten-tion. The mathematical calculation of loads on fixed points will be dis-cussed in chapter 7.2.11.



6.7.5 Principles for the layout and construction of fixed points- Fixed points are to be arranged so that direction changes in the pipe

route can be used to absorb length changes.- They are also to be designed in considering all the loads that might

arise. In addition to reaction forces from friction at bracket contactpoints and deformation of bends, large forces are produced by fixedrestraints of pipe lengths.

- The pipe must have the appropriate retainer rings to transfer theforces to the construction of the fixed point. Insufficient considerationof the restraint of the pipe in the bracket alone will, in many cases,cause deformation of the pipe cross section or damage to the pipesurface.

- Fixing pipe systems at fixed points should, if possible, be done at lowambient temperatures, giving rise to predominantly compressivestresses when heated (operating state).

- If flange connections occur in pipe lengths between fixed points,tensile stresses can cause the joint pre-tension forces to decrease,resulting in leakage at the flange connections.

- In inclining pipe segments, fixed points are employed to absorb deadweight and dynamic loads. The design has to ensure that verticallength changes do not produce any unacceptable tensile loads on thehorizontal connections.

6.7.6 Valve mountingLocations in which valves or other heavy equipment encumber the pipesystem have to be provided with an additional support structure. Suppor-ting valves not only serves to bear weight but also prevents the transferof large actuating forces to the pipe system.The design features must be arranged to enable replacement of the val-ves without simultaneous disassembly of the entire fixing. If the valvemount corresponds to a fixed point, consideration must be given to theconsequences of the restricted length change.

6.7.7 Protective measuresProtective measures for above ground pipe systems outside buildings(e.g. on pipe bridges) include insulation against loss of heat or cooling,concomitant heating and UV light blinding. Protected pipes are no longerexposed to extreme ambient temperatures that can result in such effectsas a reduction in length change. In establishing the bracket distances inaccordance with appendix A8 to A15, B4 and B10, it should be notedthat the dead weight of the insulation will cause increased deflection.Protective measures can also be used to limit maximum pipe wall tempe-ratures and therefore broaden the range of internal pressure loads forwhich the pipes are suitable. DVS 2210 Part 1 provides the followinginformation on the UV stability of PE:"Thermoplastic pipes treated with stabilising additives can be used in theopen without any lasting effects from ultraviolet radiation (UV rays). Des-pite coating the thermoplastic with lightfast pigments, longer exposureto intensive UV light can cause discolouration (bleaching of the originalcolour). Reduced impact resistance is also not to be excluded."

6.8 Construction and installation of buried pipe systems (figure 6.5)

Following is based on German directions.

Figure 6.5 Design of the trench

The height of the soil layer over the pipe is:Hmin (*) + Hmax = mathematical calculation for the individual case inaccordance with ATV guideline A 127.

(*) Note on Hmin:The KRV installation guideline for "pressure pipes" recommends that, indesigning pipe trenches, all pipe elements are to be placed at a frost-freedepth. Depending on the climate zone, the minimum height of the soillayer over the pipe must lie between 0.80 and 1.80 m. The standards fortrench design are EN 1610, DIN 4124 and DIN 19630.

Trench bottom - Area aThe form and consistency of the trench bottom affects the mechanicalproperties of thermoplastic pipes. The already present or prepared bedmust consist of stone-free sand and be easy to compact using appropriateequipment. The pipe must be laid so that a suitable supporting surfacewith an angle of at least 90° is formed. The depth of the trench can be cal-culated using equation 6.9, which is frequently employed in practice:

Equation 6.9

HTr = depth of the trench (mm)DN = Nominal diameter of the pipe (mm)

Trench width

Compactable backfill

Hei

ght

of s

oil l

ayer

h

(min

800

)

Angle of support > 90º

A = Pipe bed (in pipe zone)100 mm for normal soil composition150 mm on rocks or hard soils

B = Pipe zone with height of soil layer Ho

C= Backfill with a soil layer over the pipe zone that has a height ofat least 800 mm

(stone-free sand, compacted)

47



The above-cited equation 6.9 is given the same form in EN 1610. EN1610 provides the following minimum values that, unless otherwise indi-cated, should not be exceeded:- normal soil composition -> 100 mm- rocks or hard soils -> 150 mm

Pipe embedding - Area bThe fill for the embedding of pipe systems must be stone-free soil, sandor similar material that must be capable of proper soil compaction. Theembedding procedure significantly determines the soil pressure and soil-load distribution, as well as the formation of a stress-relieving, lateral soilpressure on the pipe.The height of the embedding layer over the pipe (Ho) is: H0 = min. 150 mm over the top of the pipe and 100 mm over

connecting elements (as stated in EN 1610)

Backfill - Area cThe backfilling and compacting of the trench occurs in layers. Soil typesand materials that can result in settling at a later time may not be used tobackfill the trench (e.g. ash, slag, stones). The compression ratio of back-fill material is measure in %Proctor (%Dpr). The use of heavy compactingor compression equipment for soil compaction is not permitted when thesoil layer over the pipe is <1.0 m.

6.8.1 Construction principlesThe design (i.e. the form of the trench), the backfill and the correspon-ding compaction of materials have important effects on the service life ofplastic pipe systems.The following construction principles should therefore be observed:- The pipe trench is shaped so that all pipe parts are covered by the

prescribed soil layer.- In laying plastic pipes on the prepared trench bottom and in

subsequently embedding them, stones must be prevented fromcontacting the plastic pipe (danger of notching that leads to cracking).

- In rocky or stony subsoil, the trench bottom is to be excavated 0.15 mdeeper and the additional excavation filled by a stone-free supportlayer.

- Sand and fine gravel (grit size <20 mm) are the most suitable materialsfor embedding pipes and compacting the pipe zone.

- All soil types occurring in nature are classified in DIN 18196 "Soilclassification for construction purposes and methods of recognisingsoil groups". Soils are divided into:Group 1: non-cohesive coarse soils (sandy, gritty soils)Group 2: cohesive, fine soils (coarse clay, clay)Group 3: cohesive, fine and coarse mixed soils

(cohesive sandy soils, gritty soils, cohesive stony weatheredsoils).

- The compactability of individual soils and, consequently, the quality ofthe compaction depend on the granulometric composition, the grainshape and water content. The method of compaction with regard tothe equipment used is shown in table 6.2.

- Concrete or clay bar must, in certain circumstances, be incorporated inslopes in order to prevent the sandy pipe bed from being washedaway. In some cases, drainage must be provided.

- In the case of bearing capacity changes of the trench bottom due todiffering soil layers, a sufficiently long fine-gravel or sand fill is appliedat the transitions.

The following instructions sheets are important for pipe trench design: - DIN 4124 "Excavations and trenches"- DIN 19630 "Guidelines for the construction of water pipes: DVGW

Technical Regulations"- EN 1610 "Laying and testing drainage pipes and canals: Dutch

Version EN 1610:1997"

Type of equipment Soil group

Service weight (kg)

ICoarse (non-cohesive)

IIFine (cohesive)

IIIMixed grained (cohesive)

Appro-priate

Layer height

Number Appro-priate

Layer height

Number Appro-priate

Layerheight

Number

(cm) Trans. (cm) Trans. (cm) Trans.1. Light compacting equipment (predominantly for the pipe zone)

Tamper light < 25 + < 15 2 - 4 + < 10 2 - 4 + < 15 2 - 4Frogrammer medium

light25 - 60< 100

+o

20 - 4020 - 30

2 - 43 - 4

++

10 - 3020 - 30

2 - 43 - 5

++

15 - 3015 - 25

3 - 43 - 5

Vibrating plate light < 100 + < 20 3 - 5 - - - o < 15 4 - 6Vibrating roller medium

light100 - 300< 600

++

20 - 3020 - 30

3 - 54 - 6

--

--

--

oo

15 - 2515 - 25

4 - 65 - 6

2. Medium and heavy compacting equipment (above the pipe zone)Tamper medium

heavy25 - 6060 - 200

++

20 - 4040 - 50

2 - 42 - 4

++

10 - 3020 - 30

2 - 42 - 4

++

15 - 3020 - 40

2 - 42 - 4

Frogrammer medium 100 - 500 o 20 - 40 3 - 4 + 20 - 30 3 - 5 + 25 - 35 3 - 4Vibrating plate heavy

medium500300 - 750

o+

30 - 5030 - 50

3 - 43 - 5

+-

30 - 40-

3 - 5-

+o

30 - 5020 - 40

3 - 43 - 5

Vibrating roller heavy 750600 - 8000

++

40 - 7020 - 50

3 - 54 - 6

--

--

--

o+

30 - 5020 - 40

3 - 55 - 6

+ = recommended o = most suitable

Table 6.2 Type of compaction

* The above-stated data represents average performance data. In unfavourable conditions (e.g. high water content, sheet lining, the indicated layer heightshave to be decreased, while they can be increased in especially favourable conditions. Precise values are only ascertained by means of trial compaction. If notrial compaction is run (except in cases involving steel and ductile iron pipes), only use the highest values for the layer heights indicated in the table.



6.8.2 Bending radiusRoute direction changes can be followed by bending the pipe. To avoid the risk of buckling and overstraining the outside surface, it isrecommended that the minimum bending radius not be exceeded (table6.3).

Note to table 6.3:The safety factor (SF) for the indicated SDR and ISO-S values of PE is 1.6.The bending radius at an installation temperature of 20°C were mathe-matically calculated. To calculate the bending radius at an installation tem-perature of 0°C, the mathematically calculated values for an installationtemperature of 20°C were multiplied by a factor of 2.5. The bendingradius at an installation temperature of 10°C were interpolated (meanvalues).

6.8.3 Building connectionsWhen buried pipes connect to buildings, the possibility of settling has tobe taken into account. The elastic plastic pipe, due to the deformationcapacity zone (figure 6.6) over the length DZ (elbow length) ensures thatno overload can occur in the area of settlement.

6.9 Principles of constructing and installing concrete-encased pipe systems

Plastic pipes encased in concrete after installation represent a special case.Their handling in connection with the technical application guidelines infor pressure pipes in this manual is therefore limited to important or criticaldetails. The instructions may be applied to other similar circumstances.

Figure 6.6 Expansion zones in pipe bends

6.9.1 Behaviour of pipe systems under temperature loadsOnce a pipe system is encased in concrete, no movement can any longeroccur. A pipe system without linear compensation is created, meaning thatincreased heat stresses have to be taken into account. Since no friction-lockconnection is formed between the straight pipe and surrounding concrete,the fittings constitute fixed points and are correspondingly subjected tostress. In installing pipe systems, measures need to be taken to limit theload on the fittings. Examples of such practices are described below.

6.9.2 Load on pipe bendIf extreme temperature differences can arise, pipe bends have to be pro-tected against overstress. For this purpose, an expansion zone usingdeformable material is incorporated. The chosen thickness of the expan-sion cushions must be at least as large as �l. The length of the expansionzone corresponds to the dimensions of the expansion bends in appendi-ces B5 to B8.

6.9.3 Load on teeDue to varying temperatures, fittings are subject to surface pressure. Thisadverse load concentrates on tee sections, as additional shear forces arecreated at outgoing connections.

If a load limiting element is placed directly beside the fitting, an electro-fusion coupler is the most suitable connection piece. The longitudinalforce (force on a fixed point) (FFp) remains equally large, but the defor-mation due to the significantly smaller �l is clearly less. Another optionfor protection against overloading is the incorporation of an expansionzone (expansion cushion).

6.9.4 Fixing pipe systemsIn comparison with brackets, the installation of a concrete-encased pipesystem does not require any special measures. The fixing during installa-tion only serves as float protection and is to be regarded as provisionalattachment prior to encasement with concrete.

Figure 6.7 Shear and fixed-point forces on tees and 45° branches

Material Bending radius at various installation temperatures

ISO-S SDR 0°C 10°C 20°CPE100 8 17 50 x de 35 x de 20 x de

5 11 50 x de 35 x de 20 x de

Table 6.3 Bending radius

49




Internal pressure loads Internal pressure loads create stresses in various directions. Radial stresses, axial stresses and tangential stresses can occur.

Internal overpressure Internal overpressure can result in pipe expansion, especially under the effects of heat. Sudden changes in ope-ration conditions can cause pressure surges.

Internal underpressure / external overpressure

Exposed to internal underpressure or external overpressure, a pipe will tend to buckle, which means it deviates for its ideal form (circular cross section). The critical buckle pressure should be calculated with regard to stability.

Pipe bending Pipe bending is usually caused by the dead weight of the pipe and/or additionally incorporated valves and pipe fill. The relevant bracket distances (support distances) must therefore be determined and the suitable pipe brac-kets incorporated.

Temperature loads Temperature loads have a very large effect on the mechanical properties of plastic pipe. Attention is first of all to be paid to the relatively large thermal length change.

Tensile and compressive stresses on the pipe wall

They are created during pipe manufacture due to differing cooling conditions. Compressive stresses arise in the outer wall of the pie (usually the first surface to cool) and tensile stresses on the warmer inner wall of the pipe.

Soil load The soil layer on top of the pipe loads weight on the pipe and can cause it to deform. This load therefore has a significant effect on the pipe structure and the service life of the pipe.

Trench form, pipe embedding and backfill

Pipe trench design substantially influences the bearing capacity and stability of a pipe system, and therefore has a large influence on the service life of the system.

Traffic loads Traffic loads are additional external loads that can affect the pipe system. They require special protective measu-res. If the prescribed minimum soil layer over the pipe is not maintained, protective pipes may have to be instal-led.

Railway traffic loads(railway crossings)

The installation guidelines from ProRAil are important for installation under railways and railway facilities as well as for railway crossings.

Ground water Areas having a high ground water table can load external overpressure on the pipe system. The same holds true for concrete-encased pipe systems, which are exposed to short-term heightened overpressures. Both cases require the calculation of dent resistance.

Length change The length change of a pipe system is caused by varying operating temperatures, varying ambient temperatures or internal pressure loads. Frequently, several of these influences are superposed.

Compensation for length changes The inclusion of elbows, expansion couplers or compensators can compensate for length changes.Elbow Elbows (expansion bends) absorb length changes by moving laterally perpendicular to the expansion direction.

Depending on structural and spatial conditions, they can be U, L or Z shaped.Compensators Compensators are used if other compensation options cannot or can only be partially applied. The design

depends on operating pressure and temperature. Axial, lateral and angular compensators are used.Expansion couplers Expansion couplers are predominantly employed in pressureless systems as connection elements and compen-

sation for length changes.Brackets Brackets have the task of transferring the effective loads on the pipe system to the building structure or infra-

structure.Sliding and hanging brackets(sliding and hanging bracket sleeves)

They are only able to absorb vertical forces.

Guide brackets (Guide saddles) They serve to absorb both vertical and horizontal forces.Fixed points Fixed points in association with suitable bracket concepts prevent shifting or movement of pipe systems.Valve fixing Valve fixings not only serve as support for valves but prevent the transfer of reaction forces.Protective measures for above ground pipe systems

They are used to improve the insulation properties of pipe systems. The use of concomitant heating is necessary in many cases. Protective measure may also be taken against UV radiation.

Bending radius In bending pipe, certain bending radius should not be exceeded (table 6.3).Building connections Connections of building can be exposed to settling, which can be compensated by creating deformable zones.Concrete-encased pipe systems Concrete-encased pipe systems function as a fixed restraint. Fittings behave in concrete as fixed points and are

therefore also subject to the same stresses, which means that any heat stresses must be absorbed and compen-sated for in the pipe system.



51

Basic calculations

Basic calculations

7 Basic calculations

7.1 Factors influencing pipe system design

The listed data is meant to guide compilation of important data and vari-ables important for the construction of a pipe installation.

Note:The listed mathematical operations and relations have been simplified asmuch as possible. Plastic-specific parameters and generally valid factorsare partly already integrated into calculation formulae. We haveabstained from detailing the derivation or reproduction of single valuesto abbreviate this section.

7.2 Calculating pipe parameters

7.2.1 ExplanationThe calculation of thermoplastic pipe systems is especially important forthe engineer undertaking a project. This chapter presents the basic prin-ciples required for designing plastic pipe systems. However, the practitio-ner (user) should also be able to acquire the necessary data and standardvariables for internally pressure-loaded pipe in a relatively simple mannerwithout spending a lot of time. The mathematical operations are suppor-ted by diagrams in the appendices from which most values and data canbe read off. Thermoplastic pipe calculations basically occur on the basisof long-term values. The reference stress (�ref) and mechanical (creep)strength (i.e. creep modulus (EcR)) of a pipe system in relation to tempe-rature can be derived from the creep diagram in appendix A1 and thecreep modulus curve diagram in appendix A2. The creep rupture curvesare based on internal pressure tests on pipe samples filled with water andrepresent minimum values. If pipe systems are not intended for water butfor other flow media, their effects on creep strength properties must begiven special consideration.

Type of influence Short symbol Unit

Outside diameter de mmInside diameter di mmInternal pressure pi barExternal pressure pex barUnderpressure pu barReference stress �ref N/mm2

Creep modulus EcR N/mm2

Operating temperaturesLowest operating temperatureHighest operating temperatureHighest ambient temperatureAverage installation temperature

Ti minTi maxTa maxTins

°C°C°C°C

Safety factorfor load class I = 1.3for load class II = 1.8for load class III = 2.0for stability N = 2.0

SSSS

Calculated pipe wall temperatureTW = 0,9 . TFlow medium TW min

TW max

°C

Maximum occurringtemperature differencemax ��= Tu - TiT0 = upper maximum valueTu = lower maximum value

�� K

Load period:Load h/a (= hours per annum)for min Twfor max Twfor �ifor �a

----

h/ah/ah/ah/a

Calculated service life forcalculation of creep strength

tSLtSL

ha

Reduction factorsTime dependence (if applyingappendix A1, this factor has already been taken into account)

A1 -

Reduction factor (influence of ambient medium) according to DVS 2205 - Part 1

A2 -

Reduction factorTemperature dependence (if applying appen-dix A1, this factor has already been taken into account!)

A3 -

Reduction factor(influence of specific resilience)DVS 2205 - Part 1 (See table 7.12)

A4 -

Flow mediumPressure loss per m pipe �p bar/mFlow velocity w m/sFlow volume V m3/h

Pressure Surge psurgeWelding factorsShort-term welding factorLong-term welding factor(The abbreviations fs and fl indicated here have been freely chosen by FIP. In the DVS 2205 Part 1 guideline they are shown as fz (short-term welding factor) and fl (long-term welding factor)!

fsfl

--

Connection method- detachable connection - unions - couplings - plug-in connections - flange connections - compression connections- permanently attached connections - welding o electrofusion o butt-welding o hot gas extrusion welding o hot gas hand welding o hot gas speed welding

EFBWHEHWHR

Types of installation- above ground with linear compensation- above ground without linear compensation- concrete encased- buried- installation in the open- installation in buildingsAdditional influences

Type of influence Short symbol Unit

Table 7.1

.

Basic calculations


7.2.2 Hydraulic principles- Calculating flow velocity

Equation 7.1

di = inside diameter -> ds = de - 2 · e (mm)V' = flow volume (flow rate) (m3/h)V'' = flow volume (flow rate) (l/s)w = flow velocity (m/s)Standard values for fluids:w 0.5 - 1.0 m/s -> intake sidew 1.0 - 3.0 m/s -> pressure side

- Calculating the flow volumeThe required pipe size is derived from the flow velocity of the mediumand the clear cross-section of the pipe. The flow rate of fluids is calcula-ted as follows:

Equation 7.2

di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)e = pipe wall thickness (mm)A = cross-sectional area of flow channel (mm2)w = flow velocity (m/s)V = flow volume (m3/h, l/s)

- Calculating the inside diameter of the pipeIf the flow rate (flow volume) is known and the constants in the above-stated equations have been compiled, this yields a conventionally-suedformula for calculating the inside diameter of the pipe:

Equation 7.3

di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)w = flow velocity (m/s)V' = flow volume (m3/h)V''= flow volume (l/s)

The tomogram presented in the appendix A16 (along with the associatedtables A16a, A16b and A16c) can be used to directly calculate the appro-priate dimensions.

- Calculating the Reynolds number (Re)The Reynolds number (Re) indicates the relationship of the inert forcesaffecting the flow particles to the forces of viscosity. The Reynolds num-ber is dimensionless and is calculated as follows:

Equation 7.4

Re = Reynolds number (-)� = kinematic viscosity (m2/s)w = flow velocity (m/s)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)

- Determining the pipe friction number (P)The dimensionless pipe friction number (P) is required to calculate thehydraulic loss in the pipe. For laminar flows (Re < 2320) in circular cross-sections, the following holds:

Equation 7.5

Re = Reynolds number (-)P = pipe friction number (-)

In most cases, turbulent flows are created in pipes (Re > 2320). The pipe friction number (P) for turbulent flows can be determined withthe aid of appendix A3. The pipe roughness value (k), which is crucial forthe calculation, can be considered to be 0.01. In practice, P = 0.02 canbe used to make rough estimates of hydraulic loss.

- Equivalent pipe length

Equation 7.6

Equation 7.7

Ltot = total pipe length (m)�LPipe = sum of all pipe lengths in the system (m)�LFitting = sum of all fitting lengths in the system (m)�LValve = sum of all valve lengths in the system (m)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)P = pipe friction number (-)��F = sum of the individual resistances of fittings (-)��A = sum of the individual resistances of valves (-)

An exact indication of pressure loss at connections (welding joints, flangeconnections, unions) is not possible because the nature and manner ofthe connections vary. An overall addition of 10% to the calculated totalloss would appear to be appropriate.

- Calculating total pressure lossIn calculating the total pressure loss, the sum of the respective individualpressure losses must be computed. The sum of the individual pressurelosses is calculated by:

Equation 7.8

��ptot = sum of the individual losses (bar)��pRP = sum of the pressure losses in straight pipe lengths (bar)��pRF = sum of the pressure losses in fittings (bar)��pRV = sum of the pressure losses in valves (bar)��pRC = sum of the pressure losses in connections (bar)

~~~~

.

.

.

.

.

53

Basic calculations

Basic calculations

- Pressure loss in straight pipe sectionsThe pressure loss in straight pipe sections is calculated using the follo-wing equation:

Equation 7.9

��RP = pressure loss in individual pipe sections (bar)R = pipe friction number (-)LP = length of the pipe sections (m)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)�F = density of the flow (kg/m3)w = flow velocity (m/s)

- Pressure loss in pipe fittingsGiven that substantial losses result from friction, changes of direction andtransfer loss, these individual losses represent a significant portion of thetotal pressure loss in a pipe system. The pressure loss is calculated withthe following formula:

Equation 7.10

��RF = pressure loss in individual pipe fittings (bar)�F = density of the flow (kg/m3)w = flow velocity (m/s)�RF = resistance factors for pipe fittings (-)

The resistance factors for fittings will be identified in tables 7.2 to 7.7.

- Pressure loss in pipe connectionsPressure loss also occurs in pipe connections, although it cannot be preci-sely characterised, as the geometric dimensions vary a great deal (e.g.welding beads). DVS 2210 Part 1 recommends basing pressure loss calcu-lations for connections in plastic pipe systems (such as butt, sleeve andflange joints) on a resistance factor of �RF = 0.1 (-) . For pressures lossesin connections, this means:

Equation 7.11

��RC = pressure loss in connections (bar)�F = density of the flow (kg/m3)w = flow velocity (m/s)�RC = resistance factor for pipe connections = 0.1 (-)

To obtain a rough estimate of the pressure loss in connections, it is suffi-cient to consider an addition of 15% to the pressure loss in straight secti-ons �P and fittings �PF.

- Pressure loss in valvesThe pressure loss in valves can be determined using the following equation:

Equation 7.12

�pRV = pressure loss in valves (bar)�F = density of the flow (kg/m3)w = flow velocity (m/s)�RA = resistance factors for pipe valves (-)

The resistance factors for valves are shown in table 7.10.

- Resistance factorsThe pressure loss in a pipe system is caused by friction, changes of direc-tion and transfer loss. To determine the variables involving total pressureloss in a pipe system requires knowledge of the resistance factors (�F) forfittings, pipe connections and valves. The most important resistance fac-tors are indicated below.

- �F - values for seamless pipe bends

Figure 7.1 Seamless pipe bends

- �F values for segmented pipe bends

Figure 7.2 Segmented pipe bends

R/di�

1 1.5 2 4

30° 0.23 0.19 0.14 0.1145° 0.34 0.27 0.20 0.1560° 0.41 0.33 0.24 0.1990° 0.51 0.41 0.34 0.23

R/di�

1.5 3 4 6

30° 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.1145° 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.1760° 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.2390° 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.29

Table 7.2 �F value for seamless bends

Table 7.3 �F values for segmented pipe bends

Basic calculations


- �F values for segmented pipe bends

Figure 7.3 Elbows

- �F values for tee sections

Figure 7.4 Tee for dividing and uniting flows

Vt -> total flow volume (l/s - m3/h)Vc -> total continuous volume (l/s - m3/h)Vo -> outgoing volume (l/s - m3/h)Vi -> incoming volume (l/s - m3/h)

Positive values indicate pressure loss, negative values pressure increases.

- �F values for tanks and tank outlets

overlying -> �F = 2.0flush -> �F = 0.3rounded -> �F = 0.05

- �F values for cross-section changes

a) Pipe enlargement, perpendicular

b) Pipe constriction, perpendicular

c) Pipe enlargement, conical � value for P = 0.025

�E is the angle of enlargement. The � values are related to velocity (w2).The conical length (l) is derived from the angle of enlargement (�E) andthe diameter ratio de2/de1. The best angle of enlargement in which thestream of the inflowing medium still does not lose contact with the pipeis about 7 to 8°.

Figure 7.5 Conical enlargement of the flow cross section

d) Pipe enlargement, conical � value for P = 0.025

Figure 7.6 Conical enlargement of the flow cross section

� 10° 15° 20° 30° 45°

�F 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.30

Vi/Vt Uniting flowsVt=Vo+Vi

Vo/Vt Dividing flowsVt=Vo+Vc

�z �d �a �s0.0 -1.20 0.06 0.0 0.97 0.100.2 -0.40 0.20 0.2 0.90 -0.100.4 0.10 0.30 0.4 0.90 -0.050.6 0.50 0.40 0.6 0.97 0.100.8 0.70 0.50 0.8 1.10 0.201.0 0.90 0.60 1.0 1.30 0.35

de1 / de2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

�F 0.07 0.15 0.24 0.46 0.56

de1 / de2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

�F 0.10 0.22 0.29 0.33 0.35

�F values for angle of enlargement �Ede2/de1 4 - 8° 16° 24°

1.2 0.10 0.15 0.201.4 0.20 0.30 0.501.6 0.50 0.80 1.501.8 1.20 1.80 3.002.0 1.90 3.10 5.30

�F values for angle of enlargement �Ede2/de1 4° 8° 24°

1.2 0.046 0.023 0.2101.4 0.067 0.033 0.0131.6 0.076 0.038 0.0151.8 0.031 0.041 0.0162.0 0.034 0.042 0.017

Table 7.5 �F values for tees

Table 7.6 Pipe enlargement, perpendicular

Table 7.7 Pipe enlargement, perpendicular

Table 7.8 Pipe enlargement, conical

Table 7.9 Pipe enlargement, conical

.

.

.

.

tc

i

t c

o

. .. . .

. .. ..

Table 7.4 �F values for segmented pipe bends

55

Basic calculations

Basic calculations

- �V values for valves

- � values for compensatorsSurge suppressors : � = 2.0 per surgeExpansion joints : � = 3.0

- � values for welding seamsElectrofusion : � = 0.05Butt-welding : � = 0.1

- � values for pipe bends in succession180° bends : � = 2.0 · � 90°Stage of 2 x 90° bends : � = 2.5 · � 90°Expansion stage of 2 x 90° bends : � = 3.0 · � 90°

7.2.3 Investigating pressure surgesThe change in the stationary conditions of a pipe system (e.g. due to acti-vation of a butterfly valve or the failure of a pump) creates a pressurewave producing superpositions due to reflections in bends, reducers, etc.that can amount to many times the operating pressure. The largest pres-sure increase occurs when the closure procedure or stop command follo-wing pump failure falls under the so-called reflection time. If a pipesystem contains externally controlled valves or trip mechanisms, it mustbe ensured that their closure time is larger than the reflection time. If a pressure surge occurs, its effects must be investigated by means of ashort-term stress analysis and a stability test.

Note:The pressure surge is not always sufficiently expressed by the followingequations. In particular, more precise investigations must be employed inlonger or complexly branched pipe systems in order to consider and eva-luate all the significant factors.

Significant factors are:Operating pressure, pump pressure = pO (bar)Flow velocity = wo (m/s)E modulus of the pipe material = EcR (N/mm2)(short-term E modulus = creep modulus between 1 and 10 min)E modulus of the flow medium = EF (N/mm2)(for water at 20°C -> EF 2100 N/mm2) Density of the flow medium = �F (g/cm3)

- Calculating pressure wave velocity (a)

Equation 7.13

The indicated resistance factors are reference values and are used inrough pressure loss calculations. Object related calculations are based onthe data of the respected valve manufacturers.

Equation 7.14

Equation 7.15

a = pressure wave velocity (m/s)a0 = speed of sound (m/s)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)� = correction factor (-)EcR = creep modulus of the pipe material (N/mm2)EF = E modulus of the flow medium (N/mm2)�F = density of the flow medium (kg/m3)

- Maximum pressure surge for �w = w0

Equation 7.16

a = pressure wave velocity (m/s)pSurge = pressure surge (bar)pO = pump pressure, operating pressure (bar)�w = w0 - w1 (with w1 = flow velocity at the reflection position) (m/s)

For short pipes of a single length can be assumed that a surge degrada-tion occurs.

Equation 7.17

ts = closing time of the butterfly valve or delay of the pump stopcommand after failure (c)

LPipe = pipe length (m)a = pressure wave velocity (m/s)

The surge degradation factor is:

Equation 7.18

Zs = surge degradation factor (-)LPipe = pipe length between valve mechanism or pump and

reflection position (m)ts = closing time of the butterfly valve or delay for the pump stop

command after failure (c)a = pressure wave velocity (m/s)

Resistance factor (�)25 4.0 2.1 3.0 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 2,5 1,932 4.2 2.2 3.0 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 2.4 1.640 4.4 2.3 3.0 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 2.3 1.550 4.5 2.3 2.9 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 2.0 1.465 4.7 2.4 2.9 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 2.0 1.480 4.8 2.5 2.8 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 2.0 1.3

100 4.8 2.4 2.7 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 1.6 1.2125 4.5 2.3 2.3 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 1.6 1.0150 4.1 2.1 2.0 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 2.0 0.9200 3.6 2.0 2.4 0.1...0.3 0.1...0.15 0.3...0.6 2.5 0.8

Table 7.10 �-values for valves

incl

ined

sea

t va

lve

dia

ph

rag

m v

alve

flat

-sea

t va

lve

bal

l val

ve

bal

l val

ve

bu

tter

fly

valv

e

chec

k va

lve

free

-flo

w c

heck

val

ve

no

min

al d

iam

eter

DN

~ ~

valv

e w

itho

ut c

onst

rict

ion

Basic calculations


The complete pressure change (��) corresponding to the velocity change(�w) velocity when the closing time (tc) is smaller than the reflection time(tR). The reflection time (tR) is calculated by:

Equation 7.19

tR = reflection time (c)LPipe = pipe length between valve mechanism or pump and reflection

position (m)a = pressure wave velocity (m/s)

The rough estimate of a pressure surge hazard can draw on the followingrule of thumb:

Equation

Equation 7.20

HP = delivery height of the pump (m)Ks = pressure wave size (-)LPipe = pipe length between valve mechanism or pump and reflection

position (m)wo = flow velocity (m/s)

For Ks > 70 and with simultaneous use of rapidly closing valves, a specialpressure surge calculation is recommended.

- Calculating the pressure surge for the section involvedLPipe < 500 · de

Equation 7.21 is an empirical calculation formula. It should therefore onlybe used when rough estimates are to be made for simple pipe systemswithout fittings.

Equation 7.21

pSurge = pressure surge (bar)p = pump pressure, operating pressure (bar)w = flow velocity (m/s)�F = density of the flow medium (g/cm3) = surge factor (-)

In general, the following values can be selected for : = 25 for rapidly closing valves = 50 for normally closing valves = 75 for slowly closing valves

The loads often arising along with pressure surges due to vacuums can,under certain conditions, cause buckling of the pipe in specific situations.The stability (i.e. buckling resistance) of the pipe series in question mustbe verified in every case.

Equation 7.22

pCrit = critical underpressure (bar)EcR = elasticity modulus (between 1…10 min) (N/mm2), see appendix A2.e = pipe wall thickness (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)

From this, it follows:

Equation 7.23

pu = under pressure from pressure surge calculation (bar)pCrit = critical underpressure (bar)SF = safety factor (-)

Note:Appendices B9 to B10 indicate the acceptable external pressure load (pex)or the underpressure load (pu) in short-term observations (t = 100 h) andlong-term observations (t = 25a) for PE at various SDR levels.

7.2.4 Calculating acceptable stressCalculation of acceptable stress requires the inclusion of various reduc-tion factors. The significance of individual reduction factors will be dis-cussed in section 7.2.6. The acceptable stress is determined by thefollowing formula.

Equation 7.24

�acc = acceptable stress (N/mm2)�ref = reference stress (N/mm2), see appendix A2.fl = long-term welding factor (-)fs = short-term welding factor (max. 1h) (-)R2 = reduction factor for the influence of the flow medium

(see table 2.3) (-)R4 = reduction factor for the influence of the specific resilience of the

material (-)SF = safety factor for the respective loads (see table 7.13) (-)

7.2.5 Welding factorsThe size of the welding factors depends on the specific welding procedu-res. There is also a distinction made between short-term (fs) and long-term welding factors (fl). Only long-term factors may be used in compo-nent calculations. The calculation of welding factors is performed in DVS2203 part 2. Table 7.11 contains the relevant factors for PE butt-weld (DVS 2203 part1) and electrofusion (DVS 2212 part 1).The original abbreviations fs and fl have been freely chosen by FIP.

7.2.6 Reduction factors

- Reduction factor R1The reduction factor R1 (time dependent) accounts for the dependenceof material strength on stress duration. This value is displayed in thecreep rupture curves (appendix A1). Use of this diagram supplants directobservation.

- Reduction factor R2This reduction factor designates the influence of the flow medium (che-mical resistance factor) on the creep strength of thermoplastic. Relevantvalues can be taken from table 2.3 in chapter 2.

Material Welding factor PE

Butt-welding(BW)

fsfl

0.90.8

Electro-fusion(EF)

fsfl

0.90.8

Table 7.11 Welding factors fs and fl

57

Basic calculations

Basic calculations

- Reduction factor R3The dependence of strength on the operating temperature is accountedfor in reduction factor (R3). This value is also displayed in the creep rup-ture curves (appendix A1). Use of this diagram supplants direct observa-tion.

- Reduction factor R4This factor accounts for the specific resilience of the material as a func-tion of the operating temperature and is therefore derived from impactstrength values. The corresponding values for reduction factor (R4) arefound in table 7.12.

Factors can be interpolated for intermediary temperatures.

7.2.7 Safety factor (SF)

(*) In contrast to general references in the technical literature (e.g. DVS 2205 part 1) in whichonly two loads are distinguished, FIP has introduced this additional load class for larger loads thatcould affect a pipe system in an installation outside buildings.

7.2.8 Minimum wall thickness

- Straight pipes

Equation 7.25

e0 = minimum wall thickness (mm)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)pi = Internal pressure (bar)�acc = acceptable stress (N/mm2)

- Seamless and welded segmented pipe bendsFor the inside of bends, the following holds:

Equation 7.26

ei = wall thickness on the inside of the bend (mm)fBi = factor for the inside of the bend from table 7.14 (-)pi = Internal pressure (bar)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)�acc = acceptable stress (N/mm2)

For the outside of bends, the following holds:

Equation 7.27

eo = wall thickness on the outside of the bend (mm)fBo = factor for the outside of the bend from table 7.14 (-)pi = internal pressure (bar)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)�acc = acceptable stress (N/mm2)

- Factors (fBi) and (fBo) for determining wall thicknesses of bends

- Welded branches (tees)In principle, branches in pipes represent weaknesses.This condition has the consequence that unreinforced welded tee secti-ons do not correspond to the nominal pressure of the pipe. Welded teescan only be exposed to a reduced pressure load. An improvement of theinternal load capacity is achieved by increasing the wall thickness of theconnection or by a corresponding strengthening of welded joints.

- Wall thickness of branch pipes:

Equation 7.28

eo = wall thickness (mm)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)pi = internal pressure (bar)�acc = acceptable stress (N/mm2)WRF = weakening factor of the fitting (-)

Values for the weakening factor (WRF) can be interpreted from appendixB2.

The reduced internal loads for fittings welded on pipe segments is shownin appendix B2.

7.2.9 Internal pressure capacity of welded and injection-mouldedfittings.

- Moulded fittingsMoulded fittings do not generally require any restrictions regarding aminimum internal pressure load capacity. They therefore withstand thesame internal pressure load as a pipe of the same SDR level.

- Segment-welded tee sectionsThe inclusion of unreinforced welded tees in any pipe system reduces thetolerable operating pressure. The corresponding reduction factor isstrongly temperature-dependent, which means that the internal pressurecapacity is lowered by rising operating temperatures. Information aboutthe internal pressure load capacity of segment-welded tees is provided byappendix B2.

Material Pipe wall temperature

-10°C 20°C 40°C 60°CPE100 1.2 1 1 1

Load Class

I Even load on the pipe in installations in building. If damage occurs, no possible danger to people, property and the environment.

1.3

II Load on the pipe under changing operating conditions in installations outside buildings. If damage occurs, no damage to people is expected. Effects on property and the environment limited. (*)

1.8

III Load on the pipe under changing operating conditions in installations inside and outside buildings. If damage occurs, there are possible hazards for people, property and the environment. Applied for monitoring and inspection facilities.

>2.0

Radius R1,0 . de 1,5 . de 2,0 . de 2,5 . de

Seamless pipe-bends fBifBo

1,270,92

1,220,93

1,150,95

1,120,96

Segmented bends fBifBo

1,591,15

1,501,16

1,441,19

1,401,20

Table 7.12 Reduction factor R4

Table 7.13 Safety factors (SF) for various loads

Table 7.14 Factors for determining wall thicknesses for bends

Basic calculations


- Segment-welded bendsLike the mentioned segment-welded tees, segment-welded bends (angle>30º) have a reduced internal pressure load capacity in comparison witha straight pipe. The weakening effect of butt-welded segmented bends isalso dependent on the same temperature conditions affecting segment-welded tees. The actual internal pressure load capacities can be seen inappendix B2.

7.2.10 Length changes due to heating and internal pressure

- Thermal-conditioned length changeExposing a pipe system to varying temperatures (e.g. ambient and opera-ting temperatures) changes its status with regard to the expansion capa-cities of individual pipe sections. Pipe sections designate the distancesbetween the system point in question to the relevant fixed point. Thethermally conditioned length change (�l�) of individual pipe sections iscalculated as follows:

Equation 7.29

�l� = thermal length change (mm)LPipe = pipe length (m)�� = thermal expansion coefficient (K-1)��max = max. temperature difference (K)

Examples for the calculation of ��max: ��max = TW max - TW min

or��max = TW max - TM

or��max = TW max - Ta��max = temperature difference (K)TW min = minimum pipe wall temperature (°C)TM = average installation temperature (°C)TW max = maximum pipe wall temperature (°C)Ta = lowest ambient temperature (°C)

- Length change due to internal pressure loadsIn any closed pipe string, a longitudinal expansion is produced by theoccurrence of internal pressure loads as follows:

Equation 7.30

�l� = length change due to internal pressure (mm)pi = internal pressure (bar)EcR = creep modulus of the pipe material (N/mm2)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)LPipe = pipe length (L1, L2,···, Lx) (mm)μ = transverse contraction number (-)

- Determining expansion bend dimensionsLength change (�l�):

Equation 7.31

LPipe = pipe length (m)�� = thermal expansion coefficient (K-1)�� = temperature difference (K)�l� = thermal length change (mm)

In calculating temperature difference (��), care should be taken that thelowest and highest temperatures (installation, operating and stationary)are used in the calculation. Approximations usually take just flowmedium and ambient temperatures into account. They simplest type ofcompensation for length changes in thermoplastic pipe installationsinvolves using L-form expansion bends (90° changes of direction). L-bends are also referred to as elbows. The minimum dimensions of anelbow as illustrated in figure 7.7 is indicated by the following equation:

Equation 7.32

LB = length of the expansion bend (mm)L1,2 = system lengths of expansion bends (mm)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)� = expansion (-)EcR = (average) bending creep modulus of the pipe material for t =

25a (N/mm2)�sf acc = acceptable flexural stress share for t = 25a (N/mm2)

Expansion bend lengths for L, Z and U bends are illustrated in appendicesB5 to B8, and the corresponding values can be read from these diagrams.

Figure 7.7 Elbow (L-bend)

Temperature

59

Basic calculations

Basic calculations

- Pipe sections for absorbing length changesAs shown in figure 7.8, length changes subject pipe sections to bending.The dimensions of expansion bends (LB) are established by the relation-ship:

Figure 7.8 Pipe section for absorbing length changes

Equation 7.33

LB = length of the expansion bend (mm)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)� = expansion (-)L1,2 = system lengths of expansion bends (mm)EcR = (average) bending creep modulus of the pipe material for t = 25a

(N/mm2)�f acc = acceptable flexural stress (N/mm2)

- Branch connectionsIn pipe sections subject to axial movement, it is also important to ensurethat branching pipe strings are not exposed to high flexural tensions. Theminimum distance between a tee section and the nearest guide bracketcorresponds to the expansion bend length (LB). With the aid of appendi-ces B5 to B8, the required expansion bend lengths are visually illustrated.

7.2.11 Calculating forces at fixed pointsFixed points in pipe installations are brackets that fix the pipe in x, y and zdirections. The forces at these points depend on the nature of individualpipe system. The "slacker" the pipe running between two fixed points is,the smaller the reaction forces generated by deformation effects. Theexact calculation of the force components in any given pipe system islaborious. The calculation is made easier by employing the correspon-dingly suitable PC software for thermoplastic pipe systems.

Figure 7.9 Firmly fastened pipe string

- Maximum force at fixed-points without compensation for lengthchange

The largest fixed-point load occurs on a firmly fastened pipe string. It iscalculated as follows:

Equation 7.34

Equation 7.35-7.37

Explanation of symbols in equations 7.34 to 7.37FFP = force at fixed points in a firmly fastened pipe string (N)AP = area of pipe annular surface (mm2)� = constricted length expansion (-)�� = thermal expansion coefficient (K-1)�� = maximum temperature difference between TL and TU (K)pi = internal pressure (bar)EcR = (average) creep modulus of the pipe material for t = 100 min

(N/mm2)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)μ = transverse contraction number (-)

Since the creep modulus is dependent on time, temperature and stress,an average load period of 100 min is adopted for the calculations. Thecorresponding values can be derived from appendix A2. The forces atfixed points can also be interpolated from the appendix B9.

- System-dependent fixed-point forceThermoplastic pipes are usually installed so that the compensation capa-city of direction changes can be used to absorb length changes.The resulting fixed-point forces are therefore system-specific. In mostcases, they are smaller than the fixed-point load calculated in section7.2.14. In practice however, the procedure is simplified by adopting thelargest possible load to design the fixed-point structure. If, due to the loadcompensation parameters, the forces are prevented from being largeenough (e.g. for pipe bridges, brickwork, containers, pump supports), asystem-specific calculation is an essential part of a structural calculation.The PC calculation program can again serve this purpose.

GL GL

Basic calculations


- Forms of compensation in level pipe systems

Figure 7.10 Forms of compensation in level pipe systems

Explanation of figure 7.10:Fx , Fy , Fz = force componentsFy, Fx = FT at fixed points "A" und "B"FT = transverse forceFR = resulting total forceZ1 , Z2 , Z3 = distances of the system points from the line of actionS = system centre of massThe distance (Z) (lever) and the resulting total force (FR) produces themoment (M)

Equation 7.38

at a given position of the individual pipe system

M = moment of torque (Nm)FR = resulting force (N)Z = lever (m)

- Rough calculation of fixed-point forces in L-bends:

Equation 7.39

FLB = fixed-point load at (L, Z, U) bends -> Fy or Fx (N)�l = length change (mm)EcR = (average) creep modulus of the pipe material

for t = 100 min (N/mm2)JP = pipe moment of inertia (mm4)LB = length of the expansion bend (mm)

Equation 7.40

JP = pipe moment of inertia (mm4)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)

- Fixed-point force in cases of constricted length change due tointernal pressure load

Equation 7.41

�a = axial stress (N/mm2)AP = area of pipe annular surface (mm2)FFP = force at fixed point (N)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm) - Fixed-point force in cases involving compensators or expansion

couplers

Equation 7.42

AK = surface subject to pressure (mm2)pi = internal pressure (bar)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)FFP = force at fixed point (N)

- Resulting force at fixed pointBrackets are subject to both horizontal and vertical loads. Simultaneousloads in both directions produce a resulting total force (FR).

Equation 7.43

FB = axial fixed-point force (FFP) or friction force (Fμ) as a result of alength change in the pipe string

FV = transverse force (FTV) for fixed-point load and/or pipe weight (FW)between two brackets with or without additional load.

L-bend

Z-bend

U-bend

61

Basic calculations

Basic calculations

7.2.12 Elasticity testElasticity tests on pipe systems serve predominantly to calculate forceactions and stresses.Stresses are created by:- internal pressure loads- constricted longitudinal movement under temperature change- bending of bend sections when absorbing length changes

The forces affecting fixed points do not only cause bending moments inthe bend sections but also in the firmly fastened pieces. In 3-D systems,the pipe string is also subject to torsion (twisting).For facilities corresponding to load classes II and III (table 7.13) or requi-ring testing or monitoring in general, the elasticity calculation is not onlya criterion for careful project planning but also partly prescribed.

7.2.13 Calculating the stresses arising in a pipe systemPipe systems are usually exposed to a multi-axial state of stress. Themechanical stress measured in the internal pressure creep test (appendixA1) provides the basis for designing thermoplastic pipe systems. The lay-out of pipes is generally based on the internal pressure load, which cor-responds to the load in the internal pressure creep test.

Figure 7.11 Radial (�r), Axial (�a) or Tangential (�t) stress

However, in addition to the mentioned stresses in axial, radial and tangen-tial directions to the pipe axis, which are usually caused by heat or internalpressure loads, there are other stresses (e.g. flexural stresses) created in apipe system, making it necessary to investigate all the stress componentsas part of a structural analysis. To establish the multi-axial state of stressrequires calculation of the resulting stress (�res) and comparison with thevalue for (�acc). In particular, failure to account for flexural stresses aroundexpansion bends and the tensile stresses resulting from impeded thermalexpansion can result in failure of a pipe that is, otherwise, subject to asmall internal pressure load.

- Axial stress (X axis) due to internal pressure

Equation 7.44

- Tangential stress (Y axis) due to internal overpressure

Equation 7.45

- Radial stress (Z axis due to inner over pressure)

Equation 7.46

- Flexural axial stress (x axis) in a straight pipe between brackets

Equation 7.47

- Flexural stress in bends

Equation 7.48

Mb from the elasticy test

Equation 7.49

Equation 7.50

Equation 7.51

- Stresses due to constricted thermal expansion

maximum stress value in a short-term perspective:

Equation 7.52

in a long-term perspective:Stress for temperature = constant

Equation 7.53

�r

�t

�a

Basic calculations


stress for temperature = variable

Equation 7.54

Tensile stress arises when the period of low operating temperature(tcold)is shorter than the period of high operating temperature (twarm) , i.e. tcold< twarm

Equation 7.55

- Residual stress due to temperature differences between innerpipe wall and outer pipe wall

Equation 7.56

- Calculating the resulting stress

Equation 7.57

Equation 7.58

Equation 7.59

Equation 7.60

Equation 7.61

Explanation of symbols in equations 7.44 - 7.61Rp = moment of resistance of the pipe (cm3)Mb = bending moment due to the tensile or compressive

forces affecting branch sectionsLB = bracket distance (m)JP = pipe moment of inertia (cm4)R = bending radius of bends (mm)ra = average pipe radius (mm)q = weight of the full pipes (N/m)e = pipe wall thickness (mm)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipeEcR = average creep modulus of the pipe material (N/mm2)�i = internal pressure (bar)�0 = stress in straight pipe (N/mm2)�a = axial stress (N/mm2)�t = tangential stress (N/mm2)�r = radial stress (N/mm2)�f = flexural stress (N/mm2)�� = axial stress due to constricted thermal expansion (N/mm2)��max = maximum axial stress due to constricted thermal expansion

(N/mm2)�res = resulting stress (N/mm2)�x, y, z = direction-dependent stress (N/mm2)�acc = acceptable stress (N/mm2)TsP = inner pipe wall temperature (°C)TeP = outer pipe wall temperature (°C)B = bend factor (-)a� = thermal expansion coefficient (K-1)

7.2.14 ExpansionsIf pipe deformation exceeds certain creep limits, flow zones and micro-scopic cracks are created across the direction of expansion. For usualapplications, pipe deformation is calculated in the following manner.

Equation 7.62

Equation 7.63

��x, ��y = expansion along the x and y axes of stress in a multi-axialload (-)

�x, �y, �z = stress along the x, y and z axes (N/mm2)EcR = average creep modulus of the pipe material (N/mm2)μ = transverse contraction number = 0.38 (-)

The largest expansion is calculated on each occasion and compared withthe threshold value (�F) in table 7.15. The requirement reads:

Equation 7.64

�F = expansion threshold value�max =��x or ��y (-)

Should the correlation between stress and expansion be expressed, it canalso be included in the following relationship:

Equation 7.65

EcR = average creep modulus of the pipe material (N/mm2)� = expansion (-)�0 = stress (N/mm2)

7.2.15 Estimating service lifeIf the calculation variables, temperatures and their reaction time in rela-tion to the assumed total load period are all available, the expected ser-vice life (life-span) can then be determined. The calculation of the servicelife however requires a large amount of mathematical complexity. For thisreason, closer examination of the mathematical determination of a pipesystem's service life will be set aside. In calculating service life, it shouldbe noted that the life-span of the pipe system is also affected by chemicaland/or physical conditions. A detailed treatment of the topic of service-life, complete with examples, is contained in the DVS 2205-1 guideline.The calculation of service lives involving varying loads requires firm know-ledge about the handling of plastics. Valuable aids are PC calculating pro-grammes, which can also provide support for less frequently usedcalculations.

Material PE

expansion threshold value �F 3%

Table 7.15 Expansion threshold value for PE

63

Basic calculations

Basic calculations

7.2.16 Sample calculationA number of values will be calculated for the isometric pipe system illus-trated below.

Figure 7.12 Pipe isometrics

Explanation of terms 1 2 3 4 for equations 7.66 to 7.73. The num-bering and short symbols provide information about the variables beingcalculated and where their location in the isometric diagram. The illustra-tion is therefore a guide and helps the user to obtain an overview of apipe system and its calculations. 1. Load on bracketsBrackets are subject to both horizontal and vertical loads. Simultaneousloads produce a resulting total force (FR), which can be calculated usingthe following equation 7.66. Figure 7.13 shows a bracket with the effec-tive forces and the calculated bracket distance (Bd).

Equation 7.66

FB = axial fixed-point force (FFP) or friction force (Fμ) as a result of alength change in the pipe string

FV = transverse force (FTV) for fixed-point load and/or pipe weight (FW)between two brackets with or without additional load

Figure 7.13 Pipe saddle load

Determination of the force components

Equation 7.67

μF = friction coefficient usually between 0.3 and 0.5FFP = force at fixed point (N)FW = weight (N)FTV = transverse force (N)Fw (Pipe) = weight (pipe weight) (N)FW (Fill med) = weight (weight of fill medium) (N)FW (Add load) = weight (additional weight) (N)

2. Bracket distances (Bd)The fixing distances of a plastic pipe are to be determined in such a waythat no excessive stresses arise both under operating conditions andduring testing. Similarly, consideration is also to be given to the deflectionlimits of the pipe. The arrangement of various brackets and their distancesfrom each other can be seen in the illustrated example (figure 7.12) of pipeisometrics.

GB = guide bracket (guide saddle), which is a fixing with an axialpipe guide

FP = fixed point, which is a fixing without any possibility formovement

1 LM = support distance for the middle of a continuous pipe2 LE = support distance for a separate or end piece, as well as the

self-supporting total pipe length of an L bend. If bothbending lengths are, in total, longer than the acceptablesupport distance (LF), an additional SB is to be placedbetween the pipe bend and the GB

3 LV = guide bracket distance for an inclined pipe string. To absorbweight, a fixed point or bearing fixed point or support ring isto be provided for each string

4 LB = bending lengths for absorbing length changes and operatingconditions

GB

GB

GB

GBGB

GB

GB

GBGB

GB

GB

GB

GB

GBGB

GB

GBGB

Bd

Bd

Basic calculations


3. Calculating acceptable bracket distances

Equation 7.68

LM = support distance for the middle of a continuous pipe (mm)EcR = creep modulus of the pipe material for t = 25a (N/mm2)facc = acceptable pipe deflection according to the recommendations in

table 7.16 (mm)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)e = pipe wall thickness (mm)�P = density of the pipe medium (g/cm3)�F = density of the flow medium (g/cm3)

Equation 7.69

Equation 7.70

Values for Y: < O de 110 mm -> Y=1,1O de125 - 200 mm -> Y=1,2< O de 225 mm -> Y=1,3

Equation 7.71

Explanation of symbols in equations 7.69 to 7.71:LM = support distance for the middle of a continuous pipe (mm)LE = support distance for a separate and end piece, as well as the

self-supporting total pipe length of an L bend.LV = guide distance for an inclined pipe string (mm)LB = length of the expansion bend (mm)Y = factor (dependent on pipe dimensions) (-)

To calculate the support distances, the following deflections are recom-mended as acceptable values:

If larger deflections are permitted, the pipe should not be axially constricted.

4. Verifying the acceptable buckling length

If pipes are installed so that axial expansion of all or individual strings isno longer possible (axial constriction), the calculated fixing distance mustbe tested for its buckling resistance. To avoid the risk of buckling due toconstricted thermal expansion, the length of pipe between two bracketsmust be no more than LK .

Equation 7.72

See appendix B10.

LK acc = acceptable buckling length between two brackets (mm)�� = thermal expansion coefficient (K-1)�� = temperature difference (K)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)

The following applies to all pipe systems without linear compensation:

Equation 7.73

Values for LB are found in appendix B10:LB acc = acceptable pipe length between two brackets (mm)LS acc = available or calculated support distance according to equations

1 2 3 (equations 7.68 to 7.70)de = outside diameter of the pipe (mm)di = inside diameter of the pipe (mm)�� = thermal expansion coefficient (K-1)�� = temperature difference (K)

Note to equations 7.72 and 7.73:Axially constricted pipe systems operated at raised temperatures or anexpected reduction of the creep modulus (EcR) as a result of chemicaleffects will both give rise to risks of buckling.Raised operating temperatures are:PE -> Tcrit > 45°CPP -> Tcrit > 60°CThe buckling risk is strengthened due to bending along the pipe axis orinsufficient pipe storage practices. Bending can result from too long sup-port distances, improper storage of pipe and lasting pipe impacts duringwelding. In such case, it is recommended that the buckling distances either calcu-lated or interpolated from appendix B10 are reduced by a factor of 0.8.Pipe systems with de < 50 mm should be equipped with continuous sup-port for economic reasons.

5. Determining pipe deflection for calculated support distances

Pipe deflection for the calculated support distance (LM) (from equation7.68) is determined by means of the following equation.

Pipe deflection for the calculated support distance (LE) (from equation7.69) is also determined by means of equation 7.74.

Equation 7.74

q = weight of the filled pipe along with any insulation (N/mm2)EcR = creep modulus of the pipe material (N/mm2)LM, LE = bracket distance (m)LB = acceptable bracket distance (m)JP = pipe moment of inertia (mm4)fD = deflection (mm)

At position 3, the pipe is not subject to deflection but to buckling.

O de 20 - 110 125 - 200 225 - 355 400 - 600

facc 2 -3 mm 3 - 5 mm 5 - 7 mm 7 - 10 mm

Table 7.16 Deflection facc for pipes

LB = mathematical definition in equation 7.28 respectively with appendices B3 to B7

65

Jointing

Jointing

8 Jointing

8.1 General

In planning and installing PE pipe systems, the planning and/or installa-tion organisations can select a series of different jointing techniques. Thenature of the load, the type of installation, the economics and the localconditions have large influences on the choice of appropriate connectingmethod. The nature of the pipe connection can have lasting positive andnegative consequences for the manufacturing costs of a pipe system. Cri-teria for selecting the most appropriate jointing technique are:- operational reliability- accessibility- level of sealing- effects of the medium to which it will be exposed- cost outlay- internal pressure load of the pipe system

The planner and fitter of plastic pipe systems can choose between adetachable and non-detachable connecting technique. Various procedu-res are available for possible solutions. The detachable connection con-tains elements that generally enable non-destructive disassembly and re-assembly without large additional expense.

Figure 8.1 Detachable and non-detachable pipe connections

8.2 Detachable connections

8.2.1 GeneralIn general, the group of detachable connecting elements for PE pipe sys-tems consists of: - flanges- push-fit connections- unions- compression fittingsThe individual jointing techniques in this group will be discussed below.

8.2.2 Flange jointsConnections to such components as pumps or valves are normally madeby means of flange joints. The elements of the flange joint used in plasticpipe construction are the stub flange, backing ring, gasket and bolts withwashers (possibly lock washers) and hex nuts. Flange joints can be eitherbacking ring connections or blind flange joints. A blind flange joint isusually used to seal the end of a pipe. The fixed flange variant is generallyruled out due to higher costs. A backing ring connection is, in mostcases, the substantially less expensive variant whenever a direct compari-son is made, and therefore fixed flange joints are only of limited signifi-cance in the choice of flange joints.

The backing rings used as connecting elements in the plastic pipe con-struction are constructed from metal materials (e.g. steel, aluminium),fibre glass reinforced plastic or a combination of plastic and metal. Theease of assembly involved in their use and especially the higher operatingreliability give backing ring connections definite advantages over fixedflange joints.

Figure 8.2 Flange joint

Figure 8.3 Cross-section of a flange joint

The gasket, nearly always in the form of a flat ring gasket, is available invarious material and material qualities. Use is often made of gasketscomposed of elastomers or elastomer compounds, such as neoprene,hypalon or viton. Hard gaskets have proven to be less suited or evenunsuitable on account of their limited formability. The use of elastomerflat gaskets without steel inlays frequently results in leakage at higherinternal pressures (e.g. during pressure testing). It is therefore recommen-ded for use to be made of armoured gaskets with a convex cross-section.Their use is especially advisable when the internal pressure (operatingpressure) comes close to the pipe's pressure rating. An additional impro-vement in the level of sealing is obtained when the inside of the gaskethas the form of an O-ring. O-rings, double chamber gaskets, etc. are tobe used in cases involving high internal pressures, especially when vacu-ums are involved as well. Gasket sizes are to be chosen so that the insidepipe diameter is not reduced by any excess gasket material, or that fissu-res can occur allowing fluid to penetrate the seal (with risk of sedimenta-tion in the fissure!). During assembly, care must also be taken to ensurethat the bolts are tightened evenly and the gasket and sealing surfacesare clean. Table 8.1 shows the standard values for the bolt torques inflange joints.

Pipe connection options

Detachable connections Non-detachable connections

Flange joints Welding

Unions Gluing

Couplings Push-fit end trust bearing

Push-fit joints

Expansion sockets

Compression fittings

1 Backing ring2 Stub flange3 Gasket4 Bolt5 Hex nut6 Washer

Jointing

66 Jointing

Standard bolt torques in flange joints of thermoplastic pipes (DVS 2210 Part 1)

8.2.3 Push-fit connectionA push-fit connection is the general name given to all spigot and socketconnections. The push-fit socket to be used will be explained in the follo-wing section.

Figure 8.4 Push-fit spigot

Figure 8.5 Cross-section of a connection with a push-fit socket

Push-fit and expansion socketsThe leak-tightness of a pipe connection with a push-fit and/or expansionsocket is essentially achieved by applying the forces of a sealing elementto the connecting pipe and/or fitting. In addition, the existing internalpressure helps to strengthen the radial sealing force. Small pipe deflecti-ons can be tolerated, as well as longitudinal movements correspondingto the distance that can be absorbed between the socket and seal seat.

Socket connections should only be used in pressure applications involvingpipe systems that are free of underpressure. In principle, use is to be enti-rely avoided in pipe systems subject to internal pressure and another join-ting technique chosen.

Figure 8.6 Functional principle of the expansion socket

8.2.4 Unions

Figure 8.7 Screw-thread joint

Figure 8.8 Cross-section of a union

de(mm)

DN(mm)

Bolt tightening torque (Nm)Flat ring gasket Profile gasket O-ring gasket(pacc < 10 bar) (pacc < 16 bar) (pacc < 16 bar)

20 15 15 10 1025 20 15 15 1532 25 15 15 1540 32 20 15 1550 40 30 15 1563 50 35 20 2075 65 40 20 2090 80 40 20 20

110 100 40 20 20125 100 40 20 20140 125 50 30 30160 150 60 40 35180 150 60 40 35200 200 70 (1) 50 40225 200 70 (1) 50 40250 250 80 (1) 55 50280 250 80 (1) 55 50315 300 100 (1) 60 55355 350 100 (1) 70 60400 400 120 (1) 80 65450 500 190 (1) 90 70500 500 190 (1) 90 70560 600 220 (1) 100 80630 600 220 (1) 100 80

1 Socket 2 Seal

1 Plug2 Lip seal ring

A Total insertion depthB Minimum insertion depthC Expansion capacity

1 Section to be inserted2 Section to be screwed on3 Ring nut4 O-ring

(1) for Pacc < 6 bar

Table 8.1 Bolt tightening torques for flat, profile and O-ring gaskets

67

Jointing

Jointing

These types of connecting elements are used in water lines as well as intransitions from plastic to other materials. The ease of assembly make theman especially valued connecting technique for small pipe sizes. Tempera-ture effects can restrict application in pipe systems due to the flow behavi-our of plastic. Each application must be carefully tested.

8.2.5 Compression fittingCompression fittings are used to connect pipes in a quick and easy manner.A pressure chamber contains a sealing ring. Screwing in the fitting causesthe sealing ring to be clamped against the pipe. NBR O-rings are used toconnect the PE pipes. Special compression rings can be adopted to connectPE pipes with other types of material, such as PVC-U, PVC-C, PP, PE-X cop-per, lead and steel. Compression fittings are used in swimming-pool sys-tems, for (drinking) water distribution, irrigation and telecommunicationsas well as in the mining industry and horticulture.

Figure 8.9 Compression fitting

Figure 8.10 Compression principle

8.3 Non-detachable connections

8.3.1 GeneralNon-detachable jointing techniques are the most commonly used connec-tion techniques in PE pipe construction. Welding is an extremely importantform of connection used for PE fitting in plastic pipe construction. For thisreason, welding has been made the focus of this Specification Manualand, on account of its importance, will be discussed in a separate chapter.

8.3.2 WeldingWelding has a special significance in pipe installation as well as in theproduction of PE shafts, tanks and special welded components. Many ofthe welding techniques described in chapter 9 are based on the princi-ples in the DVS guidelines and have been adopted either directly or inanalogous forms.

8.3.3 GluingUp to now, gluing has not been used in PE pipe construction. The charac-teristics of the plastics in question (polyolefin) make them unsuitable forglued connections (due to their "waxiness"), as their surfaces are notsoftened by adhesives. Special multi-component adhesives allow onlylimited connections to be formed that cannot be subject to mechanicalloads and that are technically insignificant.

8.3.4 Push-fit socket end thrust bearingPush-Fast is a unique spigot and socket type water jointing system, whichcombines the benefits of PE pipe with the ease of conventional push-fitjoints. Unlike most spigot and socket type systems, Push-Fast has a speci-ally designed and patented socket, which incorporates a tough thermo-plastic 'grip' ring located in a tapered groove. This allows the joint toresist end-thrust generated by the internal pressure and eliminates theneed for anchors or thrust blocks.

Figure 8.11 Section through assembled Push-Fast Joint showing grab ring and sealing

Push-Fast heads can easily be butt-welded to pipe lengths and coils. It isquick and easy to install. Suitable for underground pipe systems in subsi-dence areas and to limited space installation. The pipe system is immedi-ately serviceable after assembly.

The performance of the Push-Fast joint depends on the efficiency of theseal between the elastromeric sealing ring, the pipe and the socket.Damage to the pipe or fittings or the presence of dirt or grit will adverselyaffect the performance of the joint.

With pipe inserted Hydraulic seal and mechanical clamp with

locked ring nut

Function underpressure

1 Clamp ring2 Compression ring3 Sealing system with

limited size tolerance

3 2 1

Jointing

68 Jointing

8.4 Chapter summary

Connection method In plastic pipe construction, there are two types of connecting techniques: detachable and non-detachable.

Detachable connection technique Detachable connections can be easily disassembled and re-assembled without destroying the connection.Non-detachable connection technique Disassembly usually involves destruction of at least one of the connecting elements.Flange connections Can be fixed or backing ring connections. Backing ring connections consist of the components: stub flange,

backing ring and gasket. A combination of stub flange, backing ring, blind flange and gasket can be used to seal pipes. At higher loads, backing ring connections are preferable to fixed flange connections.

Seals Seals are needed to seal connections between two connecting elements. In the flange connections used in plastic pipe construction, flat gaskets (with and without steel inlays) and O-rings are mostly used. The mate-rial of the seal is adaptable to the flow medium.

Push-fit and expansion sockets These are simple detachable connections. However, they should only be used in pressureless (under and overpressure free) pipe systems. They are therefore appropriate for pressureless drainage and/or sewerage systems.

Unions Unions are quick connection devices. They are detachable connections and enable simple assembly, disassembly and re-assembly without special implements and tools.

Welding Welding is one of the most commonly used jointing techniques in plastic pipe construction. Various plastic welding procedures are used to manufacture fittings from pipes and pipe segments, joints made of pieces of pipe, as well as plastic shafts, tanks and other special components. Welding processes non-detachable con-nection techniques.

Gluing Gluing is only very conditionally meaningful and possible as an appropriate jointing technique for polyolefin materials. A bond is produced only with special multi-component adhesives. These glued connections are not at all capable of withstanding mechanical loads.

Push-fit socket end thrust bearing Plug and socket type water jointing system with push fit joints. A tough thermoplastic 'grip' ring located in a tapered groove allows the joint to resist end-thrust. It is quick and easy to install. No anchors or thrust blocks required. Suitable for ground subsidence areas and to limited space installation. Immediately service-able.

PRODUCT TABLES

Foreword

70 Foreword

Foreword catalogueTechnical dataAll data complies with the actual technical data at time of print of thispublication. All dimensions are in mm, unless otherwise stated. FIP cannotbe held responsible for printing errors and temporary changes in this cata-logue. For more information contact our Technical Support.

ApprovalsThe FIP product range has the following approvals and certificates:- FIP spigot fittings: Kiwa and DVGW- FIP S.p.A.: ISO 9001 and ISO 14001

Assembly instructionsThe following guidelines are applicable for the jointing of the differentproduct ranges:- FIP spigot fittings according the appicable

(inter)national standard- Electrofusion fittings according FRIALEN assembly instruction or the

applicable (inter)national standard.

Delivery conditionsOur general terms and conditions are applicable.

Inspection certificateInspection certificates can be issued and have to be requested at time ofordering. FIP will charge €25,- handling fee.

DistributionThe FIP pressure system is sold through a network of distributors. Thecontact details of the distributor in your country can be requested at theCustomer Service department or can be found on our website:www.fipnet.it.

StorageFittings need to be stored in a dry environment. We recommand to keepthe fittings as long as possible in the original packing to prevent corrosionand pollution.

Return goodsProducts can only be returned after FIP has expressly given its consent inwriting, an handling fee will be charged.

ServiceRealising dureable and reliable joints request more than just good products.By giving training, supplying product information and site support we tryto inform contractors, consultants, end-users and distributors about theproperties, applications and assembly of PE pressure pipe systems. We dothis with only one goal:Safe and reliable jointings!

ABBREVIATONSAG article group

Art. Nr. article numberDN nominal sizede outside diametere wall thickness of a pipeG cilindrical pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not

made on the threads ISO 228L length of fittingl length of spigot

q package quantityR male pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the

threads ISO 7Rp cilindrical female pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are

made on the threads ISO 7Rc conical female pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are

made on the threads ISO 7SDR ratio between outer diameter / wall thickness

EN European standardISO international standardDIN national standard in Germany

ASTM American standardS class indication ISO-S = (SDR-1)/2

o.r. on request

71

Short fittings for butt-welding

Stub flanges

With grooved jointing face.

Stub flange short QBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33

for butt-welding water 3,2 bar

de Art. Nr. h l d1 d2 L

110 QBE33110 18 34 125 158 80125 QBE33125 18 38 132 158 80140 QBE33140 18 32 155 188 80160 QBE33160 18 26 175 212 80180 QBE33180 18 31 183 212 80200 QBE33200 18 34 232 268 100225 QBE33225 18 46 235 268 100250 QBE33250 20 71 285 320 132280 QBE33280 20 62 291 320 128315 QBE33315 20 71 335 370 136355 QBE33355 23 57 373 430 150400 QBE33400 26 49 427 482 155450 QBE33450 33 27 514 585 170500 QBE33500 33 37 530 585 175560 QBE33560 35 25 615 685 124630 QBE33630 35 45 642 685 180710 QBE33710 *

* fabrication on order, returning not possible

35 35 737 800 120800 QBE33800 * 36 34 840 905 120900 QBE33900 * 40 30 944 1005 1201000 QBE331000 * 42 28 1047 1110 1401200 QBE331200 * 50 20 1245 1330 140

72


Stub flanges



for butt-welding water 10 bar/gas 5 bar


50 QBE17050 12 21 61 88 5063 QBE17063 14 16 75 102 5075 QBE17075 16 14 89 122 5090 QBE17090 17 33 105 138 80



50 45 738 800 145800 QBE17800 * 52 45 836 900 147900 QBE17900 * 55 33 944 1005 1401000 QBE171000 * 60 55 1047 1100 185

73


Stub flanges





20 QBE11020 7 30 27 45 5025 QBE11025 9 26 33 58 5032 QBE11032 10 25 40 68 5040 QBE11040 11 24 50 78 5050 QBE11050 12 21 61 88 5063 QBE11063 14 16 75 102 5075 QBE11075 16 14 89 122 5090 QBE11090 17 33 105 138 80



67 20 737 800 120800 QBE11800 * 74 20 840 905 120

74


Stub flanges

With flat jointing face.Suitable for installation on both sides of the butterfly valve.Dimensions are adapted to the profile backing ring for stub flange.

With flat jointing face.Suitable for installation on both sides of the butterfly valve.Dimensions are adapted to the profile backing ring for stub flange.

Stub flange short QBE/FK SDR 17 for FIP butterfly valve type FE and FK PE100SDR 17

for butt-welding water 10 bar

de/DN Art. Nr. h l d1 d2 d6/ß L

50/40 QPE17050 12 21 61 88 5063/50 QPE17063 14 16 75 102 5075/65 QPE17075 16 14 89 122 5090/80 QPE17090 17 33 105 138 80

110/100 QPE17110 18 27 125 158 80125/100 QPE17125 18 42 132 158 80140/125 QPE17140 18 34 155 188 80160/150 QPE17160 18 34 175 212 80180/150 QPE17180 20 60 182 212 80200/200 QBE17FK200 *

* machined for free movement of disc

24 36 232 268 179/20° 100225/200 QPE17225 24 46 235 268 100250/250 QBE17FK250 * 25 35 285 320 233/25° 100280/250 QPE17280 25 45 291 320 100315/300 QBE17FK315 * 25 35 335 370 288/25° 100

Stub flange short QBE/FK SDR 11 for FIP butterfly valve type FE and FK PE100SDR 11


de/DN Art. Nr. h l d1 d2 d6/ß L

50/40 QPE11050 12 21 61 88 5063/50 QPE11063 14 16 75 102 5075/65 QPE11075 16 14 89 122 5090/80 QPE11090 17 33 105 138 80

110/100 QPE11110 18 27 125 158 80125/100 QPE11125 25 25 132 158 80140/125 QPE11140 25 27 155 188 80160/150 QBE11FK160 *

* machined for free movement of disc

25 34 175 212 148/20° 80180/150 QPE11180 30 60 182 212 80200/200 QBE11FK200 * 32 36 232 268 192/25° 100225/200 QBE11FK225 * 32 46 235 268 201/15° 100250/250 QBE11FK250 * 35 35 285 320 233/25° 100280/250 QBE11FK280 * 35 45 291 320 257/25° 100315/300 QBE11FK315 * 35 35 335 370 288/25° 100

75


Stub flanges

With flat jointing face.Suitable for installation on entrance side. Install stub flange extended short CR/FR on exit side.Dimensions are adapted to the profile backing ring for stub flange.

With flat jointing face.Suitable for installation on entrance side. Install stub flange extended short CR/FR on exit side. Dimensions are adapted to the profile backing ring for stub flange.

Stub flange short QPE SDR 17 for entrance side FIP check valve type CR and FR PE100SDR 17


de/DN Art. Nr. h l d1 d2 L

50/40 QPE17050 12 21 61 88 5063/50 QPE17063 14 16 75 102 5075/65 QPE17075 16 14 89 122 5090/80 QPE17090 17 33 105 138 80

110/100 QPE17110 18 27 125 158 80125/100 QPE17125 18 42 132 158 80140/125 QPE17140 18 34 155 188 80160/150 QPE17160 18 34 175 212 80180/150 QPE17180 20 60 182 212 80200/200 QPE17200 24 36 232 268 100225/200 QPE17225 24 46 235 268 100250/250 QPE17250 25 35 285 320 100280/250 QPE17280 25 45 291 320 100315/300 QPE17315 25 35 335 370 100

Stub flange short QPE SDR 11 for entrance side FIP check valve type CR and FR PE100SDR 11


de/DN Art. Nr. h l d1 d2 L

50/40 QPE11050 12 21 61 88 5063/50 QPE11063 14 16 75 102 5075/65 QPE11075 16 14 89 122 5090/80 QPE11090 17 33 105 138 80

110/100 QPE11110 18 27 125 158 80125/100 QPE11125 25 25 132 158 80140/125 QPE11140 25 27 155 188 80160/150 QPE11160 25 34 175 212 80180/150 QPE11180 30 60 182 212 80200/200 QPE11200 32 36 232 268 100225/200 QPE11225 32 46 235 268 100250/250 QPE11250 35 35 285 320 100280/250 QPE11280 35 45 291 320 100315/300 QPE11315 35 35 335 370 100

76


Stub flanges

With flat jointing face. Extended for free movement of disc.Suitable for installation on exit side. Install stub flange short CR/FR on entrance side.Dimensions are adapted to the profile backing ring for stub flange. Fabrication on order.

With flat jointing face. Extended for free movement of disc.Suitable for installation on exit side. Install stub flange short CR/FR on entrance side. Dimensions are adapted to the profile backing ring for stub flange. Fabrication on order.

Stub flange extended short QBXE SDR 17 for exit side FIP check valve type CR and FR PE100SDR 17


de/DN Art. Nr. h l d1 d2 L R

50/40 QBXE17050 12 20 61 90 50 363/50 QBXE17063 14 20 75 105 54 475/65 QBXE17075 16 20 89 125 58 490/80 QBXE17090 17 40 105 138 92 4

110/100 QBXE17110 18 40 125 160 92 4140/125 QBXE17140 18 40 155 190 100 4160/150 QBXE17160 18 40 175 215 120 4225/200 QBXE17225 24 40 235 270 165 4280/250 QBXE17280 25 40 291 325 195 6315/300 QBXE17315 25 40 335 375 250 6

Stub flange extended short QBXE SDR 11 for exit side FIP check valve type CR and FR PE100SDR 11


de/DN Art. Nr. h l d1 d2 L R

50/40 QBXE11050 12 20 61 90 50 363/50 QBXE11063 14 20 75 105 56 475/65 QBXE11075 16 20 89 125 65 490/80 QBXE11090 17 35 105 138 92 4

110/100 QBXE11110 18 35 125 160 92 4140/125 QBXE11140 18 40 155 190 110 4160/150 QBXE11160 18 40 175 215 120 4225/200 QBXE11225 26 56 235 270 180 4280/250 QBXE11280 35 40 291 325 220 6315/300 QBXE11315 35 40 335 375 270 6

77


Tees

Tee 90° short TBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33


de Art. Nr. L Z l

110 TBE33110 249 121 50140 TBE33140 293 145 48160 TBE33160 318 160 55180 TBE33180 356 175 59200 TBE33200 385 194 55225 TBE33225 442 212 59250 TBE33250 465 232 70280 TBE33280 536 268 80315 TBE33315 530 263 75355 TBE33355 658 330 95400 TBE33400 690 345 104450 TBE33450 890 450 130500 TBE33500 895 450 130



de Art. Nr. L Z l

50 TBE17050 116 58 2163 TBE17063 146 73 2475 TBE17075 170 85 2890 TBE17090 200 100 23

110 TBE17110 240 120 43125 TBE17125 250 125 26140 TBE17140 280 140 32160 TBE17160 350 160 40180 TBE17180 390 195 73200 TBE17200 430 215 64225 TBE17225 490 245 72250 TBE17250 550 275 86280 TBE17280 620 310 105315 TBE17315 700 350 111355 TBE17355 680 340 101400 TBE17400 680 338 95450 TBE17450 900 450 130500 TBE17500 900 450 130

78


Tees



de Art. Nr. L Z l

20 TBE11020 50 25 825 TBE11025 60 30 1032 TBE11032 80 40 1240 TBE11040 88 44 1650 TBE11050 116 58 2163 TBE11063 146 73 2475 TBE11075 170 85 2890 TBE11090 200 100 23

110 TBE11110 240 120 43125 TBE11125 250 125 26140 TBE11140 280 140 32160 TBE11160 350 160 40180 TBE11180 390 195 73200 TBE11200 430 215 64225 TBE11225 490 245 72250 TBE11250 550 275 86280 TBE11280 620 310 105315 TBE11315 700 350 111355 TBE11355 680 340 101400 TBE11400 680 338 95450 TBE11450 900 450 130500 TBE11500 900 450 130

Tee 90° reduced short TRBE SDR 17 PE100with reduced branch SDR 17for butt-welding water 10 bar/gas 5 bar

de1/de2 Art. Nr. L Z l1 l2110/90 TRBE17110090 240 115 48 38140/63 TRBE17140063 300 120 83 32140/75 TRBE17140075 300 130 81 35140/90 TRBE17140090 300 130 81 41140/110 TRBE17140110 300 137 50 47160/110 TRBE17160110 320 145 56 38160/125 TRBE17160125 315 150 58 47180/63 TRBE17180063 358 134 125 30180/75 TRBE17180075 360 140 112 30180/125 TRBE17180125 358 160 92 50225/110 TRBE17225110 440 264 89 89225/125 TRBE17225125 445 180 135 40225/160 TRBE17225160 470 200 89 60

79


Tees

Tee 90° reduced short TRBE SDR 11 PE100with reduced branch SDR 11for butt-welding water 16 bar/gas 10 bar

de1/de2 Art. Nr. L Z l1 l290/50 TRBE11090050 213 90 53 28

110/32 TRBE11110032 244 94 66 22110/50 TRBE11110050 244 103 66 27125/63 TRBE11125063 278 112 70 31140/63 TRBE11140063 305 120 83 32140/75 TRBE11140075 305 130 81 35140/90 TRBE11140090 305 130 81 41140/110 TRBE11140110 305 140 50 47160/110 TRBE11160110 320 145 56 38160/125 TRBE11160125 325 150 58 47180/63 TRBE11180063 358 134 125 30180/75 TRBE11180075 352 140 112 30180/110 TRBE11180110 365 158 106 48180/125 TRBE11180125 366 166 92 50225/110 TRBE11225110 440 264 89 88225/125 TRBE11225125 456 178 135 40225/160 TRBE11225160 470 200 89 60

80

-- to be continued --


Tees

Tee 90° reduced machined short TRCBE SDR17 - pressure class conform PE100with reduced branch SDR 17for butt-welding water 10 bar/gas 5 bar

de1/de2 Art. Nr. L Z

280/63 TRCBE17280063 270 365280/75 TRCBE17280075 280 365280/90 TRCBE17280090 295 365280/110 TRCBE17280110 315 365280/125 TRCBE17280125 330 365280/140 TRCBE17280140 345 365280/160 TRCBE17280160 365 365280/180 TRCBE17280180 385 365280/200 TRCBE17280200 405 365280/225 TRCBE17280225 430 365315/75 TRCBE17315075 280 380315/90 TRCBE17315090 295 380315/110 TRCBE17315110 315 380315/125 TRCBE17315125 330 380315/140 TRCBE17315140 345 380315/160 TRCBE17315160 365 380315/180 TRCBE17315180 385 380315/200 TRCBE17315200 405 380315/225 TRCBE17315225 430 380315/250 TRCBE17315250 455 380355/90 TRCBE17355090 305 400355/110 TRCBE17355110 325 400355/125 TRCBE17355125 340 400355/140 TRCBE17355140 355 400355/160 TRCBE17355160 375 400355/180 TRCBE17355180 395 400355/200 TRCBE17355200 415 400355/225 TRCBE17355225 440 400355/250 TRCBE17355250 465 400355/280 TRCBE17355280 500 400400/110 TRCBE17400110 325 425400/125 TRCBE17400125 340 425400/140 TRCBE17400140 355 425400/160 TRCBE17400160 375 425400/180 TRCBE17400180 395 425400/200 TRCBE17400200 415 425400/225 TRCBE17400225 440 425400/250 TRCBE17400250 465 425400/280 TRCBE17400280 500 425400/315 TRCBE17400315 535 425450/125 TRCBE17450125 340 450450/140 TRCBE17450140 355 450450/160 TRCBE17450160 375 450450/180 TRCBE17450180 395 450450/200 TRCBE17450200 415 450450/225 TRCBE17450225 440 450450/250 TRCBE17450250 465 450450/280 TRCBE17450280 500 450450/315 TRCBE17450315 535 450450/355 TRCBE17450355 575 450500/140 TRCBE17500140 355 475500/160 TRCBE17500160 375 475500/180 TRCBE17500180 395 475500/200 TRCBE17500200 415 475500/225 TRCBE17500225 440 475500/250 TRCBE17500250 465 475

81

Tee 90° reduced machined short TRCBE SDR17 - pressure class conform - continuation -Short fittings for butt-welding

Tees

Pressure rating guaranteed, branch extended with pipe.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.

500/280 TRCBE17500280 500 475500/315 TRCBE17500315 535 475500/355 TRCBE17500355 575 475500/400 TRCBE17500400 620 475560/160 TRCBE17560160 375 500560/180 TRCBE17560180 395 500560/200 TRCBE17560200 415 500560/225 TRCBE17560225 440 500560/250 TRCBE17560250 465 500560/280 TRCBE17560280 500 500560/315 TRCBE17560315 535 500560/355 TRCBE17560355 575 500560/400 TRCBE17560400 620 500560/450 TRCBE17560450 670 500560/560 TRCBE17560560 780 500630/180 TRCBE17630180 395 540630/200 TRCBE17630200 415 540630/225 TRCBE17630225 440 540630/250 TRCBE17630250 465 540630/280 TRCBE17630280 500 540630/315 TRCBE17630315 535 540630/355 TRCBE17630355 575 540630/400 TRCBE17630400 620 540630/450 TRCBE17630450 670 540630/500 TRCBE17630500 720 540630/630 TRCBE17630630 850 540710/180 TRCBE17710180 395 620710/200 TRCBE17710200 415 620710/225 TRCBE17710225 440 620710/250 TRCBE17710250 465 620710/280 TRCBE17710280 500 620710/315 TRCBE17710315 535 620710/355 TRCBE17710355 575 620710/400 TRCBE17710400 620 620710/450 TRCBE17710450 670 620710/500 TRCBE17710500 720 620710/560 TRCBE17710560 780 620710/710 TRCBE17710710 950 650


82



Tees

Tee 90° reduced machined short TRCBE SDR11 - pressure class conform PE100with reduced branch SDR 11for butt-welding water 16 bar/gas 10 bar


280/63 TRCBE11280063 270 365280/75 TRCBE11280075 280 365280/90 TRCBE11280090 295 365280/110 TRCBE11280110 315 365280/125 TRCBE11280125 330 365280/140 TRCBE11280140 345 365280/160 TRCBE11280160 365 365280/180 TRCBE11280180 385 365280/200 TRCBE11280200 405 365280/225 TRCBE11280225 430 365315/75 TRCBE11315075 280 380315/90 TRCBE11315090 295 380315/110 TRCBE11315110 315 380315/125 TRCBE11315125 330 380315/140 TRCBE11315140 345 380315/160 TRCBE11315160 365 380315/180 TRCBE11315180 385 380315/200 TRCBE11315200 405 380315/225 TRCBE11315225 430 380315/250 TRCBE11315250 455 380355/90 TRCBE11355090 305 400355/110 TRCBE11355110 325 400355/125 TRCBE11355125 340 400355/140 TRCBE11355140 355 400355/160 TRCBE11355160 375 400355/180 TRCBE11355180 395 400355/200 TRCBE11355200 415 400355/225 TRCBE11355225 440 400355/250 TRCBE11355250 465 400355/280 TRCBE11355280 500 400400/110 TRCBE11400110 325 425400/125 TRCBE11400125 340 425400/140 TRCBE11400140 355 425400/160 TRCBE11400160 375 425400/180 TRCBE11400180 395 425400/200 TRCBE11400200 415 425400/225 TRCBE11400225 440 425400/250 TRCBE11400250 465 425400/280 TRCBE11400280 500 425400/315 TRCBE11400315 535 425450/125 TRCBE11450125 340 450450/140 TRCBE11450140 355 450450/160 TRCBE11450160 375 450450/180 TRCBE11450180 395 450450/200 TRCBE11450200 415 450450/225 TRCBE11450225 440 450450/250 TRCBE11450250 465 450450/280 TRCBE11450280 500 450450/315 TRCBE11450315 535 450450/355 TRCBE11450355 575 450500/140 TRCBE11500140 355 475500/160 TRCBE11500160 375 475500/180 TRCBE11500180 395 475500/200 TRCBE11500200 415 475500/225 TRCBE11500225 440 475500/250 TRCBE11500250 465 475

83

Tee 90° reduced machined short TRCBE SDR11 - pressure class conform - continuation -Short fittings for butt-welding

Tees

Pressure rating guaranteed, branch extended with pipe.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.

500/280 TRCBE11500280 500 475500/315 TRCBE11500315 535 475500/355 TRCBE11500355 575 475500/400 TRCBE11500400 620 475560/160 TRCBE11560160 375 500560/180 TRCBE11560180 395 500560/200 TRCBE11560200 415 500560/225 TRCBE11560225 440 500560/250 TRCBE11560250 465 500560/280 TRCBE11560280 500 500560/315 TRCBE11560315 535 500560/355 TRCBE11560355 575 500560/400 TRCBE11560400 620 500560/450 TRCBE11560450 670 500560/560 TRCBE11560560 780 500630/180 TRCBE11630180 395 540630/200 TRCBE11630200 415 540630/225 TRCBE11630225 440 540630/250 TRCBE11630250 465 540630/280 TRCBE11630280 500 540630/315 TRCBE11630315 535 540630/355 TRCBE11630355 575 540630/400 TRCBE11630400 620 540630/450 TRCBE11630450 670 540630/500 TRCBE11630500 720 540630/630 TRCBE11630630 850 540710/180 TRCBE11710180 395 620710/200 TRCBE11710200 415 620710/225 TRCBE11710225 440 620710/250 TRCBE11710250 465 620710/280 TRCBE11710280 500 620710/315 TRCBE11710315 535 620710/355 TRCBE11710355 575 620710/400 TRCBE11710400 620 620710/450 TRCBE11710450 670 620710/500 TRCBE11710500 720 620710/560 TRCBE11710560 780 620710/710 TRCBE11710710 950 650


84


Bends

R � 1 x de

R � 1 x de

Bend 90° short GBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33


de Art. Nr. Z l R

110 GBE33110 120 10 110125 GBE33125 140 15 125140 GBE33140 150 10 140160 GBE33160 180 25 155180 GBE33180 200 25 175200 GBE33200 220 23 197225 GBE33225 250 20 230250 GBE33250 290 25 265280 GBE33280 290 10 280315 GBE33315 340 40 300355 GBE33355 340 40 300400 GBE33400 345 45 300450 GBE33450 450 50 400500 GBE33500 450 50 400



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 GBE17050 62 7 5563 GBE17063 77 8 6975 GBE17075 85 10 7590 GBE17090 100 10 90


85


Bends

R � 1 x de



de Art. Nr. Z l R

20 GBE11020 27 3 2425 GBE11025 32 5 2732 GBE11032 40 5 3540 GBE11040 51 7 4450 GBE11050 62 7 5563 GBE11063 77 8 6975 GBE11075 85 10 7590 GBE11090 100 10 90


86



Reducers

Reducer concentric DIN short RBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33


de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l2200/140 RBE33200140 154 50 35200/160 RBE33200160 151 50 40200/180 RBE33200180 151 50 45225/140 RBE33225140 160 60 50225/160 RBE33225160 171 55 40225/180 RBE33225180 171 55 45225/200 RBE33225200 171 55 50250/160 RBE33250160 194 60 40250/180 RBE33250180 182 60 45250/200 RBE33250200 182 60 50250/225 RBE33250225 182 60 55280/200 RBE33280200 200 80 65280/225 RBE33280225 200 80 75280/250 RBE33280250 200 80 85315/200 RBE33315200 230 95 85315/225 RBE33315225 230 95 88315/250 RBE33315250 230 95 95315/280 RBE33315280 230 95 107



de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l250/32 RBE17050032 55 12 1250/40 RBE17050040 55 12 1263/32 RBE17063032 65 16 1263/40 RBE17063040 65 16 1263/50 RBE17063050 65 16 1275/32 RBE17075032 80 19 1275/40 RBE17075040 71 19 1275/50 RBE17075050 71 19 1275/63 RBE17075063 71 19 1690/50 RBE17090050 80 22 1290/63 RBE17090063 80 22 1690/75 RBE17090075 80 22 19

110/50 RBE17110050 105 28 12110/63 RBE17110063 97 28 16110/75 RBE17110075 97 28 19110/90 RBE17110090 97 28 22125/63 RBE17125063 112 30 16125/75 RBE17125075 108 32 19125/90 RBE17125090 108 32 22125/110 RBE17125110 108 32 28140/75 RBE17140075 123 35 19140/90 RBE17140090 115 35 22140/110 RBE17140110 115 35 28140/125 RBE17140125 115 35 32160/90 RBE17160090 135 40 22160/110 RBE17160110 124 40 28160/125 RBE17160125 124 40 32160/140 RBE17160140 124 40 35

87


Reducer concentric DIN short RBE SDR 17 - continuation -Short fittings for butt-welding

Reducers

180/90 RBE17180090 157 45 22180/110 RBE17180110 157 45 28180/125 RBE17180125 136 45 32180/140 RBE17180140 136 45 35180/160 RBE17180160 136 45 40200/140 RBE17200140 154 50 35200/160 RBE17200160 151 50 40200/180 RBE17200180 151 50 45225/140 RBE17225140 160 60 50225/160 RBE17225160 171 55 40225/180 RBE17225180 171 55 45225/200 RBE17225200 171 55 50250/160 RBE17250160 194 60 40250/180 RBE17250180 182 60 45250/200 RBE17250200 182 60 50250/225 RBE17250225 182 60 55280/200 RBE17280200 * 200 85 70280/225 RBE17280225 * 200 85 72280/250 RBE17280250 * 200 85 80315/200 RBE17315200 * 230 95 85315/225 RBE17315225 * 230 95 88315/250 RBE17315250 * 230 95 95315/280 RBE17315280 * 230 95 107

* machined version

de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l2



de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l225/20 RBE11025020 37 12 1232/20 RBE11032020 43 12 1232/25 RBE11032025 43 12 1240/20 RBE11040020 50 12 1240/25 RBE11040025 50 12 1240/32 RBE11040032 50 12 1250/25 RBE11050025 55 12 1250/32 RBE11050032 55 12 1250/40 RBE11050040 55 12 1263/32 RBE11063032 65 16 1263/40 RBE11063040 65 16 1263/50 RBE11063050 65 16 1275/32 RBE11075032 80 19 1275/40 RBE11075040 71 19 1275/50 RBE11075050 71 19 1275/63 RBE11075063 71 19 1690/50 RBE11090050 80 22 1290/63 RBE11090063 80 22 1690/75 RBE11090075 80 22 19

110/50 RBE11110050 105 28 12110/63 RBE11110063 97 28 16110/75 RBE11110075 97 28 19110/90 RBE11110090 97 28 22125/63 RBE11125063 112 30 16125/75 RBE11125075 108 32 19125/90 RBE11125090 108 32 22125/110 RBE11125110 108 32 28140/75 RBE11140075 123 35 19

88


Reducer concentric DIN short RBE SDR 11 - continuation -Short fittings for butt-welding

Reducers

140/90 RBE11140090 115 35 22140/110 RBE11140110 115 35 28140/125 RBE11140125 115 35 32160/90 RBE11160090 135 40 22160/110 RBE11160110 124 40 28160/125 RBE11160125 124 40 32160/140 RBE11160140 124 40 35180/90 RBE11180090 157 45 22180/110 RBE11180110 157 45 28180/125 RBE11180125 136 45 32180/140 RBE11180140 136 45 35180/160 RBE11180160 136 45 40200/140 RBE11200140 154 50 35200/160 RBE11200160 151 50 40200/180 RBE11200180 151 50 45225/140 RBE11225140 160 60 50225/160 RBE11225160 171 55 40225/180 RBE11225180 171 55 45225/200 RBE11225200 171 55 50250/160 RBE11250160 194 60 40250/180 RBE11250180 182 60 45250/200 RBE11250200 182 60 50250/225 RBE11250225 182 60 55280/200 RBE11280200 * 200 85 70280/225 RBE11280225 * 200 85 72280/250 RBE11280250 * 200 85 80315/200 RBE11315200 * 230 95 85315/225 RBE11315225 * 230 95 88315/250 RBE11315250 * 230 95 95315/280 RBE11315280 * 230 95 107

* machined version


Reducer concentric short RBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33


de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l2355/200 RBE33355200 160 57 40355/225 RBE33355225 140 57 40355/250 RBE33355250 130 54 40355/280 RBE33355280 120 53 40355/315 RBE33355315 110 53 40400/225 RBE33400225 160 64 40400/250 RBE33400250 150 61 40400/280 RBE33400280 140 60 40400/315 RBE33400315 120 50 40400/355 RBE33400355 110 51 40450/280 RBE33450280 160 65 40450/315 RBE33450315 140 55 40450/355 RBE33450355 130 57 40450/400 RBE33450400 120 60 40500/280 RBE33500280 180 80 40500/315 RBE33500315 170 71 40500/355 RBE33500355 150 62 40500/400 RBE33500400 140 65 40500/450 RBE33500450 120 60 40560/355 RBE33560355 170 75 40560/400 RBE33560400 160 68 40

89


Reducer concentric short RBE SDR 33 - continuation -Short fittings for butt-welding

Reducers

560/450 RBE33560450 140 62 40560/500 RBE33560500 130 67 40630/355 RBE33630355 200 80 40630/400 RBE33630400 190 78 40630/450 RBE33630450 170 72 40630/500 RBE33630500 150 67 40630/560 RBE33630560 130 64 40710/500 RBE33710500 * 130 84 40710/560 RBE33710560 * 170 81 40710/630 RBE33710630 * 140 71 40800/560 RBE33800560 * 200 85 40800/630 RBE33800630 * 180 85 40800/710 RBE33800710 * 150 78 40900/630 RBE33900630 * 220 96 40900/710 RBE33900710 * 190 89 40900/800 RBE33900800 * 160 85 401000/710 RBE331000710 * 220 101 401000/800 RBE331000800 * 180 86 401000/900 RBE331000900 * 140 75 401200/1000 RBE3312001000 * 190 92 40





de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l2355/200 RBE17355200 160 57 40355/225 RBE17355225 140 57 40355/250 RBE17355250 130 54 40355/280 RBE17355280 120 53 40355/315 RBE17355315 110 53 40400/225 RBE17400225 160 64 40400/250 RBE17400250 150 61 40400/280 RBE17400280 140 60 40400/315 RBE17400315 120 50 40400/355 RBE17400355 110 51 40450/280 RBE17450280 160 65 40450/315 RBE17450315 140 55 40450/355 RBE17450355 130 57 40450/400 RBE17450400 120 60 40500/280 RBE17500280 180 80 40500/315 RBE17500315 170 71 40500/355 RBE17500355 150 62 40500/400 RBE17500400 140 65 40500/450 RBE17500450 120 60 40560/355 RBE17560355 170 75 40560/400 RBE17560400 160 68 40560/450 RBE17560450 140 62 40560/500 RBE17560500 130 67 40630/355 RBE17630355 200 80 40630/400 RBE17630400 190 78 40630/450 RBE17630450 170 72 40630/500 RBE17630500 150 67 40630/560 RBE17630560 130 64 40710/500 RBE17710500 * 130 84 40710/560 RBE17710560 * 170 81 40710/630 RBE17710630 * 140 71 40

90

Reducer concentric short RBE SDR 17 - continuation -Short fittings for butt-welding

Reducers

800/560 RBE17800560 * 200 85 40800/630 RBE17800630 * 180 85 40800/710 RBE17800710 * 150 78 40900/630 RBE17900630 * 220 96 40900/710 RBE17900710 * 190 89 40900/800 RBE17900800 * 160 85 401000/710 RBE171000710 * 220 101 401000/800 RBE171000800 * 180 86 401000/900 RBE171000900 * 140 75 40





de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l2355/200 RBE11355200 160 57 40355/225 RBE11355225 140 57 40355/250 RBE11355250 130 54 40355/280 RBE11355280 120 53 40355/315 RBE11355315 110 53 40400/225 RBE11400225 160 64 40400/250 RBE11400250 150 61 40400/280 RBE11400280 140 60 40400/315 RBE11400315 120 50 40400/355 RBE11400355 110 51 40450/280 RBE11450280 160 65 40450/315 RBE11450315 140 55 40450/355 RBE11450355 130 57 40450/400 RBE11450400 120 60 40500/280 RBE11500280 180 80 40500/315 RBE11500315 170 71 40500/355 RBE11500355 150 62 40500/400 RBE11500400 140 65 40500/450 RBE11500450 120 60 40560/355 RBE11560355 170 75 40560/400 RBE11560400 160 68 40560/450 RBE11560450 140 62 40560/500 RBE11560500 130 67 40630/355 RBE11630355 200 80 40630/400 RBE11630400 190 78 40630/450 RBE11630450 170 72 40630/500 RBE11630500 150 67 40630/560 RBE11630560 130 64 40

91


Reducers

Larger diameters on request.

Reducer eccentric short REBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33


de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l2160/90 REBE33160090 140 54 40160/110 REBE33160110 120 45 40160/125 REBE33160125 110 44 40160/140 REBE33160140 90 33 40180/110 REBE33180110 140 54 40180/125 REBE33180125 130 52 40180/140 REBE33180140 110 41 40180/160 REBE33180160 90 33 40200/125 REBE33200125 150 61 40200/140 REBE33200140 130 50 40200/160 REBE33200160 110 41 40200/180 REBE33200180 90 33 40225/140 REBE33225140 160 65 40225/160 REBE33225160 140 57 40225/180 REBE33225180 120 48 40225/200 REBE33225200 100 40 40250/160 REBE33250160 160 62 40250/180 REBE33250180 140 54 40250/200 REBE33250200 120 45 40250/225 REBE33250225 100 40 40280/180 REBE33280180 170 66 40280/200 REBE33280200 150 58 40280/225 REBE33280225 130 52 40280/250 REBE33280250 110 47 40315/200 REBE33315200 190 78 40315/225 REBE33315225 160 62 40315/250 REBE33315250 140 57 40315/280 REBE33315280 110 44 40

92


Reducers




de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l2160/90 REBE17160090 310 118 78160/110 REBE17160110 310 118 85160/125 REBE17160125 310 118 91160/140 REBE17160140 309 117 96180/110 REBE17180110 140 54 40180/125 REBE17180125 353 135 93180/140 REBE17180140 110 41 40180/160 REBE17180160 340 132 102200/125 REBE17200125 150 61 40200/140 REBE17200140 130 50 40200/160 REBE17200160 373 139 100200/180 REBE17200180 370 143 107225/140 REBE17225140 160 65 40225/160 REBE17225160 400 152 107225/180 REBE17225180 400 152 102225/200 REBE17225200 400 152 109250/160 REBE17250160 160 62 40250/180 REBE17250180 140 54 40250/200 REBE17250200 440 180 120250/225 REBE17250225 445 183 125280/180 REBE17280180 170 66 40280/200 REBE17280200 150 58 40280/225 REBE17280225 130 52 40280/250 REBE17280250 110 47 40315/200 REBE17315200 190 78 40315/225 REBE17315225 160 62 40315/250 REBE17315250 140 57 40315/280 REBE17315280 120 54 40

***

*

* *

**

*

***

**

* Long spigot

93


Reducers




de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l2160/90 REBE11160090 40160/110 REBE11160110 305 116 40160/125 REBE11160125 40160/140 REBE11160140 308 117 40180/110 REBE11180110 140 54 40180/125 REBE11180125 345 130 40180/140 REBE11180140 120 51 40180/160 REBE11180160 345 130 40200/125 REBE11200125 150 61 40200/140 REBE11200140 130 50 40200/160 REBE11200160 40200/180 REBE11200180 100 43 40225/140 REBE11225140 160 65 40225/160 REBE11225160 405 155 40225/180 REBE11225180 40225/200 REBE11225200 403 155 40250/160 REBE11250160 170 72 40250/180 REBE11250180 150 64 40250/200 REBE11250200 40250/225 REBE11250225 440 179 40280/180 REBE11280180 180 76 40280/200 REBE11280200 160 68 40280/225 REBE11280225 140 62 40280/250 REBE11280250 120 57 40315/200 REBE11315200 190 78 40315/225 REBE11315225 170 72 40315/250 REBE11315250 150 67 40315/280 REBE11315280 130 64 40

309

309

373

403

440

117

117

139

155

180

* Long spigot

*

*

*

*

*

***

**

**

94



End caps

End cap long/short CBE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. L l

63 CDE17063 *

* long version

85 6275 CDE17075 * 95 6390 CDE17090 * 110 79

110 CDE17110 * 127 88125 CDE17125 * 124 95140 CDE17140 * 140 110160 CDE17160 * 152 121180 CDE17180 * 169 134200 CDE17200 * 184 140225 CDE17225 * 200 160250 CDE17250 * 230 152280 CDE17280 * 257 162315 CDE17315 * 262 167355 CDE17355 * 270 250400 CDE17400 * 275 250450 CBE17450 **

** short version, machinedfabrication on order, returning not possible

85 -500 CBE17500 ** 90 -560 CBE17560 ** 100 -630 CBE17630 ** 110 -710 CBE17710 ** 110 -800 CBE17800 ** 120 -

End cap long/short CBE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. L l

20 CDE11020 * 45 3525 CDE11025 * 52 4032 CDE11032 * 58 4440 CDE11040 * 67 5050 CDE11050 * 75 5563 CDE11063 * 85 6275 CDE11075 * 95 6390 CDE11090 * 110 79

110 CDE11110 * 127 88125 CDE11125 * 124 95140 CDE11140 * 140 110160 CDE11160 * 152 121180 CDE11180 * 169 134200 CDE11200 * 184 140225 CDE11225 * 200 160250 CDE11250 * 230 152280 CDE11280 * 257 162315 CDE11315 * 262 167355 CDE11355 * 280 250400 CDE11400 * 285 250

95

End cap long/short CBE SDR 11 - continuation -Short fittings for butt-welding

End caps

450 CBE11450 ** 95 -500 CBE11500 ** 105 -560 CBE11560 ** 115 -630 CBE11630 ** 125 -

* long version

** short version, machinedfabrication on order, returning not possible

de Art. Nr. L l

96


Unions

Unions complete consist of:- PE union end and union bush- PVC nut- EPDM O-ring

Depending on temperature change the maximum operating pressure can be reduced strongly.

Unions complete consist of:- PE union end and union bush- PVC nut- FPM O-ring

Depending on temperature change the maximum operating pressure can be reduced strongly.Collectioning on order.

Union complete short BBE/C SDR 11 with EPDM O-ring PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. L

20 BBEC11020E 11025 BBEC11025E 11032 BBEC11032E 11040 BBEC11040E 11050 BBEC11050E 11063 BBEC11063E 11075 BBEC11075E 11090 BBEC11090E 180

110 BBEC11110E 180

Union complete short BBE/C SDR 11 with FPM O-ring PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. L

20 BBEC11020F 11025 BBEC11025F 11032 BBEC11032F 11040 BBEC11040F 11050 BBEC11050F 11063 BBEC11063F 11075 BBEC11075F 11090 BBEC11090F 180

110 BBEC11110F 180

97


Unions

Thread according to EN-ISO 228.

Union bush short F/BBE-C SDR 11 PE100SDR 11

for butt-welding

de Art. Nr. L l G

20 FBBEC11020 55 13 1"25 FBBEC11025 55 13 1¼"32 FBBEC11032 55 14 1½"40 FBBEC11040 55 16 2"50 FBBEC11050 55 18 2¼"63 FBBEC11063 55 20 2¾"75 FBBEC11075 55 24 3½"90 FBBEC11090 90 25 4"

110 FBBEC11110 90 28 5"

Union end short Q/BBE-C SDR 11 PE100SDR 11

for butt-welding

de Art. Nr. L h d1 d2

20 QBBEC11020 55 5 27,4 30,025 QBBEC11025 55 6 35,9 38,532 QBBEC11032 55 6 41,4 44,540 QBBEC11040 55 7 52,8 56,250 QBBEC11050 55 7 58,8 62,263 QBBEC11063 55 8 73,8 78,375 QBBEC11075 55 9 82,5 96,590 QBBEC11090 90 10 97,5 109,5

110 QBBEC11110 90 11 117,5 134,5

98


Unions

Unions complete consist of:- PE union end and union bush- PVC nut- EPDM O-ring


Unions complete consist of:- PE union end and union bush- PVC nut- FPM O-ring


Collectioning on order.

Union complete long BBE/L SDR 11 with EPDM O-ring PE100SDR 11

for butt-welding and electrofusion water 10 bar

de Art. Nr. L

20 BBEL11020E 19025 BBEL11025E 19032 BBEL11032E 19040 BBEL11040E 19050 BBEL11050E 19063 BBEL11063E 19075 BBEL11075E 26090 BBEL11090E 300

110 BBEL11110E 340

Union complete long BBE/L SDR 11 with FPM O-ring PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. L

20 BBEL11020F 19025 BBEL11025F 19032 BBEL11032F 19040 BBEL11040F 19050 BBEL11050F 19063 BBEL11063F 19075 BBEL11075F 26090 BBEL11090F 300

110 BBEL11110F 340

99


Unions


Union bush long F/BBE-L SDR 11 PE100SDR 11

for butt-welding and electrofusion

de Art. Nr. L l G

20 FBBEL11020 95 13 1"25 FBBEL11025 95 13 1¼"32 FBBEL11032 95 14 1½"40 FBBEL11040 95 16 2"50 FBBEL11050 95 18 2¼"63 FBBEL11063 95 20 2¾"75 FBBEL11075 130 24 3½"90 FBBEL11090 150 25 4"

110 FBBEL11110 170 28 5"

Union end long Q/BBE-L SDR 11 PE100SDR 11

for butt-welding and electrofusion

de Art. Nr. L h d1 d2

20 QBBEL11020 95 5 25,0 30,025 QBBEL11025 95 6 33,5 38,532 QBBEL11032 95 6 38,0 44,540 QBBEL11040 95 7 49,5 56,250 QBBEL11050 95 7 55,0 62,263 QBBEL11063 95 8 70,0 78,375 QBBEL11075 130 9 82,5 96,590 QBBEL11090 150 10 97,5 109,5

110 QBBEL11110 170 11 117,5 134,5

100


Unions


Union nut EFV for PE union end PVC

de Art. Nr. D G d3 H

20 EFV100 43 1" 27 2425 EFV114 53 1¼" 36 2732 EFV112 60 1½" 41 3040 EFV200 74 2" 53 3250 EFV214 80 2¼" 59 3663 EFV234 103 2¾" 74 3975 EFV312 122 3½" 83 4390 EFV400 139 4" 98 49

110 EFV500 164 5" 118 55

O-ring for PE union bush EPDM

de Art. Nr. d2 d3

20 OR4081E 20,22 3,5325 OR4112E 28,17 3,5332 OR4131E 32,93 3,5340 OR6162E 40,65 5,3450 OR6187E 47,00 5,3463 OR6237E 59,69 5,3475 OR6312E 78,80 5,3090 OR6375E 94,60 5,30

110 Z481109000 113,70 7,00

101


Unions

O-ring for PE union bush FPM

de Art. Nr. d2 d3

20 OR4081F 20,22 3,5325 OR4112F 28,17 3,5332 OR4131F 32,93 3,5340 OR6162F 40,65 5,3450 OR6187F 47,00 5,3463 OR6237F 59,69 5,3475 OR6312F 78,80 5,3090 OR6375F 94,60 5,30

110 Z481107000 113,70 7,00

102


Adaptors

SW = size of the jaw.Thread according to EN 10226 (ISO 7).For sealing we advise PTFE tape.Depending on assembly method and temperature change the maximum operating pressure can be reduced strongly.

SW = size of the jaw.Thread according to EN 10226 (ISO 7).For sealing we advise PTFE tape.Depending on assembly method and temperature change the maximum operating pressure can be reduced strongly. For specific applications please contact our Technical Support.

Adaptor long DBME SDR 11 with female thread PE100SDR 11


de/Rp Art. Nr. L l D SW

20/½" DBME11020012 65 40 39 3225/½" DBME11025012 65 40 39 3225/¾" DBME11025034 66 40 49 4132/½" DBME11032012 69 44 39 3232/¾" DBME11032034 70 44 49 4132/1" DBME11032100 72 44 55 4640/¾" DBME11040034 69 45 49 4140/1" DBME11040100 76 49 55 4640/1¼" DBME11040114 80 49 66 5550/½" DBME11050012 76 55 50 3250/1" DBME11050100 78 50 55 4650/1¼" DBME11050114 85 55 66 5550/1½" DBME11050112 86 55 83 7063/2" DBME11063200 100 63 94 85

Adaptor short SDR 11 with male thread PE100SDR 11


de/R Art. Nr. L l1 l2 SW

20/½" KBFE11020012 46 19 18 2225/¾" KBFE11025034 51 22 20 2732/1" KBFE11032100 61 28 24 3640/1¼" KBFE11040114 66 29 26 4650/1½" KBFE11050112 74 32 28 5563/2" KBFE11063200 80 35 31 65

103

Long fittings for butt-welding and electrofusion

Stub flanges


Stub flange long QDE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17

for butt-welding and electrofusion water 10 bar/gas 5 bar


63 QDE17063 14 66 75 102 12075 QDE17075 18 78 89 122 13090 QDE17090 18 84 105 138 145

110 QDE17110 18 100 125 158 155125 QDE17125 18 108 132 158 170140 QDE17140 18 109 155 188 195160 QDE17160 18 110 175 212 195180 QDE17180 20 115 180 212 200200 QDE17200 24 127 232 268 205225 QDE17225 24 137 235 268 205250 QDE17250 25 146 285 320 205280 QDE17280 25 156 291 320 220315 QDE17315 25 160 335 370 225355 QDE17355 30 175 373 430 260400 QDE17400 33 195 427 482 285450 QDE17450 46 220 514 585 326500 QDE17500 46 234 530 585 330560 QDE17560 50 260 615 685 370630 QDE17630 50 270 645 685 360710 QDE17710 50 280 737 800 380800 QDE17800 52 294 840 905 396900 QDE17900 55 300 944 1005 4251000 QDE171000 60 330 1047 1110 460

104


Stub flanges


Stub flange long QDE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11



20 QDE11020 7 64 27 45 8825 QDE11025 9 51 33 58 9032 QDE11032 11 57 40 68 9540 QDE11040 12 55 50 78 10050 QDE11050 12 63 61 88 11063 QDE11063 15 66 75 102 12075 QDE11075 17 78 89 122 13090 QDE11090 18 84 105 138 145

110 QDE11110 18 115 125 158 155125 QDE11125 25 125 132 158 170140 QDE11140 25 109 155 188 195160 QDE11160 25 140 175 212 195180 QDE11180 31 115 182 212 200200 QDE11200 32 127 232 268 205225 QDE11225 33 137 235 268 205250 QDE11250 35 130 285 320 205280 QDE11280 35 156 291 320 220315 QDE11315 35 155 335 370 225355 QDE11355 40 175 373 430 255400 QDE11400 46 195 427 482 285450 QDE11450 60 220 514 585 340500 QDE11500 60 234 530 585 344560 QDE11560 60 260 615 685 380630 QDE11630 60 270 645 685 375710 QDE11710 67 280 737 800 380

105


Tees

Tee 90° long TDE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. L Z l

63 TDE17063 228 114 6775 TDE17075 240 120 7390 TDE17090 306 153 86

110 TDE17110 336 168 95125 TDE17125 354 177 100140 TDE17140 386 193 105160 TDE17160 450 225 124180 TDE17180 466 233 119200 TDE17200 502 251 127225 TDE17225 554 272 138250 TDE17250 628 314 148280 TDE17280 650 325 150315 TDE17315 700 350 160355 TDE17355 782 391 173400 TDE17400 862 431 187450 TDE17450 952 476 202500 TDE17500 1050 525 225

Tee 90° long TDE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. L Z l

20 TDE11020 107 54 3525 TDE11025 124 62 4132 TDE11032 150 75 5140 TDE11040 164 82 5550 TDE11050 166 83 5163 TDE11063 228 114 7075 TDE11075 240 120 7390 TDE11090 306 153 86

110 TDE11110 336 168 95125 TDE11125 354 177 100140 TDE11140 386 193 105160 TDE11160 450 225 124180 TDE11180 466 233 119200 TDE11200 502 251 127225 TDE11225 554 272 138250 TDE11250 628 314 148280 TDE11280 650 325 150315 TDE11315 700 350 160355 TDE11355 782 391 173400 TDE11400 862 431 187450 TDE11450 952 476 202500 TDE11500 1050 525 225

106


Tees

Tee 90° reduced long TRDE SDR 17 PE100with reduced branch SDR 17for butt-welding and electrofusion water 10 bar/gas 5 bar

de1/de2 Art. Nr. L Z l1 l263/50 TRDE17063050 213 100 63 5675/50 TRDE17075050 253 113 70 5575/63 TRDE17075063 252 117 70 6390/50 TRDE17090050 275 117 79 5590/63 TRDE17090063 264 134 79 6390/75 TRDE17090075 272 138 74 70

110/63 TRDE17110063 316 135 88 62110/75 TRDE17110075 305 148 82 70110/90 TRDE17110090 328 158 91 83125/63 TRDE17125063 366 157 101 70125/75 TRDE17125075 358 155 100 76125/90 TRDE17125090 358 164 100 85125/110 TRDE17125110 364 179 101 96140/63 TRDE17140063 386 160 105 77140/75 TRDE17140075 386 173 105 78140/90 TRDE17140090 388 182 105 87140/110 TRDE17140110 388 188 105 95160/63 TRDE17160063 424 174 110 72160/75 TRDE17160075 424 180 111 73160/90 TRDE17160090 424 190 111 84160/110 TRDE17160110 424 197 111 93180/75 TRDE17180075 460 190 116 93180/90 TRDE17180090 470 206 117 85180/110 TRDE17180110 460 210 116 95180/125 TRDE17180125 430 215 116 100180/140 TRDE17180140 460 220 116 104180/160 TRDE17180160 460 225 116 110200/63 TRDE17200063 514 195 127 72200/75 TRDE17200075 450 200 127 70200/90 TRDE17200090 514 212 127 97200/110 TRDE17200110 514 224 127 97200/125 TRDE17200125 514 225 127 104200/160 TRDE17200160 514 242 127 112225/63 TRDE17225063 540 241 130 69225/75 TRDE17225075 524 251 130 75225/90 TRDE17225090 524 264 130 87225/110 TRDE17225110 522 271 120 92225/125 TRDE17225125 522 266 120 93225/140 TRDE17225140 540 276 130 104225/160 TRDE17225160 522 252 120 109225/180 TRDE17225180 552 280 131 131250/110 TRDE17250110 575 242 130 82250/160 TRDE17250160 575 261 130 98250/200 TRDE17250200 625 290 148 116315/90 TRDE17315090 545 290 170 90315/110 TRDE17315110 546 290 170 100315/160 TRDE17315160 575 310 170 120315/200 TRDE17315200 640 330 170 130315/225 TRDE17315225 640 335 170 145315/250 TRDE17315250 638 340 170 150

107


Tees

Tee 90° reduced long TRDE SDR 11 PE100with reduced branch SDR 11for butt-welding and electrofusion water 16 bar/gas 10 bar

de1/de2 Art. Nr. L Z l1 l263/32 TRDE11063032 228 91 70 4663/50 TRDE11063050 213 100 63 5675/32 TRDE11075032 256 103 70 4675/50 TRDE11075050 253 113 70 5575/63 TRDE11075063 252 117 70 6390/63 TRDE11090063 264 134 79 6390/75 TRDE11090075 272 138 74 70

110/63 TRDE11110063 316 135 88 62110/75 TRDE11110075 305 154 82 70110/90 TRDE11110090 320 158 91 83125/63 TRDE11125063 358 148 100 63125/75 TRDE11125075 358 155 100 76125/90 TRDE11125090 358 170 100 86125/110 TRDE11125110 358 179 101 96140/63 TRDE11140063 386 160 105 77140/75 TRDE11140075 386 173 105 78140/90 TRDE11140090 388 182 105 87140/110 TRDE11140110 388 188 105 95160/63 TRDE11160063 424 174 110 72160/75 TRDE11160075 424 180 111 73160/90 TRDE11160090 424 190 111 84160/110 TRDE11160110 424 197 111 93180/75 TRDE11180075 460 190 116 93180/90 TRDE11180090 460 200 116 85180/110 TRDE11180110 460 218 117 98180/125 TRDE11180125 430 215 116 100180/140 TRDE11180140 460 220 116 104180/160 TRDE11180160 460 225 116 110200/63 TRDE11200063 510 195 127 72200/75 TRDE11200075 450 200 127 70200/90 TRDE11200090 510 212 127 87200/110 TRDE11200110 510 224 127 97200/125 TRDE11200125 510 225 127 104200/160 TRDE11200160 510 242 127 112225/63 TRDE11225063 540 241 130 69225/75 TRDE11225075 540 248 130 76225/90 TRDE11225090 540 264 130 87225/110 TRDE11225110 522 271 120 92225/125 TRDE11225125 522 266 120 93225/140 TRDE11225140 540 276 130 104225/160 TRDE11225160 522 252 120 109225/180 TRDE11225180 552 280 131 131250/110 TRDE11250110 575 242 130 82250/160 TRDE11250160 588 265 137 110250/200 TRDE11250200 625 290 148 116315/90 TRDE11315090 545 290 170 90315/110 TRDE11315110 546 290 170 100315/160 TRDE11315160 696 297 160 110315/200 TRDE11315200 640 330 170 130315/225 TRDE11315225 638 335 170 145315/250 TRDE11315250 670 333 170 150

108


Tees

Tee 45° long T45DE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. L l1 Z1 Z2

50 T45DE17050 223 55 75 4063 T45DE17063 245 63 93 2375 T45DE17075 290 75 103 3790 T45DE17090 370 85 148 51

110 T45DE17110 400 85 164 66125 T45DE17125 440 105 185 45160 T45DE17160 540 115 260 50180 T45DE17180 575 116 268 75200 T45DE17200 625 122 287 94225 T45DE17225 705 135 350 85

Tee 45° long T45DE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. L l1 Z1 Z2

40 T45DE11040 185 45 75 4050 T45DE11050 223 55 90 2363 T45DE11063 245 63 93 2375 T45DE11075 290 75 101 3790 T45DE11090 370 85 148 51

110 T45DE11110 400 85 164 66125 T45DE11125 440 105 185 45160 T45DE11160 540 110 260 50180 T45DE11180 575 116 268 75200 T45DE11200 625 122 287 94225 T45DE11225 705 135 350 85

109


Elbows

Elbow 90° long GDE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l

63 GDE17063 115 6775 GDE17075 116 7290 GDE17090 139 78

110 GDE17110 158 86125 GDE17125 180 104140 GDE17140 198 119160 GDE17160 210 117180 GDE17180 222 116200 GDE17200 250 128225 GDE17225 269 136250 GDE17250 307 180280 GDE17280 332 156315 GDE17315 359 170

Elbow 90° long GDE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. Z l

20 GDE11020 70 6025 GDE11025 63 4232 GDE11032 72 4740 GDE11040 69 4450 GDE11050 77 5063 GDE11063 95 5675 GDE11075 116 7290 GDE11090 139 78

110 GDE11110 158 86125 GDE11125 180 104140 GDE11140 198 119160 GDE11160 210 117180 GDE11180 222 116200 GDE11200 250 128225 GDE11225 269 136250 GDE11250 307 180280 GDE11280 332 156315 GDE11315 359 170

110


Elbows

Elbow 45° long HDE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l

63 HDE17063 82 7075 HDE17075 98 7690 HDE17090 120 84

110 HDE17110 129 91125 HDE17125 147 101140 HDE17140 153 104160 HDE17160 169 113180 HDE17180 186 120200 HDE17200 201 127225 HDE17225 218 134250 HDE17250 217 155280 HDE17280 232 162315 HDE17315 251 173

Elbow 45° long HDE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. Z l

20 HDE11020 44 3925 HDE11025 41 3532 HDE11032 48 4740 HDE11040 58 4450 HDE11050 74 5463 HDE11063 82 5675 HDE11075 98 7690 HDE11090 120 84

110 HDE11110 129 91125 HDE11125 147 101140 HDE11140 153 104160 HDE11160 169 113180 HDE11180 186 120200 HDE11200 201 127225 HDE11225 218 134250 HDE11250 217 155280 HDE11280 232 162315 HDE11315 251 173

111


Elbows

Elbow 30° long H30DE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l

75 H30DE17075 108 7790 H30DE17090 116 85

110 H30DE17110 130 96125 H30DE17125 143 102140 H30DE17140 148 110160 H30DE17160 154 108180 H30DE17180 160 116200 H30DE17200 170 122225 H30DE17225 185 129

Elbow 30° long H30DE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. Z l

75 H30DE11075 108 7790 H30DE11090 116 85

110 H30DE11110 130 96125 H30DE11125 143 102140 H30DE11140 148 110160 H30DE11160 154 108180 H30DE11180 160 116200 H30DE11200 170 122225 H30DE11225 185 129

112


Bends

Bend 90° R = 1 x de long SDE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. l Z R

63 SDE17063 63 128 6375 SDE17075 70 148 7590 SDE17090 71 164 90

110 SDE17110 75 188 110125 SDE17125 85 213 125140 SDE17140 90 234 140160 SDE17160 90 254 160180 SDE17180 100 284 180200 SDE17200 108 312 200225 SDE17225 115 344 225

Bend 90° R = 1 x de long SDE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. l Z R

20 SDE11020 37 59 2025 SDE11025 39 66 2532 SDE11032 44 78 3240 SDE11040 49 91 4050 SDE11050 55 107 5063 SDE11063 63 128 6375 SDE11075 70 148 7590 SDE11090 71 164 90

110 SDE11110 75 188 110125 SDE11125 85 213 125140 SDE11140 90 234 140160 SDE11160 90 254 160180 SDE11180 100 284 180200 SDE11200 108 312 200225 SDE11225 115 344 225

113


Reducers

Reducer concentric long RDE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l250/32 RDE17050032 132 55 4463/32 RDE17063032 146 63 4463/40 RDE17063040 150 63 4975/63 RDE17075063 147 66 6390/50 RDE17090050 142 64 4990/63 RDE17090063 144 69 5590/75 RDE17090075 163 74 65

110/63 RDE17110063 174 85 63110/75 RDE17110075 180 85 57110/90 RDE17110090 179 79 74125/63 RDE17125063 187 87 61125/75 RDE17125075 205 105 76125/90 RDE17125090 216 99 86125/110 RDE17125110 201 89 84140/75 RDE17140075 230 112 70140/90 RDE17140090 248 116 85140/110 RDE17140110 248 116 90140/125 RDE17140125 214 99 92160/90 RDE17160090 216 101 72160/110 RDE17160110 223 104 84160/125 RDE17160125 227 95 91160/140 RDE17160140 217 110 95180/90 RDE17180090 237 105 79180/110 RDE17180110 270 120 92180/125 RDE17180125 278 116 103180/160 RDE17180160 277 115 114200/125 RDE17200125 283 123 103200/140 RDE17200140 275 120 110200/160 RDE17200160 253 105 100200/180 RDE17200180 272 120 115225/110 RDE17225110 312 130 94225/160 RDE17225160 312 130 109225/180 RDE17225180 310 130 111225/200 RDE17225200 272 124 115250/160 RDE17250160 339 138 111250/180 RDE17250180 338 137 123250/200 RDE17250200 337 137 127250/225 RDE17250225 337 146 137280/180 RDE17280180 350 146 119280/200 RDE17280200 350 146 124280/225 RDE17280225 350 146 129280/250 RDE17280250 350 146 134315/200 RDE17315200 380 180 134315/225 RDE17315225 380 157 133315/250 RDE17315250 380 157 138315/280 RDE17315280 380 157 148355/250 RDE17355250 415 172 143355/280 RDE17355280 415 172 148355/315 RDE17355315 415 172 158400/280 RDE17400280 450 187 153400/315 RDE17400315 450 187 158400/355 RDE17400355 450 187 168

114



Reducers

Reducer concentric long RDE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de1/de2 Art. Nr. L l1 l225/20 RDE11025020 87 40 4132/20 RDE11032020 92 43 3932/25 RDE11032025 89 44 3740/20 RDE11040020 94 45 3640/25 RDE11040025 96 47 3540/32 RDE11040032 93 50 3950/25 RDE11050025 136 62 4850/32 RDE11050032 134 61 5050/40 RDE11050040 134 61 5663/32 RDE11063032 150 69 5063/40 RDE11063040 152 69 5563/50 RDE11063050 151 69 6075/50 RDE11075050 148 64 5875/63 RDE11075063 149 65 5990/50 RDE11090050 142 64 4990/63 RDE11090063 144 69 5590/75 RDE11090075 163 76 61

110/63 RDE11110063 174 85 63110/75 RDE11110075 180 85 57110/90 RDE11110090 179 99 93125/63 RDE11125063 226 99 66125/75 RDE11125075 205 105 76125/90 RDE11125090 216 99 86125/110 RDE11125110 228 100 80140/75 RDE11140075 230 112 70140/90 RDE11140090 248 116 85140/110 RDE11140110 250 105 95140/125 RDE11140125 253 105 105160/90 RDE11160090 217 102 74160/110 RDE11160110 223 104 84160/125 RDE11160125 231 98 92160/140 RDE11160140 217 110 95180/90 RDE11180090 237 105 79180/110 RDE11180110 270 120 92180/125 RDE11180125 278 116 103180/160 RDE11180160 277 115 114200/125 RDE11200125 283 123 103200/140 RDE11200140 275 120 110200/160 RDE11200160 252 105 100200/180 RDE11200180 272 120 115225/110 RDE11225110 312 130 94225/140 RDE11225140 295 130 110225/160 RDE11225160 312 130 109225/180 RDE11225180 310 130 111225/200 RDE11225200 272 124 115250/160 RDE11250160 339 138 111250/180 RDE11250180 338 137 123250/200 RDE11250200 337 137 127250/225 RDE11250225 337 137 137280/180 RDE11280180 350 146 119280/200 RDE11280200 350 146 124280/225 RDE11280225 350 146 129280/250 RDE11280250 350 146 134315/200 RDE11315200 380 180 134315/225 RDE11315225 380 157 133315/250 RDE11315250 380 157 138

115

Reducer concentric long RDE SDR 11 - continuation -Long fittings for butt-welding and electrofusion

Reducers

315/280 RDE11315280 380 157 148355/250 RDE11355250 415 172 143355/280 RDE11355280 415 172 148355/315 RDE11355315 415 172 158400/280 RDE11400280 450 187 153400/315 RDE11400315 450 187 158400/355 RDE11400355 450 187 168


116



End caps

End cap long CDE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. L l

63 CDE17063 85 6275 CDE17075 95 6390 CDE17090 110 79

110 CDE17110 127 88125 CDE17125 124 95140 CDE17140 140 110160 CDE17160 152 121180 CDE17180 169 134200 CDE17200 184 140225 CDE17225 200 160250 CDE17250 230 152280 CDE17280 257 162315 CDE17315 262 167355 CDE17355 264 213400 CDE17400 280 230450 CDE17450 *

* machined and extended with pipefabrication on order, returning not possible

285 250500 CDE17500 * 290 275560 CDE17560 * 300 275630 CDE17630 * 310 300710 CDE17710 * 320 300800 CDE17800 * 330 300

End cap long CDE SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. L l

20 CDE11020 45 3525 CDE11025 52 4032 CDE11032 58 4440 CDE11040 67 5050 CDE11050 75 5563 CDE11063 85 6275 CDE11075 95 6390 CDE11090 110 79

110 CDE11110 127 88125 CDE11125 124 95140 CDE11140 140 110160 CDE11160 152 121180 CDE11180 169 134200 CDE11200 184 140225 CDE11225 200 160250 CDE11250 230 152280 CDE11280 257 162315 CDE11315 262 167355 CDE11355 264 213400 CDE11400 280 230450 CDE11450 * 295 250500 CDE11500 * 305 275

117

End cap long CDE SDR 11 - continuation -Long fittings for butt-welding and electrofusion

End caps

560 CDE11560 * 315 275630 CDE11630 * 325 300710 CDE11710 * 320 300800 CDE11800 * 330 300

* machined and extended with pipefabrication on order, returning not possible

de Art. Nr. L l

118

Fittings made from pipe

Tees welded

Reduced pressure class, see appendix B2 "Maximum operating pressure for pipes and fittings".Fabrication on order, returning not possible.


Tee 90° welded TWBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33


de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 TWBE33225 530 265 150250 TWBE33250 750 375 250280 TWBE33280 780 390 250315 TWBE33315 920 460 300355 TWBE33355 960 480 300400 TWBE33400 1000 500 300450 TWBE33450 1050 525 300500 TWBE33500 1200 600 350560 TWBE33560 1260 630 350630 TWBE33630 1330 665 350710 TWBE33710 1410 705 350800 TWBE33800 1500 750 350900 TWBE33900 1700 850 4001000 TWBE331000 1800 900 400



de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 TWBE17225 530 265 150250 TWBE17250 750 375 250280 TWBE17280 780 390 250315 TWBE17315 920 460 300355 TWBE17355 960 480 300400 TWBE17400 1000 500 300450 TWBE17450 1050 525 300500 TWBE17500 1200 600 350560 TWBE17560 1260 630 350630 TWBE17630 1330 665 350710 TWBE17710 1410 705 350800 TWBE17800 1500 750 350

119


Tees welded





de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 TWBE11225 530 265 150250 TWBE11250 750 375 250280 TWBE11280 780 390 250315 TWBE11315 920 460 300355 TWBE11355 960 480 300400 TWBE11400 1000 500 300450 TWBE11450 1050 525 300500 TWBE11500 1200 600 350560 TWBE11560 1260 630 350630 TWBE11630 1330 665 350

Tee 60° welded T60WBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33

for butt-welding and electrofusion water 1,5 bar

de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 T60WBE33225 760 445 250250 T60WBE33250 889 517 300280 T60WBE33280 923 543 300315 T60WBE33315 1064 623 350355 T60WBE33355 1110 658 350400 T60WBE33400 1162 697 350450 T60WBE33450 1220 740 350500 T60WBE33500 1277 783 350560 T60WBE33560 1347 835 350630 T60WBE33630 1427 896 350710 T60WBE33710 1520 965 350800 T60WBE33800 1724 1093 400900 T60WBE33900 1839 1180 4001000 T60WBE331000 1955 1266 400

120


Tees welded





de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 T60WBE17225 760 445 250250 T60WBE17250 889 517 300280 T60WBE17280 923 543 300315 T60WBE17315 1064 623 350355 T60WBE17355 1110 658 350400 T60WBE17400 1162 697 350450 T60WBE17450 1220 740 350500 T60WBE17500 1277 783 350560 T60WBE17560 1347 835 350630 T60WBE17630 1427 896 350710 T60WBE17710 1520 965 350800 T60WBE17800 1724 1093 400



de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 T60WBE11225 760 445 250250 T60WBE11250 889 517 300280 T60WBE11280 923 543 300315 T60WBE11315 1064 623 350355 T60WBE11355 1110 658 350400 T60WBE11400 1162 697 350450 T60WBE11450 1220 740 350500 T60WBE11500 1277 783 350560 T60WBE11560 1347 835 350630 T60WBE11630 1427 896 350

121


Tees welded





de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 T45WBE33225 818 522 250250 T45WBE33250 954 602 300280 T45WBE33280 996 638 300315 T45WBE33315 1145 730 350355 T45WBE33355 1202 779 350400 T45WBE33400 1266 833 350450 T45WBE33450 1336 893 350500 T45WBE33500 1407 954 350560 T45WBE33560 1492 1026 350630 T45WBE33630 1591 1110 350710 T45WBE33710 1704 1207 350800 T45WBE33800 1831 1316 350900 T45WBE33900 2073 1486 4001000 T45WBE331000 2214 1607 400



de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 T45WBE17225 818 522 250250 T45WBE17250 954 602 300280 T45WBE17280 996 638 300315 T45WBE17315 1145 730 350355 T45WBE17355 1202 779 350400 T45WBE17400 1266 833 350450 T45WBE17450 1336 893 350500 T45WBE17500 1407 954 350560 T45WBE17560 1492 1026 350630 T45WBE17630 1591 1110 350710 T45WBE17710 1704 1207 350800 T45WBE17800 1831 1316 350

122


Tees welded




de Art. Nr. L Z l1225 T45WBE11225 818 522 250250 T45WBE11250 954 602 300280 T45WBE11280 996 638 300315 T45WBE11315 1145 730 350355 T45WBE11355 1202 779 350400 T45WBE11400 1266 833 350450 T45WBE11450 1336 893 350500 T45WBE11500 1407 954 350560 T45WBE11560 1492 1026 350630 T45WBE11630 1591 1110 350

123



Tees welded with reduced branch

Tee 90° reduced welded TRWBE SDR 17 PE100with reduced branch SDR 17for butt-welding and electrofusion water 6 bar


110/32 TRWBE17110032 332 180110/40 TRWBE17110040 340 180110/50 TRWBE17110050 350 180110/63 TRWBE17110063 363 180110/75 TRWBE17110075 375 180125/32 TRWBE17125032 332 188125/40 TRWBE17125040 340 188125/50 TRWBE17125050 350 188125/63 TRWBE17125063 363 188125/75 TRWBE17125075 375 188125/90 TRWBE17125090 390 188140/32 TRWBE17140032 332 195140/40 TRWBE17140040 340 195140/50 TRWBE17140050 350 195140/63 TRWBE17140063 363 195140/75 TRWBE17140075 375 195140/90 TRWBE17140090 390 195140/110 TRWBE17140110 410 195160/32 TRWBE17160032 332 205160/40 TRWBE17160040 340 205160/50 TRWBE17160050 350 205160/63 TRWBE17160063 363 205160/75 TRWBE17160075 375 205160/90 TRWBE17160090 390 205160/110 TRWBE17160110 410 205160/125 TRWBE17160125 425 205180/32 TRWBE17180032 332 240180/40 TRWBE17180040 340 240180/50 TRWBE17180050 350 240180/63 TRWBE17180063 363 240180/75 TRWBE17180075 375 240180/90 TRWBE17180090 390 240180/110 TRWBE17180110 410 240180/125 TRWBE17180125 425 240180/140 TRWBE17180140 440 240200/32 TRWBE17200032 332 250200/40 TRWBE17200040 340 250200/50 TRWBE17200050 350 250200/63 TRWBE17200063 363 250200/75 TRWBE17200075 375 250200/90 TRWBE17200090 390 250200/110 TRWBE17200110 410 250200/125 TRWBE17200125 425 250200/140 TRWBE17200140 440 250200/160 TRWBE17200160 460 250225/63 TRWBE17225063 363 238225/75 TRWBE17225075 375 238225/90 TRWBE17225090 390 238225/110 TRWBE17225110 410 238225/125 TRWBE17225125 425 238225/140 TRWBE17225140 440 238225/160 TRWBE17225160 460 238225/180 TRWBE17225180 480 263250/75 TRWBE17250075 475 250250/90 TRWBE17250090 490 250250/110 TRWBE17250110 510 250

124


Tee 90° reduced welded TRWBE SDR 17 - continuation -Fittings made from pipe


250/125 TRWBE17250125 525 250250/140 TRWBE17250140 540 250250/160 TRWBE17250160 560 250250/180 TRWBE17250180 580 275250/200 TRWBE17250200 600 275280/75 TRWBE17280075 475 265280/90 TRWBE17280090 490 265280/110 TRWBE17280110 510 265280/125 TRWBE17280125 525 265280/140 TRWBE17280140 540 265280/160 TRWBE17280160 560 265280/180 TRWBE17280180 580 290280/200 TRWBE17280200 600 290280/225 TRWBE17280225 625 290315/90 TRWBE17315090 490 283315/110 TRWBE17315110 510 283315/125 TRWBE17315125 525 283315/140 TRWBE17315140 540 283315/160 TRWBE17315160 560 283315/180 TRWBE17315180 580 308315/200 TRWBE17315200 600 308315/225 TRWBE17315225 625 308315/250 TRWBE17315250 650 358355/110 TRWBE17355110 510 303355/125 TRWBE17355125 525 303355/140 TRWBE17355140 540 303355/160 TRWBE17355160 560 303355/180 TRWBE17355180 580 328355/200 TRWBE17355200 600 328355/225 TRWBE17355225 625 328355/250 TRWBE17355250 650 378355/280 TRWBE17355280 680 378400/110 TRWBE17400110 510 325400/125 TRWBE17400125 525 325400/140 TRWBE17400140 540 325400/160 TRWBE17400160 560 325400/180 TRWBE17400180 580 350400/200 TRWBE17400200 600 350400/225 TRWBE17400225 625 350400/250 TRWBE17400250 650 400400/280 TRWBE17400280 680 400400/315 TRWBE17400315 720 400450/110 TRWBE17450110 510 350450/125 TRWBE17450125 525 350450/140 TRWBE17450140 540 350450/160 TRWBE17450160 560 350450/180 TRWBE17450180 580 375450/200 TRWBE17450200 600 375450/225 TRWBE17450225 625 375450/250 TRWBE17450250 650 425450/280 TRWBE17450280 680 425450/315 TRWBE17450315 715 425450/355 TRWBE17450355 755 425500/110 TRWBE17500110 510 375500/125 TRWBE17500125 525 375500/140 TRWBE17500140 540 375500/160 TRWBE17500160 560 375500/180 TRWBE17500180 580 400500/200 TRWBE17500200 600 400500/225 TRWBE17500225 625 400


125




500/250 TRWBE17500250 650 450500/280 TRWBE17500280 680 450500/315 TRWBE17500315 715 450500/355 TRWBE17500355 755 450500/400 TRWBE17500400 800 450560/110 TRWBE17560110 510 480560/125 TRWBE17560125 525 480560/140 TRWBE17560140 540 480560/160 TRWBE17560160 560 480560/180 TRWBE17560180 580 480560/200 TRWBE17560200 600 480560/225 TRWBE17560225 625 480560/250 TRWBE17560250 650 480560/280 TRWBE17560280 680 480560/315 TRWBE17560315 715 480560/355 TRWBE17560355 755 480560/400 TRWBE17560400 800 480630/160 TRWBE17630160 560 520630/180 TRWBE17630180 580 520630/200 TRWBE17630200 600 520630/225 TRWBE17630225 625 520630/250 TRWBE17630250 650 520630/280 TRWBE17630280 680 520630/315 TRWBE17630315 715 520630/355 TRWBE17630355 755 520630/400 TRWBE17630400 800 520630/455 TRWBE17630450 850 520


126




Tee 90° reduced welded TRWBE SDR 11 PE100with reduced branch SDR 11for butt-welding and electrofusion water 10 bar


110/32 TRWBE11110032 332 180110/40 TRWBE11110040 340 180110/50 TRWBE11110050 350 180110/63 TRWBE11110063 363 180110/75 TRWBE11110075 375 180125/32 TRWBE11125032 332 188125/40 TRWBE11125040 340 188125/50 TRWBE11125050 350 188125/63 TRWBE11125063 363 188125/75 TRWBE11125075 375 188125/90 TRWBE11125090 390 188140/32 TRWBE11140032 332 195140/40 TRWBE11140040 340 195140/50 TRWBE11140050 350 195140/63 TRWBE11140063 363 195140/75 TRWBE11140075 375 195140/90 TRWBE11140090 390 195140/110 TRWBE11140110 410 195160/32 TRWBE11160032 332 205160/40 TRWBE11160040 340 205160/50 TRWBE11160050 350 205160/63 TRWBE11160063 363 205160/75 TRWBE11160075 375 205160/90 TRWBE11160090 390 205160/110 TRWBE11160110 410 205160/125 TRWBE11160125 425 205180/32 TRWBE11180032 332 240180/40 TRWBE11180040 340 240180/50 TRWBE11180050 350 240180/63 TRWBE11180063 363 240180/75 TRWBE11180075 375 240180/90 TRWBE11180090 390 240180/110 TRWBE11180110 410 240180/125 TRWBE11180125 425 240180/140 TRWBE11180140 440 240200/32 TRWBE11200032 332 250200/40 TRWBE11200040 340 250200/50 TRWBE11200050 350 250200/63 TRWBE11200063 363 250200/75 TRWBE11200075 375 250200/90 TRWBE11200090 390 250200/110 TRWBE11200110 410 250200/125 TRWBE11200125 425 250200/140 TRWBE11200140 440 250200/160 TRWBE11200160 460 250225/63 TRWBE11225063 363 238225/75 TRWBE11225075 375 238225/90 TRWBE11225090 390 238225/110 TRWBE11225110 410 238225/125 TRWBE11225125 425 238225/140 TRWBE11225140 440 238225/160 TRWBE11225160 460 238225/180 TRWBE11225180 480 263250/75 TRWBE11250075 475 250250/90 TRWBE11250090 490 250250/110 TRWBE11250110 510 250

127




250/125 TRWBE11250125 525 250250/140 TRWBE11250140 540 250250/160 TRWBE11250160 560 250250/180 TRWBE11250180 580 275250/200 TRWBE11250200 600 275280/75 TRWBE11280075 475 265280/90 TRWBE11280090 490 265280/110 TRWBE11280110 510 265280/125 TRWBE11280125 525 265280/140 TRWBE11280140 540 265280/160 TRWBE11280160 560 265280/180 TRWBE11280180 580 290280/200 TRWBE11280200 600 290280/225 TRWBE11280225 625 290315/90 TRWBE11315090 490 283315/110 TRWBE11315110 510 283315/125 TRWBE11315125 525 283315/140 TRWBE11315140 540 283315/160 TRWBE11315160 560 283315/180 TRWBE11315180 580 308315/200 TRWBE11315200 600 308315/225 TRWBE11315225 625 308315/250 TRWBE11315250 650 358355/110 TRWBE11355110 510 303355/125 TRWBE11355125 525 303355/140 TRWBE11355140 540 303355/160 TRWBE11355160 560 303355/180 TRWBE11355180 580 328355/200 TRWBE11355200 600 328355/225 TRWBE11355225 625 328355/250 TRWBE11355250 650 378355/280 TRWBE11355280 680 378400/110 TRWBE11400110 510 325400/125 TRWBE11400125 525 325400/140 TRWBE11400140 540 325400/160 TRWBE11400160 560 325400/180 TRWBE11400180 580 350400/200 TRWBE11400200 600 350400/225 TRWBE11400225 625 350400/250 TRWBE11400250 650 400400/280 TRWBE11400280 680 400400/315 TRWBE11400315 715 400450/110 TRWBE11450110 510 350450/125 TRWBE11450125 525 350450/140 TRWBE11450140 540 350450/160 TRWBE11450160 560 350450/180 TRWBE11450180 580 375450/200 TRWBE11450200 600 375450/225 TRWBE11450225 625 375450/250 TRWBE11450250 650 425450/280 TRWBE11450280 680 425450/315 TRWBE11450315 715 425450/355 TRWBE11450355 755 425500/110 TRWBE11500110 510 375500/125 TRWBE11500125 525 375500/140 TRWBE11500140 540 375500/160 TRWBE11500160 560 375500/180 TRWBE11500180 580 400500/200 TRWBE11500200 600 400500/225 TRWBE11500225 625 400


128




500/250 TRWBE11500250 650 450500/280 TRWBE11500280 680 450500/315 TRWBE11500315 715 450500/355 TRWBE11500355 755 450500/400 TRWBE11500400 800 450560/110 TRWBE11560110 510 480560/125 TRWBE11560125 525 480560/140 TRWBE11560140 540 480560/160 TRWBE11560160 560 480560/180 TRWBE11560180 580 480560/200 TRWBE11560200 600 480560/225 TRWBE11560225 625 480560/250 TRWBE11560250 650 480560/280 TRWBE11560280 680 480560/315 TRWBE11560315 715 480560/355 TRWBE11560355 755 480560/400 TRWBE11560400 800 480630/160 TRWBE11630160 560 520630/180 TRWBE11630180 580 520630/200 TRWBE11630200 600 520630/225 TRWBE11630225 625 520630/250 TRWBE11630250 650 520630/280 TRWBE11630280 680 520630/315 TRWBE11630315 715 520630/355 TRWBE11630355 755 520630/400 TRWBE11630400 800 520630/455 TRWBE11630450 850 520


129



Tees extrusion welded with reduced branch

Tee 60° reduced extrusion welded SDR 17 PE100with reduced branch SDR 17for butt-welding and electrofusion non pressure, gravity


125/110 T60RWBE17125110 527 304140/110 T60RWBE17140110 527 313160/110 T60RWBE17160110 527 324160/125 T60RWBE17160125 544 329180/110 T60RWBE17180110 527 336180/125 T60RWBE17180125 544 340180/140 T60RWBE17180140 562 344200/110 T60RWBE17200110 627 397200/125 T60RWBE17200125 644 402200/140 T60RWBE17200140 662 406200/160 T60RWBE17200160 685 412225/110 T60RWBE17225110 627 412225/125 T60RWBE17225125 644 416225/140 T60RWBE17225140 662 420225/160 T60RWBE17225160 685 426225/180 T60RWBE17225180 708 432250/110 T60RWBE17250110 727 476250/125 T60RWBE17250125 744 480250/140 T60RWBE17250140 762 485250/160 T60RWBE17250160 785 491250/180 T60RWBE17250180 808 496250/200 T60RWBE17250200 831 502280/110 T60RWBE17280110 727 493280/125 T60RWBE17280125 744 498280/140 T60RWBE17280140 762 502280/160 T60RWBE17280160 785 508280/180 T60RWBE17280180 808 514280/200 T60RWBE17280200 831 519280/225 T60RWBE17280225 860 527315/110 T60RWBE17315110 827 564315/125 T60RWBE17315125 844 568315/140 T60RWBE17315140 862 572315/160 T60RWBE17315160 885 578315/180 T60RWBE17315180 908 584315/200 T60RWBE17315200 931 590315/225 T60RWBE17315225 960 597315/250 T60RWBE17315250 989 604355/110 T60RWBE17355110 827 587355/125 T60RWBE17355125 844 591355/140 T60RWBE17355140 862 595355/160 T60RWBE17355160 885 601355/180 T60RWBE17355180 908 607355/200 T60RWBE17355200 931 613355/225 T60RWBE17355225 960 620355/250 T60RWBE17355250 989 627355/280 T60RWBE17355280 1023 636400/110 T60RWBE17400110 827 613400/125 T60RWBE17400125 844 617400/140 T60RWBE17400140 862 621400/160 T60RWBE17400160 885 627400/180 T60RWBE17400180 908 633400/200 T60RWBE17400200 931 639400/225 T60RWBE17400225 960 646400/250 T60RWBE17400250 989 653400/280 T60RWBE17400280 1023 662400/315 T60RWBE17400315 1064 672

130

Tee 60° reduced extrusion welded SDR 17 - continuation -Fittings made from pipe


For non pressure applications.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.

450/110 T60RWBE17450110 827 642450/125 T60RWBE17450125 844 646450/140 T60RWBE17450140 862 650450/160 T60RWBE17450160 702 656450/180 T60RWBE17450180 908 662450/200 T60RWBE17450200 931 668450/225 T60RWBE17450225 960 675450/250 T60RWBE17450250 989 682450/280 T60RWBE17450280 1023 691450/315 T60RWBE17450315 1064 701


131




Tee 60° reduced extrusion welded SDR 11 PE100with reduced branch SDR 11for butt-welding and electrofusion non pressure, gravity



132

Tee 60° reduced extrusion welded SDR 11 - continuation -Fittings made from pipe





133




Tee 45° reduced extrusion welded T45RWBE SDR 17 PE100with reduced branch SDR 17for butt-welding and electrofusion non pressure, gravity



134

Tee 45° reduced extrusion welded T45RWBE SDR 17 - continuation -Fittings made from pipe





135




Tee 45° reduced extrusion welded T45RWBE SDR 11 PE100with reduced branch SDR 11for butt-welding and electrofusion non pressure, gravity



136

Tee 45° reduced extrusion welded T45RWBE SDR 11 - continuation -Fittings made from pipe





137



Tees reduced machined - pressure class

Tee 90° reduced machined long TRCDE SDR17 - pressure class conform PE100with reduced branch SDR 17for butt-welding and electrofusion water 10 bar/gas 5 bar


280/63 TRCDE17280063 770 365280/75 TRCDE17280075 780 365280/90 TRCDE17280090 795 365280/110 TRCDE17280110 815 365280/125 TRCDE17280125 830 365280/140 TRCDE17280140 845 365280/160 TRCDE17280160 865 365280/180 TRCDE17280180 885 365280/200 TRCDE17280200 905 365280/225 TRCDE17280225 930 365315/75 TRCDE17315075 780 380315/90 TRCDE17315090 795 380315/110 TRCDE17315110 815 380315/125 TRCDE17315125 830 380315/140 TRCDE17315140 845 380315/160 TRCDE17315160 865 380315/180 TRCDE17315180 885 380315/200 TRCDE17315200 905 380315/225 TRCDE17315225 930 380315/250 TRCDE17315250 955 380355/90 TRCDE17355090 805 400355/110 TRCDE17355110 825 400355/125 TRCDE17355125 840 400355/140 TRCDE17355140 855 400355/160 TRCDE17355160 875 400355/180 TRCDE17355180 895 400355/200 TRCDE17355200 915 400355/225 TRCDE17355225 940 400355/250 TRCDE17355250 965 400355/280 TRCDE17355280 1000 400400/110 TRCDE17400110 825 425400/125 TRCDE17400125 840 425400/140 TRCDE17400140 855 425400/160 TRCDE17400160 875 425400/180 TRCDE17400180 895 425400/200 TRCDE17400200 915 425400/225 TRCDE17400225 940 425400/250 TRCDE17400250 965 425400/280 TRCDE17400280 1000 425400/315 TRCDE17400315 1035 425450/125 TRCDE17450125 840 450450/140 TRCDE17450140 855 450450/160 TRCDE17450160 875 450450/180 TRCDE17450180 895 450450/200 TRCDE17450200 915 450450/225 TRCDE17450225 940 450450/250 TRCDE17450250 965 450450/280 TRCDE17450280 1000 450450/315 TRCDE17450315 1035 450450/355 TRCDE17450355 1075 450500/140 TRCDE17500140 855 475500/160 TRCDE17500160 875 475500/180 TRCDE17500180 895 475500/200 TRCDE17500200 915 475500/225 TRCDE17500225 940 475500/250 TRCDE17500250 965 475

138

Tee 90° reduced machined long TRCDE SDR17 - pressure class conform - continuation -Fittings made from pipe


Pressure class guaranteed, all branches extended with pipe.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.

500/280 TRCDE17500280 1000 475500/315 TRCDE17500315 1035 475500/355 TRCDE17500355 1075 475500/400 TRCDE17500400 1120 475560/160 TRCDE17560160 875 500560/180 TRCDE17560180 895 500560/200 TRCDE17560200 915 500560/225 TRCDE17560225 940 500560/250 TRCDE17560250 965 500560/280 TRCDE17560280 1000 500560/315 TRCDE17560315 1035 500560/355 TRCDE17560355 1075 500560/400 TRCDE17560400 1120 500560/450 TRCDE17560450 1170 500560/560 TRCDE17560560 1280 500630/180 TRCDE17630180 895 540630/200 TRCDE17630200 915 540630/225 TRCDE17630225 940 540630/250 TRCDE17630250 965 540630/280 TRCDE17630280 1000 540630/315 TRCDE17630315 1035 540630/355 TRCDE17630355 1075 540630/400 TRCDE17630400 1120 540630/450 TRCDE17630450 1170 540630/500 TRCDE17630500 1220 540630/630 TRCDE17630630 1350 540710/180 TRCDE17710180 895 620710/200 TRCDE17710200 915 620710/225 TRCDE17710225 940 620710/250 TRCDE17710250 965 620710/280 TRCDE17710280 1000 620710/315 TRCDE17710315 1035 620710/355 TRCDE17710355 1075 620710/400 TRCDE17710400 1120 620710/450 TRCDE17710450 1170 620710/500 TRCDE17710500 1220 620710/560 TRCDE17710560 1280 620710/710 TRCDE17710710 1450 650


139




Tee 90° reduced machined long TRCDE SDR11 - pressure class conform PE100with reduced branch SDR 11for butt-welding and electrofusion water 16 bar/gas 10 bar


280/63 TRCDE11280063 770 365280/75 TRCDE11280075 780 365280/90 TRCDE11280090 795 365280/110 TRCDE11280110 815 365280/125 TRCDE11280125 830 365280/140 TRCDE11280140 845 365280/160 TRCDE11280160 865 365280/180 TRCDE11280180 885 365280/200 TRCDE11280200 905 365280/225 TRCDE11280225 930 365315/75 TRCDE11315075 780 380315/90 TRCDE11315090 795 380315/110 TRCDE11315110 815 380315/125 TRCDE11315125 830 380315/140 TRCDE11315140 845 380315/160 TRCDE11315160 865 380315/180 TRCDE11315180 885 380315/200 TRCDE11315200 905 380315/225 TRCDE11315225 930 380315/250 TRCDE11315250 955 380355/90 TRCDE11355090 805 400355/110 TRCDE11355110 825 400355/125 TRCDE11355125 840 400355/140 TRCDE11355140 855 400355/160 TRCDE11355160 875 400355/180 TRCDE11355180 895 400355/200 TRCDE11355200 915 400355/225 TRCDE11355225 940 400355/250 TRCDE11355250 965 400355/280 TRCDE11355280 1000 400400/110 TRCDE11400110 825 425400/125 TRCDE11400125 840 425400/140 TRCDE11400140 855 425400/160 TRCDE11400160 875 425400/180 TRCDE11400180 895 425400/200 TRCDE11400200 915 425400/225 TRCDE11400225 940 425400/250 TRCDE11400250 965 425400/280 TRCDE11400280 1000 425400/315 TRCDE11400315 1035 425450/125 TRCDE11450125 840 450450/140 TRCDE11450140 855 450450/160 TRCDE11450160 875 450450/180 TRCDE11450180 895 450450/200 TRCDE11450200 915 450450/225 TRCDE11450225 940 450450/250 TRCDE11450250 965 450450/280 TRCDE11450280 1000 450450/315 TRCDE11450315 1035 450450/355 TRCDE11450355 1075 450500/140 TRCDE11500140 855 475500/160 TRCDE11500160 875 475500/180 TRCDE11500180 895 475500/200 TRCDE11500200 915 475500/225 TRCDE11500225 940 475500/250 TRCDE11500250 965 475

140

Tee 90° reduced machined long TRCDE SDR11 - pressure class conform - continuation -Fittings made from pipe


Pressure class guaranteed, all branches extended with pipe.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.

500/280 TRCDE11500280 1000 475500/315 TRCDE11500315 1035 475500/355 TRCDE11500355 1075 475500/400 TRCDE11500400 1120 475560/160 TRCDE11560160 875 500560/180 TRCDE11560180 895 500560/200 TRCDE11560200 915 500560/225 TRCDE11560225 940 500560/250 TRCDE11560250 965 500560/280 TRCDE11560280 1000 500560/315 TRCDE11560315 1035 500560/355 TRCDE11560355 1075 500560/400 TRCDE11560400 1120 500560/450 TRCDE11560450 1170 500560/560 TRCDE11560560 1280 500630/180 TRCDE11630180 895 540630/200 TRCDE11630200 915 540630/225 TRCDE11630225 940 540630/250 TRCDE11630250 965 540630/280 TRCDE11630280 1000 540630/315 TRCDE11630315 1035 540630/355 TRCDE11630355 1075 540630/400 TRCDE11630400 1120 540630/450 TRCDE11630450 1170 540630/500 TRCDE11630500 1220 540630/630 TRCDE11630630 1350 540710/180 TRCDE11710180 895 620710/200 TRCDE11710200 915 620710/225 TRCDE11710225 940 620710/250 TRCDE11710250 965 620710/280 TRCDE11710280 1000 620710/315 TRCDE11710315 1035 620710/355 TRCDE11710355 1075 620710/400 TRCDE11710400 1120 620710/450 TRCDE11710450 1170 620710/500 TRCDE11710500 1220 620710/560 TRCDE11710560 1280 620710/710 TRCDE11710710 1450 650


141




Tee 45° reduced machined long T45RCDE SDR17 - pressure class conform PE100with reduced branch SDR 17for butt-welding and electrofusion water 10 bar/gas 5 bar


125/63 T45RCDE17125063 580 350125/75 T45RCDE17125075 580 350125/90 T45RCDE17125090 580 350125/110 T45RCDE17125110 580 350125/125 T45RCDE17125125 580 350140/75 T45RCDE17140075 600 370140/90 T45RCDE17140090 600 370140/110 T45RCDE17140110 600 370140/125 T45RCDE17140125 600 370140/140 T45RCDE17140140 600 370160/90 T45RCDE17160090 540 420160/110 T45RCDE17160110 540 420160/125 T45RCDE17160125 540 420160/140 T45RCDE17160140 540 420180/110 T45RCDE17180110 660 420180/125 T45RCDE17180125 660 420180/140 T45RCDE17180140 660 420180/160 T45RCDE17180160 660 420180/180 T45RCDE17180180 660 420200/110 T45RCDE17200110 790 490200/125 T45RCDE17200125 790 490200/140 T45RCDE17200140 790 490200/160 T45RCDE17200160 790 490200/180 T45RCDE17200180 790 490200/200 T45RCDE17200200 790 490225/110 T45RCDE17225110 702 540225/125 T45RCDE17225125 702 540225/140 T45RCDE17225140 702 540225/160 T45RCDE17225160 702 540225/180 T45RCDE17225180 702 540225/200 T45RCDE17225200 702 540250/110 T45RCDE17250110 960 580250/125 T45RCDE17250125 960 580250/140 T45RCDE17250140 960 580250/160 T45RCDE17250160 960 580250/180 T45RCDE17250180 960 580250/200 T45RCDE17250200 960 580250/225 T45RCDE17250225 960 580250/250 T45RCDE17250250 960 580280/160 T45RCDE17280160 1000 640280/180 T45RCDE17280180 1000 640280/200 T45RCDE17280200 1000 640280/225 T45RCDE17280225 1000 640280/250 T45RCDE17280250 1000 640280/280 T45RCDE17280280 1000 640315/160 T45RCDE17315160 1150 730315/180 T45RCDE17315180 1150 730315/200 T45RCDE17315200 1150 730315/225 T45RCDE17315225 1150 730315/250 T45RCDE17315250 1150 730315/280 T45RCDE17315280 1150 730315/315 T45RCDE17315315 1150 730355/200 T45RCDE17355200 1210 780355/225 T45RCDE17355225 1210 780355/250 T45RCDE17355250 1210 780355/280 T45RCDE17355280 1210 780

142

Tee 45° reduced machined long T45RCDE SDR17 - pressure class conform - continuation -Fittings made from pipe


60° on request.Pressure class guaranteed, all branches extended with pipe.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.

355/315 T45RCDE17355315 1210 780355/355 T45RCDE17355355 1210 780400/200 T45RCDE17400200 1270 840400/225 T45RCDE17400225 1270 840400/250 T45RCDE17400250 1270 840400/280 T45RCDE17400280 1270 840400/315 T45RCDE17400315 1270 840400/355 T45RCDE17400355 1270 840400/400 T45RCDE17400400 1270 840450/250 T45RCDE17450250 1340 900450/280 T45RCDE17450280 1340 900450/315 T45RCDE17450315 1340 900450/355 T45RCDE17450355 1340 900450/400 T45RCDE17450400 1340 900450/450 T45RCDE17450450 1340 900500/500 T45RCDE17500500 1410 960560/560 T45RCDE17560560 1500 1030630/630 T45RCDE17630630 1600 1110


143




Tee 45° reduced machined long T45RCDE SDR11 - pressure class conform PE100with reduced branch SDR 11for butt-welding and electrofusion water 16 bar/gas 10 bar


125/63 T45RCDE11125063 580 350125/75 T45RCDE11125075 580 350125/90 T45RCDE11125090 580 350125/110 T45RCDE11125110 580 350125/125 T45RCDE11125125 580 350140/75 T45RCDE11140075 600 370140/90 T45RCDE11140090 600 370140/110 T45RCDE11140110 600 370140/125 T45RCDE11140125 600 370140/140 T45RCDE11140140 600 370160/90 T45RCDE11160090 540 420160/110 T45RCDE11160110 540 420160/125 T45RCDE11160125 540 420160/140 T45RCDE11160140 540 420180/110 T45RCDE11180110 660 420180/125 T45RCDE11180125 660 420180/140 T45RCDE11180140 660 420180/160 T45RCDE11180160 660 420180/180 T45RCDE11180180 660 420200/110 T45RCDE11200110 790 490200/125 T45RCDE11200125 790 490200/140 T45RCDE11200140 790 490200/160 T45RCDE11200160 790 490200/180 T45RCDE11200180 790 490200/200 T45RCDE11200200 790 490225/110 T45RCDE11225110 702 540225/125 T45RCDE11225125 702 540225/140 T45RCDE11225140 702 540225/160 T45RCDE11225160 702 540225/180 T45RCDE11225180 702 540225/200 T45RCDE11225200 702 540250/110 T45RCDE11250110 960 580250/125 T45RCDE11250125 960 580250/140 T45RCDE11250140 960 580250/160 T45RCDE11250160 960 580250/180 T45RCDE11250180 960 580250/200 T45RCDE11250200 960 580250/225 T45RCDE11250225 960 580250/250 T45RCDE11250250 960 580280/160 T45RCDE11280160 1000 640280/180 T45RCDE11280180 1000 640280/200 T45RCDE11280200 1000 640280/225 T45RCDE11280225 1000 640280/250 T45RCDE11280250 1000 640280/280 T45RCDE11280280 1000 640315/160 T45RCDE11315160 1150 730315/180 T45RCDE11315180 1150 730315/200 T45RCDE11315200 1150 730315/225 T45RCDE11315225 1150 730315/250 T45RCDE11315250 1150 730315/280 T45RCDE11315280 1150 730315/315 T45RCDE11315315 1150 730355/200 T45RCDE11355200 1210 780355/225 T45RCDE11355225 1210 780355/250 T45RCDE11355250 1210 780355/280 T45RCDE11355280 1210 780

144

Tee 45° reduced machined long T45RCDE SDR11 - pressure class conform - continuation -Fittings made from pipe


60° on request.Pressure class guaranteed, all branches extended with pipe.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.

355/315 T45RCDE11355315 1210 780355/355 T45RCDE11355355 1210 780400/200 T45RCDE11400200 1270 840400/225 T45RCDE11400225 1270 840400/250 T45RCDE11400250 1270 840400/280 T45RCDE11400280 1270 840400/315 T45RCDE11400315 1270 840400/355 T45RCDE11400355 1270 840400/400 T45RCDE11400400 1270 840450/250 T45RCDE11450250 1340 900450/280 T45RCDE11450280 1340 900450/315 T45RCDE11450315 1340 900450/355 T45RCDE11450355 1340 900450/400 T45RCDE11450400 1340 900450/450 T45RCDE11450450 1340 900500/500 T45RCDE11500500 1410 960560/560 T45RCDE11560560 1500 1030630/630 T45RCDE11630630 1600 1110


145


Bends seamless formed

Variances of +/- 3° are possible.

Bend 90° seamless formed SBE R = 1,5 x de SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 SBE17050 250 120 7563 SBE17063 270 120 9575 SBE17075 300 130 11390 SBE17090 300 115 135

110 SBE17110 380 150 165125 SBE17125 420 160 188140 SBE17140 450 165 210160 SBE17160 520 195 240180 SBE17180 580 215 270200 SBE17200 620 225 300225 SBE17225 700 255 338250 SBE17250 720 240 375280 SBE17280 760 235 420315 SBE17315 950 335 473355 SBE17355 *


1100 400 533400 SBE17400 * 1200 420 600450 SBE17450 **

** R = 2,0 x defabrication on order, returning not possible

1350 315 900500 SBE17500 ** 1550 385 1000560 SBE17560 ** 1900 545 1120630 SBE17630 ** 2100 585 1260710 SBE17710 ** 2200 570 1440800 SBE17800 ** 2200 480 1600

146




Bend 90° seamless formed SBE R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 SBE11050 250 120 7563 SBE11063 270 120 9575 SBE11075 300 130 11390 SBE11090 300 115 135

110 SBE11110 380 150 165125 SBE11125 420 160 188140 SBE11140 450 165 210160 SBE11160 520 195 240180 SBE11180 580 215 270200 SBE11200 620 225 300225 SBE11225 700 255 338250 SBE11250 720 240 375280 SBE11280 760 235 420315 SBE11315 950 335 473355 SBE11355 *


1100 400 533400 SBE11400 * 1200 420 600450 SBE11450 **


1350 315 900500 SBE11500 ** 1550 385 1000560 SBE11560 ** 1900 545 1120630 SBE11630 ** 2100 585 1260710 SBE11710 ** 2200 570 1440

147




Bend 60° seamless formed S60BE R = 1,5 x de SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S60BE17050 200 110 7563 S60BE17063 220 115 9575 S60BE17075 240 120 11390 S60BE17090 260 125 135

110 S60BE17110 280 150 165125 S60BE17125 300 150 188140 S60BE17140 400 195 210160 S60BE17160 430 205 240180 S60BE17180 450 205 270200 S60BE17200 500 230 300225 S60BE17225 550 250 338250 S60BE17250 600 265 375280 S60BE17280 630 270 420315 S60BE17315 830 390 473355 S60BE17355 *


900 415 533400 S60BE17400 * 1000 455 600450 S60BE17450 **


1115 415 900500 S60BE17500 ** 1300 505 1000560 S60BE17560 ** 1450 560 1120630 S60BE17630 ** 1600 610 1260710 S60BE17710 ** 1700 570 1440800 S60BE17800 ** 1700 480 1600

148






de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S60BE11050 200 110 7563 S60BE11063 220 115 9575 S60BE11075 240 120 11390 S60BE11090 260 125 135



900 415 533400 S60BE11400 * 1000 455 600450 S60BE11450 **


1115 415 900500 S60BE11500 ** 1300 505 1000560 S60BE11560 ** 1450 560 1120630 S60BE11630 ** 1600 610 1260710 S60BE11710 ** 1700 570 1600

149






de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S45BE17050 170 100 7563 S45BE17063 180 100 9575 S45BE17075 200 100 11390 S45BE17090 220 100 135



650 300 533400 S45BE17400 * 730 335 600450 S45BE17450 **



150




Bend 45° seamless formed R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S45BE11050 170 100 7563 S45BE11063 180 100 9575 S45BE11075 200 100 11390 S45BE11090 220 100 135



650 300 533400 S45BE11400 * 730 335 600450 S45BE11450 **


830 320 900500 S45BE11500 ** 1100 480 1000560 S45BE11560 ** 1115 455 1120630 S45BE11630 ** 1350 580 1260710 S45BE11710 ** 1400 570 1440

151






de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S30BE17050 170 105 7563 S30BE17063 180 105 9575 S30BE17075 200 120 11390 S30BE17090 220 130 135



650 355 533400 S30BE17400 * 690 370 600450 S30BE17450 **



152






de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S30BE11050 170 105 7563 S30BE11063 180 105 9575 S30BE11075 200 120 11390 S30BE11090 220 130 135



650 355 533400 S30BE11400 * 690 370 600450 S30BE11450 **


730 340 900500 S30BE11500 ** 1100 580 1000560 S30BE11560 ** 1100 560 1120630 S30BE11630 ** 1250 640 1260710 S30BE11710 ** 1350 570 1440

153






de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S22BE17050 170 110 7563 S22BE17063 180 110 9575 S22BE17075 200 125 11390 S22BE17090 220 135 135



650 380 533400 S22BE17400 * 660 380 600450 S22BE17450 **



154






de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S22BE11050 170 110 7563 S22BE11063 180 110 9575 S22BE11075 200 125 11390 S22BE11090 220 135 135



650 380 533400 S22BE11400 * 660 380 600450 S22BE11450 **


660 340 900500 S22BE11500 ** 1000 565 1000560 S22BE11560 ** 1000 550 1120630 S22BE11630 ** 1100 600 1260710 S22BE11710 ** 1300 570 1440

155






de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S11BE17050 170 115 7563 S11BE17063 180 120 9575 S11BE17075 200 130 11390 S11BE17090 220 145 135



650 420 533400 S11BE17400 * 660 420 600450 S11BE17450 **



156






de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S11BE11050 170 115 7563 S11BE11063 180 120 9575 S11BE11075 200 130 11390 S11BE11090 220 145 135



650 420 533400 S11BE11400 * 660 420 600450 S11BE11450 **


660 400 900500 S11BE11500 ** 1000 630 1000560 S11BE11560 ** 1000 625 1120630 S11BE11630 ** 1100 685 1260710 S11BE11710 ** 1250 570 1440

157



Variances of +/- 3° are possible.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.


Bend 90° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de SBE25 SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 SBE2517050 375 250 12563 SBE2517063 405 250 15875 SBE2517075 435 250 18890 SBE2517090 475 250 225

110 SBE2517110 525 250 275125 SBE2517125 560 250 313140 SBE2517140 600 250 350160 SBE2517160 680 280 400180 SBE2517180 730 280 450200 SBE2517200 800 300 500225 SBE2517225 890 330 563250 SBE2517250 985 360 625280 SBE2517280 1060 360 625315 SBE2517315 1245 460 788355 SBE2517355 1345 460 888400 SBE2517400 1480 480 1000450 SBE2517450 1665 540 1125

Bend 90° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de SBE25 SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 SBE2511050 375 250 12563 SBE2511063 405 250 15875 SBE2511075 435 250 18890 SBE2511090 475 250 225

110 SBE2511110 525 250 275125 SBE2511125 560 250 313140 SBE2511140 600 250 350160 SBE2511160 680 280 400180 SBE2511180 730 280 450200 SBE2511200 800 300 500225 SBE2511225 890 330 563250 SBE2511250 985 360 625280 SBE2511280 1060 360 625315 SBE2511315 1245 460 788355 SBE2511355 1345 460 888400 SBE2511400 1480 480 1000450 SBE2511450 1665 540 1125

158





Bend 60° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S60BE25 SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S60BE2517050 - - 12563 S60BE2517063 - - 15875 S60BE2517075 - - 18890 S60BE2517090 - - 225

110 S60BE2517110 - - 275125 S60BE2517125 - - 313140 S60BE2517140 - - 350160 S60BE2517160 - - 400180 S60BE2517180 - - 450200 S60BE2517200 - - 500225 S60BE2517225 - - 563250 S60BE2517250 - - 625280 S60BE2517280 - - 700315 S60BE2517315 - - 788355 S60BE2517355 - - 888400 S60BE2517400 - - 1000450 S60BE2517450 - - 1125



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S60BE2511050 - - 12563 S60BE2511063 - - 15875 S60BE2511075 - - 18890 S60BE2511090 - - 225


159







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S45BE2517050 - - 12563 S45BE2517063 - - 15875 S45BE2517075 - - 18890 S45BE2517090 - - 225




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S45BE2511050 - - 12563 S45BE2511063 - - 15875 S45BE2511075 - - 18890 S45BE2511090 - - 225


160







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S30BE2517050 - - 12563 S30BE2517063 - - 15875 S30BE2517075 - - 18890 S30BE2517090 - - 225




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S30BE2511050 - - 12563 S30BE2511063 - - 15875 S30BE2511075 - - 18890 S30BE2511090 - - 225


161







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S22BE2517050 - - 12563 S22BE2517063 - - 15875 S22BE2517075 - - 18890 S22BE2517090 - - 225




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S22BE2511050 - - 12563 S22BE2511063 - - 15875 S22BE2511075 - - 18890 S22BE2511090 - - 225


162







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S11BE2517050 - - 12563 S11BE2517063 - - 15875 S11BE2517075 - - 18890 S11BE2517090 - - 225




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 S11BE2511050 - - 12563 S11BE2511063 - - 15875 S11BE2511075 - - 18890 S11BE2511090 - - 225


163



L* is derived measure

Will be delivered with a steel fixation.Variances of +5°/-3° are possible.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.

Bend seamless formed R = 3,5 x de SBE35 SDR 17 90° PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. Z L* R

63 SBE3511063 450 705 220110 SBE3511110 630 1005 385160 SBE3511160 800 1380 560

164



Variances of +5/- 3° are possible.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.With steel fixation.


Bend 90° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 95 517 1715 3000 72563 Z19 06 95 517 1715 3000 73175 Z19 07 95 517 1715 3000 73790 Z19 09 95 517 1715 3000 745

110 Z19 11 95 517 1715 3000 755125 Z19 12 95 517 1715 3000 762140 Z19 14 95 517 1715 3000 770160 Z19 16 95 517 1715 3000 780180 Z19 18 95 517 1715 3000 790200 Z19 20 95 517 1715 3000 800225 Z19 22 95 517 1715 3000 812250 Z19 25 95 517 1715 3000 825280 Z19 28 95 517 1715 3000 840



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 95 511 1715 3000 72563 Z19 06 95 511 1715 3000 73175 Z19 07 95 511 1715 3000 73790 Z19 09 95 511 1715 3000 745

110 Z19 11 95 511 1715 3000 755125 Z19 12 95 511 1715 3000 762140 Z19 14 95 511 1715 3000 770160 Z19 16 95 511 1715 3000 780180 Z19 18 95 511 1715 3000 790200 Z19 20 95 511 1715 3000 800225 Z19 22 95 511 1715 3000 812250 Z19 25 95 511 1715 3000 825280 Z19 28 95 511 1715 3000 840

165







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 65 517 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 65 517 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 65 517 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 65 517 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 65 517 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 65 517 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 65 517 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 65 517 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 65 517 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 65 517 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 65 517 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 65 517 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 65 517 1500 3000 840



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 65 511 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 65 511 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 65 511 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 65 511 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 65 511 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 65 511 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 65 511 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 65 511 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 65 511 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 65 511 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 65 511 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 65 511 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 65 511 1500 3000 840

166







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 50 517 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 50 517 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 50 517 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 50 517 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 50 517 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 50 517 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 50 517 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 50 517 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 50 517 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 50 517 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 50 517 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 50 517 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 50 517 1500 3000 840



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 50 511 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 50 511 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 50 511 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 50 511 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 50 511 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 50 511 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 50 511 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 50 511 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 50 511 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 50 511 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 50 511 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 50 511 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 50 511 1500 3000 840

167







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 35 517 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 35 517 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 35 517 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 35 517 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 35 517 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 35 517 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 35 517 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 35 517 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 35 517 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 35 517 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 35 517 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 35 517 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 35 517 1500 3000 840



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 35 511 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 35 511 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 35 511 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 35 511 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 35 511 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 35 511 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 35 511 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 35 511 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 35 511 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 35 511 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 35 511 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 35 511 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 35 511 1500 3000 840

168



Variances of +5/- 3° are possible.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 27 517 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 27 517 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 27 517 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 27 517 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 27 517 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 27 517 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 27 517 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 27 517 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 27 517 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 27 517 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 27 517 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 27 517 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 27 517 1500 3000 840



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 27 511 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 27 511 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 27 511 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 27 511 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 27 511 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 27 511 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 27 511 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 27 511 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 27 511 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 27 511 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 27 511 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 27 511 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 27 511 1500 3000 840

169







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 16 517 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 16 517 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 16 517 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 16 517 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 16 517 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 16 517 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 16 517 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 16 517 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 16 517 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 16 517 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 16 517 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 16 517 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 16 517 1500 3000 840



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 16 511 1500 3000 72563 Z19 06 16 511 1500 3000 73175 Z19 07 16 511 1500 3000 73790 Z19 09 16 511 1500 3000 745

110 Z19 11 16 511 1500 3000 755125 Z19 12 16 511 1500 3000 762140 Z19 14 16 511 1500 3000 770160 Z19 16 16 511 1500 3000 780180 Z19 18 16 511 1500 3000 790200 Z19 20 16 511 1500 3000 800225 Z19 22 16 511 1500 3000 812250 Z19 25 16 511 1500 3000 825280 Z19 28 16 511 1500 3000 840

170







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 96 517 1972 3300 112563 Z19 06 96 517 1972 3300 113175 Z19 07 96 517 1972 3300 113790 Z19 09 96 517 1972 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 96 517 1972 3300 1155125 Z19 12 96 517 1972 3300 1162140 Z19 14 96 517 1972 3300 1170160 Z19 16 96 517 1972 3300 1180180 Z19 18 96 517 1972 3300 1190200 Z19 20 96 517 1972 3300 1200225 Z19 22 96 517 1972 3300 1212250 Z19 25 96 517 1972 3300 1225280 Z19 28 96 517 1972 3300 1240315 Z19 31 96 517 1972 3300 1257355 Z19 35 96 517 1972 3300 1277400 Z19 40 96 517 1972 3300 1300



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 96 511 1972 3300 112563 Z19 06 96 511 1972 3300 113175 Z19 07 96 511 1972 3300 113790 Z19 09 96 511 1972 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 96 511 1972 3300 1155125 Z19 12 96 511 1972 3300 1162140 Z19 14 96 511 1972 3300 1170160 Z19 16 96 511 1972 3300 1180180 Z19 18 96 511 1972 3300 1190200 Z19 20 96 511 1972 3300 1200225 Z19 22 96 511 1972 3300 1212250 Z19 25 96 511 1972 3300 1225280 Z19 28 96 511 1972 3300 1240315 Z19 31 96 511 1972 3300 1257355 Z19 35 96 511 1972 3300 1277400 Z19 40 96 511 1972 3300 1300

171







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 66 517 1650 3300 112563 Z19 06 66 517 1650 3300 113175 Z19 07 66 517 1650 3300 113790 Z19 09 66 517 1650 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 66 517 1650 3300 1155125 Z19 12 66 517 1650 3300 1162140 Z19 14 66 517 1650 3300 1170160 Z19 16 66 517 1650 3300 1180180 Z19 18 66 517 1650 3300 1190200 Z19 20 66 517 1650 3300 1200225 Z19 22 66 517 1650 3300 1212250 Z19 25 66 517 1650 3300 1225280 Z19 28 66 517 1650 3300 1240315 Z19 31 66 517 1650 3300 1257355 Z19 35 66 517 1650 3300 1277400 Z19 40 66 517 1650 3300 1300



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 66 511 1650 3300 112563 Z19 06 66 511 1650 3300 113175 Z19 07 66 511 1650 3300 113790 Z19 09 66 511 1650 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 66 511 1650 3300 1155125 Z19 12 66 511 1650 3300 1162140 Z19 14 66 511 1650 3300 1170160 Z19 16 66 511 1650 3300 1180180 Z19 18 66 511 1650 3300 1190200 Z19 20 66 511 1650 3300 1200225 Z19 22 66 511 1650 3300 1212250 Z19 25 66 511 1650 3300 1225280 Z19 28 66 511 1650 3300 1240315 Z19 31 66 511 1650 3300 1257355 Z19 35 66 511 1650 3300 1277400 Z19 40 66 511 1650 3300 1300

172







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 51 517 1650 3300 112563 Z19 06 51 517 1650 3300 113175 Z19 07 51 517 1650 3300 113790 Z19 09 51 517 1650 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 51 517 1650 3300 1155125 Z19 12 51 517 1650 3300 1162140 Z19 14 51 517 1650 3300 1170160 Z19 16 51 517 1650 3300 1180180 Z19 18 51 517 1650 3300 1190200 Z19 20 51 517 1650 3300 1200225 Z19 22 51 517 1650 3300 1212250 Z19 25 51 517 1650 3300 1225280 Z19 28 51 517 1650 3300 1240315 Z19 31 51 517 1650 3300 1257355 Z19 35 51 517 1650 3300 1277400 Z19 40 51 517 1650 3300 1300



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 51 511 1650 3300 112563 Z19 06 51 511 1650 3300 113175 Z19 07 51 511 1650 3300 113790 Z19 09 51 511 1650 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 51 511 1650 3300 1155125 Z19 12 51 511 1650 3300 1162140 Z19 14 51 511 1650 3300 1170160 Z19 16 51 511 1650 3300 1180180 Z19 18 51 511 1650 3300 1190200 Z19 20 51 511 1650 3300 1200225 Z19 22 51 511 1650 3300 1212250 Z19 25 51 511 1650 3300 1225280 Z19 28 51 511 1650 3300 1240315 Z19 31 51 511 1650 3300 1257355 Z19 35 51 511 1650 3300 1277400 Z19 40 51 511 1650 3300 1300

173







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 36 517 1640 3300 112563 Z19 06 36 517 1640 3300 113175 Z19 07 36 517 1640 3300 113790 Z19 09 36 517 1640 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 36 517 1640 3300 1155125 Z19 12 36 517 1640 3300 1162140 Z19 14 36 517 1640 3300 1170160 Z19 16 36 517 1640 3300 1180180 Z19 18 36 517 1640 3300 1190200 Z19 20 36 517 1640 3300 1200225 Z19 22 36 517 1640 3300 1212250 Z19 25 36 517 1640 3300 1225280 Z19 28 36 517 1640 3300 1240315 Z19 31 36 517 1640 3300 1257355 Z19 35 36 517 1640 3300 1277400 Z19 40 36 517 1640 3300 1300



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 36 511 1640 3300 112563 Z19 06 36 511 1640 3300 113175 Z19 07 36 511 1640 3300 113790 Z19 09 36 511 1640 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 36 511 1640 3300 1155125 Z19 12 36 511 1640 3300 1162140 Z19 14 36 511 1640 3300 1170160 Z19 16 36 511 1640 3300 1180180 Z19 18 36 511 1640 3300 1190200 Z19 20 36 511 1640 3300 1200225 Z19 22 36 511 1640 3300 1212250 Z19 25 36 511 1640 3300 1225280 Z19 28 36 511 1640 3300 1240315 Z19 31 36 511 1640 3300 1257355 Z19 35 36 511 1640 3300 1277400 Z19 40 36 511 1640 3300 1300

174







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 28 517 1640 3300 112563 Z19 06 28 517 1640 3300 113175 Z19 07 28 517 1640 3300 113790 Z19 09 28 517 1640 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 28 517 1640 3300 1155125 Z19 12 28 517 1640 3300 1162140 Z19 14 28 517 1640 3300 1170160 Z19 16 28 517 1640 3300 1180180 Z19 18 28 517 1640 3300 1190200 Z19 20 28 517 1640 3300 1200225 Z19 22 28 517 1640 3300 1212250 Z19 25 28 517 1640 3300 1225280 Z19 28 28 517 1640 3300 1240315 Z19 31 28 517 1640 3300 1257355 Z19 35 28 517 1640 3300 1277400 Z19 40 28 517 1640 3300 1300



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 28 511 1640 3300 112563 Z19 06 28 511 1640 3300 113175 Z19 07 28 511 1640 3300 113790 Z19 09 28 511 1640 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 28 511 1640 3300 1155125 Z19 12 28 511 1640 3300 1162140 Z19 14 28 511 1640 3300 1170160 Z19 16 28 511 1640 3300 1180180 Z19 18 28 511 1640 3300 1190200 Z19 20 28 511 1640 3300 1200225 Z19 22 28 511 1640 3300 1212250 Z19 25 28 511 1640 3300 1225280 Z19 28 28 511 1640 3300 1240315 Z19 31 28 511 1640 3300 1257355 Z19 35 28 511 1640 3300 1277400 Z19 40 28 511 1640 3300 1300

175







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 17 517 1640 3300 112563 Z19 06 17 517 1640 3300 113175 Z19 07 17 517 1640 3300 113790 Z19 09 17 517 1640 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 17 517 1640 3300 1155125 Z19 12 17 517 1640 3300 1162140 Z19 14 17 517 1640 3300 1170160 Z19 16 17 517 1640 3300 1180180 Z19 18 17 517 1640 3300 1190200 Z19 20 17 517 1640 3300 1200225 Z19 22 17 517 1640 3300 1212250 Z19 25 17 517 1640 3300 1225280 Z19 28 17 517 1640 3300 1240315 Z19 31 17 517 1640 3300 1257355 Z19 35 17 517 1640 3300 1277400 Z19 40 17 517 1640 3300 1300



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 17 511 1640 3300 112563 Z19 06 17 511 1640 3300 113175 Z19 07 17 511 1640 3300 113790 Z19 09 17 511 1640 3300 1145

110 Z19 11 17 511 1640 3300 1155125 Z19 12 17 511 1640 3300 1162140 Z19 14 17 511 1640 3300 1170160 Z19 16 17 511 1640 3300 1180180 Z19 18 17 511 1640 3300 1190200 Z19 20 17 511 1640 3300 1200225 Z19 22 17 511 1640 3300 1212250 Z19 25 17 511 1640 3300 1225280 Z19 28 17 511 1640 3300 1240315 Z19 31 17 511 1640 3300 1257355 Z19 35 17 511 1640 3300 1277400 Z19 40 17 511 1640 3300 1300

176







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 97 517 3030 5000 177563 Z19 06 97 517 3030 5000 178175 Z19 07 97 517 3030 5000 178790 Z19 09 97 517 3030 5000 1795

110 Z19 11 97 517 3030 5000 1805125 Z19 12 97 517 3030 5000 1812140 Z19 14 97 517 3030 5000 1820160 Z19 16 97 517 3030 5000 1830180 Z19 18 97 517 3030 5000 1840200 Z19 20 97 517 3030 5000 1850225 Z19 22 97 517 3030 5000 1862250 Z19 25 97 517 3030 5000 1875280 Z19 28 97 517 3030 5000 1890315 Z19 31 97 517 3030 5000 1907355 Z19 35 97 517 3030 5000 1927400 Z19 40 97 517 3030 5000 1950450 Z19 45 97 517 3030 5000 1975500 Z19 50 97 517 3030 5000 2000560 Z19 56 97 517 3030 5000 2030630 Z19 63 97 517 3030 5000 2065



de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 97 511 3030 5000 177563 Z19 06 97 511 3030 5000 178175 Z19 07 97 511 3030 5000 178790 Z19 09 97 511 3030 5000 1795


177







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 67 517 2650 5000 177563 Z19 06 67 517 2650 5000 178175 Z19 07 67 517 2650 5000 178790 Z19 09 67 517 2650 5000 1795




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 67 511 2650 5000 177563 Z19 06 67 511 2650 5000 178175 Z19 07 67 511 2650 5000 178790 Z19 09 67 511 2650 5000 1795


178







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 52 517 2400 5000 177563 Z19 06 52 517 2400 5000 178175 Z19 07 52 517 2400 5000 178790 Z19 09 52 517 2400 5000 1795




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 52 511 2400 5000 177563 Z19 06 52 511 2400 5000 178175 Z19 07 52 511 2400 5000 178790 Z19 09 52 511 2400 5000 1795


179







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 37 517 2500 5000 177563 Z19 06 37 517 2500 5000 178175 Z19 07 37 517 2500 5000 178790 Z19 09 37 517 2500 5000 1795




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 37 511 2500 5000 177563 Z19 06 37 511 2500 5000 178175 Z19 07 37 511 2500 5000 178790 Z19 09 37 511 2500 5000 1795


180







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 29 517 2500 5000 177563 Z19 06 29 517 2500 5000 178175 Z19 07 29 517 2500 5000 178790 Z19 09 29 517 2500 5000 1795




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 29 511 2500 5000 177563 Z19 06 29 511 2500 5000 178175 Z19 07 29 511 2500 5000 178790 Z19 09 29 511 2500 5000 1795


181







de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 18 517 2500 5000 177563 Z19 06 18 517 2500 5000 178175 Z19 07 18 517 2500 5000 178790 Z19 09 18 517 2500 5000 1795




de Art. Nr. Z l R

50 Z19 05 18 511 2500 5000 177563 Z19 06 18 511 2500 5000 178175 Z19 07 18 511 2500 5000 178790 Z19 09 18 511 2500 5000 1795


182


Bends welded

Reduced pressure class, see appendix B2 "Maximum operating pressure for pipes and fittings".30°, 45° and 60° on request.Fabrication on order, returning not possible.


Bend 90° welded R = 1,5 x de SWBE SDR 33 PE100SDR 33


de Art. Nr. Z l R

110 SWBE33110 315 150 165125 SWBE33125 338 150 188140 SWBE33140 360 150 210160 SWBE33160 390 150 240180 SWBE33180 420 150 270200 SWBE33200 450 150 300225 SWBE33225 488 150 338250 SWBE33250 625 250 375280 SWBE33280 670 250 420315 SWBE33315 778 300 478355 SWBE33355 833 300 533400 SWBE33400 900 300 600450 SWBE33450 975 300 675500 SWBE33500 1100 350 750560 SWBE33560 1190 350 840630 SWBE33630 1295 350 945710 SWBE33710 1415 350 1065800 SWBE33800 1550 350 1200900 SWBE33900 1750 400 13501000 SWBE331000 1900 400 1500

Bend 90° welded R = 1,5 x de SWBE SDR 17 PE100SDR 17


de Art. Nr. Z l R

450 SWBE17450 975 300 675500 SWBE17500 1100 350 750560 SWBE17560 1190 350 840630 SWBE17630 1295 350 945710 SWBE17710 1415 350 1065800 SWBE17800 1550 350 1200900 SWBE17900 1750 400 13501000 SWBE171000 1900 400 1500

183


Bends welded


Bend 90° welded R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 PE100SDR 11


de Art. Nr. Z l R

450 SWBE11450 975 300 675500 SWBE11500 1100 350 750560 SWBE11560 1190 350 840630 SWBE11630 1295 350 945

184

Backing rings and gaskets

Profile backing rings PP with ductile iron core

n = number of bolts.bar = maximum operating pressure."DIN 2501-PN10" does not refer to the pressure class of the backing ring.

Convincing weight saving.Corrosion resistant.Calculated guaranteed high safety factor.Substantially simplified handling.

Profile backing ring PP with ductile iron core OKDBDIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092)for stub flange (butt-welding connection)

de/DN Art. Nr. bar d1 D k b d n M r kg

20/15 OKDB020 *

* identical to DIN 2501-PN16

16 28 106 65 18 14 4 M12 3 0,425/20 OKDB025 * 16 34 118 75 18 14 4 M12 3 0,432/25 OKDB032 * 16 42 122 85 17 14 4 M12 3 0,440/32 OKDB040 * 16 51 142 100 17 18 4 M16 3 0,550/40 OKDB050 * 16 62 156 110 19 18 4 M16 3 0,763/50 OKDB063 * 16 78 171 125 20 18 4 M16 3 0,975/65 OKDB075 * 16 92 191 145 21 18 4 M16 3 1,090/80 OKDB090 * 16 108 206 160 21 18 8 M16 3 1,1

110/100 OKDB110 * 16 128 226 180 22 18 8 M16 3 1,5125/100 OKDB125 * 16 135 226 180 23 18 8 M16 3 1,4140/125 OKDB140 * 16 158 261 210 25 18 8 M16 3 1,7160/150 OKDB160 * 16 178 296 240 28 22 8 M20 3 1,8180/150 OKDB180 * 16 188 296 240 27 22 8 M20 4 1,9200/200 OKDB200 16 235 350 295 32 22 8 M20 4 3,1225/200 OKDB225 16 238 350 295 31 22 8 M20 4 3,1250/250 OKDB250 16 288 412 350 36 22 12 M20 4 4,9280/250 OKDB280 16 294 412 350 35 22 12 M20 4 4,4315/300 OKDB315 16 338 462 400 42 22 12 M20 4 6,4355/350 OKDB355 16 376 525 460 52 22 16 M20 6 11,1400/400 OKDB400 16 430 586 515 56 26 16 M24 6 14,7450/500 OKDB450 10 514 690 620 55 27 20 M24 6 20,3500/500 OKDB500 10 530 690 620 55 27 20 M24 6 19,2560/600 OKDB560 10 615 804 725 62 30 20 M27 6 30,0630/600 OKDB630 10 642 804 725 62 30 20 M27 6 27,7710/700 OKDB710 6 740 912 840 49 30 24 M27 5 28,6800/800 OKDB800 **

** fabrication on order

6 843 1026 950 58 33 24 M30 5 39,3900/900 OKDB900 ** 6 947 1129 1050 62 33 28 M30 5 48,51000/1000 OKDB1000 ** 6 1050 1245 1160 66 36 28 M33 5 60,0

185


Profile backing rings PP with ductile iron core


n = number of bolts.bar = maximum operating pressure.ANSI B16.5 class 150

Profile backing ring PP with ductile iron core SW-OKDBDIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092)for flange adaptor (socket connection)


20/15 OKDB020 *

* identical to profile backing ring PP with ductile iron core DIN 2501-PN10 for stub flange

16 28 106 65 18 14 4 M12 3 0,425/20 OKDB025 * 16 34 118 75 18 14 4 M12 3 0,432/25 OKDB032 * 16 42 122 85 17 14 4 M12 3 0,440/32 OKDB040 * 16 51 142 100 17 18 4 M16 3 0,550/40 OKDB050 * 16 62 156 110 19 18 4 M16 3 0,763/50 OKDB063 * 16 78 171 125 20 18 4 M16 3 0,975/65 OKDB075 * 16 92 191 145 21 18 4 M16 3 1,090/80 SWOKDB090DN80 16 110 206 160 21 18 8 M16 3 1,2

110/100 SWOKDB110DN100 16 133 226 180 22 18 8 M16 3 1,5140/125 SWOKDB140DN125 16 167 261 210 26 18 8 M16 3 1,9160/150 SWOKDB160DN150 16 190 296 240 28 22 8 M16 3 2,6225/200 SWOKDB225DN200 16 250 350 295 23 22 8 M20 3 2,7250/250 SWOKDB250DN250 16 277 403 350 35 22 12 M20 4 5,3280/250 SWOKDB280DN250 16 310 403 350 31 22 12 M20 4 3,8315/300 SWOKDB315DN300 16 348 458 400 37 22 12 M20 4 5,7

Profile backing ring PP with ductile iron core OKABANSI 150 lbfor stub flange

DN/de Art. Nr. bar d1 D k b d n kg

63/2" OKAB200 16 78 164 121 18 19 4 0,890/3" OKAB300 16 108 196 153 19 19 4 1,0

110/4" OKAB400 16 128 237 191 25 19 8 1,8160/6" OKAB600 16 178 297 242 30 22 8 3,2225/8" OKAB800 16 238 354 299 34 22 8 5,1250/10" OKAB810 16 288 425 362 39 26 12 6,9315/12" OKAB812 16 338 497 432 51 26 12 12,8

186


Backing rings PP with ductile iron core


Backing ring PP with ductile iron core ODBDIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092)for stub flange

de/DN Art. Nr. bar d1 D k b d n M kg

20/15 ODB020 *


16 28 95 65 12 14 4 M12 0,325/20 ODB025 * 16 34 105 75 14 14 4 M12 0,332/25 ODB032 * 16 42 115 85 14 14 4 M12 0,440/32 ODB040 * 16 51 140 100 16 18 4 M16 0,750/40 ODB050 * 16 62 150 110 16 18 4 M16 0,763/50 ODB063 * 16 78 165 125 19 18 4 M16 0,875/65 ODB075 * 16 92 185 145 19 18 4 M16 1,190/80 ODB090 * 16 108 200 160 21 18 8 M16 1,4

110/100 ODB110 * 16 128 220 180 22 18 8 M16 1,6125/100 ODB125 * 16 135 220 180 22 18 8 M16 1,4140/125 ODB140 * 16 158 250 210 26 18 8 M16 2,0160/150 ODB160 * 16 178 285 240 27 22 8 M20 2,5180/150 ODB180 * 16 188 285 240 27 22 8 M20 2,3200/200 ODB200 16 235 340 295 28 22 8 M20 3,2225/200 ODB225 16 238 340 295 28 22 8 M20 3,2250/250 ODB250 16 288 406 350 31 22 12 M20 6,4280/250 ODB280 16 294 406 350 31 22 12 M20 6,3315/300 ODB315 16 338 460 400 34 22 12 M20 9,8355/350 ODB355 16 377 520 460 39 23 16 M20 15,0400/400 ODB400 16 430 580 515 43 27 16 M24 18,1450/500 ODB450 10 517 678 620 45 26 20 M24 25,0500/500 ODB500 10 533 678 620 45 26 20 M24 23,4560/600 ODB560 10 618 790 725 50 30 20 M27 33,7630/600 ODB630 10 645 790 725 50 30 20 M27 32,6

187


Backing rings PP with ductile iron core

n = number of bolts.bar = maximum operating pressure.ANSI B16.5 class 150

Backing ring PP with ductile iron core OABANSI 150 lbfor stub flange

DN/de Art. Nr. bar d1 D k b d n kg

20/½" OAB012 16 28 95 60,5 12 16 4 0,325/¾" OAB034 16 34 102 69,9 12 16 4 0,332/1" OAB100 16 42 114 79,3 16 16 4 0,440/1¼" OAB114 16 51 130 88,9 16 16 4 0,550/1½" OAB112 16 62 133 98,6 18 16 4 0,663/2" OAB200 16 78 162 120,6 18 20 4 0,975/2½" OAB212 16 92 184 139,7 18 20 4 1,190/3" OAB300 16 111 194 152,4 18 20 4 1,0

110/4" OAB400 16 133 229 190,5 18 20 8 1,6160/6" OAB600 16 178 283 241,3 24 22 8 2,5200/8" OAB800 16 236 345 298,5 24 22 8 3,4250/10" OAB810 16 288 412 361,9 27 25 12 5,9315/12" OAB812 16 338 487 431,8 32 25 12 12,8355/14" OAB814 16 376 533 476,2 42 28,5 12 15,7400/16" OAB816 16 430 596 539,7 44 28,5 16 17,6

188


Profile backing rings ductile iron and coated


Profile backing ring ductile iron OKPB GGG40 epoxy coatedDIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092)for stub flange


50/40 OKPB050 *


16 62 150 110 16 18 4 M16 3 1,063/50 OKPB063 * 16 78 165 125 16 18 4 M16 3 1,175/65 OKPB075 * 16 92 185 145 16 18 4 M16 3 1,490/80 OKPB090 * 16 108 200 160 19 18 8 M16 3 1,6

110/100 OKPB110 * 16 128 220 180 19 18 8 M16 3 1,8125/100 OKPB125 * 16 135 220 180 19 18 8 M16 3 1,7140/125 OKPB140 * 16 158 250 210 19 18 8 M16 3 2,1160/150 OKPB160 * 16 178 285 240 19 22 8 M20 3 2,6180/150 OKPB180 * 10 188 285 240 19 22 8 M20 3 2,5200/200 OKPB200 10 235 340 295 18 22 8 M20 3 3,5225/200 OKPB225 10 238 340 295 18 22 8 M20 3 3,5250/250 OKPB250 10 288 395 350 22 22 12 M20 3 5,3280/250 OKPB280 10 294 395 350 22 22 12 M20 3 5,1315/300 OKPB315 10 338 445 400 26 22 12 M20 3 6,6355/350 OKPB355 10 376 505 460 30 22 16 M20 4 11,3400/400 OKPB400 10 430 565 515 34 26 16 M24 4 14,2450/500 OKPB450 10 517 670 620 42 26 20 M24 6 21,5500/500 OKPB500 10 533 670 620 38 26 20 M24 4 18,7560/600 OKPB560 10 618 785 725 50 30 20 M27 7 34,8630/600 OKPB630 10 645 785 725 40 30 20 M27 4 26,4710/700 OKPB710 6 740 900 840 45 30 24 M27 5 36,4800/800 OKPB800 **

** fabrication on order

6 843 1015 950 53 33 24 M30 5 50,5900/900 OKPB900 ** 6 947 1115 1050 56 33 28 M30 5 55,81000/1000 OKPB1000 ** 6 1050 1230 1160 62 36 28 M33 5 71,11200/1200 OKPB1200 ** 4 1260 1455 1380 68 39 32 M36 6 1011400/1400 OKPB1400 ** 4 1441 1675 1590 72 42 36 M39 6 1431600/1600 OKPB1600 ** 4 1644 1915 1820 84 48 40 M45 6 203

189


Profile backing rings ductile iron and coated


Profile backing ring ductile iron OKPB-PN16 GGG40 epoxy coatedDIN 2501-PN16 (EN 1092)for stub flange


50/40 OKPB050 16 62 150 110 16 18 4 M16 3 1,063/50 OKPB063 16 78 165 125 16 18 4 M16 3 1,175/65 OKPB075 16 92 185 145 16 18 4 M16 3 1,490/80 OKPB090 16 108 200 160 19 18 8 M16 3 1,6

110/100 OKPB110 16 128 220 180 19 18 8 M16 3 1,8125/100 OKPB125 16 135 220 180 19 18 8 M16 3 1,7140/125 OKPB140 16 158 250 210 19 18 8 M16 3 2,1160/150 OKPB160 16 178 285 240 19 22 8 M20 3 2,6180/150 OKPB180 16 188 285 240 19 22 8 M20 3 2,5200/200 OKPB200PN16 16 235 340 295 23 22 12 M20 3 4,0225/200 OKPB225PN16 16 238 340 295 23 22 12 M20 3 3,9250/250 OKPB250PN16 16 288 405 355 29 26 12 M24 3 6,6280/250 OKPB280PN16 16 294 405 355 29 26 12 M24 3 6,5315/300 OKPB315PN16 16 338 460 410 34 26 12 M24 3 8,6355/350 OKPB355PN16 16 376 520 470 39 26 16 M24 4 14,4400/400 OKPB400PN16 16 430 580 525 43 30 16 M27 4 17,0450/500 OKPB450PN16 16 517 715 650 46 33 20 M30 6,5 29,8500/500 OKPB500PN16 16 533 650 650 46 33 20 M30 7 27,3560/600 OKPB560PN16 16 618 840 770 55 36 20 M33 6 46,5630/600 OKPB630PN16 16 645 840 770 55 36 20 M33 6 37,2

190


Backing rings GRP



Backing ring GRP standard type ODGRDIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092)for stub flange


90/80 ODGR090 6 108 200 160 18 18 8 M16 0,7110/100 ODGR110 6 128 220 180 18 18 8 M16 0,8125/100 ODGR125 6 135 220 180 18 18 8 M16 0,7140/125 ODGR140 6 158 250 210 18 18 8 M16 1,0160/150 ODGR160 6 178 285 240 18 23 8 M20 1,2180/150 ODGR180 6 188 285 240 18 23 8 M20 1,1200/200 ODGR200 6 235 340 295 25 23 8 M20 2,1225/200 ODGR225 6 238 340 295 25 23 8 M20 2,1250/250 ODGR250 6 288 395 350 28 23 12 M20 2,7280/250 ODGR280 6 294 395 350 28 23 12 M20 2,5315/300 ODGR315 6 338 445 400 30 23 12 M20 3,3355/350 ODGR355 6 376 505 460 28 23 16 M20 4,2400/400 ODGR400 6 430 565 515 32 27 16 M24 6,0500/500 ODGR500 6 533 670 620 38 27 20 M24 8,6

Backing ring GRP heavy type ODGR-HDIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092)for stub flange


90/80 ODGRH090 10 108 200 160 22 18 8 M16 0,8110/100 ODGRH110 10 128 220 180 28 18 8 M16 1,2125/100 ODGRH125 10 135 220 180 28 18 8 M16 1,1140/125 ODGRH140 10 158 250 210 30 18 8 M16 1,6160/150 ODGRH160 10 178 285 240 30 23 8 M20 1,9180/150 ODGRH180 10 188 285 240 30 23 8 M20 1,8200/200 ODGRH200 10 235 340 295 32 23 8 M20 2,5225/200 ODGRH225 10 238 340 295 32 23 8 M20 2,4250/250 ODGRH250 10 288 395 350 34 23 12 M20 3,2280/250 ODGRH280 10 294 395 350 34 23 12 M20 3,0315/300 ODGRH315 10 338 445 400 36 23 12 M20 4,0355/350 ODGRH355 10 376 505 460 38 23 16 M20 5,6400/400 ODGRH400 10 430 565 515 42 27 16 M24 7,2500/500 ODGRH500 10 533 670 620 48 27 20 M24 10,4

191


Flange connections

EPDM O-ring and hot dip galvanised steel backing ring.n = number of bolts.bar = maximum operating pressure.For direct connection of valves without loss of cross section and without changing the nominal size."DIN 2501-PN10" does not refer to the pressure class of the backing ring.


Flange connection short FBE SDR 17 PE100DIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092) SDR 17for butt-welding water 10 bar

de/DN Art. Nr. bar Z D k b d n M kg

90/65 FBE17065090 10 90 185 145 30 18 4 M16 2,9110/80 FBE17080110 10 90 200 160 30 18 8 M16 3,6140/100 FBE17100140 10 90 220 180 30 18 8 M16 3,6160/125 FBE17125160 10 100 250 210 35 18 8 M16 4,7180/125 FBE17125180 10 125 250 210 35 18 8 M16 4,5200/150 FBE17150200 10 100 285 240 35 23 8 M20 5,7250/200 FBE17200250 10 100 340 295 40 23 8 M20 8,2315/250 FBE17250315 *

* different construction

10 130 395 350 40 23 12 M20 11,5355/300 FBE17300355 10 110 445 400 40 23 12 M20 15,1400/350 FBE17350400 10 130 505 460 60 23 16 M20 21,7450/400 FBE17400450 10 130 565 515 60 27 16 M24 29,0560/500 FBE17500560 10 140 670 620 60 27 20 M24 42,3

Flange connection short FBE SDR 11 PE100DIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092) SDR 11for butt-welding water 16 bar


90/65 FBE11065090 10 90 185 145 30 18 4 M16 2,9110/80 FBE11080110 10 90 200 160 30 18 8 M16 3,6140/100 FBE11100140 10 90 220 180 30 18 8 M16 3,6160/125 FBE11125160 10 100 250 210 35 18 8 M16 4,7180/125 FBE11125180 10 125 250 210 35 18 8 M16 4,5200/150 FBE11150200 10 100 285 240 35 23 8 M20 5,7250/200 FBE11200250 10 100 340 295 40 23 8 M20 8,2315/250 FBE11250315 *


10 130 395 350 40 23 12 M20 11,5355/300 FBE11300355 10 110 445 400 40 23 12 M20 15,1400/350 FBE11350400 10 130 505 460 60 23 16 M20 21,7450/400 FBE11400450 10 130 565 515 60 27 16 M24 29,0560/500 FBE11500560 10 140 670 620 60 27 20 M24 42,3

192


Flange connections



Flange connection long FDE SDR 17 PE100DIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092) SDR 17for butt-welding and electrofusion water 10 bar


90/65 FDE17065090 10 300 185 145 30 18 4 M16 3,3110/80 FDE17080110 10 300 200 160 30 18 8 M16 4,3140/100 FDE17100140 10 300 220 180 30 18 8 M16 4,6160/125 FDE17125160 10 300 250 210 35 18 8 M16 6,1180/125 FDE17125180 10 300 250 210 35 18 8 M16 6,2200/150 FDE17150200 10 300 285 240 35 23 8 M20 7,8250/200 FDE17200250 10 300 340 295 40 23 8 M20 11,5315/250 FDE17250315 *


10 300 395 350 40 23 12 M20 16,8355/300 FDE17300355 10 300 445 400 40 23 12 M20 21,8400/350 FDE17350400 10 400 505 460 60 23 16 M20 30,2450/400 FDE17400450 10 400 565 515 60 27 16 M24 39,4560/500 FDE17500560 10 400 670 620 60 27 20 M24 58,9

Flange connection long FDE SDR 11 PE100DIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092) SDR 11for butt-welding and electrofusion water 16 bar


90/65 FDE11065090 10 300 185 145 30 18 4 M16 3,5110/80 FDE11080110 10 300 200 160 30 18 8 M16 4,6140/100 FDE11100140 10 300 220 180 30 18 8 M16 5,1160/125 FDE11125160 10 300 250 210 35 18 8 M16 6,7180/125 FDE11125180 10 300 250 210 35 18 8 M16 7,0200/150 FDE11150200 10 300 285 240 35 23 8 M20 8,9250/200 FDE11200250 10 300 340 295 40 23 8 M20 13,1315/250 FDE11250315 *


10 300 395 350 40 23 12 M20 19,3355/300 FDE11300355 10 300 445 400 40 23 12 M20 25,0400/350 FDE11350400 10 400 505 460 60 23 16 M20 34,2450/400 FDE11400450 10 400 565 515 60 27 16 M24 44,8560/500 FDE11500560 10 400 670 620 60 27 20 M24 66,8

193


Blind flanges

n = number of bolts.bar = maximum operating pressure."DIN 2501-PN10" does not refer to he pressure class of the backing ring.

n = number of bolts.bar = maximum operating pressure.ANSI B16.5 class 150.

Blind flange PP with ductile iron core ODBCDIN 2501-PN10 (EN 1092)

de/DN Art. Nr. bar D k b d n M kg

20/15 ODBC020 *


16 95 65 12 14 4 M12 0,325/20 ODBC025 * 16 105 75 12 14 4 M12 0,432/25 ODBC032 * 16 115 85 16 14 4 M12 0,640/32 ODBC040 * 16 140 100 16 18 4 M16 0,850/40 ODBC050 * 16 150 110 18 18 4 M16 0,963/50 ODBC063 * 16 165 125 18 18 4 M16 1,275/65 ODBC075 * 16 185 145 18 18 4 M16 1,790/80 ODBC090 * 16 200 160 18 18 8 M16 2,2

110/100 ODBC110 * 16 220 180 18 18 8 M16 2,8125/100 ODBC110 * 16 220 180 18 18 8 M16 2,8140/125 ODBC140 * 16 250 210 24 18 8 M16 4,0160/150 ODBC160 * 16 285 240 24 22 8 M20 5,1180/150 ODBC160 * 16 285 240 24 22 8 M20 5,2200/200 ODBC200 16 340 295 24 22 8 M20 7,7225/200 ODBC200 16 340 295 24 22 8 M20 7,7250/250 ODBC250 16 400 350 30 22 12 M20 14,4280/250 ODBC250 16 400 350 30 22 12 M20 15,7315/300 ODBC315 16 463 400 34 22 12 M20 26,5355/350 ODBC355 10 515 460 42 22 16 M20 39,2400/400 ODBC400 10 574 515 46 27 16 M24 50,1

Blind flange PP with ductile iron core OABCANSI 150 lb

de/DN Art. Nr. bar D k b d n kg

20/½" OABC012 16 95 60,5 12 16 4 0,325/¾" OABC034 16 102 69,9 12 16 4 0,332/1" OABC100 16 114 79,3 16 16 4 0,540/1¼" OABC114 16 130 88,9 16 16 4 0,850/1½" OABC112 16 133 98,6 18 16 4 0,863/2" OABC200 16 162 120,6 18 20 4 1,375/2½" OABC212 16 184 139,7 18 20 4 1,590/3" OABC300 16 194 152,4 18 20 4 1,9

110/4" OABC400 16 229 190,5 18 20 8 3,0160/6" OABC600 16 283 241,3 24 22 8 4,9200/8" OABC800 16 345 298,5 24 22 8 7,7250/10" OABC810 10 412 361,9 27 25 12 15,0315/12" OABC812 10 487 431,8 32 25 12 29,0

194


Gaskets

Suitable for flange connections with maximum operating pressure water 10 bar.For pressure class >10 bar we recommend our profile gaskets.

Gasket flat QHB/X EPDM

for stub flanges SDR 17

de/DN Art. Nr. d D b

63/50 QHBX17063E 58 107 375/65 QHBX17075E 69 127 390/80 QHBX17090E 84 142 3

110/100 QHBX17110E 100 162 3125/100 QHBX17125E 114 162 3140/125 QHBX17140E 127 192 3160/150 QHBX17160E 146 218 3180/150 QHBX17180E 164 218 3200/200 QHBX17200E 181 273 3225/200 QHBX17225E 203 273 3250/250 QHBX17250E 226 328 3280/250 QHBX17280E 252 328 3315/300 QHBX17315E 283 378 3355/350 QHBX17355E 319 435 3400/400 QHBX17400E 359 489 3450/500 QHBX17450E 403 594 3500/500 QHBX17500E 447 594 3560/600 QHBX17560E 494 695 3630/600 QHBX17630E 555 695 3710/700 QHBX17710E 630 810 3800/800 QHBX17800E 710 915 3900/900 QHBX17900E 800 1020 31000/1000 QHBX171000E 885 1120 3

195


Gaskets

Suitable for flange connections with maximum operating pressure water 10 bar.For pressure class >10 bar we recommend our profile gaskets.

Gasket flat QHB/X EPDM


de/DN Art. Nr. d D b

20/15 QHBX11020E 16 51 325/20 QHBX11025E 22 61 332/25 QHBX11032E 28 71 340/32 QHBX11040E 34 82 350/40 QHBX11050E 42 92 363/50 QHBX11063E 53 107 375/65 QHBX11075E 63 127 390/80 QHBX11090E 76 142 3

110/100 QHBX11110E 93 162 3125/100 QHBX11125E 105 162 3140/125 QHBX11140E 117 192 3160/150 QHBX11160E 135 218 3180/150 QHBX11180E 151 218 3200/200 QHBX11200E 168 273 3225/200 QHBX11225E 188 273 3250/250 QHBX11250E 203 328 3280/250 QHBX11280E 233 328 3315/300 QHBX11315E 262 378 3355/350 QHBX11355E 294 435 3400/400 QHBX11400E 331 489 3450/500 QHBX11450E 372 594 3500/500 QHBX11500E 413 594 3560/600 QHBX11560E 451 695 3630/600 QHBX11630E 507 695 3

196


Profile gaskets

Suitable for flange connections with maximum operating pressure water 16 bar.Not allowed for potable water application.NBR on request.

Suitable for flange connections with maximum operating pressure water 16 bar.Not allowed for potable water application.NBR on request.

Profile gasket QHB/P EPDM with steel core


de/DN Art. Nr. d D s1 s2

63/50 QHBP17063E 58 107 4 575/65 QHBP17075E 69 127 4 590/80 QHBP17090E 84 142 4 5

110/100 QHBP17110E 100 162 5 6125/100 QHBP17125E 114 162 5 6140/125 QHBP17140E 127 192 5 6160/150 QHBP17160E 146 218 6 8180/150 QHBP17180E 164 218 6 8200/200 QHBP17200E 181 273 6 8225/200 QHBP17225E 203 273 6 8250/250 QHBP17250E 226 328 6 8280/250 QHBP17280E 252 328 6 8315/300 QHBP17315E 283 378 6 8355/350 QHBP17355E 319 435 6 8400/400 QHBP17400E 359 489 6 8450/500 QHBP17450E 403 594 7 10500/500 QHBP17500E 447 594 7 10560/600 QHBP17560E 494 695 7 10630/600 QHBP17630E 555 695 7 10

Profile gasket QHB/P EPDM with steel core


de/DN Art. Nr. d D s1 s2

25/20 QHBP11025E 22 61 3 432/25 QHBP11032E 28 71 3 440/32 QHBP11040E 34 82 3 450/40 QHBP11050E 42 92 3 463/50 QHBP11063E 53 107 4 575/65 QHBP11075E 63 127 4 590/80 QHBP11090E 76 142 4 5

110/100 QHBP11110E 93 162 5 6125/100 QHBP11125E 105 162 5 6140/125 QHBP11140E 117 192 5 6160/150 QHBP11160E 135 218 6 8180/150 QHBP11180E 151 218 6 8200/200 QHBP11200E 168 273 6 8225/200 QHBP11225E 188 273 6 8250/250 QHBP11250E 208 328 6 8280/250 QHBP11280E 233 328 6 8315/300 QHBP11315E 262 378 6 8355/350 QHBP11355E 294 438 6 8400/400 QHBP11400E 331 489 6 8450/500 QHBP11450E 372 594 7 10500/500 QHBP11500E 413 594 7 10560/600 QHBP11560E 451 695 7 10630/600 QHBP11630E 507 695 7 10

197

GOEMA pipe clips

Pipe clips complete

Easy mounting of (plastic) pipe systems indoor to floor, wall or ceiling.Outdoor mounting with UV degradation restriction.1 to 3 screws for solid connection to mounting surface.Unrestricted axial pipe movement (expansion and contraction).Prevents sideward movement.Adapts radial expansion at elevated temperature.No notch effect on pipe.Colour grey RAL 7037.

q = package quantity per box.

Pipe clip - metric with retaining clip ZIKM PP

de Art. Nr. a b h l c pieces/bag

16 ZIKM016 26 18 33 16 - 5020 ZIKM020 33 14 38 20 - 5025 ZIKM025 41 14 44 25 - 2032 ZIKM032 49 15 51 32 - 2040 ZIKM040 58 16 60 40 - 1050 ZIKM050 68 17 71 60 - 1063 ZIKM063 83 18 34 63 - 1075 ZIKM075 96 19 97 75 - -90 ZIKM090 113 20 113 90 - -

110 ZIKM110 139 23 134 125 40 -125 ZIKM125 158 25 151 140 60 -140 ZIKM140 177 27 167 155 70 -160 ZIKM160 210 30 190 180 90 -180 ZIKM180 237 33 211 200 100 -

198

GOEMA pipe clips

Pipe clips complete

Easy mounting of (plastic) pipe systems indoor to floor, wall or ceiling.Outdoor mounting with UV degradation restriction.1 to 3 screws for solid connection to mounting surface.Unrestricted axial pipe movement (expansion and contraction).Prevents sideward movement.Adapts radial expansion at elevated temperature.No notch effect on pipe.Colour grey RAL 7037.


Pipe clip - inches with retaining clip ZAKM PP

de Art. Nr. a b h l c pieces/bag3/8" ZAKM038 26 13 34 16 - 50½" ZAKM012 33 14 39 20 - 50¾" ZAKM034 41 14 45 25 - 201" ZAKM100 49 15 52 32 - 20

1¼" ZAKM114 58 16 61 40 - 101½" ZAKM112 68 17 67 50 - 10

2" ZAKM200 83 18 80 63 - 102½" ZAKM212 96 19 96 75 - -

3" ZAKM300 118 20 110 90 - -4" ZAKM400 140 25 135 140 60 -6" ZAKM600 197 30 196 180 90 -

199

GOEMA pipe clips

Pipe clips components

For alignment of pipe system with FIP valves.Colour grey RAL 7037.


Distance plate for pipe clip DSM PP

de Art. Nr. A B C D E pieces/bag

32 DSM032 33 16 14 8 4 2040 DSM040 41 17 17 8 4 1050 DSM050 51 18 17 8 4 1063 DSM063 64 19 22,5 8 4 1075 DSM075 76 20 34,5 8 4 10

200

GOEMA pipe clips

Pipe clips components

JOINTING TECHNIQUES

202

203

Welding polyolefins

Welding polyolefins

9 Welding polyolefins

9.1 General

Plastic can be welded with various welding techniques, although notevery welding method is suitable for the welding of polyolefins. In desig-ning a plastic pipe system, it is therefore important to obtain informationabout possible welding techniques and their applicability as early as theplanning phase. The choice of the most appropriate welding procedure isusually influenced by following factors: economics, the construction ofthe component, external and internal influences on the system, as well aslocal conditions.

Figure 9.1 shows the welding practices most frequently used with plas-tics. The grey highlighted frames indicate the welding techniques usuallyemployed for the welding of PE in plastic pipe construction. In practice,the welding methods most frequently used to connect PE pipe compo-nents are butt-welding and electrofusion.

Figure 9.1 Welding techniques

9.2 Welding procedures

9.2.1 Socket weldingDescriptionSocket welding (also known a polyfusion) resembles butt-welding in itstechnique. The process is described in detail in the guidelines of DVS2207 Sections 1, 5 and 11 with respect to the relevant plastic being used.In socket welding, both the spigot and socket are simultaneously heated.After ending the heating process, the socket is shoved over the spigotand pressure applied. The difference from butt-welding consists in thefact that the joining surfaces are connected in an overlapping manner.Therefore, one side of the heating element possesses a form on which tomount the socket (heating spigot) and the other side a form into whichto plug the spigot (heating socket), see figure 9.2.

Figure 9.2 Socket welding

The sizes of the heating element and the elements to be welded conformto each other to the extent that the joining of the elements creates awelding pressure. Welded pipes up to a diameter of 50 mm can be wel-ded by hand, larger diameters up to and including 110 mm must be wel-ded with the aid of an apparatus.

Socket welding process - preparationIn principle, the areas corresponding to the welding seam must be care-fully prepared, as faultless quality and leak-tightness can only be guaran-teed when the joining surfaces are appropriately pre-treated. For thisreason, the following rules for preparing the welding surfaces in pipeconstruction have a great deal of importance and should always be com-plied with:- The welding surfaces are to be mechanically prepared immediately

before the welding process using a scraper, grater or peeler in orderto remove the oxidation layer.

- The spigot is to be bevelled as indicated in table 9.1. Figure 9.3 showsa properly bevelled spigot.

- The connecting surfaces of the pipes or fittings are preparedaccording to manufacture information.

- Bumping the end of the pipe against the floor of the heating tool tobe avoided.

- In welds performed without machinery, the insertion depth equal todistance (E) in table 9.1 must be marked on the pipe.

- The joining surfaces must be free of grease and dust. The socket mustbe thoroughly cleaned on the inside and the spigot on the outsideusing a degreasing agent (e.g. industrial alcohol) and absorbent,non-fraying and uncoloured paper. The same applies to the heatingelement.

- The work site should be arranged so that there are areas in whichwelding can occur independent of atmospheric conditions.

- No welding work can be performed when ambient temperatures areunder +5°C without taking special measures (e.g. protection by aheated tent). The temperature in the immediate proximity of thewelding location should not vary more than 10°C during the weldingprocedure.

- The functional capacity of the machines and equipment has to betested prior to welding. In particular, the welding parameters need tobe checked. For PE the temperature of the heating element is 250-270°C.

Hot gaswelding

Plastic welding techniques

Frictionwelding

Heated-tool welding

High-frequency welding

Ultrasonic welding

Hand welding Direct Indirect

Speed welding butt-welding Impulsewelding

Overlap welding Groovewelding

Contactwelding

Extrusion welding Fold welding Infra-redwelding

Socketwelding

Overlapwelding

Electrofusion

Wedgewelding

Bladewelding

1 Socket2 Heating spigot3 Heating socket4 Pipe5 Heating tool

Finished joint

Heating

Preparation

Welding polyolefins


Table 9.1 Weld preparation phase for pipe ends

Figure 9.3 Pipe phase in socket welding

ExecutionFor heating, the pipes to be welded are to be shoved on the heating ele-ment of the device up to the mark designating the welding zone andfixed in place. The heating period specified in the data of table 9.2 thenbegins. During heating, the cross section of the pipe is to be absolutelyprevented from resting on the end of the heating socket.After completion of the heating period, the parts to be welded are to bequickly removed from the heating device and immediately pushed toge-ther without contortion up to the stopping point at the mark. In manualwelding, the joining parts must be held in place for a period specified intable 9.2. The joint may only be exposed to mechanical loads after thecooling period has ended. The heating spigot and heating socket are tobe cleaned after every welding procedure using non-fraying paper andan appropriate cleaning agent (e.g. industrial alcohol).

9.2.2 Butt-welding

Figure 9.4

DescriptionButt-welding is a very economical and reliable jointing technique in whichan additional tool is required to create the non-detachable joint. Butt-wel-ding is very well-suited to the pre-fabrication of pipe elements and theconstruction of special fittings.

It is a technique that is of great significance in the manufacture of welded fit-tings. In butt-welding, the welding surfaces (ends) of the components to bewelded are first machined (planed). This produces coplanar ends that canlater be simultaneously pressed against the heating element. The weldingsurfaces are then heated by the heating element (hot plate) and lined upunder slight pressure (alignment pressure). Subsequently, heating proceedsunder reduced pressure (heating time) and, after removing the heating ele-ment (conversion), the joint is formed under welding pressure. Diagram 9.1provides a schematic representation of the butt-welding process. Adjusta-ble heating temperatures can be varied to match wall thickness (figure 9.5).

Figure 9.5 Heating temperature as s function of PE pipe wall thickness

1 2 3 4 5

Outside pipediameter (mm)

Heating Conversation (maximum time)(s)

Cooling fixed

(s)

Cooling total

(min)

SDR 11 SDR 17

16 5 4 6 220 5 4 6 225 7 (1) 4 10 232 8 (1) 6 10 440 12 (1) 6 20 450 12 (1) 6 20 463 24 (1) 8 30 675 30 15 8 30 690 40 22 8 40 6110 50 30 10 50 8125 60 35 10 60 8

Pipe diameter Pipe phase Insertion depth

de (mm) b (mm) E (mm)16 2 1320 2 1425 2 1532 2 1740 2 1850 2 2063 3 2675 3 2990 3 32110 3 35125 3 38

(1)If wall strength is too small, welding is not advisable

Table 9.2 Standard values for socket welding of PE pipes and fittings under atmospheric tempera-ture of 20°C and moderate measurable air current (DVS 2207 Section 1)

205

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Welding polyolefins

Sign Name Entity

de nominal outside diameter of pipe mme minimum pipe wall thickness mmA bead size (end of alignment time) mm about (0.5 + 0.1 e) around evenB bead size (end of cooling time under pressure) mm minimum 3 + 0.5 e

maximum 5 + 0.75 ep1 pre-heating pressure N/mm2 0.18 +/- 0.01p2 heating pressure N/mm2 almost pressureless up to about 0.01p3 welding pressure N/mm2 0.18 +/- 0.01p4 cooling pressure N/mm2 0 (pressureless, without flexural and/or tensile stress)t1 pre-heating time s until bead size A is reachedt2 heating time s (12 +/- 1) et3 maximum conversion time s 3 + 0.01 det4 maximum built-up time s 3 + 0.03 det5 maximum welding time, under welding pressure min 3 + et6 maximum cooling time, under cooling pressure min 1.5 e

Diagram 9.1 The development of the proces of butt-welding

N/mm2

p1

p

A p3 B

p4

Butt-welding process

t6t5

t (s)

t4t3

t2t1

p2

pipe SDR 11 pipe SDR 17

de e(SDR11) F1/F3 * A Fd ** t2 t3 t4 t5 Bmin Bmax t6 e(SDR17) F1/F3 * A Fd ** t2 t3 t4 t5 Bmin Bmax t6mm mm kN mm kN s s s min mm mm min mm kN mm kN s s s min mm mm min

32 2.9 0.05 0.8 0.003 35 3 4 6 4 7 4 1.9 0.03 0.7 0.00 23 3 4 5 4 6 340 3.7 0.08 0,9 0.004 44 3 4 7 5 8 6 2.4 0.05 0.7 0,00 29 3 4 5 4 7 450 4.6 0.12 1.0 0.01 55 4 5 8 5 8 7 3.0 0.08 0.8 0.00 36 4 5 6 5 7 563 5.8 0.19 1.1 0.01 70 4 5 9 6 9 9 3.8 0.13 0.9 0.01 46 4 5 7 5 8 675 6.8 0.26 1.2 0.01 82 4 5 10 6 10 10 4.5 0.18 1.0 0.01 54 4 5 8 5 8 790 8.2 0.38 1.3 0.02 98 4 6 11 7 11 12 5.4 0.26 1.0 0.01 65 4 6 8 6 9 8

110 10.0 0.57 1.5 0.03 120 4 6 13 8 13 15 6.6 0.39 1.2 0.02 79 4 6 10 6 10 10125 11.4 0.73 1.6 0.04 137 4 7 14 9 14 17 7.4 0.49 1.2 0.03 89 4 7 10 7 11 11140 12.7 0.91 1.8 0.05 152 4 7 16 9 15 19 8.3 0.62 1.3 0.03 100 4 7 11 7 11 12160 14.6 1.20 2.0 0.07 175 5 8 18 10 16 22 9.5 0.81 1.5 0.04 114 5 8 13 8 12 14180 16.4 1.52 2.1 0.08 197 5 8 19 11 17 25 10.7 1.02 1.6 0.06 128 5 8 14 8 13 16200 18.2 1.87 2.3 0.10 218 5 9 21 12 19 27 11.9 1.27 1.7 0.07 143 5 9 15 9 14 18225 20.5 2.37 2.6 0.13 246 5 10 24 13 20 31 13.4 1.60 1.8 0.09 161 5 10 16 10 15 20250 22.7 2.92 2.8 0.16 272 6 11 26 14 22 34 14.8 1.97 2.0 0.11 178 6 11 18 10 16 22280 25.4 3.66 3.0 0.20 305 6 11 28 16 24 38 16.6 2.47 2.2 0.14 199 6 11 20 11 17 25315 28.6 4.63 3.4 0.26 343 6 12 32 17 26 43 18.7 3.13 2.4 0.17 224 6 12 22 12 19 28355 32.2 5.88 3.7 0.33 386 7 14 35 19 29 48 21.1 3.98 2.6 0.22 253 7 14 24 14 21 32400 36.3 7.47 4.1 0.41 436 7 15 39 21 32 54 23.7 5.04 2.9 0.28 284 7 15 27 15 23 36450 40.9 9.46 4.6 0.53 491 8 17 44 23 36 61 26.7 6.39 3.2 0.36 320 8 17 30 16 25 40500 45.4 11.67 5.0 0.65 545 8 18 48 26 39 68 29.7 7.90 3.5 0.44 356 8 18 33 18 27 45560 50.6 14.58 5.6 0.81 607 9 20 54 28 43 76 33.2 9.89 3.8 0.55 398 9 20 36 20 30 50630 57.2 18.53 6.2 1.03 686 9 22 60 32 48 86 37.4 12.53 4.2 0.70 449 9 22 40 22 33 56

Clarification of process parameters

* at specific welding pressure of 0.18 N/mm2

** at specific welding pressure of 0.1 N/mm2

Table 9.3 Process parameters for butt-welding

Welding polyolefins


Butt-welding of PE pressure pipes involves the following steps:

PreparationThe following rules are important for the execution of a good butt-weld:- The worksite must be a sheltered location arranged so that it is

independent of weather conditions.- The functionality of the butt-welding equipment must be regularly

checked. This especially applies to any machine used on aconstruction site.

- The pipes and/or fittings to be welded must be pressed against themachine in a line so that no discernible misalignment of the wallsexists. Wall misalignment may be no more than 10% of wall thickness.

- The pipe and/or fitting surfaces to be welded must be planed to makethem coplanar and parallel to the hot plate. The surfaces canconsequently be evenly heated, and planing also removes theoxidation layer on PE. Failure to remove this layer will prevent a goodbutt-weld from forming.

- The prepared surfaces must be kept clean: welding surfaces must be free of oil, grease and dust.

- The hot plate must be regularly cleaned with a non-fraying paper andan appropriate cleaning agent (see manufacturer information).

- The temperature of the hot plate must be between 200°C and 220°C.The higher temperature is to be used with smaller wall thicknesses.The maximum temperature deviations are shown in table 9.4.

Hot plate with electrical temperature control

��1 = max. temperature difference within usable surface��2 = temperature difference over control interval��tot = ��1 + ��2 = max. acceptable temperature deviation from

setting

Preparing the welding surfacesSurfaces are planed until they are coplanar and parallel to the hot plate(see figure 9.6).

Figure 9.6 Planing welding surfaces

HeatingBoth welding surfaces are pressed against the hot plate under the forceof a heating pressure. Better preparation causes a more even weld beadto form. The pipe and/or fitting are held against the hot plate until thewelding bead has reached a certain height. The heat saturation phasethen follows.

Figure 9.7 Heating a pipe or fitting

Heat saturationDuring heat saturation, the welding surfaces must be held against thehot plate under slight pressure (just 0.01 N/mm2). Heat will then bespread evenly through the pipe, and the weld bead will increase inheight.

Figure 9.8 Heat saturating a pipe or fitting

ConversionBetween heating/heat saturation and welding, the hot plate must beremoved and the welding surfaces pushed against each other. To avoidcooling, the removal of the hot plate must occur quickly.

Welding and coolingThe surfaces to be welded must be abutted very shortly after the heatingtime. The welding pressure is then to be applied during the pressurebuild-up time. The build-up of welding pressure must occur evenly with a deviation ofno more than 0.01 N/mm2.A too rapid build-up of pressure will cause the plastic material to bepushed aside, pushing the surfaces too slowly together will cause thematerial too cool down too fast. Weld quality is insufficient in both cases.

Figure 9.9 Welding / cooling a pipe or fitting

CoolingThe welding pressure is maintained throughout the entire cooling time. Itmust also be ensured that no mechanical load is placed on the weldingseam. The welding zone is to be prevented from cooling to quickly orabruptly. After welding, an even double bead must have been formed.The form of the bead will give an initial indication about the evenness ofthe welding seam. Varied bead composition or irregular bead formationmay not be an indication of poor workmanship. Often, it is the differentflow behaviours (viscosities) of the molten plastics from the two compo-nents being welded that are responsible. The bead size "K" must alwaysbe > 0.

Diagram 9.1 and table 9.3 show the standard values for the weldcycle.The settings for the welding machine depend on machine resistance. Thewelding tables for the machine must be used to set welding pressure.

Usable surface ��1 ��2 ��tot

up to 250 cm2 5°C 3°C 8°C> 250 cm2 7°C 3°C 10°C

Table 9.4 Max. temperature deviations

machining cutter

clamps welding machine

pregeatingpressure

preheating pressure


heating plate

heating plate

heatlingpressure

heatingpressure


weldingpressure

weldingpressure


207

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9.2.3 Electrofusion

DescriptionThe electrofusion coupling underlying the process is employed to con-nect pipe components in pressure pipe installations for gas and watersupply networks, industrial facilities and pressurised drainage systems.The process is suitable for connecting pipe components of the series:

ISO-S pipe series number / SDR- S 5 / SDR 11 (PE100)- S 8 / SDR 17 (PE100)

Figure 9.10 Electrofusion coupling

Figure 9.11 Electrofusion

Like butt-welding, electrofusion is a widespread welding technique in PEpipe construction. Applications have the following advantages:- simple procedure throughout the entire welding process- uncomplicated operation of the welding apparatus- regular quality of the welded joint due to reproducible equipment

settings- longitudinally rigid joint- mo excess or weld bead inside pipe- welding made possible for hard to access locations

Welding occurs in an overlapping form which means that the pipes and/or fittings are joined to each other through an electrofusion coupling.The resistance coil (heating coil) integrated into the electrofusion cou-pling are heated by an electrical welding unit, causing the surfaces of thepipes and the coupling (in immediate contact with the heating coil) to beplasticised. The thermal expansion of the plastic creates welding pressureso that the effects of these two parameters result in a homogeneousconnection between coupling and pipe or fitting at the end of the wel-ding time. The VM 102 guideline for welding practice applies to electro-fusion on pressure pipe installations. The guideline also makesrecommendations about quality assurance and describes possible testingmethods.

Electrofusion processThe execution of the electrofusion process is described in the weldingrecommendation 'Electrofusion sleeve welding of thermoplastics'.

Preparation- Inspect pipe and fitting for damage and proper sizing- Check state and function of welding unit- Take protective measures if weather conditions make it necessary- Pipes, fittings and welding equipment are to be kept at a constantambient temperature between -10°C and + 45°C

- Do not weld when medium is being discharged

Pretreatment1. Cut the pipe square

- slanting cuts can result in inadequate melting, overheating orburning

2. Clean the pipe3. Mark the welding zone4. Remove oxidation layer

- scrape off a long even continuous chip (min 0.15 mm thick)- an excessively thick chip will prevent the gap between coupling

and pipe from being filled- scraping 5 mm extra in width is a sign of good workmanship- filing or sanding is not permitted

5. Debur the pipe6. Make oval pipe round, be careful with pipes on cylinders and drums

- use rounding clamps if ovality >1.5% diam. or >1.5 mm

Figure 9.16 to 9.18

Cleaning1. Mark the welding zone again2. Clean the welding surface of the pipe

- welding surfaces must be absolutely clean- use PE cleaning agent and absorbent, non-fraying uncoloured

paper3. Clean inside of coupling

- take fitting out of packaging just before use- prevent rubbing contaminants from untreated surfaces from

entering the welding zone

Figure 9.12 to 9.15

Electrofusion (sleeve) coupling

Electrofusion (sleeve) coupling

Welding polyolefins


Figure 9.19 and 9.20

Positioning1. Push the pipe into the fitting up to the mark2. Connect contact plugs to fitting: pay attention to tension free

assembly- shove pipe straight into coupling- do not rotate- coupling should be movable by hand

3. Guideline VM 102 prescribes: use clamps for tension-free assembly

Figure 9.21

Welding1. Scan barcode with hand reader2. Start welding process: electrofusion unit automatically regulates the

amount of energy and welding time - safe distance to welding location is 1 m

3. Compare actual with required welding time4. Note actual welding time on the pipe

- welding indicator provides an impression of the completed weld,correctness is also indicated by the welding unit

Figure 9.22 to 9.25

Cooling1. Adhere to the cooling time (CT) on the barcode before moving the

connection2. Cooling time prior to testing or operation pressure is indicated in the

tables of the FRIALEN assembly manual

9.2.4 Hot gas welding

Description- Type of weldingHot gas welding is divided into:

- hand welding- speed weldingextrusion welding

The fundamentals for individual extrusion welding techniques are provi-ded in the guidelines of DVS 2207 Sections 2, 4 and 5. The application ofhot gas welding requires special knowledge and skills from the welder.The requirements are contained in DVS 2212 Section 1.

- Functional principlesIn hot gas welding, the welding surface and filler are turned into a plasticstate by hot air and welded to each other under pressure.The heating of the air occurs in the welding tool. It must be absolutelycertain that the hot air is free of moisture, dust and oil. Hot gas weldingtechniques will be described in more detail below.

1. Hand weldingIn hot gas hand welding, the hot air is usually supplied to the elements tobe welded through a round nozzle. The filler material must be appropri-ate for the welding substrate. Mostly, the filler material used is in theform of a rod with a diameter of 3-4 mm. For welding, the rod is placedin the seam at an angle slightly off perpendicular. With a light fanningmotion, the round nozzle is pointed at the seam so that the hot airstream simultaneously heats both the rod and the substrate. By pressingdown perpendicularly on the rod, the filler is pushed along the weldingseam and, in this way, heated in the lower, curved area. A wave formsahead of the welding thread and weld beads on both sides of the seam(figure 9.27).

Figure 9.27 Hot gas hand welding

2. Speed weldingIn hot gas speed welding, the welding rod is fed through a speed-welding nozzle, heated by the hot air and pressed into the weld joint bya beaked-form tip at the bottom of the nozzle (figure 9.28).The forward movement of the nozzle is, as a rule, strong enough to drawthe welding rod through the nozzle. The welding speed of speed weldingis 3-4 times faster than that of hand welding. In contrast to hand wel-ding, this welding procedure can evenly apply the required welding pres-sure. Speed welding cannot, however, be used in positions that aredifficult to access.

1 Welding rod2 Force3 Hot air4 Round nozzle5 Welding tool6 Fanning motion7 Welding direction8 Wave9 Weld bead10 Welding seam

Figure 9.26

209

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Figure 9.28 Speed welding

3. Extrusion weldingExtrusion welding is a partially mechanised hot-gas welding technique,primarily used to join thick-walled components. There are four variants ofextrusion welding that are used. The data about hot-gas extrusion wel-ding can be found in the guidelines contained in DVS 2207 Sections 4and 5, as well as in DVS 2209 Sections 1 and 2.

Figure 9.29 Varieties of hot gas extrusion welding

The principle machinery used in all the different variants of extrusion wel-ding is the same.

The welding equipment consists of:- Plasticising unit (extruder) for preparing the weld filler- Heating using (hot gas tool) to heat the welding surfaces- Tool to apply the required welding pressure in the form of a welding

shoe or pressure tool (figure 9.30)

Figure 9.30 Welding shoe and pressure mechanism

The form of the welding tool or pressure tool depends on the procedureand weld shape. Welding shoes are most made of PTFE (Polytetrafluo-rethylene). Hot air nozzles must be constructed in such a manner that the air isevenly distributed to the nozzle outlet and the temperature largelyremains constant.The commonest type is the hand extruder, which is constructed by designto have little weight and can therefore be operated by hand with relativeease. The extruder is made in both semi-automatic and fully automaticmodels. Extrusion welding enable various weld shapes to be made (e.g. Vseam, double V seam, fillet weld). In a continuous process, the extruderdeposits molten material (extrudate) in the weld joint, which is heated bythe hot gas. The extrudate is placed in the joint by means of the weldshoe and pressed with the required welding force, causing a homogene-ous weld to be made with the substrate surface, which has been plasti-cised by the hot gas. Very large joints require extrudate to be applied in several runs. Weldingwith the extruder requires trained and experienced professionals, as theproper advancing speed together with the necessary pressure have alarge influence on the quality of the weld. Table 9.6 shows the weldingparameters (standard values) for the individual hot-gas extrusion variants.

1 Welding rod2 Hot air3 Welding tool4 Welding direction5 Weld bead6 Welding seam7 Force8 Speed welding nozzle

Method Variant Material thickness (for single-run welding) (mm)

Temperature of molten mass (°C)

Temperature of hot air (°C)

Air flow rate(l/min)

Weld filler flow rate (kg/h)

continuousprocedure

Variant llVariant lll

Variant V

0...150...15

15...300...15

200...230200...230200...230

250...300250...250250...300

> 300> 300> 400

0...20...40...6

discontinuous procedure Variant l 0... 5 200...230 250...300 > 300 0...4

Table 9.6 Welding parameters for hot-gas extrusion welding

Varieties of hot gas extrusion welding

Variant IIContinuous procedure with hand

tool(screw)

Variant IDisconti-

nuousprocedure

withtransfer of the filler to

thepreheated

joint

Variant VContinuous procedure with hand

tool(plunger)

Variant IIIContinuous procedure with filler

transfer hose between

extruder and weld head

Welding show

1 Extrudate feed2 Recess3 Nose4 Contact surfaces5 Pressure mechanism / sliding surface

MaterialShort symbol

Type of welding Welding force (N) Round Ø 3 mm

Welding rodRound Ø 4 mm

Hot air temperature(°C)

Air quantity(l/min)

PE Hand welding 6-10 15-20 300-350 40-60PE Speed welding 10-16 25-35 300-350 40-60

Table 9.5 Welding parameters: standard values for hand and speed welding

Pressure mechanism

Welding polyolefins


Notes to table 9.6:1 If thicker components have to be welded, several welding runs are

made.2 The temperature of the molten mass is measured with a probe

thermometer in the extrudate feed.3 The hot-air temperature is measure between the nozzle outlet and

5 mm in the nozzle.4 Air flow means here cold air at 20°C and one atmosphere in

operation-ready state. In the case of air supply from compressed airnetworks, air pressure can be measured behind the air flow rate metreand by considering pressure and air flow conversion. No oil or greasemay be included in the air.

- Areas of applicationThe described extrusion welding techniques are predominantly used in:

- Machine construction (shaft and tank manufacture).- Pipe construction (welding of casing pipes). The use to weld casing

pipes is, however, rather infrequent.

Extrusion weld process - PreparationTo ensure weld quality, the preparation, as in all of the above weldingprocedures, must be carefully done.In preparing the weld, the following list of points should therefore beattended to:- The welding surfaces and the adjacent border zones must be

mechanically prepared before welding. There are mechanical pre-process tools that are suitable for this purpose, such as scrapers andgraters. Parts affected by atmospheric and chemical influences mustbe treated prior to welding right back to the unaffected zone.

- Care therefore needs to be taken that, during a welding processperformed in the open, no weather conditions (e.g. wind, rain) mayaffect effectiveness. When ambient temperatures are under +5°C, thewelding site must be protected (e.g. by a heated tent). Thetemperature variation in the immediate vicinity should be no morethan 10°C throughout the duration of the welding process.

- The welding zone must be dust, oil and grease free.- The functionality of machines and equipment are to be tested prior to

welding. At such time, the appropriate welding parameters are to beset and the standard values to be verified against the actual values.The results are to be documented in a test record.

- Weld shapesThe shapes of the weld correspond to the conventional and well-knownforms used in metalwork (e.g. filet weld, V seam, double V seam). Wel-ding forms are described in the technical bulletins DVS 2205 Sections 3and 5. Standard values for the welding parameters are listed in the tech-nical bulletin DVS 2205 Section 3. Except from DVS 2207 Section 3 onthe welding seam structure in hot gas welding.

Figure 9.31 Extrusion welding (Variant III)

9.3 Test procedures for evaluating welds

Completed components are, as a rule, only tested by non-destructive testprocedures. Destructive test methods are employed in cases involvingdamage claims or in the development of new materials and manufactu-ring procedures.

Figure 9.32 Test procedures used for plastic

The most frequently used test in plastic pipe construction is the visualinspection. This involves a purely external visual evaluation of semi-manufactured products, components and welds. The visual inspection of butt-welds can be performed without specialtools if the tester has the appropriate knowledge and experience.The possibility of visual evaluation of electrofusions is limited. The checkstherefore concentrate more on weld preparation and the implementedwelding parameters.

9.3.1 Visual inspection of butt-weldsButt-welds are primarily visually inspected. The bead must be of uniform shape. The welding area must be free oftears, contamination or other damages. The dimensions of the beadmust mach table 9.3.The bead form is an indication of careful performance of the weldingprocess. Both beads must be of the same form and size.Differences between the beads can be caused by differences in the flowbehaviour of the welding surfaces joined together. The weld can still befunctionally sound. Figure 9.33 shows a good weld with identical beads.

Material thickness (mm) Welding rod x diameter

V seam 2345

1x43x31x3+2x46x3

Double V seam

456810

2 (1x4)2 (3x3)2 (3x3)2 (1x3+2x4)2 (6x3)

Table 9.7 Weld shape as a function of material thickness with a cone angle of 60°C

1 Extruder2 Heated hose3 Air hose4 Hot gas unit5 Welding shoe

Test procedures

Non-destructive-freetesting procedure

Destructive testingprocedures

Ultrasonic test Tensile test

X-ray test Impact tensile test

Spark induction test Creep tensile test

Technological flexualtest

1 2 3

4

5

211

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Figure 9.33 Butt-weld with identical welding beads (good)

Misalignment of the two ends can have various causes. Uneven narro-wing of one of the ends or ovality are two of the possibilities. As long asthe difference is smaller that 10% of the pipe / fitting wall thickness, theweld can be regarded as "acceptable" (see figure 9.34).

Figure 9.34 Butt-welding with acceptable wall misalignment

Too high heat or too strong pressure causes the beads to be too large.Figure 9.35 shows that the uniformity of the two beads makes this weldstill "acceptable".

Figure 9.35 Butt-weld with welding beads that are too large but still acceptable.

Figure 9.36 represents a weld with beads that are too small, suggestingthat the heating was too low and/or pressure too weak. In thick walledpipes, undersized beads are often associated with the formation of shrink-age cavities. These sorts of welds must be deemed "unacceptable".

Figure 9.36 Unacceptable butt-weld

Figure 9.37 provides a cross-sectional view of a good weld. The bead isround, notch-free and with a misalignment of max. 0.1 e. Bead size "K"must be at least equal to wall thickness e.

Figure 9.37 Cross-section of a good weld

9.3.2 Visual inspection of electrofusion jointsAn indication of weld quality based on the bead form in butt-welding cannotbe similarly obtained in electrofusion. Any opportunity to test the plastici-sation and associated weld between electrofusion sleeve and the corres-ponding components to be welded can only occur on the basis of thechanged indicators found on the coupling. If they do not provide any clearview of the quality of the weld and if the joint is not to be destroyed, one ofthe non-destructive testing procedures must be employed (e.g. ultrasound,X-rays). These are generally expensive and to inaccurate for evaluating theweld quality. In visually inspecting the weld, it must be absolutely certain thatthere are no discernible visible traces (e.g. scratches, tarnished surfaces, sco-ring in the immediate area of the coupling) relating to the mechanical pro-cedures required for faultless weld quality.

The following description about evaluating electrofusions is a copy fromNIL weld practice guideline VM102:

An electrofusion weld is of good quality when the weld has sufficientmechanical strength over the long term, and the welding zone is homoge-neous and free of cracks, contaminants and holes. In addition, verificationmust be made of the correct welding and cooling times used in the process.For proper quality control, it is also necessary to make a few trial welds priorto the production welding. These are performed under controlled work-site conditions using the applicable type of material and accurately obser-ving the welding conditions (welding and cooling times). A few of thesewelds are to be subjected to destructive analysis:- on the basis of a tensile test- on the basis of a detachment test

The test welds can be further used as reference material for visual inspecti-ons of the actual welds.

All joints welded with deviant parameters or in which the welding does notmeet stated requirements concerning their execution are to be removed.

�

�

�

�

Welding polyolefins


Visual inspectionApart from the sample destructive testing, an accurate visual inspection isof crucial importance, together with the establishment of welding parame-ters. The appearance of the actual welds must be scrupulously examinedand compared to the reference welds. No large deviations from the refe-rence welds may occur.

No scratches, impurities or other damage may appear in the welding zone.

Attention also has to be paid to:- proper insertion depth of the pipe in the fitting.- alignment of the various components in the pipe system.- deviation from the straight position of the pipe in the coupling.

No more that 1 mm deviation may be measured over a distance of 300 mm from the socket (angle of deviation < 0.2°).

- resistance coil is imperceptible.- regular filling of the original gap between coupling and pipe.- heat damage.- bonding flaws due to bent pipes or insufficient shape-retention of

saddles.- the ovality of the pipe in the coupling. After welding, this may not be

more that 1.5% of the average outside diameter of the pipe, with amaximum of 1.5 mm.

- the presence of welding indicators, if any.

Figure 9.38

Figure 9.39

9.3.3 Testing joints produced by hot gas weldingUltrasonic and spark induction tests are two non-destructive testing pro-cedures that have proven use for machine construction in which hot gasextrusion welding is predominantly used. However, a simple visualinspection of the weld is often helpful in many cases. Relatively accuraterecognition and location of flaws inside of a welded joint requires testingby means of ultrasound. These days, there are appropriately constructedsenders and receivers for individual weld forms with which an experi-enced ultrasonic tester can recognise and properly interpret the smallestdefect in the weld. Well-trained personnel having appropriate experiencewith this test method are, however, an absolute necessity, which makesthe costs of such a test significantly high. In contrast, the spark inductiontest is substantially less expensive and simple to perform.

OvalityAngle deviation

300

pipeFitting

Heat damage Insufficient retention of shape

x

x x

x

Insufficient retention of shape


Bent or coiling pip

PipeFitting

PipeFitting

OvalityPoor weld preparation

Insufficient insertionImproper clamping

Inadequate fusionIrregular shape of pipeor coupling

AxialRadial

Shifted resistance coil

A A

Contamination

Cross section A-A


213

Welding polyolefins

Welding polyolefins

9.4 Chapter summary

PE welding Welding is for plastic pipe systems and equipment construction a common jointing technique. PE pipe systems are prominently jointed by butt-welding and electrofusion methode.

Butt-welding equipment The principle pieces of butt-welding equipment are: plane (in pipe construction machines), hot plate, clamping tool and hydraulic unit. Construction site (portable, e.g. trench welding machines) and workshop machinery (stationary welding machines) may be used. Construction-site machines are increasingly being converted to CNC controlled machines (fully automatic), which enable the construction-site operation to ensure reproducibility of welding joints and the automatic production of reports.

Bead formation in butt-welding Visual inspection of the form in which the bead is created can provide an indication of weld quality. However, such evaluation requires sound, appropriate, practical and theoretical expertise about the welding process.

Electrofusion Electrofusion is a practice also known as electric "sleeve" or "saddle" welding. The joining of the welding mates is effected by an electrofusion coupling on the inside of which an integrated heating coil (electrical resistance coil) is charged with current during the welding process and is heated as a result of its electrical resistance. As a conse-quence, the surfaces of both the coupling and the pipe or fitting (i.e. the contact areas) are plastcised. The process creates a homogeneous joint between electrofusion coupling and pipe/fitting.

Hot gas welding techniques Hot gas welding is distinguished into hand welding, speed welding and extrusion welding. The plasticisation of the welding zones occurs by heating the welding surfaces (and filler material) with hot air. For this purpose, hot air is forced through a nozzle shaped specifically to sufficiently heat and plasticise the joint surfaces.

Hand welding The welding tool in which the appropriate nozzle is mounted (in most cases a round nozzle) is moved in a fanning motion over the surfaces to be welded. In this way, the substrate and welding filler are heated until the material in the welding zone is placticised. The filler (mostly in the form of a rod) is perpendicularly pressed by hand into the welding zone. The necessary welding or joining pressure is applied by pushing down the welding rod by hand during the welding process. Appropriate welder skills and abilities are therefore required.

Speed welding The heating of the substrate and filler occurs by means of the beak-shaped tip at the lower end of the speed-wel-ding nozzle. The necessary welding pressure is applied by this nozzle.

Extrusion welding Four different variants of extrusion welding are used. The individual variants are different in terms of material supply, type of welding equipment (e.g. hand extruder) and pressure tool (e.g. plunger, welding shoe). An extrusion wel-ding extruder generally has the following elements: plasticising unit, hot gas tool and device for applying the required welding pressure.

Welding shoe / pressure tool A welding shoe or pressure tool has an effect on the appearance, formal possibilities and quality of the weld. This equipment is manufactured and adjusted in accordance with the desired seam width and form. The welding shoe has the function of evenly distributing the molten material produced in extrusion into the joint and applying the appropriate welding pressure.

Tools used in extrusion welding Work performed in extrusion welding makes use of a hand or stationary extruder with swivel head and transfer hose.

Weld preparation Weld preparation is extremely important in all welding procedures. It has a significant effect on the quality of the weld and should therefore be undertaken with utmost care.

Testing welds A distinction is made between destructive and non-destructive tests. Destructive test methods are chiefly used to evaluate cases involving damage claims.

Evaluating welded joints Visual inspection is a non-destructive method of evaluating welds frequently employed in practice. This evaluation is primarily concerned with appearance (e.g. welding bead of butt-welding). It is however a type of assessment requi-ring theoretical and practical knowledge, as well as appropriate tester experience. If more accurate indications of weld quality are needed, then a more expensive non-destructive (e.g. ultrasonic or X-ray test) or destructive testing method has to be adopted.

Welding polyolefins


215

Quality

Quality

10 Quality

10.1 Production quality

The Management System of FIP S.p.A. has been approved:- ISO 9001 for the Quality Management System- ISO 14001 for the Environmental Management SystemThis concerns the development, manufacturing, marketing and supply ofplastic pipe systems.

PE100 pressure fittings are manufactured generally in accordance withthe following standards:

PE100 pressure fittings are subjected to the following mechanical pro-duct tests:- Hydraulic test 20°C/100h EN921- Hydraulic test 80°C/165h EN921- Hydraulic test 80°C/1000h EN921- Decohesive resistance test A ISO13954/ISO13955, for electrofusion

fittings- Decohesive resistance test B ISO13956, for electrofusion saddles- Tensile strength ISO13953, for butt-fusion- Impact resistance test EN1716, for electrofusion saddles- Pressure drop test EN12117, for electrofusion saddles

10.2 Quality inspection during work-site assembly

Quality inspections during assembly are key to the manufacture of a reli-able pipe system. Assembly has to be performed according the appicablestandards and guidelines and the user needs to exercise constant careregarding quality assurance issues.Instructions for quality-assurance measures during assembly work:- Prior to assembly, check pipes and pipe components for flawless

appearance and workmanship.- Make sure that fittings and especially flange connections are

incorporated in a stress-free manner.- Check the brackets to ensure that linear or point loads cannot occur.- Examine the construction of the brackets and fixed points. Are they

stable or somewhat undersized?- Have inappropriate compulsory guides for the pipe replaced.- Can the pipe system expand without hindrance? If so, are the fixed

points, sliding brackets and guide brackets (sliding and guide saddles)placed in the right locations?

- Is the movement of the pipe so large that it can easily begin to swing?In such case, additional guide brackets (guide saddles) are to beincorporated.

- Has care been taken to ensure that connections to pumps and tanksare elastic enough to enable longitudinal and transverse movementwithout large reaction forces?

- Place high value on strict adherence to welding regulations and have arecord made of each seam.

The preceding abstract should encourage critical monitoring and correctionof assembly work.

10.3 Leak test prior to initial use

Prior to initial use, pipe systems must be tested for strength and leak-tightness in order to demonstrate that they are leak-proof and suffi-ciently robust to withstand the mechanical load.

The goal of the pressure test is to subject the completely installed pipesystem to loading above the operation load and therefore to perform anempirical demonstration of its reliability. Any existing leakage in flangeconnections can be promptly remedied and the effects of expansion pro-cesses under internal pressure and temperature changes observed.However, small defects in the pipe system may remain undetected. Onlyin the rarest cases do these result in failure of the pipe system in the ope-rating state. As a result, the pressure test is a means of verifying the over-all quality-control concept.

Leak test according to DIN 4279-1DIN 4279-1 part 1 "Leak test of pressure pipe systems for water" containsguidelines for accomplishing the leak test. In DVS 2210-1 complementaryguidelines for aboveground pressure systems are described. After running the pressure test, the characteristics of plastic pipes resultin an increase in the pipe's internal volume. At the same time, filling thepipe system with cold water causes, in most cases, a temperature changein the pipe wall. For instance, a temperature change in the pipe wall of10°C during the pressure test will lead to a pressure decrease of 0.5 to 1bar, even though the pipe network is absolutely sealed. This behaviour istaken into account by dividing the pressure test into two parts.

1. Pre-test stageThe pre-test is intended to eliminate volume change in order to enable aclear conclusion about the leak-tightness of the system to be drawn inthe main test.

2. Main test stageEven during the main test, consideration needs to be given to the factthat expansion processes are continuing, if only to a limited degree. To becertain, it is recommended not to begin the main test for 2 hours afterterminating the pre-test.

Short term testPipes up to DN 50 and a total length of 100 m can be subjected to ashort-term test. The short-term test represents a special case, as it is notvery efficient in exposing deficiencies in the pipe system.

Standard Title

EN 12201:2003 Plastics piping systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE)Part 3: Fittings

EN 1555:2002 Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)Part 3: Fittings

EN 13244:2003 Plastics piping systems for buried and aboveground pressure systems for water for general purposes, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE)Part 3: Fittings

DIN 16963 Pipe joints and components of Polyethylene (PE) for pipes under pressure

ISO 15494:2003 Plastics piping systems for Industrial applications-Polybutene (PB) Polyethylene (PE) Polypropylene (PP)

Table 10.1

Quality

216 Quality

PE pipe systems Pre test Main test Short term test

Test pressure (*) 1,5 * PN max (PN + 5) bar 1,3 * PN max (PN + 3) bar 1,5 * PNLength of the test min. 3 hours for pipe systems without

branches with a total length < 100 m

min. 6 hours for pipe systems with branches with a total length > 100 m

min. 3 hours for pipe systems without branches with a total length < 100 m


min. 1 hours for pipe systems withoutbranches with a total length < 100 m


Check during test Every hour with recovery of test pres-sure

Every 1.5 hour with recovery of test pressure

Every hour with recovery of test pressure

Material specificpressure drop (direction)

< 0,8 bar / h < 0,3 bar / h < 0,8 bar / h

Direction for test Normal Normal Exceptional case (approval of client required)

Table 10.2 Recommended test for installed pressure pipe systems

(*) The test pressure depends on the maximum operating pressure for the pipe series (SDR). Thetest pressure has to be selected in a way no damage will be caused to the pipe system. Also thereduced pressure load of fittings has to be taken into account. During the test connections haveto be accessible. Complementary details can be found in DIN 4279 Part 1.


General quality controls In connection with general quality controls, relevant tests should be run to ensure the quality and functionality of the employed fittings as well as the factory-made or on-site manufactured pipe systems. Such tests are best served by non-des-tructive test procedures.

Pressure test The pressure test is only used for pressure pipe systems. It verifies both internal pressure stability and the leak-tightness of the system. Pressure tests consist of two test stages: the pre-test and the main test. In exceptional cases, a short-term test can be urn on pipe systems in which de < 50 mm and pipe length is a max. 100 m.

APPENDICES

218

219

Appendix A - General Diagrams

Appendix A


A-1 Reference stress for PE100N

ote:

Th

e re

fere

nce

stre

ss

repr

esen

ts

the

mec

hani

cal

stre

ngth

of

pl

astic

pi

pes.

The

refe

renc

e st

ress

is u

sed

to c

alcu

late

mec

hani

cal

stre

ngth

usi

ng t

he e

quat

i-on

s sh

own

in s

ectio

ns 7

.2.4

to

7.2.

9.

Sour

ce: D

VS

2205

-1

Serv

ice

life

t LD

Reference stress �ref (N/mm2)


220 Appendix A

A-2 Creep modulus for PE100

Not

e:

The

cree

p m

odul

us

prov

ides

in

form

atio

nab

out

the

elas

ticity

of

pl

astic

pi

pes.

Th

eC

reep

mod

ulus

is u

sed

to p

erfo

rm t

he s

tabi

-lit

y te

sts

and

calc

ulat

ions

sho

wn

in s

ectio

ns7.

2.11

to

7.2.

13.

Sour

ce: P

ipe

mat

eria

l man

ufac

ture

r

(*) C

reep

mod

ulus

Ecr

=sh

ort-

term

mod

ulus

for

t =

100

min

Cre

ep m

od

ulu

s E c

r (*

)ºC

(N/m

m2 )

< 1

011

0020

800

3055

040

390

5027

060

190

Serv

ice

life

t LD

Creep modulus Ecr (N/mm2)

221


Appendix A

A-3 Friction values for plastic pipes (according to Moody)

Reyn

olds

num

ber

Re

Pipe friction factor

Lam

inar

flo

wTu

rbul

ent

flow


222 Appendix A

a=

Pipe

bed

ding

(Pip

e zo

ne)

100

mm

in c

ase

of n

orm

algr

ound

prop

ortio

ns15

0 m

m in

cas

e of

sto

ne o

r st

ony

grou

ndb

=Pi

pe z

one

with

cov

er h

eigh

t H

cc

=Tr

ench

fill

ing

with

a c

over

hei

ght

abov

epi

pe z

one

of m

in 8

00 m

m

(

ston

e fr

ee s

and,

com

pact

ed)

Are

a of

val

idity

:Pi

pes

with

SD

R 33

/ PN

5

Tren

ch w

idth

Tren

ch f

illin

gw

ith c

ompa

ctab

le g

roun

d

Cov

er a

ngle

> 9

0o

Cover height h

A-4 Acceptable load of underground pipes of PE100 (SDR 33): Proctor density Dpr = 90%, gradient angle ß = 60º

Cover height h (mm)

Tem

pera

ture

of

the

pipe

wal

l Tw

(o C)

Hc

223


Appendix A

Are

a of

val

idity

:Pi

pes

with

SD

R 33

/ PN

5

Cover height h (mm)

Tem

pera

ture

of

the

pipe

wal

l Tw

(o C)


a=

Pipe

bed

ding

(Pip

e zo

ne)

100

mm

in c

ase

of n

orm

algr

ound

prop

ortio

ns15

0 m

m in

cas

e of

sto

ne o

r st

ony

grou

ndb

=Pi

pe z

one

with

cov

er h

eigh

t H

cc

=Tr

ench

fill

ing

with

a c

over

hei

ght

abov

epi

pe z

one

of m

in 8

00 m

m

(

ston

e fr

ee s

and,

com

pact

ed)

Tren

ch w

idth

Cov

er a

ngle

> 9

0o

Cover height h

Hc

Tren

ch f

illin

gw

ith c

ompa

ctab

le g

roun

d


224 Appendix A

Are

a of

val

idity

Pipe

s w

ith S

DR

33 /

PN 5

Tren

ch w

idth

Tren

ch fi

lling

with

com

pact

able

gro

und

Cov

er a

ngle

> 9

0o

Cover height h


Cover height h (mm)

Tem

pera

ture

of

the

pipe

wal

l Tw

(o C)

a=

Pipe

bed

ding

(Pip

e zo

ne)

100

mm

in c

ase

of n

orm

algr

ound

prop

ortio

ns15

0 m

m in

cas

e of

sto

ne o

r st

ony

grou

ndb

=Pi

pe z

one

with

cov

er h

eigh

t H

cc

=Tr

ench

fill

ing

with

a c

over

hei

ght

abov

epi

pe z

one

of m

in 8

00 m

m

(

ston

e fr

ee s

and,

com

pact

ed)

Hc

225


Appendix A


Are

a of

val

idity

Pipe

s w

ith S

DR

33 /

PN 5

Tren

ch w

idth

Tren

ch fi

lling

with

com

pact

able

gro

und

Cov

er a

ngle

> 9

0o

Cover height h

Cover height h (mm)

Tem

pera

ture

of

the

pipe

wal

l Tw

(o C)

a=

Pipe

bed

ding

(Pip

e zo

ne)

100

mm

in c

ase

of n

orm

algr

ound

prop

ortio

ns15

0 m

m in

cas

e of

sto

ne o

r st

ony

grou

ndb

=Pi

pe z

one

with

cov

er h

eigh

t H

cc

=Tr

ench

fill

ing

with

a c

over

hei

ght

abov

epi

pe z

one

of m

in 8

00 m

m

(

ston

e fr

ee s

and,

com

pact

ed)

Hc


226 Appendix A

A-8 Acceptable load distances for sliding brackets

Wall distance WD (mm)

Acc

epta

ble

load

dis

tanc

e L B

(m)

Acc

LB

< a

cc L

D

Plug

M8

Brac

ket

with

ligh

t en

d pl

ate

WD

B D =

WD +

(de/

2)

BD

227


Appendix A



Acc

epta

ble

load

dis

tanc

e L B

(m)

Acc

LB

Plug

M8

Brac

ket

with

ligh

t en

d pl

ate

WD

B D =

WD +

(de/

2)

< a

cc L

D

BD


228 Appendix A



Acc

epta

ble

load

dis

tanc

e L B

(m)

Acc

LB

< a

cc L

D

Plug

M8

Brac

ket

with

ligh

t en

d pl

ate

WD

B D =

WD +

(de/

2)

BD

229


Appendix A



Plug

M10

Acc

epta

ble

load

dis

tanc

e L B

(m)

Brac

ket

with

hea

vy e

nd p

late

and

conn

ectio

n w

ith 4

x f

aste

ner

Acc

LB

< a

cc L

D

B D =

WD +

(d

e/2)

WDB

D


230 Appendix A

B D =

WD +

(d

e/2)



Acc

epta

ble

load

dis

tanc

e L B

(m)

Plug

M10

Brac

ket

with

hea

vy e

nd p

late

and

conn

ectio

n w

ith 4

x f

aste

ner

Acc

LB

< a

cc L

D

WDB

D

231


Appendix A



Acc

epta

ble

load

dis

tanc

e L B

(m)

Plug

M10

Brac

ket

with

hea

vy e

nd p

late

and

conn

ectio

n w

ith 4

x f

aste

ner

Acc

LB

< a

cc L

D B D =

WD +

(de/

2)

WDB

D


232 Appendix A

A-14 Acceptable load distances for fixed-point brackets

Bracket distance BD (mm)

Acc

epta

ble

F B

Plug

M8

Brac

ket

with

ligh

t en

d pl

ate

F B

F B

BD

233


Appendix A

A-15 Acceptable load distances for fixed-point brackets

Bracket distance BD (mm)

Acc

epta

ble

F B

Plug

M10

Brac

ket

with

ligh

t en

d pl

ate

F B

F B

BD


234 Appendix A

A-16 Flow nomogram for pressure PE100 pipe system in the SDRseries 17 and 11

Table A16b and A16c indicate the range of applications (flow rate limits:minimum and maximum flow rate for individual pipe diameters) withinwhich certain pipes of the PE100: SDR series 17 and 11 can be used (accor-ding to the pressure loss tables for PVC-U, PE-HD and PE-LD pressure pipesfrom the German Plastic Pipe Association). The areas of validity for the listed flow-rate values correspond to tap waterpipes as specified in DVGW W 302 with a flow-medium temperature(water) of 10°C. These values are used in the calculation because they usu-ally form the basis of a tap water system. For deviating operating tempera-tures, the read values for pressure loss at a corresponding flow-rate amountare to be multiplied by the correction factor from table A16a. Intermediaryvalues are to be interpolated or read directly from the pressure loss tablesfrom KRV. The use of the flow nomogram (diagram A16) is illustrated by asmall application example in the diagram. The broken lines indicate theupper and lower limits of the respective pipe dimensions. Given the pipedimensions 110 x 10 mm (SDR 11), the corresponding values are read fromthe flow nomogram. To clarify the application limits of our example, theupper and lower boundaries of the flow capacity are shown as broken lines.

For instance, the selected pipe dimension de = 110x10 mm, inside diameterds = 90 mm and flow-rate volume (V) = 5 l/s produces a flow velocity (w) 0,8 m/s and a pressure loss (�p) of 0,7 bar/100 m.

Table A16a Correction factors for the determination of pressure loss with corresponding pipe dimensions

.

~~~~

Operating temperature (TO)(°C)

Correction factor( - )

0 1.0710 1.0020 0.9630 0.9240 0.8950 0.8760 0.85

Exact values see: DVGW Process Sheet W 302 Pressure tables from the RKV

Insidediameterplastic pipe

Water amount Flow velocity Pressure loss per 100 mplastic pipe

Minimum value

Maximum value

Subject to changes

.

Sample reading

Diagram A16

235


Appendix A

Table A16b Replacement ranges of SDR 17 pipes in terms of flow-rate capacity (min. and max. flow rate)

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i


236 Appendix A

Table A16c Replacement ranges of SDR 11 pipes in terms of flow-rate capacity (min. and max. flow rate)

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

237

Appendix B - Diagrams: Pressure pipe systems

Appendix B


B-1 Maximum operating pressure for PE100 pressure pipe systems

Maximum operating temperature (MOP) po (bar)

Ope

ratin

g te

mpe

ratu

re T

B (o C

)

P o =

inte

rval

ove

rpre

ssur

e

Are

a of

val

idity

:-

Serv

ice

life

t LD =

25a

-Fl

ow m

ediu

m: W

ater

and

oth

er f

low

med

ia w

ith A

2 =

1.0

-Pi

pes

with

con

nect

ions

acc

ordi

ng t

opr

actic

e

-Sa

fety

fac

tor

FS =

1.2

5

(val

id f

or t

he e

ntire

pip

e sy

stem

, co

nsis

ting

of p

ipe

and

mou

lded

f

ittin

gs)

SLJo

inin

g fa

ctor

fs

= 0

.8EL ML

Load

bou

ndar

y lin

e fo

r SD

R 11

/ PN

16

P o


238 Appendix B

B-2 Maximum operating pressure for pipes and fittings of PE100 / SF = 1.25

MO

P (b

ar)

MO

P (b

ar)

MO

P (b

ar)

Tw (°C)Tw (°C)

Tw (°C)

PE100/SDR 33

PE100/SDR 11

PE100/SDR 17

The indicated values do not apply to pipes exposed to UV radiation.Maximum operating pressures of <1 are not included in the tables.

1 = pipe, injection fittings, seamless bends and welded bends = 30°

2 = welded bends >30°- 90°, tees 90° welded

3 = welded 60° tees

4 = welded 45° tees

SF = safety factor 1.25tld = lifespan 25aMOP = internal pressureTw (°C) = pipe wall temperature

239


Appendix B

B-3 Thermal length change in PE100 pipe systems

Ther

mal

ly c

ondi

tione

d le

ngth

cha

nge �

l � (m

m)

Temperature difference �� (K)

Line

ar e

xpan

sion

coe

ffic

ient

for

PE1

00�� =

0.1

8 m

m /

(m K

)

�� =

Ave

rage

line

ar e

xpan

sion

coe

ffic

ient

Pipe

leng

th L

(m)


240 Appendix B

B-4 Acceptable support distance for water-filled PE100 pipes according to DVS guideline 2210 P1

Brac

ket

dist

ance

LD (m

m)

Operating temperature TB (°C)

Om

reke

ning

sfac

tore

n f 1

:

Are

a of

val

idity

:In

stal

latio

n te

mpe

ratu

reT M

= 2

0ºC

Life

span

t LD =

25

year

s

PE10

0SD

R 1

7SD

R 1

1PN

10

PN 1

60.

911.

00

Brac

ket

dist

ance

LD (m

m)

241


Appendix B

B-5 L-expansion bends

Expa

nsio

n be

nd le

ngth

LB2

(mm

)

System length total L1 (mm)

FP=

fix

ed p

oint

sG

B =

gui

de b

rack

etd e

=

pip

e ou

tsid

e di

amet

er

Mat

eria

l: PE

100

Are

a of

val

idity

:In

stal

latio

n te

mpe

ratu

re T

I = 2

0ºC

Ope

ratin

g te

mpe

ratu

re T

O =

up

to 3

0ºC

SDR

17/1

1

Tota

l L1

FPG

B

FP


242 Appendix B

B-6 L-expansion bends

Expa

nsio

n be

nd le

ngth

LB2

(mm

)


FP=

fix

ed p

oint

sG

B =

gui

de b

rack

etd e

=

pip

e ou

tsid

e di

amet

er

Mat

eria

l: PE

100

Are

a of

val

idity

:In

stal

latio

n te

mpe

ratu

re T

I=

20º

CO

pera

ting

tem

pera

ture

TO

= u

p to

30º

CSD

R 17

/11

Tota

l L1

FPG

B

FP

243


Appendix B

B-7 U-expansion bends

Expa

nsio

n be

nd le

ngth

LB2

(mm

)


FP=

fix

ed p

oint

sG

B =

gui

de b

rack

etd e

=

pip

e ou

tsid

e di

amet

er

Mat

eria

l: PE

100

Are

a of

val

idity

:In

stal

latio

n te

mpe

ratu

re T

H =

20º

CO

pera

ting

tem

pera

ture

TO

= 2

0 to

45º

C

Pip

e-d

eL u

d e 6

3>

330

d e 7

5>

350

d e 9

0>

380

d e 1

10>

440

d e 1

25>

500

d e 1

40>

500

d e 1

60>

560

d e 1

80>

720

d e 2

00>

800

d e 2

25>

900

d e 2

50>

100

0d e

280

> 1

120

d e 3

15>

126

0d e

355

> 1

420

d e 4

00>

160

0

GB

GB

Tota

l L1

GB

GB G

B


244 Appendix B

B-8 Z-extension bends

Expa

nsio

n be

nd le

ngth

LB2

(mm

)


Uni

filar

dia

gram

for

Z-e

xten

sion

ben

ds

FP =

fix

ed p

oint

GB

= g

uide

bra

cket

d e =

pip

e ou

tsid

e di

amet

er

Mat

eria

l: PE

100

Are

a of

val

idity

:In

stal

latio

n te

mpe

ratu

re T

I = 2

0ºC

Ope

ratin

g te

mpe

ratu

re T

O =

20

to 4

5ºC

Tota

l L0

GL

FPG

B

GB

GB

245


Appendix B

B-9 Forces at fixed points in axial constricted PE100 pipe systems

Expa

nsio

n be

nd le

ngth

TB

(mm

)

Load on fixed point FFP (kN)

Con

vers

ion

fact

or f

1:

Are

a of

val

idity

:In

stal

latio

n te

mpe

ratu

re T

H =

20º

CO

pera

ting

tem

pera

ture

TO

= 2

0 to

45º

C

PE10

0SD

R 1

7SD

R 1

1PN

10

PN 1

60.

651.

00


246 Appendix B

B-10 Bracket distances in axial constricted PE100 pipe systems

Brac

ket

dist

ance

s L B

(mm

)

Operating Temperature TO (ºC)

Con

vers

ion

fact

ors

f 1:

Are

a of

val

idity

:In

stal

latio

n te

mpe

ratu

re T

H=

15…

20ºC

Serv

ice

life

t LD

= 2

5 ye

ars

PE10

0SD

R 1

7SD

R 1

1PN

10

PN 6

0.95

1.00L A

247


Appendix B

B-11 External pressure load or underpressure load of PE100 pipe systems (SDR 17, SDR 11)

acce

ptab

le o

verp

ress

ure

p u

Operating temperature TO (ºC)

p ex

tota

l = p

u +

Hw

- �

w

Hw

acc

= p

ex -

pu

SDR

17

SDR

11SD

R 7,

4

acc

p ex

acc

p u

Load

lim

iting

line

for

SD

R 7,

4

p ex

=ex

tern

al p

ress

ure

p u=

inte

rnal

und

erpr

essu

rep u

max

=1

bar

Hw

=hi

gh w

ater

col

umn

(mW

s)=

wat

er c

olum

n in

met

res

For

appl

icat

ion

exam

ple,

see

cha

pter

6.4

.3.

Safe

ty f

acto

r (S

F) =

2 (

acco

rdin

g to

ATV

A12

7 F

= 2

-2.5

).Fo

r de

taile

d in

dica

tions

(ro

undn

ess,

loa

d on

brac

kets

and

ave

rage

load

), in

divi

dual

ana

ly-

sis

is r

ecom

men

ded

unde

r ce

rtai

n ci

rcum

s-ta

nces

. A

10 A

ccep

tabl

e lo

ad d

ista

nces

of

brac

kets

whe

n sy

stem

com

plet

ely

full.

po

pu

de

Hw


248 Appendix B

B-12 Primary times for butt-welding of PE100 pipes and fittings

Pipe wall thickness e (mm)

Tota

l PT

= t

AT

+ t

H +

t CO

N +

tJ +

tC

t AT

=tim

e un

til p

ipe

or f

ittin

gs li

e fu

ll fa

ceag

ains

t he

atin

g el

emen

t (a

dapt

ing

time)

. Dur

atio

n

t H

t H=

time

until

ful

l fac

e of

pip

e or

fitt

ing

of a

ppro

pria

te t

hick

ness

ispl

astic

ised

(hea

ting

time)

t CO

N=

time

until

rem

oval

of

heat

ing

elem

ent

and

brin

ging

tog

ethe

r of

wel

d su

rfac

es (c

onve

rsio

n tim

e)

t J +

tC=

time

for

the

appl

icat

ion

of t

he f

ull

join

ting

pres

sure

(joi

ntin

g tim

e) a

ndtim

e fo

r co

olin

g of

the

wel

d se

am t

oab

out

20ºC

(coo

ling

time)

For

deta

ils a

bout

wel

ding

, see

cha

pter

9.

heat

ing

time

t H

cool

ing

time

t C

conv

ersi

on t

ime

t CO

Njo

intin

g tim

e t J

~ ~

t Ct H

t Jt C

ON

249

Appendix C -Explanation of the applied formulas and abbreviations

Appendix C

Appendix C - Explanation of the applied formulasand abbreviations

C-1 Applied symbols and signs in formulas

Formula sign Entity Explanation

V (m3/h ; l/s) Flow volumeV’ (m3/h) Flow volume (flow rate)V” (l/s) Flow volume (flow rate)Va (m3/h ; l/s) Outgoing volume (at dividing or

uniting flows)Vd (m3/h ; l/s) Total continuous volume (at dividing

or uniting flows)Vs (m3/h ; l/s) Total flow volume (at dividing or

uniting flows)Vz (m3/h ; l/s) Incoming volume (at dividing or uni-

ting flows)A (mm2) Cross-sectional area of flow channela (m/s) Travelling speed of the pressure

surgesA0 (mm2) Initial cross-sectiona0 (m/s) Speed of soundA1 ( - ) Reduction factor for the influence of

the load periodA2 ( - ) Reduction factor for the influence of

the flow mediumA3 ( - ) Reduction factor for the influence of

the operating temperatureA4 ( - ) Reduction factor for the influence of

the specific resilience of the materialaF ( - ) Correction factor for road-traffic

loadsAk (mm2) Surface subject to pressureAR (mm2) Area of pipe annular surfaceC ( - ) Aggregate work factorde (mm) Outside diameter of the pipeDN (mm) Nominal diameter of the pipedi (mm) Inside diameter of the pipedw (m) Thickness of the partition wallE (N/mm2) E-moduluse (mm) Pipe wall thicknesse0 (mm) Minimum wall thicknesseu (mm) Wall thickness on the outside of the

bendEB3 (N/mm2) E-modulus from 3-point flexural testEB4 (N/mm2) E-modulus from 4-point flexural testEcR (N/mm2) Elastcity modulus (E-modulus; creep

modulus between 1 and 0.10 min); bending creep modulus

Ec (N/mm2) E modulus from the compressive testEF (N/mm2) E-modulus of the flow mediumei (mm) Wall thickness on the inside of the

bendEt (N/mm2) E modulus from the tensile testF (N) ForcefB (mm) DeflectionfBo ( - ) Factor for the outside of the bendfBi ( - ) Factor for the inside of the bendFFP (N) Force at fixed points in a firmly fas-

tened pipe stringFW (N) Weight forceFW (fill med) (N) Weight force (fill medium weight)FW (pipe) (N) Weight force (pipe weight)FW (Add load) (N) Weight force (additional load weight)

Fh (N) Axial force component (axial fixed-point force (FFP) or friction force (Fμ) as a result of a length change in the pipe string)

fl ( - ) Long-term welding factorFLB (N) Fixed-point load at (L, Z, U) bends ->

Fy c.q. Fx FQV (N) Transverse forceFR (N) Resulting force; resulting loadfs ( - ) Short-term welding factor (max. 1h)fst ( - ) Support factors for buried pipe sys-

temsFV (N) Vertical forcefacc (mm) Acceptable pipe deflectionFμ (N) Friction forceh (m) Height of the soil layer above the top

of the pipeBd (mm) Bracket distanceHmin (m) Minimun soil layer above the pipeHP (m) Delivery height (e.g. pump)Htr (mm) Depth of the trenchHsl (mm) Height of soil layerhW (m) Height of the water column above

the top of the pipehW acc (m) Acceptable height of the water

column above the top of the pipeJR (mm4 ; cm4) Moment of inertial for the pipek ( - ) Heat transition coefficient KS ( - ) Pressure surge sizel0 (mm) Initial lengthL1,2 (mm) System lengthsLA (m) Bracket distanceLA acc (m) Acceptable bracket distanceLvalves (m) Length of valvesLB (mm) Length of the expansion bendLE (m) Bracket distance for end piecesLF (mm) Bracket distanceLfittings (m) Length of fittingsLFR acc (m) Acceptable load distanceLtot (m) Total pipe lengthLK (mm) Critical buckling lengthLk acc (mm) Acceptable pipe length between two

bracketsLM (mm) Support distance for the middle of a

continuous pipeLpipe (m) Length of straight pipe components;

pipe length between valve mechanism or pump and reflection position (m)

M (Nm) Moment of torqueMb (Nm) Bending momentMRS ( - ) Minimum strengthpa (bar) External pressure, external overpres-

surepa tot (bar) Pressure difference between external

overpressure and internal underpres-sure

pa max (bar) Maximum external overpressurepabs (bar) Absolute pressurepatm (bar) Atmospheric pressurepop (bar) Soil stress (acc. to ATV A 127)pSoil (kN/m2) Pump pressure, operating pressurepE (kN/m2) External soil pressurepF (kN/m2) Soil stress due to traffic load (acc. to

ATV A 127)ptot (bar) Sum of individual pressure losses


.

.

.

.

.

.

.


250 Appendix C

pi (bar) Internal pressurepi max (bar) Maximum internal pressurepi min (bar) Minimum internal pressurepk (bar) Critical dent pressurepkr (bar) Critical underpressurePN (bar) Pressure rating, maximum operating

pressurepR (bar) Pressure loss in straight pipe sectionspRV (bar) Pressure loss in valvespRF (bar) Pressure loss in pipe fittingspRJ (bar) Pressure loss in pipe jointingspspec (bar) Specific welding pressurepsurge (bar) Pressure surgepu (bar) Internal underpressurepu max (bar) Maximum internal underpressurepv (kN/m2) Soil stress due to traffic load (acc. to

ATV A 127)pw (bar) External water pressurepw acc (bar) Acceptable external water pressureq (N/mm2) Weight of the filled pipe along with

any insulationR (mm) Bending radiusRe ( - ) Reynolds numberRm (mm) Average pipe radiusS ( - ) Load-dependent safety factorSDR ( - ) Standard dimension ratioSF ( - ) Safety factor = Aggregate pipe

coefficient “C”Ta (°C) Ambient temperatureTa max (°C) Highest ambient temperatureTa min (°C) Lowest ambient temperatureTop (°C) Operating temperatureTeR (°C) Outer pipe wall temperatureTi (°C) Flow medium temperatureTi max (°C) Highest flow-medium temperatureTi min (°C) Lowest flow-medium temperatureTcrit (°C) Critical operating temperaturetLD (°C) Calculated service lifeTm (°C) Average installation temperaturetR (s) Reflection timets (s) Closing time of the butterfly valve or

delay fo the pump stop command after failure

TsR (°C) Inner pipe wall temperatureTW (°C) Pipe wall temperatureTW max (°C) Maximum pipe wall temperatureTW min (°C) Minimum pipe wall temperaturevRF ( - ) Weakening factor of the fittingw, wo (m/s) Flow velocityw1 (m/s) Leak test at the reflection positionWD (mm) Distance to wallWB (cm3) Resistance moment of the pipeZ (m) LeverZs ( - ) Surge degradation factor�l (mm) Length change�lp (mm) Length change due to internal

pressure�l� (mm) Thermal length change�w (m/s) Velocity difference�� (K) Temperature difference

��max (K) Max. temperature difference�E ( º ) Angle of enlargement�w (W/m2K) Heat transfer coefficient�� (K-1 ; 1/K ;

mm/mK)Thermal linear expansion coefficient


��m (K-1 ; 1/K ; mm/mK)

Average thermal linear expansion coefficient

�� (K-1 ; 1/K ; mm/mK)

Cubic (spatial) expansion coefficientExpansion)

� ( - ) Expansion�1 ( - ) Expansion of 0.05%�2 ( - ) Expansion of 0.25%�F ( - ) Expansion threshold value��x, ��y ( - ) Expansion along the x and y axes of

stress in a multiaxial load�W (kN/m3) Specific weight of the fluid�B (kN/m3) Specific weight of the soil� ( - ) Correction factor ( - ) Shock factor for road-traffic loads (W/Km) Heat conductivityB ( - ) Bend factorR ( - ) Pipe friction numberμ ( - ) Transverse contraction numberμR ( - ) Fiction coefficient� (m2/s) Kinematic viscosity�F (kg/m3) Density of the flow medium�R (g/cm3) Density of the pipe material� (N/mm2) Stress�0 (N/mm2) Stress in straight pipe�1 (N/mm2) Normal stress at 0.05% expansion�2 (N/mm2) Normal stress at 0.25% expansion�a, �l (N/mm2) Axial stress�b (N/mm2) Flexural stress�B (N/mm2) Tensile strength�b acc (N/mm2) Acceptable flexural stress�D (N/mm2) Compressive stress�r (N/mm2) Radial stress�R (N/mm2) Breaking strength�res (N/mm2) Resulting stress�S (N/mm2) Yield stress�t (N/mm2) Tangential stress�u (N/mm2) Circumferential stress�v (N/mm2) Reference stress�x, �y, �z (N/mm2) Direction-dependent stress along the

x, y and z axes�Z (N/mm2) Tensile stresses�acc (N/mm2) Acceptable stress�� (N/mm2) Axial stress due to constricted thermal

expansion�� max (N/mm2) Maximum axial stress due to

constricted thermal expansion�A ( - ) Sum of the individual resistances of

valves, metering equipment, etc.�F ( - ) Sum of the individual resistances of

fittings and other components�RA ( - ) Resistance factors for pipe valves�RF ( - ) Resistance factors for pipe fittings�RV ( - ) Resistance factors for connections


251


Appendix C

C-2 Applied abbreviations

Abbreviation Explanation

ES Expansion socketBZ Load zoneDZ Expansion cushion, expansion zoneE Insertion depthEFC Electrofusion couplerGB Guide bracketFP Fixed pointFS Stack trandSB Sliding bracketGSV Seat valveSF Socket weldingHFP Fixed-point bracketsEF ElectrofusionBW Butt-weldingK Size of the beadFV Butterfly valveBV Ball valveMFI Melt Flow IndexMFR Melt Mass Flow RateMRS Minimum Required StrengthDF Diaphragm valveMVI Melt Volume IndexMVR Melt volume flow ratePE PolyethylenePE-HD High density polyethylenePP PolypropyleneRFP Pipe system fixed pointsCV Clapet valveCF Free flow clapet valveGV Gate valveISO-S Pipe seriesSB StrapSDR Standard Dimension RatioASV Angle Seat ValveTS SupportVS Residual deformationWE Warmgas Extrusion weldingWWWN Warmgas wire welding - normal nozzleWWWS Warmgas wire welding - speed nozzle


252 Appendix C

253

Appendix D - Conversion tables

Appendix D


D-1 Prefixes and their symbols

da = deca = 101 d = deci = 10-1

h = hecto = 102 c = centi = 10-2

k = kilo = 103 m = milli = 10-3

M = mega = 106 μ = micro = 10-6

G = giga = 109 n = nano = 10-9

T = tera = 1012 p = pico = 10-12

P = peta = 1015 f = femto = 10-15

E = exa = 1018 a = atto = 10-18

D-2 Basic variables and units in the international unit system (SI-units)

D-3 Units of length

D-4 Units of area

D-5 Units of volume

Basic variables Basic variables Basic unit Basic unit

Name Formal symbool Name UnitLength l Metre mMass m Kilogram kgTime t Second sElectrical current I Ampère AThermodynamic temperature T Kelvin KAmount of substance n Mole mol

m μm mm cm dm km

1 m 1 106 103 102 10 10-3

1 μm 10-6 1 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-9

1 mm 10-3 103 1 10-1 10-2 10-6

1 cm 10-2 104 10 1 10-1 10-5

1 dm 10-1 105 102 10 1 10-4

1 km 103 109 106 105 104 1

m2 μm2 mm2 cm2 dm2 km2

1 m2 1 1012 106 104 102 10-6

1 μm2 10-12 1 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-18

1 mm2 10-6 106 1 10-2 10-4 10-12

1 cm2 10-4 108 102 1 10-2 10-10

1 dm2 10-2 1010 104 102 1 10-8

1 km2 106 1018 1012 1010 108 1

m3 mm3 cm3 dm3 = 1 l = 1 Litre km3

1 m3 1 109 106 103 10-9

1 mm3 10-9 1 10-3 10-6 10-18

1 cm3 10-6 103 1 10-3 10-15

1 dm3 10-3 106 103 1 10-12

1 km3 109 1018 1015 1012 1


254 Appendix D

D-6 Units of mass

D-7 Units of time

D-8 Units of force (weight)

(1) 1 N = 1 kg . m/s2 = 1 Newton

D-9 Units of pressure

( 2 ) 1 Torr = 1 / 760 atm = 1,33322 mbar

kg mg g dt t = Mg

1 kg 1 106 103 10-2 10-3

1 mg 10-6 1 10-3 10-8 10-9

1 g 10-3 103 1 10-5 10-6

1 dt 102 108 105 1 10-1

1 t = 1 Mg 103 109 106 10 1

s ns μs ms min

1 s 1 109 106 103 16,66 . 10-3

1 ns 10-9 1 10-3 10-6 16,66 . 10-12

1 μs 10-6 103 1 10-3 16,66 . 10-9

1 ms 10-3 106 103 1 16,66 . 10-6

1 min 60 60 . 109 60 . 106 60 . 103 11 h 3600 3,6 . 1012 3,6 . 109 3,6 . 106 601 d 86,4 . 103 86,4 . 1012 86,4 . 109 86,4 . 106 1440

N(1) kN MN (kp)

1 N 1 10-3 10-6 0,1021 kN 103 1 10-3 0,102 . 103

1 MN 106 103 1 0,102 . 106

Pa N/mm2 bar (1 kp/cm2) (Torr)

1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 10-6 10-5 1,02 10-5 0,00751 N/mm2 106 1 10 10,2 7,5 . 10 31 bar 105 0,1 1 1,02 750(1 kp/cm2 = 1 at) 98100 9,81 . 10-2 0,981 1 736(Torr) ( 2 ) 133 0,133 . 10-3 1,33 . 10-3 1,36 . 10-3 1

255

Appendix E - Standards and guidelines

Appendix E


EN-ISO:

EN-ISO 62Plastics - Determination of water absorptionEN-ISO 75-1Plastics - Determination of temperature of deflection under load - Part 1:General test methodEN-ISO 75-2Plastics - Determination of temperature of deflection under load - Part 2:PlasticsEN-ISO 179Plastics - Determination of Charpy impact propertiesEN-ISO 180Plastics - Determination of Izod impact strengthEN-ISO 291Plastics - Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testingEN-ISO 527-1Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 1: General principlesEN-ISO 527-2Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 2: Test conditions formoulding and extrusion plasticsEN-ISO 868Plastics and ebonite - Determination of indentation hardness by means ofa durometer (Shore hardness)EN-ISO 899-1Plastics - Determination of creep behaviour - Part 1: Tensile creepEN-ISO 1133Plastics - Determination of melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and the meltvolume-flow rate (MVR) of thermoplasticsEN-ISO 2039-1Plastics - Determination of hardness - Part 1: Ball indentation methodEN-ISO 2039-2Plastics - Determination of hardness - Part 2: Rockwell hardnessEN-ISO 6259Thermoplastics pipes - Determination of tensile properties - Part 1: Gene-ral test method EN-ISO 6708Pipe components - Definition and selection of DN (nominal size)EN-ISO 12162Thermoplastics materials for pipes and fittings for pressure applications -Classification and designation - Overall service (design) coefficientEN-ISO 15494Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Polybutene (PB), poly-ethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) - Specifications for components andthe system - Metric series

EN:

EN 762Plastics pipes and ducting systems - Joints with elastomeric seals - Testmethod for retention of, and damage to, sealing rings EN 1042Plastics piping systems - Fusion joints between polyolefin pipes and/or fit-tings - Determination of resistance to internal pressure at constant tem-perature EN 1091Vacuum sewerage systems outside buildings EN 1092-2Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings andaccessories, PN designated - Part 2: Cast iron flangesEN 1514-1 Flanges and their joints - Dimensions of gaskets for PN-designated flan-ges - Part 1: Non-metallic flat gaskets with or without inserts

EN 1555-1Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)- Part 1: GeneralEN 1555-2Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)- Part 2: PipesEN 1555-3Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)- Part 3: FittingsEN 1555-4Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)- Part 4: ValvesEN 1555-5Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)- Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the systemEN 1555-6Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)- Part 6: Recommended practice for installationEN 1555-7Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)- Part 7: Guide for the assessment of conformity EN 1610Construction and testing of drains and sewers EN 1716Plastics piping systems - Polyethylene (PE) tapping tees - Test method forimpact resistance of an assembled tapping teeEN 1775Gas supply - Gas pipework for buildings - Maximum operating pressureless than or equal to 5 bar - Functional recommendations EN 12117Plastics piping systems - Fittings, valves and ancillaries - Determination ofgaseous flow rate/pressure drop relationshipsEN 921Plastics piping systems - Thermoplastics pipes - Determination of resis-tance to internal pressure at constant temperature EN 12201-1Plastics piping systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE) - Part 1: GeneralEN 12201-2Plastics piping systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE) - Part 2: PipesEN 12201-3Plastics piping systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE) - Part 3: FittingsEN 12201-4Plastics piping systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE) - Part 4: ValvesEN 12201-5Plastics piping systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE) - Part 5: Fit-ness for purpose of the systemEN 12201-6Plastics piping systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE) - Part 6:Recommended practice for installationEN 12201-7Plastics piping systems for water supply - Polyethylene (PE) - Part 7: Guidefor the assessment of conformityEN 12327Gas supply systems - Pressure testing, commissioning and decommissio-ning procedures - Functional requirementsEN 13501-1Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 1:Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests EN 13244-1Plastics piping systems for buried and above-ground pressure systems forwater for general purposes, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE) -Part 1: GeneralEN 13244-2Plastics piping systems for buried and above-ground pressure systems forwater for general purposes, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE) -Part 2: Pipes


256 Appendix E

EN 13244-3Plastics piping systems for buried and above-ground pressure systems forwater for general purposes, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE) -Part 3: FittingsEN 13244-4Plastics piping systems for buried and above-ground pressure systems forwater for general purposes, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE) -Part 4: ValvesEN 13244-5Plastics piping systems for buried and above-ground pressure systems forwater for general purposes, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE) -Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the systemEN 13244-6Plastics piping systems for buried and above-ground pressure systems forwater for general purposes, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE) -Part 6: Recommended practice for installationEN 13244-7Plastics piping systems for buried and above-ground pressure systems forwater for general purposes, drainage and sewerage - Polyethylene (PE) -Part 7: Guide for the assessment of conformityprEN 15014Pressure Drainage & Sewerage - Performance characteristics

ISO standards:

ISO 13953Polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings - Determination of the tensilestrength and failure mode of test pieces from a butt fused jointISO 13954Plastics pipes and fittings - Peel decohesion test for polyethylene (PE)electrofusion assemblies of nominal outside diameter greater than orequal to 90 mmISO 13955Plastics pipes and fittings - Crushing decohesion test for polyethylene (PE)electrofusion assemblies

DIN Standards:

DIN 1910-1 1983.07 (en)Schweißen - Begriffe, Einteilung der SchweißverfahrenDIN 2501-1 1972.02 (en)Flansche - AnschlußmaßeDIN 2673 1962.08 (en) Lose Flansche mit Vorschweißbund, Nenndruck 10 barDIN 3543-4 1984.08 Anbohrarmaturen aus Polyethylen hoher Dichte (HDPE) für Rohre ausHDPE - MaßeDIN 3544-1 1985.09 (en) Armaturen aus Polyethylen hoher Dichte (HDPE) - Anforderungen undPrüfung von AnbohrarmaturenDIN 4263 1991.04Formen, Maße und geometrische Werte von Kanälen und Leitungen imWasserwesenDIN 8074 1987.09 (en)Rohre aus Polyethylen hoher Dichte (PE-HD) - MaßeDIN 8075 1987.05 (en)Rohre aus Polyethylen hoher Dichte (PE-HD) - Allgemeine AnforderungenDIN 8076-1 1984.03 (en)Druckrohrleitungen aus thermoplastischen Kunst-stoffen-, Klemmverbin-der aus Metall für Rohre aus Polyethylen (PE) - Allgemeine Güteanforde-rungen, PrüfungDIN 8076-3 1994.08Druckrohrleitungen aus thermoplastischen Plastics - Teil 3: Klemmverbin-der aus Plastics für Rohre aus Polyethylen (PE) - Allgemeine Güteanforde-rungen, Prüfung

DIN 16776-1 1984.12Kunststoff-Formmassen - Polyethylen (PE)-Formmassen-, Einteilung undBezeichnungDIN 16888-1 1989.06Bewertung der chemischen Widerstandsfähigkeit von Rohren aus Ther-moplasten - Rohre aus PolyolefinenDIN 16889-1 1989.06 (en)Bestimmung der chemischen Resistenzfaktoren an Rohren aus Thermo-plasten - Rohre aus PolyolefinenDIN 16928 1979.04Rohrleitungen aus thermoplastischen Plastics - Rohrverbindungen, Rohr-leitungsteile, Verlegung, Allgemeine RichtlinienDIN 16928 1979.04 (en)Rohrleitungen aus thermoplastischen Plastics - Rohrverbindungen, Rohr-leitungsteile, Verlegung, Allgemeine RichtlinienDIN 19537-1 1983.10 (en)Rohre und Formstücke aus Polyethylen hoher Dichte (PE-HD) für Abwas-serkanäle und -leitungen - MaßeDIN 19537-2 1988.01 (en)Rohre und Formstücke aus Polyethylen hoher Dichte (PE-HD) für Abwas-serkanäle und -leitungen - Technische LieferbedingungenDIN 19630 1982.08 Richtlinien für den Bau von Wasserrohrleitungen - Technische Regel desDVGW

German DVS Guidelines:

DVS 2201-1 1989.02Prüfen von Halbzeug aus Thermoplasten - Grundlagen, HinweiseDVS 2201-2 1985.07Prüfen von Halbzeug aus Thermoplasten - Schweißeignung - Prüfverfah-ren - AnforderungenDVS 2202-1 1989.12Fehler an Schweißverbindungen aus thermoplastischen Plastics - Merk-male, Beschreibung, BewertungDVS 2203-1 1986.03 (en)Prüfen von Schweißverbindungen aus thermoplastischen Plastics-, Prüf-verfahren, AnforderungenDVS 2205-1 1987.06Berechnung von Behältern und Apparaten aus Thermoplasten - Ken-nwerteDVS 2205-1 Beiblatt 8 1997.07Berechnung von Behältern und Apparaten aus Thermoplasten - Zeits-tandkurven für Rohre aus PE100DVS 2205-3 1975.04 (en)Berechnung von Behältern und Apparaten aus Thermoplasten - Sch-weißverbindungenDVS 2205-4 1988.11Berechnung von Behältern und Apparaten aus Thermoplasten - Flansch-verbindungenE DVS 2205-4 Beiblatt 1993.06Berechnung von Behältern und Apparaten aus Thermoplasten - Sch-weißflansche, Schweißbunde, konstruktive DetailsDVS 2206 1975.11 (en)Prüfung von Bauteilen und Konstruktionen aus thermoplastischen PlasticsDVS 2207-1 1995.08Schweißen von thermoplastischen Plastics - Heizelementschweißen vonRohren, Rohrleitungsteilen und Tafeln aus PE-HDDVS 2207-5 1993.02Schweißen von thermoplastischen Plastics - Schweißen von PE-Mantel-rohren - Rohre und RohrleitungsteileDVS 2207-5 Beiblatt 1 1997.07Schweißen von thermoplastischen Plastics - Schweißen von PE-Mantel-rohren - Formstücke und Absperrarmaturen

257


Appendix E

DVS 2208-1 1997.12Schweißen von thermoplastischen Plastics - Maschinen und Geräte fürdas Heizelementstumpfschweißen von Rohren, Rohrleitungsteilen undTafelnDVS 2210-1 1997.04Industrierohrleitungen aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen - Projek-tierung und Ausführung - Oberirdische RohrsystemeDVS 2211 1979.11 (en)Schweißzusätze für thermoplastische Kunststoffe - Geltungsbereich,Kennzeichnung, Anforderung, PrüfungE DVS 2208-1 1995.08Schweißen von thermoplastischen Plastics - Maschinen und Geräte fürdas Heizelementstumpfschweißen von Rohren, Rohrleitungsteilen undTafeln


258 Appendix E

Alphabetical index

Index 259

AAbove ground pipe systems with linear compensation ..38Above ground pipe systems without linear compensation ............................................................38Acceptable bracket distances ........................................64Acceptable stress ..........................................................56Adaptor long DBME SDR 11 with female thread .........102Adaptor short SDR 11 with male thread .....................102Adaptors ....................................................................102Amorphous thermoplastics ...........................................12Axial stress ...................................................................61

BBacking ring GRP heavy type ODGR-H ........................190Backing ring GRP standard type ODGR .......................190Backing ring PP with ductile iron core OAB .................187Backing ring PP with ductile iron core ODB .................186Backing rings GRP ......................................................190Backing rings PP with ductile iron core ........................186Basic calculations ..........................................................51Bend 11° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S11BE25 SDR 11 ....................................................................162Bend 11° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S11BE25 SDR 17 ....................................................................162Bend 11° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 11 ......175Bend 11° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 17 ......175Bend 11° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 11 ......181Bend 11° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 17 ......181Bend 11° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 11 ........169Bend 11° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 17 ........169Bend 11° seamless formed S11BE R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 ....................................................................156Bend 11° seamless formed S11BE R = 1,5 x de SDR 17 ....................................................................155Bend 22° seamless formed R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 ..........154Bend 22° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S22BE25 SDR 11 ....................................................................161Bend 22° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S22BE25 SDR 17 ....................................................................161Bend 22° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 11 ......174Bend 22° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 17 ......174Bend 22° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 11 ......180Bend 22° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 17 ......180Bend 22° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 11 ........168Bend 22° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 17 ........168Bend 22° seamless formed S22BE R = 1,5 x de SDR 17 ....................................................................153Bend 30° seamless formed R = 1,5 x de SDR 17 ..........151Bend 30° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S30BE25 SDR 11 ....................................................................160Bend 30° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S30BE25 SDR 17 ....................................................................160Bend 30° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 11 ......173Bend 30° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 17 ......173Bend 30° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 11 ......179

Bend 30° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 17 ...... 179Bend 30° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 11 ........ 167Bend 30° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 17 ........ 167Bend 30° seamless formed S30BE R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 ................................................................... 152Bend 45° seamless formed R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 ......... 150Bend 45° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S45BE25 SDR 11 ................................................................... 159Bend 45° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S45BE25 SDR 17 ................................................................... 159Bend 45° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 11 ...... 172Bend 45° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 17 ...... 172Bend 45° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 11 ...... 178Bend 45° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 17 ...... 178Bend 45° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 11 ........ 166Bend 45° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 17 ........ 166Bend 45° seamless formed S45BE R = 1,5 x de SDR 17 ................................................................... 149Bend 60° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S60BE25 SDR 11 ................................................................... 158Bend 60° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de S60BE25 SDR 17 ................................................................... 158Bend 60° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 11 ...... 171Bend 60° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 17 ...... 171Bend 60° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 11 ...... 177Bend 60° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 17 ...... 177Bend 60° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 11 ........ 165Bend 60° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 17 ........ 165Bend 60° seamless formed S60BE R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 ................................................................... 148Bend 60° seamless formed S60BE R = 1,5 x de SDR 17 ................................................................... 147Bend 90° R = 1 x de long SDE SDR 11 ........................ 112Bend 90° R = 1 x de long SDE SDR 17 ........................ 112Bend 90° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de SBE25 SDR 11 ................................................................... 157Bend 90° seamless formed R = 2,5 x de SBE25 SDR 17 ................................................................... 157Bend 90° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 11 ...... 170Bend 90° seamless formed Ri = 1100 mm SDR 17 ...... 170Bend 90° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 11 ...... 176Bend 90° seamless formed Ri = 1750 mm SDR 17 ...... 176Bend 90° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 11 ........ 164Bend 90° seamless formed Ri = 700 mm SDR 17 ........ 164Bend 90° seamless formed SBE R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 ... 146Bend 90° seamless formed SBE R = 1,5 x de SDR 17 ... 145Bend 90° short GBE SDR 11 ......................................... 85Bend 90° short GBE SDR 17 ......................................... 84Bend 90° short GBE SDR 33 ......................................... 84Bend 90° welded R = 1,5 x de SDR 11 ........................ 183Bend 90° welded R = 1,5 x de SWBE SDR 17 .............. 182Bend 90° welded R = 1,5 x de SWBE SDR 33 .............. 182Bend seamless formed R = 3,5 x de SBE35 SDR 17 90° ............................................................. 163Bending radius ............................................................. 48Bends ..................................................................84, 112

260

Alphabetical index

Index

Bends seamless formed ............................................. 145Bends welded ............................................................ 182Blind flange PP with ductile iron core OABC .............. 193Blind flange PP with ductile iron core ODBC .............. 193Blind flanges .............................................................. 193Bolt torques ................................................................. 66Bracket distances ................................................. 63, 246Brackets ...................................................................... 45Branch connections ..................................................... 59Buckling length ........................................................... 64Building connections ................................................... 48Buried pipe systems ..................................................... 39Burning behaviour ....................................................... 15Burning drops/ fragments ............................................ 16Butt welding ...................................................... 204, 248

CCapacity ...................................................................... 31Causes of length change ............................................. 44Chemical properties ..................................................... 16Chemical resistance ............................................... 16, 21Combustibility ............................................................. 15Compensation for length changes ............................... 44Compensators ............................................................. 44Compression fitting ..................................................... 67Concrete-encased pipe systems ................................... 39Constricted thermal expansion .................................... 61Construction and installation of buried pipe systems .... 46Construction principles ................................................ 47Contraction ................................................................. 17Creep behaviour .......................................................... 13Creep modulus .................................................... 14, 220

DDeflection .................................................................... 41Deformation resistance ................................................ 15Detachable connections ............................................... 65Determining expansion bend dimensions ..................... 58Distance plate for pipe clip DSM ................................ 199

EEconomics ................................................................... 31Elasticity modulus ........................................................ 14Elasticity test ................................................................ 61Elastomers ................................................................... 11Elbow 30° long H30DE SDR 11 .................................. 111Elbow 30° long H30DE SDR 17 .................................. 111Elbow 45° long HDE SDR 11 ...................................... 110Elbow 45° long HDE SDR 17 ...................................... 110Elbow 90° long GDE SDR 11 ...................................... 109Elbow 90° long GDE SDR 17 ...................................... 109Elbows ................................................................ 44, 109Electrofusion ............................................................. 207End cap long CDE SDR 11 ......................................... 116

End cap long CDE SDR 17 ..........................................116End cap long/short CBE SDR 11 ....................................94End cap long/short CBE SDR 17 ....................................94End caps ..............................................................94, 116Equivalent pipe length ..................................................52European product standards ........................................33Evaluating welds ........................................................ 210Expansion couplers .......................................................45Expansions ...................................................................62External overpressure ...................................................41External pressure load ................................................247Extruder .......................................................................12Extrusion welding .......................................................209

FFixed points ............................................................45, 59Flange connection long FDE SDR 11 ........................... 192Flange connection long FDE SDR 17 ........................... 192Flange connection short FBE SDR 11 ..........................191Flange connection short FBE SDR 17 ..........................191Flange connections ....................................................191Flange joints .................................................................65Flexural stress ...............................................................61Flexural, thermal, tensile and compressive stresses ........17Flow nomogram ......................................................... 234Flow velocity ................................................................52Flow volume ................................................................52Flow-rate capacity ..............................................235, 236Forms of compensation ................................................60Friction number ............................................................52Friction values ............................................................ 221

GGasket flat QHB/X EPDM ....................................194, 195Gaskets ...................................................................... 194Gluing ..........................................................................67Ground water ..............................................................42Guide brackets .............................................................45

HHand welding ............................................................ 208Handling ......................................................................31Health assessment of PE ...............................................30Heat conductivity .........................................................15Heat expansion coefficient ...........................................15Heat transfer coefficient ...............................................15Heat transition coefficient ............................................15Hot gas welding ......................................................... 208Hydraulic principles ......................................................52

IImpact resistance .........................................................14Injection moulding machine .........................................13Inside diameter ............................................................52

Alphabetical index

Index 261

Inspection of butt welds .............................................210Inspection of electrofusion joints ................................211Internal overpressure ....................................................41Internal underpressure ..................................................41

JJointing ........................................................................65

LLeak test .....................................................................215Length change ...........................................................239Length change due to ambient temperatures ...............44Length change due to chemical effects .........................44Length change due to internal pressure load ................44Length change due to internal pressure loads ...............58Length change due to varying operating temperatures .............................................................44Length changes ............................................................58L-expansion bends ............................................. 241, 242Loads on buried pipe systems .......................................42

MMaterial properties .......................................................19Maximum operating pressure ...................... 34, 237, 238Mechanical variables .....................................................14Melt index ....................................................................16Minimum required strength ..........................................33Minimum wall thickness ...............................................57

NNon-detachable connections ........................................67Notch effect .................................................................17

OO-ring for PE union bush ................................... 100, 101

PPermeation ...................................................................16Pipe clip - inches with retaining clip ZAKM ..................198Pipe clip - metric with retaining clip ZIKM ...................197Pipe clips complete .....................................................197Pipe clips components ................................................199pipe deflection .............................................................64Pipe series number .......................................................33Planning and construction guidelines and stress types ...41Plastic ...........................................................................11Polyaddition .................................................................11Polycondensation .........................................................11Polyethylene .......................................................... 19, 34Polymerisation ..............................................................11Pressure capacity ..........................................................57Pressure loss .................................................................53Pressure surge ....................................................... 55, 56

Pressure wave .............................................................. 55Principles of constructing and installing concrete- encased pipe systems ................................................ 48Production Quality ..................................................... 215Profile backing ring ductile iron OKPB ........................ 188Profile backing ring ductile iron OKPB-PN16 ............... 189Profile backing ring PP with ductile iron core OKAB .... 185Profile backing ring PP with ductile iron core OKDB .... 184Profile backing ring PP with ductile iron core SW-OKDB ............................................................... 185Profile backing rings ductile iron and coated .............. 188Profile backing rings PP with ductile iron core ............. 184Profile gasket QHB/P EPDM with steel core ................. 196Profile gaskets ............................................................ 196Protective measures ..................................................... 46Push-fit and expansion sockets ..................................... 66Push-fit connection ...................................................... 66Push-fit socket end thrust bearing ................................ 67

QQuality ....................................................................... 215Quality inspection ...................................................... 215

RRadial stress ................................................................. 61Reducer concentric DIN short RBE SDR 11 .................... 87Reducer concentric DIN short RBE SDR 17 .................... 86Reducer concentric DIN short RBE SDR 33 .................... 86Reducer concentric long RDE SDR 11 ......................... 114Reducer concentric long RDE SDR 17 ......................... 113Reducer concentric short RBE SDR 11 ........................... 90Reducer concentric short RBE SDR 17 ........................... 89Reducer concentric short RBE SDR 33 ........................... 88Reducer eccentric short REBE SDR 11 ........................... 93Reducer eccentric short REBE SDR 17 ........................... 92Reducer eccentric short REBE SDR 33 ........................... 91Reducers ..............................................................86, 113Reduction factors ......................................................... 56Reference stress ......................................................... 219Reliability ..................................................................... 31Residual after-pressure stress ........................................ 17Residual crystallisation stress ........................................ 17Residual orientation stress ............................................ 17Residual stress ........................................................16, 62Resistance factors ........................................................ 53Retraction .................................................................... 17Reynolds number ......................................................... 52

SSafety factor ................................................................ 57Selection criteria .......................................................... 31Semi-crystalline thermoplastics ..................................... 12Service life ................................................................... 62Shear forces ................................................................. 48

262

Alphabetical index

Index

Smoke production ....................................................... 16Socket welding .......................................................... 203Soil load ...................................................................... 42Speed welding ........................................................... 208Stability test ................................................................. 37Standard dimension ratio ............................................. 34Stress and deformation calculation .............................. 37Stress reduction ........................................................... 17Structural analysis ........................................................ 43Stub flange extended short QBXE SDR 11 for exit side FIP check valve type CR and FR .......................... 76Stub flange extended short QBXE SDR 17 for exit side FIP check valve type CR and FR .......................... 76Stub flange long QDE SDR 11 .................................... 104Stub flange long QDE SDR 17 .................................... 103Stub flange short QBE SDR 11 ..................................... 73Stub flange short QBE SDR 17 ..................................... 72Stub flange short QBE SDR 33 ..................................... 71Stub flange short QBE/FK SDR 11 for FIP butterfly valve type FE and FK ................................................. 74Stub flange short QBE/FK SDR 17 for FIP butterfly valve type FE and FK ................................................. 74Stub flange short QPE SDR 11 for entrance side FIP check valve type CR and FR ................................. 75Stub flange short QPE SDR 17 for entrance side FIP check valve type CR and FR ................................. 75Stub flanges ........................................................ 71, 103Superposition of loads ................................................. 43Support distance ................................................. 64, 240Support factors ............................................................ 43Surface hardness ......................................................... 14

TTangential stress .......................................................... 61Tee 45° long T45DE SDR 11 ...................................... 108Tee 45° long T45DE SDR 17 ...................................... 108Tee 45° reduced extrusion welded T45RWBE SDR 11 ................................................................... 135Tee 45° reduced extrusion welded T45RWBE SDR 17 ................................................................... 133Tee 45° reduced machined long T45RCDE SDR11 - pressure class conform ........................................... 143Tee 45° reduced machined long T45RCDE SDR17 - pressure class conform ........................................... 141Tee 45° welded T45WBE SDR 11 ............................... 122Tee 45° welded T45WBE SDR 17 ............................... 121Tee 45° welded T45WBE SDR 33 ............................... 121Tee 60° reduced extrusion welded SDR 11 ................. 131Tee 60° reduced extrusion welded SDR 17 ................. 129Tee 60° welded T60WBE SDR 11 ............................... 120Tee 60° welded T60WBE SDR 17 ............................... 120Tee 60° welded T60WBE SDR 33 ............................... 119Tee 90° long TDE SDR 11 .......................................... 105Tee 90° long TDE SDR 17 .......................................... 105Tee 90° reduced long TRDE SDR 11 ........................... 107Tee 90° reduced long TRDE SDR 17 ........................... 106Tee 90° reduced machined long TRCDE SDR11 - pressure class conform ........................................... 139

Tee 90° reduced machined long TRCDE SDR17 - pressure class conform ............................................ 137Tee 90° reduced machined short TRCBE SDR11 - pressure class conform ..............................................82Tee 90° reduced machined short TRCBE SDR17 - pressure class conform ..............................................80Tee 90° reduced short TRBE SDR 11 .............................79Tee 90° reduced short TRBE SDR 17 .............................78Tee 90° reduced welded TRWBE SDR 11 .................... 126Tee 90° reduced welded TRWBE SDR 17 .................... 123Tee 90° short TBE SDR 11 ............................................78Tee 90° short TBE SDR 17 ............................................77Tee 90° short TBE SDR 33 ............................................77Tee 90° welded TWBE SDR 11 .................................... 119Tee 90° welded TWBE SDR 17 .................................... 118Tee 90° welded TWBE SDR 33 .................................... 118Tees .....................................................................77, 105Tees extrusion welded with reduced branch ............... 129Tees reduced machined - pressure class ......................137Tees welded ............................................................... 118Tees welded with reduced branch .............................. 123Tensile and compressive loads ......................................42Testing joints produced by hot gas welding ................212Thermal properties .......................................................15Thermal-conditioned length change .............................58Thermoplastics .............................................................11Thermosets ..................................................................11Traffic load ...................................................................42

UU-expansion bends ..................................................... 243Underpressure load ....................................................247Union bush long F/BBE-L SDR 11 ..................................99Union bush short F/BBE-C SDR 11 ................................97Union complete long BBE/L SDR 11 with EPDM O-ring .......................................................................98Union complete long BBE/L SDR 11 with FPM O-ring ....98Union complete short BBE/C SDR 11 with EPDM O-ring .......................................................................96Union complete short BBE/C SDR 11 with FPM O-ring ..96Union end long Q/BBE-L SDR 11 ...................................99Union end short Q/BBE-C SDR 11 .................................97Union nut EFV for PE union end ................................. 100Unions ...................................................................66, 96

VValve mounting ............................................................46

WWater absorption .........................................................16Welding .......................................................................67Welding factors ............................................................56Welding methods .......................................................203

ZZ-extension bends ......................................................244

Index of article numbers


Art. Nr. Page Art. Nr. Page Art. Nr. Page

263

BBEC11020E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11020F ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11025E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11025F ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11032E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11032F ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11040E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11040F ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11050E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11050F ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11063E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11063F ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11075E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11075F ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11090E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11090F ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11110E ...................... .................................... 96BBEC11110F ...................... .................................... 96BBEL11020E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11020F ....................... .................................... 98BBEL11025E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11025F ....................... .................................... 98BBEL11032E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11032F ....................... .................................... 98BBEL11040E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11040F ....................... .................................... 98BBEL11050E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11050F ....................... .................................... 98BBEL11063E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11063F ....................... .................................... 98BBEL11075E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11075F ....................... .................................... 98BBEL11090E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11090F ....................... .................................... 98BBEL11110E ...................... .................................... 98BBEL11110F ....................... .................................... 98CBE11450 ......................... .................................... 95CBE11500 ......................... .................................... 95CBE11560 ......................... .................................... 95CBE11630 ......................... .................................... 95CBE17450 ......................... .................................... 94CBE17500 ......................... .................................... 94CBE17560 ......................... .................................... 94CBE17630 ......................... .................................... 94CBE17710 ......................... .................................... 94CBE17800 ......................... .................................... 94CDE11020 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11025 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11032 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11040 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11050 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11063 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11075 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11090 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11110 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11125 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11140 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11160 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11180 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11200 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11225 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11250 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11280 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11315 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11355 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11400 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE11450 ......................... .................................. 116CDE11500 ......................... .................................. 116CDE11560 ......................... .................................. 117CDE11630 ......................... .................................. 117CDE11710 ......................... .................................. 117CDE11800 ......................... .................................. 117CDE17063 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17075 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17090 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17110 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17125 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17140 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17160 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17180 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17200 ......................... ............................ 94, 116CDE17225 ......................... ............................ 94, 116

CDE17250 .......................... ........................... 94, 116CDE17280 .......................... ........................... 94, 116CDE17315 .......................... ........................... 94, 116CDE17355 .......................... ........................... 94, 116CDE17400 .......................... ........................... 94, 116CDE17450 .......................... ................................. 116CDE17500 .......................... ................................. 116CDE17560 .......................... ................................. 116CDE17630 .......................... ................................. 116CDE17710 .......................... ................................. 116CDE17800 .......................... ................................. 116DBME11020012 ................. ................................. 102DBME11025012 ................. ................................. 102DBME11025034 ................. ................................. 102DBME11032012 ................. ................................. 102DBME11032034 ................. ................................. 102DBME11032100 ................. ................................. 102DBME11040034 ................. ................................. 102DBME11040100 ................. ................................. 102DBME11040114 ................. ................................. 102DBME11050012 ................. ................................. 102DBME11050100 ................. ................................. 102DBME11050112 ................. ................................. 102DBME11050114 ................. ................................. 102DBME11063200 ................. ................................. 102DSM032 ............................. ................................. 199DSM040 ............................. ................................. 199DSM050 ............................. ................................. 199DSM063 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Z19 07 52 511 ................... .................................. 178Z19 07 52 517 ................... .................................. 178Z19 07 65 511 ................... .................................. 165Z19 07 65 517 ................... .................................. 165Z19 07 66 511 ................... .................................. 171Z19 07 66 517 ................... .................................. 171Z19 07 67 511 ................... .................................. 177Z19 07 67 517 ................... .................................. 177Z19 07 95 511 ................... .................................. 164Z19 07 95 517 ................... .................................. 164Z19 07 96 511 ................... .................................. 170Z19 07 96 517 ................... .................................. 170Z19 07 97 511 ................... .................................. 176Z19 07 97 517 ................... 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66 517 ................... .................................. 171Z19 09 67 511 ................... .................................. 177Z19 09 67 517 ................... .................................. 177Z19 09 95 511 ................... .................................. 164Z19 09 95 517 ................... .................................. 164Z19 09 96 511 ................... .................................. 170Z19 09 96 517 ................... .................................. 170Z19 09 97 511 ................... .................................. 176Z19 09 97 517 ................... .................................. 176Z19 11 16 511 ................... .................................. 169Z19 11 16 517 ................... .................................. 169Z19 11 17 511 ................... .................................. 175Z19 11 17 517 ................... .................................. 175Z19 11 18 511 ................... .................................. 181Z19 11 18 517 ................... .................................. 181Z19 11 27 511 ................... .................................. 168Z19 11 27 517 ................... .................................. 168Z19 11 28 511 ................... .................................. 174Z19 11 28 517 ................... .................................. 174Z19 11 29 511 ................... .................................. 180Z19 11 29 517 ................... .................................. 180Z19 11 35 511 ................... .................................. 167Z19 11 35 517 ................... .................................. 167Z19 11 36 511 ................... .................................. 173Z19 11 36 517 ................... .................................. 173Z19 11 37 511 ................... .................................. 179Z19 11 37 517 ................... .................................. 179Z19 11 50 511 ................... 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29 511 ................... ..................................180Z19 12 29 517 ................... ..................................180Z19 12 35 511 ................... ..................................167Z19 12 35 517 ................... ..................................167Z19 12 36 511 ................... ..................................173Z19 12 36 517 ................... ..................................173Z19 12 37 511 ................... ..................................179Z19 12 37 517 ................... ..................................179Z19 12 50 511 ................... ..................................166Z19 12 50 517 ................... ..................................166Z19 12 51 511 ................... ..................................172Z19 12 51 517 ................... ..................................172Z19 12 52 511 ................... ..................................178Z19 12 52 517 ................... ..................................178Z19 12 65 511 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29 517 ................... .................................. 180Z19 18 35 511 ................... .................................. 167Z19 18 35 517 ................... .................................. 167Z19 18 36 511 ................... .................................. 173Z19 18 36 517 ................... .................................. 173Z19 18 37 511 ................... .................................. 179Z19 18 37 517 ................... .................................. 179Z19 18 50 511 ................... .................................. 166Z19 18 50 517 ................... .................................. 166Z19 18 51 511 ................... .................................. 172Z19 18 51 517 ................... .................................. 172Z19 18 52 511 ................... .................................. 178Z19 18 52 517 ................... .................................. 178Z19 18 65 511 ................... .................................. 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Z19 20 37 511 ................... ................................. 179Z19 20 37 517 ................... ................................. 179Z19 20 50 511 ................... ................................. 166Z19 20 50 517 ................... ................................. 166Z19 20 51 511 ................... ................................. 172Z19 20 51 517 ................... ................................. 172Z19 20 52 511 ................... ................................. 178Z19 20 52 517 ................... ................................. 178Z19 20 65 511 ................... ................................. 165Z19 20 65 517 ................... ................................. 165Z19 20 66 511 ................... ................................. 171Z19 20 66 517 ................... ................................. 171Z19 20 67 511 ................... ................................. 177Z19 20 67 517 ................... ................................. 177Z19 20 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18 511 ................... ..................................181Z19 28 18 517 ................... ..................................181Z19 28 27 511 ................... ..................................168Z19 28 27 517 ................... ..................................168Z19 28 28 511 ................... ..................................174Z19 28 28 517 ................... ..................................174Z19 28 29 511 ................... ..................................180Z19 28 29 517 ................... ..................................180Z19 28 35 511 ................... ..................................167Z19 28 35 517 ................... ..................................167Z19 28 36 511 ................... ..................................173Z19 28 36 517 ................... ..................................173Z19 28 37 511 ................... ..................................179Z19 28 37 517 ................... ..................................179Z19 28 50 511 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Z19 63 97 511 ................... .................................. 176Z19 63 97 517 ................... .................................. 176Z481107000 ...................... .................................. 101Z481109000 ...................... .................................. 100ZAKM012 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM034 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM038 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM100 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM112 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM114 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM200 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM212 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM300 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM400 .......................... .................................. 198ZAKM600 .......................... .................................. 198ZIKM016 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM020 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM025 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM032 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM040 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM050 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM063 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM075 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM090 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM110 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM125 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM140 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM160 ............................ .................................. 197ZIKM180 ............................ .................................. 197




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PRESSURE FITTINGS · PRESSURE FITTINGS PE 100 Short and long fittings for butt welding and electrofusion