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GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 1 -
Hannover Medical SchoolMedizinische Hochschule Hannover
The Accident Research Unit
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 2 -
Content of lecture• Vulnerable road users are the main topic• Research on In-Depth-Investigation i.e.
GIDAS • New Aspects on Bicycle Helmets• Whiplash problematic• Practices on forensic expertises in Germany
2
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 3 -
Accident Research and ForensicsTasks common
• Accident analysis• Accident causation• Aviodance stategies• Injuries and injury pattern• Speed of driving• Impact Speed• Avoidance speed•
workprocess• Documentation of traces• Questionairing witnesses and
participants• Analysis of injury causation and
mechanisms• Determination of impact and
driving speed• Avoidance and failures• Effectiveness of safety eqippments• Impact and moving behavior of
persons
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 4 -
Real World Analysis Experimental Simulation
Nat. + int. statisticsAccident Research Unit
CrashtestsComponent tests
Vehicle developmentField analysesComputersimulation
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 5 -
In-Depth Research Teams Germany
Dresden
Hannover
since1999
InvestigationArea60 km radius
since1973
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 6 -
Technical University Dresden
2000accidents
annual
1000 accident 1000 accident
Medical University Hannover
By order of Federal Highway Research Institute BASTAutomotive Research Association FAT
methodology
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 7 -
MAIS 2AIS-Head 2
AIS-Arms 2
AIS-Legs 2
Commotio Cerebri AIS 2
Laceration Head right frontal AIS 1
Fracture of head of radius right AIS 2
Rupture left crucial ligament AIS 2
Kind + Location + Severity AIS 2005
Injury documentation
Abbreviated Injury Scale
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 8 -
3020100207
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 9 -
3-D-picture scene of accident (30060206)
3-D-Scan
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 10 -
True to scale drawing as basis for reconstruction
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 11 -11/18/2013 11
On scene investigation Hannover
Number of cases 1973 to 2013Accidents 29.359Vehicles 56.143Persons 73.486Casualties 39.532Injuries 131.501
01.0002.000
[n]
Year of investigation
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 12 -
Pedestrian Safety
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 13 -
car frontal against pedestrian – in the 70s
MAIS 3Collision Opel Ascona frontal against pedestrian,Collision speed 45 kph,Deformation front edge of hood,Impact on windshield
Pedestrian female, 48 years, MAIS 3Contusions and abrasions (AIS 1)Comotio cerebri (AIS 2)Dislocated lower leg fracture left (AIS 3)Symphyseal disruption (AIS 2)
Development of safety
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 14 -
87.2%
vehicle part is cause of injury
6.8%
57.3%32.1%
21.3%26.2%
road surface 59.9%
53.3%53.1%
frequencies of injured body regions
injured by body impact with
total n = 392
82.5%
pedestrian - collision with car - 70-ies
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 15 -
car frontal against pedestrian – in the 90s
MAIS 2Collision VW Jetta frontal against pedestrian,Collision speed 45 kph,Impact on right front bumper and hood
Pedestrian female, 21years, MAIS 2Abrasion forehead right side (AIS 1)Abrasion right hand (AIS 1)Abrasion right knee (AIS 1)Fracture of left fibula (AIS 2)
1991-217
Development of safety
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 16 -
62.1%
4.9%
42.5%23.2%
8.8%16.3%
road surface 58.7%
33.0%31.8%
total n = 1074
69.5%
pedestrian - collision with car - 90-ies
vehicle part is cause of injury
frequencies of injured body regions
injured by body impact with
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 17 -
car frontal against pedestrian – up to date
MAIS 1Collision BMW-one frontal against pedestrian,Collision speed 45 kph,Deformation front edge of hood,Impact on windshield
Pedestrian male, 56 years, MAIS 1Contusions and abrasions (AIS 1)
30120539
Development of safety
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 18 -
45.4%
6.7%
37.6%22.0%
6.3%17.7%
road surface 52.7%
27.1%26.5%
total n = 780
67.7%
pedestrian - collision with car - actual
vehicle part is cause of injury
frequencies of injured body regions
injured by body impact with
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 19 -
Injury probability pedestrians (adults > 150 cm)Collisions of car-front
total n = 935
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
bis 30 31-50 51-70 > 70
% c
umul
ativ
e
Collision speed car
MAIS 1Slightly injured
MAIS 2-4Seriously injured
MAIS 5/6Most heavily injured
killed
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 20 -
Impact of pedestrians < 40 km/hFrontal impact – all types of cars
Maximum x-distanceHead-impact
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 21 -
Head-impact Maximum x-distance
Impact of pedestrians > 40 km/hFrontal impact – all types of cars
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 22 -
Testvorschlag für die Windschutzscheibeaccident reality
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 23 -
BICYCLISTSHistory of Traffic Safety
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 24 -
84.3%
5.2%
64.4%
34.9%
15.2%15.2%
road surface 60.4%
38.2%
total n = 217
77.8%
bicycle collision with car - 70-ies
vehicle part is cause of injury
frequencies of injured body regions
injured by body impact with
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 25 -
51.2%
6.9%
44.5%
24.5%
5.8%11.8%
road surface 70.8%
16.0%
total n = 1614
68.3%
bicycle collision with car - 90-ies
vehicle part is cause of injury
frequencies of injured body regions
injured by body impact with
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 26 -
• especially effectivefor persons > 40 yeard
elderly persons
good protections against head injuries by bicycle helmets
bicycle helmet increases safety
helmet
with
without
age classification
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 27 -
European Standard for bicycle helmet production
SichtfeldHorizontal min. 105 GradNach oben min. 25 GradNach unten mind. 45 Grad
StoßdämpfungStirn, Hinterkopf,Seiten, Schläfen, Oberkopf schützenMax.Beschleunigung < 250g 5,42 m/s flacher Sockel (1,5m)4,57 m/s Bordsteinkante (1,0m)
Trageeinrichtung Dyn. Dehnung max. 25 mm
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 28 -
Shock Absorber Test of Helmet
test area above by „Worst case Method“
determination of test area
1 reference level2 reference line for angular measurement
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 29 -
Bilder der Radhelme
30040547 30050479 30050711
30050800 30060275 30060712
experiences from real world accidents
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 30 -
Definition of Impact and Damage Matrix on Helmet
protective areby CEN 1078
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 31 -
Scratches, Traces
Bursts
Deformations
Location of Damages / Impact Areas on Helmet
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 32 -
Proposal for Extension of Protective Area
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 33 -
Radhelm und Verletzungsschwere Radfahrer
3,3
72,0
21,2
2,8 0,7 0,0 0,04,3
74,4
17,5
2,8 0,7 0,3 0,00
1020304050607080
notinjured
MAIS 1 MAIS 2 MAIS 3 MAIS 4 MAIS 5 MAIS 6
%
maximum injury severity grade
with helmet (n=433) without helmet (n=3812)
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 34 -
Injury Severity Grade of Head
70,2
18,111,1
0,2 0,4 0,0 0,0
61,9
27,7
8,80,9 0,5 0,2 0,0
01020304050607080
notinjured
AIS 1 AIS 2 AIS 3 AIS 4 AIS 5 AIS 6
%
injury severity grade of head
with helmet (n=433) without helmet (n=3812)
AIS > 2 1.6 % without helmet0.6 % with helmet
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 35 -
Frequencies of Head Injuries
0,2
11,0
0,2 0,2 2,6
22,9
0,8
8,8
1,2 0,5 2,7
34,3
05
10152025303540
skullfracture
braininjury AIS
2
braininjury AIS
3+
basefracture
facialfrakture
softtissueinjury
%
head injury
with helmet (n=433) without helmet (n=3812)reduction 75%
reduction 83%
reduction 60%
reduction 33%
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 36 -
Example: Bicyclist without Helmet
impact zone left sideheadimpact windscreen
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
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Example: Bicyclist without Helmetbicyclist:
female, 69 JahreMAIS 3
compression fracture skulldeeply wound fronthead
fracture right patellacompl. fracture right lower legmultiple soft tissue injuries legs
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 38 -
Example: Bicyclist with Helmet
impact zone front wheel
head impact A-pillar
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 39 -
Example: Bicyclist with Helmet
bicyclist:
male, 8 Jahre
MAIS 1laceration left knee
no injuries head
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 40 -
Example: Bicyclist with Helmet
used helmet deformation outer shell by impact with A-pillar
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 41 -
Statistical Probability to Suffer Head Injuries - ODDS-RATIO
• Odd Ratio, to rate the difference of two Odds resulting in classifying the intensity
• values >1 increasing probability• values <1 decreasing probability
Task variable AIS-HeadBrain Injury AIS >3Facial Fracture
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 42 -
Logistical Regression AIS-Head Odds Ratio p
impact speed collision partner 1.035 <0,0001age of bicyclist 1.011 <0,0001BMI 1.000 0.9856accident location rural 2.131 <0,0001daytime dust
night1.1321.298
0.95800.0950
type of bicycle BMXbicycle n.f.s.mountainbikeracing bicycle
1.6491.0041.1151.049
0.21060.17110.80660.5529
cycle path none, not used 1.463 <0,0001collision partner object 1.469 <0,0001
bicyclepedestriantruckmultiplemot. two-wheeler
0.9020.7501.5771.1330.908
0.05890.03390.00690.99520.3799
gender female 1.066 0.9587helmet without 1.503 0.0005
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 43 -
Logistical Regression Brain Injuries AIS 3+(n=62 vs. 1153)
Odds Ratio pimpact speed collision partner 1.070 <0.0001age of bicyclist 1.025 0.0023BMI 1.046 0.1403accident location rural 0.779 0.6179daytime dust
night1.3452.178
0.09780.1219
type of bicycle BMXbicycle n.f.s.mountainbikeracing bicycle
0.0010.9251.7961.271
0.92200.93660.90000.9191
cycle path none, not used 1.463 0.1831collision partner object 2.652 0.6889
bicyclepedestriantruckmultiplemot. two-wheeler
1.7970.0011.0612.9810.001
0.73060.87340.78770.67770.8061
gender female 0.750 0.9809helmet without 8.560 0.0471
< number of cases!
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 44 -
Logistical Regression Facial Frakture (n=124 vs. 4091)
Odds Ratio pimpact speed collision partner 1.026 <0.0001age of bicyclist 1.005 0.3302BMI 1.031 0.1922accident location rural 2.060 0.0276
daytime dustnight
0.8351.672
0.28360.0541
type of bicycle BMXbicycle n.f.s.mountainbikeracing bicycle
2.8910.9920.8661.116
0.16780.35740.14630.7939
cycle path none, not used 1.378 0.0935collision partner object 4.582 <0.0001
bicyclepedestriantruckmultiplemot. two-wheeler
2.4730.5202.1381.9050.656
0.13150.23600.29530.70440.3647
gender female 1.247 0.9681helmet without 1.107 0.7649
not significantinfluence in question
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 45 -
Conclusion !
• 40% of bicyclists without helmet (30 % with helmet) suffer headinjuries
• 70% ……………………………….at impact speed v >40 kph• 5.4% of bicyclists with head injuries are AIS>2 (0.9% with
helmet) • byciclists with helmet are more young people, seniors are rare• byciclists with helmet more often use street 57% vs. 42%
without helmet• racing biker more often use helmet and are driving on the street• usage is low rural, by night, age of bicyclist >50 years
Protective Effect of Helmet is Clearly!
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 46 -
Effectiveness of Bicycle HelmetVerifiable by Accident Studies
• protection from soft tissue injuriessoft tissue injuries – 35 %
• especially from severe injuriesskull fractures – 71 %brain injuries – 82 %base of skull fractures – 58 %
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 47 -
Analysis of accidentcause in on sceneinvestigations
ACAS Accident Causation Analysis System
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 48 -
On scene investigation• Show inside in accident occurence• Show injury pattern and detailed injuries• Explain injury mechanism• Find accident causes and human behavior• Probability of occurence of injuries• Influence parameter of injuries
48
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 49 -
• Interdisciplinary survey
technical
medical
traffic psychology
HOW CAN KNOW-HOW BE USED?
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 50 -
How can know-how be used?
• Interdisciplinary expertises
ForensicTechniqueBiomechanics
Medicine
& other disciplins
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 51 -
How can know-how be used?• Interdisciplinary expertises
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 52 -
How can know-how be used?
• Interdisciplinary expertises• Sitting position in the car• Usage of seatbelt• Efficiency of helmet usage• Injury mechanism• Injury causation• Walking direction• Suicidal intent• Injuries accident probability
• Correlation of damages• Speed calculation• Avoidance strategies• Possibility of sight• Possibility of visibility• Hit or run• Insurance fraud• Roll over of human body
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 53 -
Whiplash
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 54 -
Difficulty of Whiplash diagnosis•Practical case – forensical surveys – rear-end collision•Situation of cars and accident severity
•Diagnosis: based on accident event•
Delta-v 4,5 kph up to 6 kphh 1,5 g up to 2,5 g
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 55 -
Basis of assessment: accident severity
Delta-v 4,5 kph up to 6 kph 1,5 g up to 2,5 g
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 56 -
•Academic basis is comprehensive but not completely enlightening yet!
Probability of occurence
Frontal-collision (flexion of cervical spine) Vehicle deceleration > 5 – 8 g (v > 10 kph)
Rear-end collision (hyperextension of cervical spine):Vehicle deceleration > 2 g (v > 3 kph)
Lateral collision (lateral flexion of cervical spine):Vehicle deceleration > 6 g (v > 3 kph)
No absolute values usable!At best guidance according to scientific literature
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 57 -
How in-depth-accident surveys are shown WhiplashCar occupant with seatbelt in GIDAS
10,2 9,7
36,9
25,0
8,8 10,7
33,4
27,8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Front Side Rear-end multipleImpact car
year of construction < 2005 (n=24.223)year of construction greater equal 2005 (n=3.071)
Frequency % of whiplash injuries
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 58 -
Data basis: rear-end collisionsaccidents 1999-2012
n=26.104
accidents reconstr.n=23.391
participantsn=45.070
n=2.763Occupants
front seated
STATUSnot completed n= 2.255without reconstruction n= 458
participantstruck n= 2.736bus, tram n= 897Motorized two-wheeler n= 3.540bicycle n= 7.058pedestrian n= 3.145other n= 108unknown n= 2
excluded
carsn=27.584
delta-v unknown n= 4.239multiple collisions n= 2.478Collision partner no car n= 9.440No rear-end collision n= 9.002coll. partner not frontal n= 80mass car unkown n= 114mass coll. partner unkn. n= 61cars n=2.170
occupants frontn=2.952
Injury severityMAIS unknown n= 66age unknown n= 123
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 59 -
geRegression coefficient B
Standard error
Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 95% confidence intervalfor EXP(B)
Lower value Superior value
Step 1a
DELTAV ,015 ,002 58,960 1 ,000 1,015 1,011 1,019Age -,010 ,001 45,103 1 ,000 ,990 ,988 ,993
Kind of impact 871,262 2 ,000
Kind of impact (1) 1,758 ,060 858,333 1 ,000 5,801 5,158 6,525Kind of impact (2) ,253 ,065 15,393 1 ,000 1,288 1,135 1,462Sex (1) ,905 ,047 370,657 1 ,000 2,473 2,255 2,712
Mass coll. partner 23,769 2 ,000
Mass coll. partner (1) ,195 ,066 8,727 1 ,003 1,215 1,068 1,383
Mass coll. partner (2) ,310 ,064 23,666 1 ,000 1,363 1,203 1,544
Mass car 3,365 2 ,186
Mass car (1) ,104 ,057 3,341 1 ,068 1,109 ,993 1,240
Mass car (2) ,081 ,074 1,190 1 ,275 1,085 ,937 1,255
Direction of impact (1) ,295 ,053 30,783 1 ,000 1,344 1,210 1,491
Constant -2,435 ,102 567,022 1 ,000 ,088a. In step 1 entered variables: DELTAV, age, kind of impact, sex, mass collision partner, mass car, direction of impact.
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 60 -
Except for the mass of the carall parameter show a highly significantinfluence.
This means,that delta-v solely shows influencebut not alone !
it can be seena significant influence in interaction withother variables
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 61 -
Amount of isolated whiplash injuries in rear-end collisions
01020304050607080
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728
[%]
Delta-v [kph]
whiplash MAIS 1 MAIS 2+Poly. (whiplash) Poly. (MAIS 1) Poly. (MAIS 2+)
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 62 -
0102030405060708090
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
[%]
Delta-v [kph]
whiplash MAIS 1 MAIS 2+
Poly. (whiplash) Poly. (MAIS 1) Poly. (MAIS 2+)
Amount of isolated whiplash injuries in lateral collisions
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 63 -
01020304050607080
1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931333537394143454749
[%]
Delta-v [kph]
whiplash MAIS 1 MAIS 2+Poly. (whiplash) Poly. (MAIS 1) Poly. (MAIS 2+)
Amount of isolated whiplash injuries in frontal collisions
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 64 -
Whiplash injuries conclusion
• symptoms of whiplash injuries possible atall accident constellations and Delta-v values
• Duration and scope of complaints areindependent from Delta-v values andmedical finding of steep position of cervicalspine
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 65 -
Duration and scope of complaintscorrelate with physiologic parameters
gendervigour / traininghealth situation
degenerative pre-existing defects
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 66 -
81,477,3
72,581,4
71,1
85
56,3
38,7
64,460,4
52,9
78,2
66,5
81,4
50,4 50,8
0102030405060708090
100
whiplash injury chronic pain german standard population
SF 36: whiplash injuries
Correlates with chronic pains
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 67 -
pre-existing affection orinjury of spine?
• What is accidental cause?
• malposition, stiff segments?
• Does the pain correlate with:• malposition,instability?
• Degeneration and influence?
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 68 -
Surveys: Diagnostic approach• anamnesis: afflictions• statics / functional examination• nerve examination• x-ray, CT, MRT• progression
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 69 -
How a Whiplash case can be handled?
• Can only be answered in interdisciplinary surveys!
Investigation of accident collision sequences
Investigation of occupant kinematics and biomechanical stress
Assessment of injuries and symptomatologyInclusion of additional experts (neurosurgery, psychological, …)
if necessary
Interdisciplinary report
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 70 -
Examples
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 71 -
Elderly lady declares, thatshe tumbled over thedefect banister after leaving her apartment.
She was found lying in front of the door one floordownstairs
Causation of plunge in staircase
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 72 -
Metodology of expertises:
Preparing a true to scaledrawing
Reconstruction ofaccident with motionanalysis andassessment of injuries
Causation of plunge in staircase
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 73 -
Plunge in staircase – profile of staircase from point cloud
Final position ofcomplainant
Top floor – apartmentof complainant
banister, over which shetumbled (according toher own statement)
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 74 -
Plunge in staircase - Simulation with PC-CrashDifferent motion sequences can be simulated this way:Plunge from stairs (final position reached)
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 75 -
Plunge in staircase - „Walk“ over stairs
Different motion sequences can be simulated this way:Plunge over banister (final position not reached)
Conclusion
Only possibleFalling on stairsLower stairs levelNo influnce from fender
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 76 -
Example
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 77 -
Visibility of a person in a run overAccident:In the morning hours (darkness) a person lying on the roadsurface was run over by a car in a right-hand bend.Question: preventability of the accident by the car driver?
Photos from the official photo report
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 78 -
Run over a person
True to scale sketch :Final position of the person (claimant) and location of thecollision approx. 3 m in front of the final position
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 79 -
Run over a person
Quelle Otte Dipl.arb. 1975
Approach: From experimental run overs: collision positionapprox. 3 to 4 m in front of the final position of the person
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 80 -
Run over a personApproach:• investigation of possible influence of the light towers with known light beam• include light beam of car in the simulation• Road trials on accident scene with dummy (darkness)
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 81 -
Run over a person
Die Sicht auf den Dummy mit
Abblendlicht:
Dummy
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 82 -
Example
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 83 -
Injury of a person in an isolated braking maneuver?Event:
A car driver indicates, that he was forced to an emergencybraking maneuver
Approach: Investigation of occurred force with seatbelt
1. approximation: balloon between person and seat belt
2. approximation: measure the load with a pressure indicatingfilm
Sternum fracture with or without seatbelted ?
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 84 -
Injury of a person in an isolated braking maneuver?1. approximation: balloon between person and seat belt for
illustration of the occuring forces
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 85 -
Injury of a person in an isolated braking maneuver?2. approximation: measure the pressure / forces with a pressure indicating film for driver and passenger
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 86 -
Only very low pressures present.
max. pressure 0,0005 MPa to 0,0013 MPa equal to 500 Pa to 1300 Pa or 5,0 g/cm² to 13,0 g/cm².max. force between 0,3 N and 1,9 N in static viewapprox. 30 gram to 190 gram
Injury of a person in an isolated braking maneuver?
2. approximation: measure the pressure / forces with a pressureindicating film
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 87 -
Other Parameter useful for reconstrution
• Throw distance of peds, bics• Injury severity parameter for safety
devices (helmet, seatbelt..)• Injury probability functions
AIS = f(speed, delta-v, EES, rel. Speed)
•
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 88 -
throw distances of pedestrians
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 20 40 60 80 100
thro
w d
ista
nce
pede
stria
n [m
]
impact speed car [kph]
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 89 -
impact speed vs. injury severity of bicyclists
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
inju
ry s
ever
tiy g
rade
AIS
hea
d
impact speed car [kph]
no impact windscreen area windscreen impact A-pillar impact
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 90 -
throw distances of bicyclists
02468
101214161820
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
thro
w d
ista
nce
bicy
clis
t [m
]
impact speed car [kph]
central car edge
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 91 -
Fahrradfahrery=(.164285)*x+(.396E-3)*x*x
0 20 40 60 80 100
VAUK
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Wur
fwei
te [m
]th
row
dis
tanc
e
impact speed
bicyclists
GIDAS German In-Depth Accident Study
- 92 -
Fussgängery=(-.01499)*x+(.006025)*x*x
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
VAUK
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
WW
EIT
FGM
thro
w d
ista
nce
impact speed
pedestrians
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functional variable: throw distance[m]source square sum
of type IIIdf mean of
squaresF Sig.
corrected modell 2954,596a 9 328,288 42,295 ,000constant term 10,010 1 10,010 1,290 ,257Walking direction 126,392 3 42,131 5,428 ,001type of car ,000 0 . . .front collision 30,661 2 15,330 1,975 ,140car braking ,950 1 ,950 ,122 ,727impact speed 2530,227 1 2530,227 325,980 ,000body height cm ,060 1 ,060 ,008 ,930first registration 9,486 1 9,486 1,222 ,270failure 2701,146 348 7,762
total 11314,115 358corrected total variation 5655,742 357a. R-square = ,522 (corrected R-square = ,510)
overall linear modell (Varianz analysis)
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Technical Parameters for Determination of Impact Speed for Motorcycle Accidents and the Importance of Relative Speed on Injury SeveritySAE Paper 06B-422 2006
Injury correlation of Relative speed
Throw distance
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Conclusion
• Experiences of experts are needed• Data of accident research is needed• Interdisciplinary cooperation of experts
has benefits• Adoption of an interdisciplinary apporach
of biomechanics is important• Education sills of experts would be useful
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Thank you very muchfor your attention !