Present Murogov Seliger

8/4/2019 Present Murogov Seliger

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The Development of Science

and International Securityin the 21stCentury

THE INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL ON GLOBAL SECURITY

4-7 July 2011

V.M. Murogov, Prof., NRNU MEPhI - IATE


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The science and scientists play key roles

in non-proliferation of nuclear weapon

A very complicated balance:

Freedom of science and researches andnon-proliferation of knowledge

Openness and publications of results are key

factors for the development of present-dayscience

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Scientists are authors and pioneers of

nuclear non-proliferation

1940s (World War II) Atom against nazism (A. Einstein, L. Szilard, E.Wigner)

1940s (the beginning of cold war) Against nuclear monopoly

1950s (cold war, arms race) Atoms for Peace (the U.S. President

Eisenhower, 1953 Atoms for Peace, I. Kurchatov)

1954 -1957 the IAEA

1968-1970 Non-Proliferation Treaty

1960s Stop nuclear testing! (A. Sakharov)

1990s We will beat our swords into plough-shares! ex-weapon

scientific potential for peace (ISTC)

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, 1953

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The historical aspects of non-proliferation

nuclear weapon

1932: the discovery of neutron,

James Chadwick (1891-1974),

Nobel Prize 1935

1938: the discovery and explanation ofnuclear fission, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner,

Otto Frisch

Nobel Prize 1944

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1939: Leo Szilard and Eugene Wignerurged Albert Einstein to write a letterto the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt


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Albert Einstein's letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, August 2, 1939Albert Einstein

Old Grove RoadNassau Point

Peconic, Long IslandAugust 2, 1939

F. D. Roosevelt,

President of the United States,White House

Washington, D. C.

Sir:Some recent work by E.Fermi and L. Szilard, which has been communicated to me in a manuscript, leads me to expect that the element uranium may beturned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. Certain aspects of this situation which has arisen seem to call for watchfulness

and, if necessary, quick action on the part of the Administration. I believe therefore that it is my duty to bring to your at tention the following facts andrecommendations:

In the course of the last four months it has been made probable - through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America - that it maybecome possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium,by which vast amount s of power and large quantities of new radium-like

elements would be generated. Now it appears almost certain that this could beachieved in the immediate future.This new phenomena would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable - though much less certain - that extremely powerful bombs of anew type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, m ight very well destroy the whole port together with

some of the surrounding territory. However, such bombs might very well prove to be too heavy for transportation by air.The United States has only very poor ores of uranium in moderatequantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia, while

the most important source of uranium is Belgian Congo.In view of this situation you may think it desirable to have some permanent contact maintained between the administration and the group of physicists

working on chain reactions in America. One possible way of achieving this might be for you to entrust with this task a person who has your confidence andwho could perhaps serve in an inofficial capacity. His task might comprise the following:

a) to approach Government Departments, keep them informed of the further development, and put forward recommendations for Government action,

giving particular attention to the problem of securing a supply of uranium or for the United States;b) to speed up the experimental work,which is at present being carried on within the limits of the budgets of University Laboratories, by providing funds, if

such funds be required, through his contacts with private persons who are willing to make contrib utions for this cause, and perhaps also by obtaining theco-operation of industrial aboratories which have the necessary equipment.

I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over. That she should havetaken such an early action might perhaps be understood on the ground that the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizsacker, is attached

to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated.


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16 July 1945: testing ofthe first atomic bombRobert Oppenheimer Leslie Groves

The Gadget


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August 6 and 9, 1945:THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMBS WERE

DETONATED OVER HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

Little Boy(a gun-type bomb) Fat Man(implosion-type bomb)


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The first serious Case ofNon-Proliferation:

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http://links/LosAlamos_Primer.PDFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klaus_Fuchs_ID_badge.png


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Serious Cases of Non-Proliferation:

Klaus Fuchs (29.12.1911 28.01.1988) a British

theoretical physicist (born in Germany), atomicspy who in 1950 was convicted of supplying

information from the American and Britishatomic bomb research to the USSR during and

shortly after World War II.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klaus_Fuchs_ID_badge.png


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Exchange of nuclear secrets and weapon is

an alternative to the non-proliferation regimeduring World War II

According to Pavel Sudoplatov, former wartime director of theAdministration for Special Tasks, an elite unit of the Soviet intelligenceservice, Leo Szilard, Robert Oppenheimer and Enrico Fermi, knowinglysupplied information to Soviet contacts during their work on theManhattan Project:

Oppenheimer, Fermi, Szilard, and Szilards secretary were often quoted inthe NKVD files from 1942 to 1945 as sources for information on thedevelopment of the first American atomic bomb. It is in the record that onseveral occasions they agreed to share information on nuclear weaponswith Soviet scientists. At first they were motivated by fear of Hitler; theybelieved that the Germans might produce the first atomic bomb. Then theDanish physicist Niels Bohr helped strengthen their own inclinations toshare nuclear secrets with the world academic community: By sharingtheir knowledge with the Soviet Union, the chance of beating theGermans to the bomb would be increased.

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Exchange of nuclear secrets and weapon isan alternative to the non-proliferation

regime during World War II

After bombardment of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Szilard

called upon American scientists to lobby in the

Congress for civil control of atom. Starting from 1945he called to direct negotiations between the U.S. andSoviet scientists in order to restrain the nuclear armsrace. He insisted that scientists had to share ideas, as

it were them who could introduce so necessarysagacity to solving knotting political issues.

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1968-1970:

Non-Proliferation Treaty

The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) entered into forceon March 5, 1970.

To date, 189 countries are parties to the NPT, five ofthem being recognized as nuclear weapon states:

the United States, Russia (the USSR), the UnitedKingdom, France and China (permanent members of

the UN Security Council)

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1968-1970:

Non-Proliferation Treaty

Three pillars are:

Non-proliferation,

Disarmament,

Right for peaceful use of nuclear

technologies.

Can they all three keep in step?

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Some NPT aspects clearing up misunderstandings:


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Some NPT aspects clearing up misunderstandings:


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Risk of knowledge misuse: WMD

MILITARY USE CIVIL USE

Risk of knowledge misuse:


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Risk of knowledge misuse:NUCLEAR WEAPON & NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES


Serious physical and technical barriers, even for subjects of a State



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Risk of knowledge misuse:CHEMICAL WEAPON & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES


The misuse is not so difficult in a technical sense,but chemical weapon is unattractive politically.

It may be used by terrorists.



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Risk of knowledge misuse:BIOLOGICAL WEAPON & BIOTECHNOLOGIES


Misuse occurs in minds of scientists.It is believed that biological weaponis vulnerable to terrorism.


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Risks of proliferation and/or threat

of terror:

Biotechnologies

Nuclear

Chemical

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The liquidation of chemical weapon from the Earth is one of the greatestachievements after the Cold War in the period of Global Partnership


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The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 banned the use of

toxic substances" in military actions, but at the same timeabove 124 000 tons of gas were prepared by the end ofWorld War I. The French were the first, who made use ofchemical weapon (tear gas) during the World War I.

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The liquidation of chemical weapon from the Earth isone of the greatest achievements after the Cold Warin the period of Global Partnership


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The Germans pioneered the use of chemical weapon against Russiantroops near Bolimov, Poland, in January 1915. The first large-scale useof chemical war gases was during the World War I on April 22, 1915 inthe 1st Battle of Ieper, Belgium, when the Germans attacked French,Canadian and Algerian troops with chlorine gas.

In all, over 50 thousand tons of lung damaging, tear and vesicant waragents were placed from the both sides of conflict, including chlorine,phosgene and mustard.

As published officially, about 1 200 000 people were sufferedimmediately from chemical war gases during the war, while 85 thousand

lives were lost.

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If the programs focused on liquidation ofchemical weapon go on at a present-day pace, it

will take for mankind about 100 years to

annihilate it starting from the first massive use(Ieper, 1915).

We must strive for doing the same with nuclearweapon we have very little time left until 2045!

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The involvement of scientists, trust andconfidence are key in the non-proliferation policy

in the XXI century.

The education and responsible knowledgemanagement (Non-Proliferation Culture) are the

only way for the global development of science.

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Joint Statement on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Education was

delivered by H.E. Mr. Akio Suda, Ambassador Extraordinary andPlenipotentiary, Permanent Representative of Japan to the Conference

on Disarmament, at the NPT Review Conference in 2010 Meeting of Main

Committee I on 11 May 2010

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On behalf of the 42 countries Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada,Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Georgia, Germany,Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan,

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Namibia, New Zealand, Norway, Mexico,Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Uruguay, the Russian Federation, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland,Thailand and Tonga


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Joint Statement (2)

"Educationis imperativeto promote disarmament and non-proliferation, and thus to achieve a world without nuclearweapons.

Education imparts knowledge and critical thinking to

individuals and people. Education can raise the awarenessof the public, in particular the future generations, of thetragic consequences of the use of nuclear weapons.Education can also empower individuals and people tomake their contribution, as national and world citizens, todisarmament and non-proliferation."

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I ll l lif i


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Intellectual non-proliferation as a

complex process

Human factor

Protection factor Motivation factortransition to civil activity


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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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Present Murogov Seliger