3
Prefac e The Symposium on Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces, sponsored by Interna ti onal Scientific Radio Union (URSI) a nd Int ernational As tronomi cal Union (IAU), was held at Dorado, Pu erto Ri co, May 24 to 27, ]965. The nee d for the Sym- posium was rec ognized by members of Commission II , Radio Propagation in Non-Ioni zed Media, at the XIVth General Assembly of URSI held in Tokyo in Se ptember 1963. Through the initia ti ve of Co mmi ss ion II , the sponsorship of URSI with the active partic ip a ti on of Commissions II a nd V, Ra di o and Radar As tronomy, a nd of th e IAU , were sec ur ed. Th e Symposium had the fin ancial support of the URSI. Sess ion topi cs, an invit ed speaker for eac h sess ion, and a li st of resea rchers ac ti ve in the fi elds we re selected by the Orga ni zin g Committ ee . The members of the Orga ni zin g Co mmitt ee were: Dr. J . C. Bolton, CS iRO , Radioph ys ics Division Dr. F. du Castel, Centre Na ti onal d 'E tudes des Telecommuni ca ti ons P ro f. G. R. A. Ellis, University of Tasma ni a Dr. J. V. Eva ns, M.I.T., Linco ln Laboratory Akad. V. A. Kotelnik ov, In stitu te fo r Radio Techniques and Elec t ro ni cs, Moscow, USSR. Dr. C. D. Mayer, U.S. Naval Resea rch Laboratory Prof. D. H. Menze l, Har va rd Co ll ege Obser va tory Dr. D. O. Muhleman, Jet Propu lsion Laboratory Dr. G. H. Pettengill , Arecibo Ionosphe ri c Obser va tory Dr. J. Voge, Ce nt re Na ti onal d'Etud es des Telecommuni ca tions Dr. A. T. Waterman, Jr., Stanford Uni ve rs it y, Elec tro ni cs Resea rch Lab. Prof. W. £.. Go rd on, Arec ib o Ionosphe ri c Obser va tory, Chairman Each sess ion consisted of the in vit ed paper, shorter contributions and discussion. In this issue the invit ed papers . app ear in full , the shorter contributions app ea r in full or in summar y, and th e di sc ussions app ear summa ri ze d from notes prepared by the sess ion chairmen wh o we re respec tivel y: Prof. J. Warwick Prof. G. L. Berge Prof. F. D. Drake Dr. Ri chard Go ldste in Dr. G. H. Pettengill Mr. J. E. Gibson The Editor of Ra di o Science offered this issue to the Committ ee, a nd has helped to speed its publication. Ra pid publica ti on of the procee dings was an important obli ga ti on of the Organizing Committ ee s in ce th e atte nd ance was limited to in vit ees. The Committee is grate ful to the Editor of Ra di o Sc ie nce for hi s cooperation. The Committ ee tha nk s Dr. T. Hagfors for hi s prese nta ti on of th e J. V. Evans paper, Dr. A. E. Salomonovi ch for hi s presentati on of the V. S. Troit sky paper, and Dr. S. Gulkis for his ass istan ce with the manu sc ripts. Th e Symposium hi ghlight ed se veral controversies, notably conce rning the rotational period of the planet Mercur y, th e diel ec tric constant 6f the lunar surface layer, and the validity and mea nin g ofradar ec ho es reportedly obtained from Jupiter. A liv ely di sc ussion among the participants was generated on each of these topi cs. All radar obser ve rs agree on the retrograde se nse of the Venus rotation and Dr. 1. Shapiro described, in an imaginative way, a possible reason for the sense of the rotation. A hi ghlight of the Symposium wa s the radar mapping of surfa ce fe atur es of th e planets Venus and Mars, the latter having an appar ent relati on with optical fe atur es, and of the crat ers of the Moon with a resolution equal to the unaided eye. Although the word weather was not use d sp ecifi cally, se veral of the observations reported were related in a broad se nse to the wea ther and its changes on the planet s_ iii W. E. G ORDON Chairman

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Page 1: Preface - NIST

Preface

The Symposium on Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces, sponsored by Inte rnational Scientific Radio Union (URSI) and International Astronomical Union (IAU), was held at Dorado, Pue rto Rico, May 24 to 27, ]965. The need for the Sym­posium was recognized by members of Commiss ion II, Radio Propagation in Non-Ionized Med ia, at the XIVth General Assembly of URSI held in Tokyo in September 1963. Through the initiati ve of Commission II , the sponsorship of URSI with the ac tive partic ipa tion of Commissions II and V, Radio and Radar Astronomy, and of the IAU, were secured. The Symposium had the financial support of the URSI.

Sess ion topics, an invited spea ker for each sess ion, and a li st of researchers ac ti ve in the field s were se lec ted by the Organizing Committee. The members of the Organizing Co mmittee were:

Dr. J . C. Bolton, CSiRO, Rad ioph ys ics Division Dr. F. du Cas tel, Centre National d'Etudes des Te leco mmunica tions P rof. G. R. A. Ellis, University of Tasmania Dr. J . V. Evans, M.I .T., Lincoln Laboratory Akad. V. A. Kote lnikov, In stitu te fo r Radio Tec hniqu es and Elec tro nics, Mosco w, USS R. Dr. C. D. Mayer , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Prof. D. H. Menzel, Harva rd College Observa tory Dr. D. O. Muhleman, Jet Propu lsion Laboratory Dr. G. H. Pe ttengill , Arecibo Ionos pheric Observa tory Dr. J. Voge, Centre Na tional d'Etudes des Telecommunications Dr. A. T. Wate rman, Jr. , S tanford Unive rs ity, Elec tronics Research Lab. Prof. W. £.. Gord on, Arecibo Ionospheric Observa tory, Chairm an Each sess ion consisted of the invited paper, shorter contri butions and discuss ion. In this issue the invited pape rs

. appear in full , the shorte r contributions appear in full or in summary, and the d iscuss ions appear summari zed from notes prepared by the sess ion chairmen who were respec tively:

Prof. J. Warwick Prof. G. L. Berge Prof. F . D. Drake Dr. Richard Goldste in Dr. G. H. Pettengill Mr. J. E. Gibson The Editor of Radio Science offered this issue to the Committee, and has helped to speed its publica tion. Rapid

publ ica tion of the proceedings was an important obliga tion of the Organizing Committee s ince the a ttendance was limited to in vitees. The Co mmittee is grateful to the Editor of Radio Science for his cooperation.

The Committee thanks Dr. T . Hagfors for his presentation of the J. V. Evans paper, Dr. A. E. Salomonovich for his prese ntation of the V. S . Troitsky pape r, and Dr. S. Gulkis for his assistance with the manuscripts.

The Sympos ium highlighted several controversies, notably concerning the rotational period of the planet Mercury, the dielectric constant 6f the luna r surface layer, and the validity and meaning ofradar echoes reportedly obtained from Ju piter. A lively discussion among the parti cipants was generated on each of these topics.

All radar observers agree on the retrograde sense of the Venus rotation and Dr. 1. Shapiro described, in an imaginative way, a possible reason for the sense of the rotation.

A highlight of the Sy mposium was the radar mapping of surface features of the planets Venus and Mars, the latte r having an apparent relation with optical features, and of the craters of the Moon with a resolution equal to the unaided eye.

Although the word weather was not used specifically, seve ral of the observations reported were related in a broad sense to the weather and its changes on the planets_

iii

W. E. G ORDON

Chairman

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Contents

Preface I Session: JUPITER, AS OBSERVED AT LONG RADIO WAVES

A. Invited Paper Page

I. The Decametric Radio Emissions of Jupiter ......................... . ........ ...... .. ... G. R. A. Ellis ................... 1513 2. Discussion following Ellis' paper

B. Short Contributions I. Results of Recent Investigations of Jupiter's Decametric Radiation .............. . T. D. Carr el aI. ............... . 2. Discussion following Carr et aI., contribution. 3. Results from C.S.I.R.O., Sydney, Australia ............ .. ...................... .. O. B. Slee and

C. S. Higgi ns, .................. . 4. Discussion following Slee and Higgins contribution. 5. Frequency and Polarization Structure of Jupiter's Decametric Emission on a

10-millisecond scale ......................................................................... 1. W. Warwick and

1530 1536

1536

M. A. Gordon...... ....... .. .... 1537 6. Discussion following Warwick and Gordon contribution

II Session: JUPITER, AS OBSERVED AT SHORT RADIO WAVES A. Invited Paper

I. Jupiter, as Observed at Short Radio Wavelengths ............ .... .. ............ ...... 1. A. Robe rts......... ........ ... 1543 2. Discuss ion following Roberts' paper

B. Short Contributions I. An Interfe rometric Study of Jupiter at 10 and 21 cm ................................. G.1. Berge............ 1552 2. Discussion following Berge's contribution 3. Dependence of Jupiter's Decime ter Radiation on the Electron Distribution in

its Van Allen Belts................ ................. ........................ .. .. .. K. S. Thorne ..... . ... .. ..... .. 4. Observations of Jupiter at 8.6 mm ......... . . ................................... . 5. Simultaneous Observations of Jupiter on Three Frequencies ..................... . 6. A Report of Measurements ............................................................. .

III Session: PASSIVE RADIO OBSERVATIONS OF VENUS, SATURN, MERCURY, MARS, AND URANUS

A. Invited Paper

J. E. Gibson .. .. ..... . I. N. Kazes .. .. D. Barber and 1. F. R. Gower.

1557 1560 1561

1563

I. Passive Radio Observation s of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Uranus ... A. H. Barrett... ....... ... ..... . 1565 2. Discuss ion following Barrett 's paper

B. Short Contributions I. Mars and Venus at 70-cm Wavelength... .. ............ ........... .......... .. ... H. E. Hardebeck. .. ........ ... 1573 2. Radio Observations of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn , and Uranus ..... .. ......... K. I. Kellermann....... .. ...... 1574 3. Discuss ion of Kellermann 's contribution 4. The Observations of Radio Emission from the Planets Mercury, Mars, and

Saturn at wavelength of 8 mm ......................... .... ................................ A. E. Salomonovich. 1576 5. Discuss ion following Salomonovich's contribution 6. A Search for the 1.36 cm Wate r Vapor Line in Venus ................... ....... ... .. F. D. Drake ....... .. 1577

7. Discuss ion following Drake's contribution 8. Radiation of Venu s at the 13.5 mm Water Vapor Line .......................... ... ... J. E. Gibson and

H. H. Corbett... ......... 1577 9. Observations of the 1.35 cm Water Vapor Line in Venus ..... . ..................... . W. J. Welch................ 1580

10. Observations of Mars at 12.5 cm Wavelength .................... ....... .. .. .......... .. D. O. Muhleman and T. SaID..... ...... ..... 1580

II. On the Nature of the Cloud Layer of Venus ........... .. ................................ A. E. Basharinov and B. G. Kutuza.................... 158U

12. An Analysis of Microwave Observations of Venus ............... ....... .. .. .... .. .... . C. Sagan and J. B. Pollac k ...

13. Discuss ion following Sagan and Pollack contribution

IV Session: PASSIVE RADIO OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOON A. Invited Paper

I. Inves tigation of the Surfaces of the Moon and Planets by the Thermal Radia-

1583

tion .. ... .......... .... .......................... .... ........... .. ................................. V. S. Troits ky .................. 1585 2. Discussion following Troitsky's paper

B. Short Contributions

I. Polarization of Thermal Radiation of the Moon at 14.5 Gc/s .. .......... .. ........... P. G. Mezger.................... 1612 2. Discuss ion following Mezger's contribution

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Page

3. Linear Polariza tion of Lunar Emission ................... . ... .. .. ... . .. ...... ... ........... R. D. Davies and F. F. Gardner......... .. . . . .. . . . 1613

4. The Effect of Roughness on the Polarization of Thermal Emission from a Surface .. .................... ..... .. . .. . . .. ...... .... .. . ....... . .... .. .. ... ............. ......... . T. Hagfors and

5. Measurements of Lunar Radio Brightness Distribution and Certain Proper. ti es of its Surface Layer. ........ ......... .. ................................. .

V Sess ion: RADAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE PLANETS A. Invited Paper

J. Moriello .... . . 1614

A. E. Salomonovic h ..... ... .. . 1616

1. A Review of Raclar Studies of Planetary Surfaces ..... . . . .. . . ... . ............... . . . .... G. H. P ettengill ............ 1617 B. Short Contributions

1. Prelimin ary Venu s Radar Res ults .... .. ...... .... ...... ....... .......... . .... .... ... . R. M. Goldstein ................ 1623 2. Preliminary Mars Radar Results .. ...... ...................... .. ............................ R. M. Goldstein .. . .... ......... 1625 3. Rece nt Arecibo Observations of Merc ury ................. . .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .... .. ....... G. H. Pettengill .. . .. .. ... .... .. 1627 4. Recent Arecibo Observations of Mars and Jupiter ...... .. ........ .......... .. .... .. .... R. B. Dyce.......... 1628 5. Discuss ion following Dyce's contribution 6. Radio Evide nce on the Structure and Composition of the Martian Surface . C. Sagan and

J. B. Pollack. 7. Radar Scattering from Venus and Mercury at 12.5 e m ............................. .. D. O. Muhleman .. .

1629 1630

8. Application of Plane tary Measurements to Planetary Radiu s and Rotation Rate Determinations ................... .... ........ .... ........ ...... .. .............. .... .. .. I. I. Shapiro.. .... .... 1632

9. Radar Observations of Venus in the Soviet Union in 1964 .... .. . ................. .. V. A. Kotelnikov .. .... .. .. ..... 1634 VI Session: RADAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOON

A. Invited Paper 1. Radar Studies of the Moon .................. .. .................................. . J. V. Evans........ ..... 1637

B. Short Contributions 1. Decameter·wave Radar Studies of the Lunar Surface ..... .. .. . ............ .. ......... J. R. Davis e t aJ. .... . 1659

2. Discussion following Davis' contribution 3. Lunar Mapping by Coherent Pulse Analysis ................. .. ... .. .. .. ..... .. .......... T. W. Thompson.. .. .......... . 1667 4. Discuss ion following Thompson's contribution 5. Interpre tation of the Angular Dependence of Backscattering from the Moon

a nd Venus ... ..... ... .. ........... ...................................... . .... .

6. Discuss ion following Beckmann and Kle mperer contribution

P . Beck mann and W. K. KJemperer. 1669

7. A Note on the Radio Reflectivity of the Lunar Surface ............................... A. Giraud ........ .. .. ........... 1677 8. Moon Dista nce Measurement by Laser ........ .......... .... .... .... .... ... .. .... .. ....... A. Orszag ....... . .. .. .... .. ...... 1681

vi