Pregnancy & Terminology

Signs of Pregnancy

Missed menstrual period

Excessive tenderness in her breasts

Fatigue

Change in appetite

Morning Sickness

May have spotting or light, irregular menstrual flow

Am I Pregnant?

Urine Test: This is a quick simple test that test for the hormone HCG within the females urine. HCG is released by a women when the egg attaches to the lining of the Uterus. HCG is only released when a female is pregnant. (EPT = Early Pregnancy Test)

Blood Test: This test also detects HCG, but you must go to a doctor and have blood drawn. Most people get the blood test after they tested positive for the urine test.

MEDICAL SPECIALISTOBSTETRICIAN:

DOCTOR WHO SPECIALIZES IN CARE OF A PREGNANT WOMEN AND THE DEVELOPING FETUS

GYNECOLOGIST: DOCTOR WHO SPECIALIZES IN CARE OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

PREGNANCY TERM

Pregnancy is based on 40 weeks of development. 10 months in total.1st month we DO NOT count due to the fact of not

knowing Broken down into three sections called trimesters

Define Uterus

Is a muscular organ that receives and supports the fertilized ovum during pregnancy and contracts during childbirth to help with delivery.

FERTILIZATIONWhat is

Fertilization?

Is joining of an egg cell and a sperm cell.

Where does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubeThe process begins

when an egg is released from one of the woman’s ovaries and enters the fallopian tube. The egg remains in the fallopian tube for 12-24 hrs. in order for fertilization to take place.

Define Ovum

Also know as the egg cellThe egg cell; If fertilization occurs the

egg will become an embryo.

Define Zygote:

The cell produced when a sperm fertilizes an egg; contains genetic material that forms the baby.

Define Blastocyst:

A thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises. The outer layer of cells gives rise to the placenta and other supporting tissues needed for fetal development within the uterus while the inner cell mass cells gives rise to the tissues of the body.

What is an embryo?

Is a developing baby through the second month of growth after conception

The rapidly dividing mass of cells inside the women’s uterus.

Fetus

Is a developing baby from the ninth week after conception until birth.

It’s the name given to the embryo from the third month on.

Think, Pair, Share

Write down what you believe is the purpose of the placenta

Discuss it with the person sitting to the right of you

Placenta

Supplies fetus with oxygen

Supplies fetus with nutrients

Passes out wastes from the fetus

Umbilical Chord

A rope like structure that connects the embryo to the placenta.

1 Large vein

2 arteries

What 3 vessels are contained in the chord?

Define Umbilical Chord?

Think, Pair, Share

Write down what you believe is the purpose of the amniotic sac is.

Discuss it with the person sitting to the in front of you

What is the amniotic sac used for?

Temperature Control

Protection from shock

Barrier to infection

Think, Pair, Share

Pick up your folder but do not take your notes out yet!!

Discuss with your partner what you believe are some signs of pregnancy

Two types of insemination

Artificial Insemination:Procedure when sperm is injected into the

female with a syringe

In-vitro Fertilization:Procedure that involves removing a living

egg from a female, inseminating the egg with a donor sperm and returning the fertilized egg back into the woman

Why is prenatal care important to the mother and the baby?

If baby doesn’t receive proper nutrition it may cause premature birth.

A female should not drink alcohol when pregnant. This can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which is the presence of severe birth defects.

Females should not smoke or inhale smoke. This can cause smaller babies and unhealthy babies.

Why is diet and exercise important to the mother and the baby?It increases the chances of a healthy baby.

Increases the chances of having a proper birth weight for the baby.

Keeps the mother healthy during pregnancy. Also helps the mother lose the weight faster after pregnancy.

Decrease chances of birth defects

Types of tests to check for abnormalities of the fetus

Ultrasound: Test using sound waves to depict an image of the

developing fetus. Usually performed at 10 weeks and on.Harmony:

Harmony is more accurate than traditional Down syndrome blood tests and much less likely to give a false-positive result. That means there will be much less chance your doctor would recommend follow-up testing, such as amniocentesis.

Harmony also tests for two other genetic conditions, trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome) and trisomy.

In addition, with Harmony you have the option to evaluate X and Y sex chromosomes.

Types of tests to check for abnormalities of the fetusAmniocentesis test:

Checks for chromosomal abnormalitiesSpina bifida, down syndrome, hemophilia,

tay-sachs, sickle cell anemia

Chronic villus sampling test (CVS test):Done during early pregnancyA biopsy is taken of the villi in the

placenta.Sickle cell anemia, hemophilia

Think, Pair, Share

After hearing how important it is to be healthy during pregnancy, please write down how you believe both male and female can incorporate a healthy lifestyle.Ex: I believe they should wake up and go for

a walk or jog each day before work, and then have a smoothie that is high in fiber.

Stages of pregnancy

First trimester (Months 1-3) (Initial development and rapid growth):At the end of the first month, the embryo has a

heartbeat, a two-lobed brain, and a spinal cord.By the end of the second month, the embryo is

recognizable as a human and is called a fetus. After two months, the fetus has started to form arms and legs as well as fingers, ears, and toes. The fetus can be visibly identifies as a male or female. By the end of the first trimester, the heart has four chambers.

Stages of pregnancySecond trimester (Months 4-6) (Fetus Continues to

form):By the end of the fourth month, fingernails,

toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes have developed. Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and head hair may begin to grow. Movement of the fetus can be felt by the mother. The fetus can bend its arms and make a fist. During the fifth month, the heartbeat can be detected by a stethoscope.

By the end of the sixth month vernix (keeps body from dehydrating and skin from getting wrinkled) appear on baby.

Stages of pregnancy

Third trimester (Months 7-9) (Growth): By the seventh month lanugo (fine hair

grown to insulate the fetus) appears on the baby.

By the eighth months fetus growth slows down and moves into a head-down position.

By the ninth month the fetus is full term. Skin is smooth and waxy looking. The eyes are usually gray. Languo drops off.

Signs of Labor:The Show

The mucous plug in the cervix, which acts as a seal during pregnancy, is passed as a blood stained or brownish discharge.

Contractions: Coordinated muscular contractions are generated in

the upper part of the uterus, the fundus. This helps to gradually open, or dilate, the cervix.

Water breaks:The amniotic sac (membrane) around the baby

ruptures, or breaks, allowing colorless amniotic fluid to pass out through the birth canal.

Stages of Labor

Dilation of cervix:Longest stage of labor.Cervical opening enlarges eight to

ten centimeters, which is wide enough for the baby to move through.

Stages of labor

Delivery of the baby:Begins when cervix is completely dilated.The baby moves farther down the birth

canal, usually head first. The mother pushes, and the muscles in the uterus contract to push the baby out.

Baby’s head will be visible, which is called crowning.

Ends with the delivery of the baby.

Stages of labor

Delivery of the Placenta:Expulsion of the afterbirth, which is

the placenta that is expelled after delivery. If this does not occur naturally the physician removes it.

Explain the difference between:

Signs of LaborStages of Labor

Crowning:

The appearance of the baby’s head during delivery.

Multiple BirthsIdentical Twins

Are twins that develop from a single ovum fertilized by a single sperm that divides after fertilization to form two zygotes

Have same chromosomes

Always will be the same sex

They share the same placenta but have separate amniotic sacs and umbilical cords

Fraternal Twins

Are twins that develop from two separate ova that are fertilized by two different sperm.

Have different chromosomes

Can be same sex or opposite sex

They develop in separate amniotic sacs and have separate umbilical cords and placentas

Types of birth

Natural birth: Delivery of a baby without using drugs or surgery during

birth.

Induced labor: The stimulation of uterine contractions before they occur

spontaneously.

Breech birth When baby delivered either foot first or buttocks first.

Types of Birth

Inducing labor: Medication given or water sac broken by plastic

hook (amnio-hook)

Cesarean Section (C-Section):A form of childbirth in which a surgical incision is

made through a mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies.

Epidural:A shot administered in the woman’s lower back to

aid in pain relief.

Types of Birth Continued

Episiotomy:An incision between the vagina and anus

(perineum) help with crowning of the baby, to prevent muscles from tearing

Vacuum extraction: assist mother if she becomes too tired, cup on

baby’s head with slight suction

Forceps:guide baby’s head out of birth canal

Think, Pair, Share

Discuss with the person sitting behind you.

Which type of birth option do you believe you would like to have if given an option.

Do you believe it is important to have the same opinion as your spouse? Why

LAMAZE

BREATHING METHODS USED DURING THE DELIVERY PROCESS TO REDIRECT THE FOCUS FROM THE PAIN.

Birthing Options

HospitalSafest and quickest method of delivery to receive

immediate medical treatment

Home BirthComfort of delivery at own home, medical assistance

is still needed

Water Birth Is for women with “low risk” pregnancies, drug free

births and minimal intervention

Birthing options

MidwifeAre certified house nurses

The birth can take place at multiple different locations including a hospital, home or center

Birth CenterBirth centers are for women who want a certain

comfort zone and few people around

Birthing Positions:

Occiput Posterior: (Most common) Head down, chest facing front of the mother.

Occiput Anterior: Head down, baby’s back facing front of mother.

Left Occiput Transverse: Head down, baby’s facing left hip.

Right Occiput Transverse: Head down, baby’s facing right hip.

APGAR SCALEIS AN ASSESSMENT

TEST ON A SCALE OF 1-10

PERFORMED BY A PEDIATRICIAN

7 OR HIGHER INDICATES BABY IN GOOD CONDITION

4 TO 6 BABY MAY NEED ASSISTANCE

UNDER A 4 BABY MAY NEED LIFE SAVING TECHNIQUES

Think, Share

Do you believe that a person should have an option if using different types of insemination in order to get pregnant? Why

Think, Share

Do you agree with test to check for abnormalities of the fetus? Why.

Types of disabilities

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS):Caused by alcohol consumption during

pregnancy. May cause: Down SyndromeLow birth weightSmall headAbnormal facial featuresAbnormalities in the heartMental retardation

IS ALCOHOL WORTH IT!!

Premature Birth

Is a birth before the 38th week of gestation.

Causes of Premature Birth

Premature birth can be caused by any number of factors such as high blood pressure or poor nutrition.

Abnormalities of uterus or cervix

Heavy smoking

Drug use

Generally poor health

Miscarriage

A miscarriage is the loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. The medical term for a miscarriage is spontaneous abortion, but the condition is not an abortion in the common definition of the term.

50% of pregnancy ends in miscarriage, but usually before a women misses her menstrual period.

15% of recognized pregnancies end in a miscarriage.

Symptoms of a Miscarriage

Bleeding which progresses from light to heavy

Severe cramps

Abdominal pain

Fever

Weakness

Back pain

What causes a Miscarriage?

Causes are not well known

1st trimester causes are usually due to chromosomal abnormalities in the baby, but have nothing to do with mother of father.

Infection, exposure to environmental hazards, hormonal problems, uterine abnormalities, incompetent cervix, lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, drugs, Disorder of the immune system (lupus), Severe kidney disease, Diabetes, Congenital heart disease, thyroid disease, Certain medications (Acne drugs Accutane), Severe malnutrition.

Age also: Women in 20’s is 12-15% chance: Women at age 40 is 25%.

Stillbirth

Stillbirth is the death of a baby during pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation but before delivery.

Stillbirth occurs in 1 out of every 200 pregnancies

A doctor will usually have to give a woman medicine to start labor by giving her a C-section.

Causes of Stillbirth

High Blood pressure

Diabetes

Blood-clotting problem

Infection of mother or fetus

Placental abruption (Tearing away from uterus to soon)

Umbilical cord twisting, which can cut off oxygen to fetus

Fetus may have a birth defect or slowed growth development

Types of disabilities continued

Down Syndrome:Environment and geneticsExtra 21st chromosome

Cleft lip/palate:Environment and geneticsTwo sides of upper lip do not grow

together properly.Club foot:

Environment and geneticsOne or both feet twisted (present at birth)

Types of disabilities continued

Cystic fibrosis:GeneticsThick mucus interferes with breathing,

blocks lungs, and causes coughing.

Diabetes:Environment and geneticsExtreme thirst and increased appetite.Caused by obesity and is predicted that

every 1 out of 3 children will be born with type two diabetes

Types of disabilities continued

Hemophilia:Usually geneticBlood does not clot properly

Sickle cell Anemia:GeneticsRed blood cells are sickle-shaped instead

of round-shaped. Severe Anemia

Types of disabilities continuedSpina Bifida:

Caused by environment and geneticsSpinal cord forms outside of spinal columnProblems range from loss of bowel and

bladder control to paralysis and mental retardation

Tay-Sachs:GeneticsNervous system disorderBaby will have poor psychomotor

development, weakness and sluggishness. Eventually blindness, paralysis, mental retardation and seizures occur. Death usually takes place by five years of age