PRESENYED BY -------

DEBJANI DASGUPTA

SUSMITA GUPTA

4TH YR B.SC

NURSING STUDENT

INTRODUCTION

Students have different ways of absorbing information & demonstrating their knowledge. so teachers often use techniques which cater to multiple learning styles to help students from retain information & strengthen understanding . so the methods accepted by the teachers must link the teacher & her pupils into an organic relationship with constant mutual interaction.

The method of teaching is which approaches most likely to the method of investigation.

---BURKE

A device implies the external mode or form in which teaching may take from time to time .

Teaching methods is the stimulation ,guidance ,direction, & encouragement for learning.

----- BURTON

MEANINGThe procedural dimension like sustentative ,

environmental , & human relations are interrelated. In the educative process it refers to the methods & techniques , which may be used by the teacher or learner to achieve the desired educational objectives.

OBJECTIVES Aim at developing love for work.

Inculcates the desire to do work with maximum efficiency which one is capable of.

Develops the capacity for clear thinking.

Provides adequate opportunities for participation.

Expands students interest.

Provides opportunities to pupil to apply practically the knowledge & skill acquired by them.

Adaption of 3 As ---age , ability ,& aptitude.

General support of the profession.

Teamwork & sense of security.

Mastery of the subject matter.

Provision for a good library & teaching learning material.

Cooperation of the parents.

Role of the teachers training institutes.

CHARACTERISTICS

PRINCIPLES FOR SELECTION

Methods should be suited to objectives & the content of the course.

Should be adopted to the capacity of the student.

Should be in accord with sound psychological principles.

Should suit the teacher personally & capitalize on her special assets.

Methods can be used creatively.

1. Inspirational: based on high activity of teachers.

2. Expository : cognitive emphasis is high, student activity & emphasis on experience is low.

3. Natural-learning : learning takes place in natural way.

1. Simulation, micro teaching

2. Lecture method

3. Field trip

METHODS EXAMPLES

CONTD….

4. Individualized : emphasis on each learner to learn at his own place.

5. Encounter : providing experience through confrontation.

6. Discovery : high on all dimensions.

7. Group

4. Programmed instruction, self study , case method, computer oriented instruction.

5. Role play, simulation

6. Problem solving techniques.

7. Project , socialisedclassroom method.

METHODS EXAMPLES

LECTURE METHOD

TECHNIQUE OF LECTURE

METHOD

Rapport

Voice

Gesture

Eye contact

Lecture outline and students notes

Enthusiasm

examples

DEMONSTRATION

METHOD

GUIDELINES FOR GOOD

DEMONSTRATION

It should be planned

Equipment should be visible to the whole class

All equipment should be placed in order before

starting the demonstration

Purpose of demonstration should be defined

before the procedure

Demonstration should be quick and slick

Demonstration should be interesting

Students should be actively participate in the

demonstration method

STEPS OF LECTURE-CUM-DEMONSTRATION METHOD

Planning and preparation

Introduction of the lesson

Presentation

Performance of procedure

Blackboard summery

supervision

DISCUSSION METHOD

PRINCIPLES OF DISCUSSION METHOD

There should be a leader

there should be participants

Every person should feel free to

participate

Discussion should keep to the point

The discussion should be closed with a

report,decision,recommendation or

summing up of the matters discussed.

All group members should come to the

discussion with a basic knowledge of the

topic.

TYPES OF DISCUSSION 1.CLOSED GROUP DISCUSSION

Study group

Work shop

Staff meating

Briefing sessions

Round table

CONT….2.DECISION MAKING

Public discussion or discussion techniques for

large groups

Pannel discussion

Symposium

Discussion techniques for small group

Individual conference

Seminar

Role play

Case analysis

Group discussion

MAIN APPROACHES OF SEMINER

METHOD

To give students the opportunity to participate.

The teacher should help the students to select, formulate and organize the most significant student problems.

The participants talk to one another,not just the teacher alone

Group should be 10-15 students,duration is 1-2 hours

The leader does not offer his/her own opinions.

The group should be heterogeneous.

Evaluation of seminer done by participants.

SYMPOSIUM METHOD OF TEACHING

TECHNIQUES OF SYMPOSIUM

METHOD

All members should know the objectives of symposium.

Chairman should ensure that the members have clear guidelines to follow in preparing their papers.

The group may meet together before hand and discuss how each will present his/her particular topic.

The chairman opens the symposium and introduce the topic.

Speakers invite questions from the floor and directs the discussion.

All speakers should have an equal opportunity for participation before summing up or closing the session.

PANEL DICUSSIONS

TECHNIQUES OF PANEL

DISCUSIONS

The panel consists of 4-8 members seated in a semicircle facing the audience.

The members should be quick thinker,facile talkers,andrepresents different poins of view

.

The members should be prepared by knowing the limits of the topic to be discussed

The chairman should be selected carefully

Chairman must keep the discussion to the subject.

All members have an equal opportunity to express their views.

CONT…The chairman begins the pannel

discussion.

A general summary before discussion is

opened to the audience.

o Audiece have an opportunity to ask

questions,evaluate replies and make

constructive contributions.

GROUP DISCUSSION

ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD GROUP

DISCUSSION

Clear formulation of realistic goals.

A permissive atmosphere conductive to full participation.

Work on specific problems rather than broad general problem area.

Participation by each group members.

All participants accept responsibility for the smooth conduct of the group activities.

The participants have same educational standard.

The candidates must be flexible and open to change.

CONFERENCE METHOD

TYPES OF CONFERENCE

Individual conference

Group conference

GROUP CONFERENCE

SUBJECT SUITABLE FOR GROUP

CONFERENCE

Individualized nursing care.

Gaps in nursing care.

An unusual drug or a treatment method.

New hospital or ward routines.

Change in nursing procedures.

TIME FOR GROUP CONFERENCE

CONT..

PLACE FOR GROUP CONFERENCE

Seating arrangements are essential.

Patient signals must register in the conference

room

The place for conference should be one where

interruption will be minimal.

The patients must not be able to hear any part

of the discussion.

WORKSHOP

FEATURES OF WORKSHOP

Complete active involvement by each

participants.

The size of the group being small enough to

encourage full participation by each members.

Time is limited.

Strong group cohesiveness.

One of the commonest methods in the

workshop is group discussion.

Objectives must be clearly defined before

starting the workshop.

PROBLEM-BASED-LEARNING

CHARACTARISTICS OF PROBLEM-

BASED LEARNING

Learning is student centered.

Student work in small collaborative group.

Teacher takes part as a guide of learning.

New information is acquired through self-

directed learning.

Learning is driven by challenging open-ended

problems.

ROLE OF TEACHER IN PBL

Teacher listens actively.

Teacher ensures equal participation of all

students.

Teacher remains as guide to resources.

Teacher will NOT teach,act as an expert.

ROLE PLAYING

TYPES OF ROLE PLAYING

SOCIODRAMA

PSYCHODRAMA

GUIDELINES FOR AN EFFECTIVE ROLE

PLAY

Faculty should plan meticulously for the role play.

Good scenario can be created by incorporating situations.

Three stages of role play are:

1.Briefing

2.Running

3.Debriefing

This method works best with small group of students.

Students should be encouraged to respond naturally to the roleplay.

SELF – INSTRUCTING ACTIVITIES

EACH SIM NEDDS TO CONTAIN THE

FOLLOWING ELEMENTS

An introduction and statement of purpose.

A list of pre-requisite skills.

An identification of resources and learning activities.

Periodic self-assessment which provide feed back to learner.

A post test to evaluate the learners level of mastery in achieving the objectives.

SIMULATED TEACHING

SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

The participants is introduced into the situation.

The participants is provided with information and opportunities to solve the problem.

The participants is also given the opportunity of observing the results of his activities.

After presentation of problem the participants respond to an incident response sheet.

Small group discussion follow which consider the analysis and action taken.

PROJECT METHOD

TYPES OF PROJECT

Projector type

Consumer type

Problem type

Drill type

CHARACTARISTICS OF GOOD

PROJECT METHOD

The project method gives an opportunity for self-expression.

A project is a play activity and learners are engaged in carrying out the activity.

The project method lends itself naturally to group work.

It is a large unit plan of teaching.

The method seeks to have individuals see and understand life in its unity.

THE ROLE OF TEACHER IN THE PROJECT

METHOD

The teacher has to skillfully guide in selection.

The student has to be given help when required.

The teacher is like a friend with rich mature

experience.

The teacher act as a director.

The teacher should be a store house of information

and knowledge.

MICRO TEACHING

CHARACTARISTICS OF MICRO-

TEACHING

Micro element.

Teaching skills and teaching strategies.

Safe practice ground.

The teaching models.

The research laboratory.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MICRO-

TEACHING

Enforcement

Practice and drill

Continuity

Micro-scopic supervision

ROLE OF TEACHER-EDUCATOR IN

MICROTEACHING

Teacher-educator assist student teachers in

relating component skills of teaching.

He/she has to provide continuous consultation

to the student teacher.

Initially he/she should provide demonstration of

particular skill.

He/she supervises the lesson and gives feed

back.

FIELD TRIP A field trip is defined as any teaching and

learning excursion at outside of classroom.

HEIDGERKEN has

defined it as an educational procedure by

which student studies 1st hand objects and

materials in their natural environment.

PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION / LEARNING

Definition : Edgar Dale : programmed

learning is a systematic ,step by step, self

instructional program aimed to ensure the

learning of stated behavior.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS :

Objectives of this program are defined in explicit & operational terms.

Subject matter should be in the form of breaking into small steps in a logical sequence.

Programmed learner emphasizes the interaction between the learner & the program.

In this situation learner progress in his own pace.

Learner moves in every sp. way as opposed to traditional procedures of teaching.

PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMED LEARNING

Principles of :

Small steps

Active responding

Reinforcement

Self pacing

Student – evaluation / student - testing

RULES Active responding

Proper cueing

Appropriate context

Small steps

Sequence of topic

Frequent repetition

Knowledge of subject matter & technical accuracy

Lecturing to be avoided

Evoking a relative response

Providing cues in adequate number

Not assuming to much knowledge

Presenting facts in frames

Definition : a team teaching is a form of

organization , in which individual teachers

decide to pool resources , interest &

expertise , in order to devise & implement

scheme of work suitable to the needs of

pupils & the facilities of their school.

CHARACTERISTICS

Instructional arrangement.

Two or more teachers conduct this

teaching.

Calls for team spirit in teaching.

Team spirit of teachers is bound to

benefit the students to the max.

Economical in the sense as it results

in more work in less time.

OBJECTIVES

Bring about improvement in

instruction.

Make the best use of expertise &

talent of teachers.

Develop the feeling of cooperation &

group work among teachers.

Make the best use of resources of

the institution.

Expand the scope of teaching to

students in the most effective

manner.

TYPESTeam teaching with in a single

discipline.

Different team experts related to

the course.

Combined team teaching with

related innovation.

PRINCIPLES Allocations of duties teachers on the basis

of their interests , qualifications , & personality characteristics.

Having varying size of group according to the purpose of team teaching.

Allotment of time is in accord with topic.

Provide appropriate learning environment.

Provide appropriate learning behavior to each learner with in the group.

Exercising constructive supervision on the activities of the group.

EXHIBITION

Many times in the school , a

department of the school or

a class puts up their work

for showing it to people

outside the school & such a

show is called exhibition.

CHARACTERISTICS

Should have a central theme with many

subthemes to focus.

It should be clean & clearly labeled.

Concept of color & size should be used

for laying out the exhibition.

Place of exhibition should be well

lighted.

Exhibits should be placed visibly.

Should be able to relate various subject

areas to provide integrated learning.

PROBLEM SOLVING

Problem solving is process of

overcoming difficulties that appears

to interfere with the attainment of

goal. It is a procedure of making

adjustment in spite of interferences.

PURPOSES

To train the students in the act

of reasoning.

To give practical knowledge.

To discover new knowledge.

To solve puzzling problem.

To improve students knowledge.

To help in an individual as well

as societies progress.

ESSENTIAL FEATURESProblem should be meaningful ,

interesting & worthwhile.

Should have correlation with life.

Should arise out of the real

needs of the students.

Should be clearly defined.

Student must possess some

background knowledge of the

problem.

STEPSRecognizing the problem

Defining the problem

Collection of relevant data &

information.

Organization of conclusion

Drawing & testing conclusion.

METHODS

Inductive

Deductive

Combination of both

ROLE OF TEACHER

Get the students to define the

problem clearly.

Get them to make suggestions by

encouraging them.

Give them time to organize material.

Set up an atmosphere of freedom in

the class.

Give them time to evaluate each

suggestion carefully.

LABORATORY

It is considered as planned

learning activity dealing with

original or raw data in the

solution of the problems.

STEPS

Introductory phase

Work period

Culminating activities

TEACHER PREPARATION

To solve a problem.

To understand a process.

To develop a skill.

Teacher can give whatever instruction

may be necessary for the student .

Teacher preparation consists in

thinking over what the students will

be doing.

STUDENT PREPARATION

Orientation & motivation achieved through

proper instruction & guidance.

When instruction are short they may be

given verbally .

The teachers who stands at the students

elbow & prompt at every step, achieves the

same effect.

The laboratory procedures should be

prepared in a manual , state the problem

to solved or the procedure to be

followed.

WORK PERIOD

It is the period during which

the individual student or

groups of students do their

particular work under the

supervision of the teacher.

PERSONALIZEDSYSTEM OR INSTRUCTION

A system of instruction which is

person oriented . The instruction

is tailored to the need & ability

of the individual learner.

OBJECTIVES

To establish better personal -social

relationship in the educational

process.

To provide frequent reinforcement for

learning.

To provide increased frequency &

quantity of feedback to the

instruction.

Decreased reliance on the lecture for

presentation critical information.

CHARACTERISTICS

Self pacing

Use of multi media

Use of proctors

Mastery learning

Importance of written work

KINDERGARTENIt is a German word means the ‘

children’s garden ’

The fundamental thought

of the kindergarten is to help the

child to express himself & thus

produce development.

METHODSSong

Movement

construction

MONTESSORIDr. Maria Montessori discovered

that feeble mindedness is often due

to dullness of the senses , & that if

sense training given to these children

, it would help them to acquire some

knowledge & to learn something.

DALTON PLAN

It is one of the most notable

attempts made to individualize

instruction in the middle & high

classes.

It is a method of

organizing the work of a school

to promote purposive self -

activity.

HERUISTIC

The GREEK letter HEURICO

means I DISCOVER or I FIND .

The aim

of this method is to develop

the sc. Attitude & spirit in the

pupils.

PRINCIPLES

Activity

Logical thinking

Proceeding from known to

unknown

Purposeful experience

Mental development

CLINICAL TEACHING

It is a vehicle that provides

students with the opportunity to

translate the basic theoretical

knowledge into the learning of a

variety of intellectual &

psychomotor skills needed to

provide patient centered reality

nursing care.

METHODS

Nursing clinic / bedside clinic.

Nursing rounds

Nursing assignments

Nursing care conferences

Morning & afternoon reports

Health team conference

Individual conferences

Field visits

Process recording

QUESTIONINGIt is a very ancient method of

teaching.the key to successful

questioning is asking questions

at an appropriate cognitive level

that stimulates a response.

COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING

The word computer is derived from the

word compute , meaning to calculate

justifying its usefulness.

a computer is an electronic

device which works under/ the control of a

stored program , automatically accepting

processing of data to producing designed

results .

computer – assisted learning is also

known as computer assisted instruction.

TYPESLogo

Stimulation

Controlled learning

EXPERTS NEEDED HERE ARE :

Computer engineer

Lesson writer

System operator

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS IN NURSING

Education

Administration

Hospital

Research work