Presented by: Noura Mansouri PhD Student Materials Department

Carbon Management for Sustainable Development:

An Examination of Potential Technological Transition Paths of the Saudi Arabian System of Innovation to a Cleaner

Energy Economy

Presented by: Noura Mansouri

PhD StudentMaterials DepartmentUnit for Strategic Studies in NanotechnologyTechnology Exploitation and Management GroupQueen Mary, University of LondonUnited Kingdom

Globelics 4th PhD School at Lisbon, May 2007

Outline

1. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development a. Carbon emissions since the industrial erab. The greenhouse effect and global warminge. Sustainable development

2. Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationa. CO2 captureb. CO2 transportc. CO2 sequestrationd. CCS system

3. Theories: Innovation and Transitiona. Systems of Innovationb. Transition

4. Methodology: Saudi Arabia as a Case Studya. Research methodsb. Illustrative Saudi National Systems of Innovationc. Carbon management in transition paths

Research Questions

• What might be the role of carbon management technologies in facilitating a transition in Saudi Arabia’s energy economy towards sustainability?

• What might be the transition paths in implementing carbon management technologies onto Saudi Arabia’s energy sector and industries over time?

• How might Saudi Arabia’s energy policies spur innovation in carbon management technologies?

Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

• Historical recorded carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial era


Greenhouse Gas Effect

• Greenhouse effect and global warming


Climate Change

• Environmental Linkages

Ozone Depletion

Desertification Water Forestry

Biodiversity Loss

Climate Change

Greater impact Less impact Equal impact

• Definition

• “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” - Brutland Commission

• Live responsibly

• Balances the three keys of sustainable development: economy, environment and society.


Sustainable Development


Keys of Sustainable Development

Mother Earth Sustainable

Development

Economic

Social Environmental

Ozone Depletion

Desertification

Biodiversity Loss

Forestry

Water

Inertia

Carbon Lock-in

Electricity Power

Generation

Transportation

CCS

Climate Change


Sustainable Development

Economic Social

Environmental

Growth Efficiency Stability

Biodiversity Natural Resources

Pollution

Institutional

Empowerment Inclusion and Consultation

Governance

Dimensions of

Sustainable

Development Infrastructure Policies Regulations

Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS

• Definition:

• CCS is a process consisting of the separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation from the atmosphere.

• The technology of CCS constitutes of three stages: Carbon CaptureCarbon TransportCarbon Sequestration/Storage

• Capture of CO2 can be applied to large point sources. The CO2 would then be compressed and transported for storage in geological formations, in the ocean, in mineral carbonates , or for use in industrial processes.

IPCC, 2005

Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Carbon Sequestration - Geological

• Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found.

Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System

Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System

•The net reduction of emissions to the atmosphere through CCS depends on the fraction of CO2 captured, the increased CO2 production resulting from loss in overall efficiency of power plants or industrial processes due to the additional energy required for capture, transport and storage, any leakage from transport and the fraction of CO2 retained in storage over the long term.

Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System Technology Status

Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System Global Locations

Location of sites where activities relevant to CO2 storage are planned or under way.

Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Mineral Carbonation

• National System of Innovation:

• Freeman, Lundvall, Nelson, Edquist, Metcalfe etc.

• Sectoral System of Innovation

• Franco Malerba

• Technological System of Innovation

• Thomas Hughes, Bo Carlsson

Theories: Innovation and TransitionsSystems of Innovation

• Innovation System framework to be applied is an intersection:

Theories: Innovation and TransitionsSystems of Innovation

Theories: Innovation and TransitionsTransition

• Technological Transition:

• Multi-level Perspective (Kemp and Geels, 2004)

• Socio-technical System (Geels, 2002, 2006)

Theories: Innovation and TransitionsTransition

Source: Geels, 2002Source: Geels, 2002

Methodology: Case StudyWhy Saudi Arabia?

•World’s largest oil reserves:

•Benefit from the global carbon lock-in

•Sustainable oil demands

•Tackle the environmental concern by pursuing “cleaner” energy

•Sustainable Development - should be the ultimate objective internationally

•Retain a strong position in the global energy markets

Methodology: Research MethodsData Collection

• Primary Data:

• Governmental reports

• Existing literature and case studies

• Secondary Data:

• Saudi government authorities, companies, and academics

• Semi-structured in-depth interviews

• Email correspondence

• Phone interviews

Time

Innovation

Trajectory Defined

Trajectory Disturbed

Radical Innovation

CCS

Diminishing Returns to Innovation

Incremental Innovations

Early Optimization

Hydrocarbons

Climate ChangePolicies

KSA

NSI

Markets

Science

PolicyTechnology

Culture

?Cleaner

Hydrocarbons

Fuel cellNuclear fusion

Solar PV

Oil DepletionOil Prices

Geopolitics

KSANSI

Energy Sectoral

SI

Technological

SI

Landscape DevelopmentsMacro level

Socio-technical RegimeMeso level

Technological NichesMicro level

Deg

ree

of

mat

uri

ty

and

d

eplo

ymen

t o

f p

ote

nti

al

Systematic application of innovation criteria

Wind

KEYCCS: Carbon Capture and Sequestration KSA: Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaNSI: National Systems of InnovationSI: Systems of Innovation PV: Photovoltaic

Methodology: Theory ApplicationAn Illustrative Technological Transition of the Saudi Arabian’s NSI to a Cleaner Energy Economy

KSA NSI

Markets

Science

PolicyTechnology

CultureKSANSI

Energy Sectoral

SI

Technological SI

Methodology: Theory ApplicationAn Illustrative Technological Transition of the Saudi Arabian’s NSI to a Cleaner Energy Economy

Time

Innovation

Trajectory Defined

Trajectory Disturbed

Radical Innovation

CCS

Diminishing Returns to Innovation

Incremental Innovations

Early Optimization

Hydrocarbons

Climate ChangePolicies

?Cleaner

Hydrocarbons

Fuel cellNuclear fusion

Solar PV

Oil DepletionOil Prices

Geopolitics

Landscape DevelopmentsMacro level

Socio-technical RegimeMeso level

Technological NichesMicro level

Wind

• Actors and Linkages in the Saudi Arabian NSI (Source: Author, derived from OECD, 1999)

Industrial Pillars

Supporting Institutions

KACST SAGIA

Universities Private Sector

Saudi Aramco

Ma’aden SABIC

Global Innovation Network

National Innovation System

Clusters of Industries

Regional Innovation System

Macroeconomic and Regulatory Context

Communication Infrastructures

Factor Market Conditions

Product Market Conditions

Education and Training System

Saudi Arabia’s Performance Growth, Job Creation, Competitiveness

National Innovation Capacity

Knowledge Generation, Diffusion and Use

Conclusion

1. Expected Theorertical Contributions

1. The merging of NSI + SSI + TSI in Transition Paths

2. Expected Practical Contributions

1. National System of Innovation in Saudi Arabia

2. CCS Technological System of Innovation

3. Saudi Energy Sectoral Innovation System

4. Transition Paths to Sustainability in Saudi Arabia

Obrigada!

• Thanks for your attention..

Documents

Presented by: Noura Mansouri PhD Student Materials Department