8
PertanikaJ. Trop. Agric. Sci. 27(1): 57 - 64 (2004) ISSN: 1511-3701 > Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Predominant Weeds of Some Cereal Crops in the Scrub Savannah Region of Nigeria *JAFUN, F.B. & S.D. ABDUL Biological Sciences Programme Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, RM.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria Keywords: Weed, cereal, Bauchi, rice, maize, sorghum ABSTRACK Satu kajian telah dikendalikan untuk menentukan populasi spesies rumpai yang tumbuh di ladang-ladang bijirin (jagung, padi dan betari) di sesetengah tempat kawasan savanah semak-samun Nigeria semasa musim penanaman 1996-1998 dengan tujuan penyediaan maklumat untuk pengurusan rumpai yang berkesan. Enam puluh kawasan di Gubi, Mm, Inkil, Lukshi dan Birshin Fulani dipilih untuk kajian tersebut Sampel-sampel rumpai dikutip dalam kuadran 50 cm x 50 cm dan dikenal pasti menggunakan teks standard dan koleksi herbarium Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Nigeria. Di kawasan kajian, 66 spesies rumpai yang tergolong pada 58 genera dalam 18 keluarga dikenal pasti. Daripada jumlah tersebut, 41 (62.12%) spesies adalah daun lebar, 17 (25.76) rumpai rumput dan 8 (12.12%) sendayan. Rumpai dominan adalah spesies Cyperus, Commelina, Kyllinga, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Imperata, Cynodon, Leucas dan Chloris. Taburan spesies rumpai adalah mengikut jenis tanaman dan kawasan pengumpulan. ABSTRACT A survey was conducted to determine the weed species populations inhabiting cereal farms (maize, rice and sorghum) in some parts of the scrub savannah region of Nigeria during the growing seasons of 1996-1998 with the aim of providing information for effective weed management. Sixty sites in Gubi, Miri, Inkil, Lukshi and Birshin Fulani were selected for the study. Weed samples were collected within 50cm x 50 cm quadrants and were identified using standards texts and collections of the herbarium of the Abubakar Tafawa Belawa University, Bauchi, Nigeria. In the survey sites, 66 weed species belonging to 58 genera within 18 families were identified. Of these, 41 (62.12%) species were broad-leaves, 17 (25.76%) were grass weeds and 8 (12.12%) were sedges. The dominant weeds were Cyperus, Commelina, Kyllinga, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Imperata, Cynodon, Leucas and Chloris species. The distribution of weed species varied with crop type and site of collection. INTRODUCTION Maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) are the major cereals grown in the scrub savannah region of Nigeria. The yields of these cereals are generally low despite their importance as staple foods and the interest of farmers in production. The factors associated with low yields include erratic rainfall, diseases, low soil fertility, weed infestation and use of un-improved local varieties. Of these factors, weed infestation is considered a major limitation to cereal production in this area. Although no accurate data on losses caused by weeds in this area are available, crop losses of between 40-66% (Weber et al, 1995; Udensi et al, 1999) and as high as 100% (Akobundu 1987) have been reported for the Northern Guinea savannah. Despite the recent development of highly intensive cereal based production systems, weeds and the labour required for weed control are still the most important production constraints in this area. The objective of weed control in cereals is to reduce weed population to levels that do not affect yield, quality and harvesting. Corresponding Author

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PertanikaJ. Trop. Agric. Sci. 27(1): 57 - 64 (2004) ISSN: 1511-3701> Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

Predominant Weeds of Some Cereal Crops in theScrub Savannah Region of Nigeria

*JAFUN, F.B. & S.D. ABDULBiological Sciences Programme

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University,RM.B. 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria

Keywords: Weed, cereal, Bauchi, rice, maize, sorghum

ABSTRACK

Satu kajian telah dikendalikan untuk menentukan populasi spesies rumpai yang tumbuh di ladang-ladangbijirin (jagung, padi dan betari) di sesetengah tempat kawasan savanah semak-samun Nigeria semasa musimpenanaman 1996-1998 dengan tujuan penyediaan maklumat untuk pengurusan rumpai yang berkesan. Enampuluh kawasan di Gubi, Mm, Inkil, Lukshi dan Birshin Fulani dipilih untuk kajian tersebut Sampel-sampelrumpai dikutip dalam kuadran 50 cm x 50 cm dan dikenal pasti menggunakan teks standard dan koleksiherbarium Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Nigeria. Di kawasan kajian, 66 spesies rumpai yangtergolong pada 58 genera dalam 18 keluarga dikenal pasti. Daripada jumlah tersebut, 41 (62.12%) spesiesadalah daun lebar, 17 (25.76) rumpai rumput dan 8 (12.12%) sendayan. Rumpai dominan adalah spesiesCyperus, Commelina, Kyllinga, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Imperata, Cynodon, Leucas dan Chloris.Taburan spesies rumpai adalah mengikut jenis tanaman dan kawasan pengumpulan.

ABSTRACT

A survey was conducted to determine the weed species populations inhabiting cereal farms (maize, rice andsorghum) in some parts of the scrub savannah region of Nigeria during the growing seasons of 1996-1998 withthe aim of providing information for effective weed management. Sixty sites in Gubi, Miri, Inkil, Lukshi andBirshin Fulani were selected for the study. Weed samples were collected within 50cm x 50 cm quadrants and wereidentified using standards texts and collections of the herbarium of the Abubakar Tafawa Belawa University,Bauchi, Nigeria. In the survey sites, 66 weed species belonging to 58 genera within 18 families were identified.Of these, 41 (62.12%) species were broad-leaves, 17 (25.76%) were grass weeds and 8 (12.12%) were sedges.The dominant weeds were Cyperus, Commelina, Kyllinga, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Imperata, Cynodon,Leucas and Chloris species. The distribution of weed species varied with crop type and site of collection.

INTRODUCTION

Maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) are themajor cereals grown in the scrub savannah regionof Nigeria. The yields of these cereals aregenerally low despite their importance as staplefoods and the interest of farmers in production.The factors associated with low yields includeerratic rainfall, diseases, low soil fertility, weedinfestation and use of un-improved local varieties.

Of these factors, weed infestation isconsidered a major limitation to cereal

production in this area. Although no accuratedata on losses caused by weeds in this area areavailable, crop losses of between 40-66% (Weberet al, 1995; Udensi et al, 1999) and as high as100% (Akobundu 1987) have been reported forthe Northern Guinea savannah.

Despite the recent development of highlyintensive cereal based production systems, weedsand the labour required for weed control arestill the most important production constraintsin this area. The objective of weed control incereals is to reduce weed population to levelsthat do not affect yield, quality and harvesting.

Corresponding Author

JAFUN, F.B. 8c S.D. ABDUL

To achieve this effectively and economically willrequire a strategy based on the knowledge of thetype and distribution of weeds in differentlocalities. However, very little is known aboutthe weed populations affecting cereals in thisarea. A study of weeds of the northern GuineaSavannah by Weber et al (1995) was limited toKaduna and Katsina States. Okafor and Adegbite(1991) only carried out a survey of weeds ofcowpea fields in Bauchi area.

The objective of this study is to identify thevarious weeds affecting cereals in some parts ofscrub savannah region of Nigeria. The resultswill provide baseline data for developing weedmanagement strategies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A survey of common weed flora of cereal farmswas carried out from 1996-1998. The study areaswere Inkil, Gubi, Miri, Lukshi and Birshin Fulani.These areas were selected because they areintensively cultivated. The study areas are locatedin the scrub savannah of Nigeria at an elevationof 609.45m and latitude and longitude of 10°22'N and 9° 47'E respectively. The area has anaverage annual rainfall of 905 mm distributedover a growing period of between 150-180 days,which is followed by a pronounced dry seasonfrom October to April.

Four farms each devoted to rice, maize orsorghum were randomly selected in each locationand were tagged for sample collection. Therewas no interference in the management practicesof the farmers. Weed samples were collectedwithin 50cm x 50 cm quadrants from 10 locationsin each farm. Collected weed samples werecounted and identified using standard texts(Rains 1968; Akobundu and Agyakwa 1987; Terryand Michieka 1988). Identification was laterconfirmed at the herbarium of the AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Bauchi.

Frequency of occurrence was calculated asthe percentage of farms in which a certain weedspecies was present. The relative occurrence ofweed species in relation to crop and site ofcollection was also estimated.

Data obtained were subjected to two wayanalysis of variance to determine whether therewere significant differences in weeds occurrencesbetween sites of collection and crop type.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sixty six weeds species belonging to 58 generawithin 18 families were identified (Tables 1 and2). This flora represents about 73% of the totalnumber of weed species identified in theNorthern Guinea savannah of Nigeria (Weber etal, 1995). This value is low compared to the 275plant species recorded around Kano town byHussain and Karatela (1989). Forty of the generaidentified were mong the 60 genera recorded byWeber et al (1995). An earlier study by Okaforand Adegbite (1991) in cowpea fields in theBauchi area recorded 21 weed genera, whichwere all recorded in this study. Weed speciesidentified consisted of 41 (62.12%) broad-leaves(Table;), 17 (25.76%) grasses and 8 (12.12%)sedges (Table 2). A similar study by Kandasamyet al. (2000) in India recorded a proportion of46.7% broad-leaves, 43.5% grasses and 9.8%sedges. Jung et al. (1999) recorded 9 species ofgrasses, 44 species of broad-leaves and 3 speciesof sedges in apple orchards in Korea. About 101weed species belonging to 32 families werereported from vegetable farms in Kangwon alphicregion of Korea (Kim et al. 1999). These trendstend to suggest that the distribution of weedspecies varies with location and crop undercultivation. About 47.69% of all species recordedbelonged to the families of Poaceae, Cyperaceaeand Asteraceae with the family Poaceae havingthe highest number of representative species(17). A striking feature of the flora in the cerealfarms was the dominance of Commelina, Kyllinga,Imperata, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Cyperus, Cynodon,Ijeucas and Chloris species which constituted about13.64% of the total weed species and were foundin more than 70% of the fields. Commelina andDigitaria species regarded as the most commonweeds of Bauchi area by Okafor and Adegbite(1991) were also found to be dominant in thisstudy. However, there was a significant increasein the number of dominant weeds in the studyarea. This increase could be attributed to therapid changes towards intensive land use andcropping patterns. Earlier studies have shownthat the distribution and abundance of weedspecies in cereal crops depend on the system ofcultivation, infestation in previous crops andrecurrent bush fires (Tottman and Wilson 1990;Garrity et al 1997).

58 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 27 NO. 1, 2004

PREDOMINANT WEEDS OF SOME CEREAL. CROPS IN THE SCRUB SAVANNAH REGION OF NIGERIA

TABLE 1Broad-leaf weed species and the frequency of occurrence (% fields infested)

of cereal farms in the scrub savannah region of Nigeria

Family

Amaranthaceae

Asteraceae

Caesalpiniaceae

Commelinaceae

CleomaceaeConvolvulaceae

Euphorbiaceae

I^biatae

MalvaceaeNyctaginaceae

Papilionaceae

Portulacaceae

Rubiaceae

SolanaceaeScrophulariaceae

Tiliaceae

Genus

AmaranthusAmaranthusAlternathera

CelosiaAgeratum

A canthospermumAspilia

ChrysanthemumBidensTridax

SynedrellaCassia

DaniellaCommelina

Aneikma spCleome

Evolvus spJpomoeaIpomoeaAcalypha

EuphorbiaEuphorbiaHyptis sp

LeucasAbuliton spBoerhaviaBoerhavia

AeschynomeneCrotalaria

Desmodium spIndigofera sp

TalinumPortula

OldenlandiaBorreria sp

MitracarpuschwenkiaBuchnera

StrigaScoparia

Corchorus

Species

hybridusspinosussessiles

leptostachyaconyzoideshispidumafricana

americanumpilosa

procumbensnodiflora

obtusifoliaoliveri

benghalensis

afrospinosa

septariadichroahispida

heterophyllahirta

martinicensis

erectadiffusa

virginicacuspida

triangulateolerocea

corymbosa

villosusamericanum

hispidahermonthica

dulcisolitorius

Occurrence(% of farms)

8.766.634.813.57

42.7851.0927.7117.5424.9234.7815.7615.297.68

82.549.466.732.9719.3213.1716.7013.085.7621.5078.1817.9132.114.4316.244.909.1018.102.318.5543.3616.3722.3741.689.6762.3310.5631.43

PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 27 NO. 1, 2004 59

JAFUN, F.B. & S.D. ABDUL

TABLE 2Grasses/sedges weed species and the frequency of occurrence (% field infested)

of cereal farms in the scrub savannah region of Nigeria

Family Genus Species Occurrence(% of farms)

Cyperaceae

Poaceae

CyperusCyperusCyperusCyperusKyllingaMariscusMariscus

Setaria

BtachiariaAndropogon

ChlorisEluesine

PennisetumEragrotis

SetariaImperata

PaspalumDigitariaPanicum

Scleragrotis spRottboelhaCynodon

EchinochloaAgeratum

Euclasta spDactyloctenium

esculentusrotundustuberosus

sphacelatussquamulataalternifoliumumbellatusvertidllata

dejlexagayanus

pilosaindica

polystachioncilianensisvertidllatacylindricalorbicularehngifloramaximum

cochinchinensisdactyloncolona

conyzoides

aegyptium

60.1452.5035.2220.2976.6344.2025.404.96

21.1910.6071.2029,1035.6019.6027.2873.177.9875.6558.3016.4844.7366.0186.4351.0625.8457.23

The distribution of weed species accordingto crop type and area of collection is presentedin Tables 3, 4 and 5. Weeds species distributionvaried significantly (P<0.05) with cereal croptype and site of collection. Rice farms with 38species which is equivalent to 58.46% of overallspecies identified had the highest number ofspecies per crop type (Table 3), while sorghumwith a record of 32 species (49.23%) had thelowest number of weed species (Table 5). Of the38 species from rice farms, 8 were sedges, 10grasses and 20 broad-leaves, with Cyperus speciesand Echinochloa colona being the most dominantspecies. On maize farms, 14 grass species, 2sedges and 25 broad-leaves were identified.Similarly, sorghum farms recorded 11 grass, 20broad-leaves and 1 sedge species. Cynodon

dactylon and Striga hermonthica were the mostdominant species in maize and sorghum farmsrespectively. Nineteen of the species identifiedwere common to rice and maize farms, while 12species were common to all three crops.

Results of this study provide evidence thatthere is an increase in the number of dominantweeds and that the distribution of weeds speciesvaries with the area of collection and crop types.Further studies need to be carried out on thedeterminants of weed communities and theimplication in the management of theses weeds.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The financial support of the Abubakar TafawaBalewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria is gratefullyacknowledged.

PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 27 NO. 1, 2004

PREDOMINANT WEEDS OF SOME CEREAL CROPS IN THE SCRUB SAVANNAH REGION OF NIGERIA

TABLE 3Weed flora of rice farms in the scrub savannah region of Nigeria

Family

Amaranthaceae

Asteraceae

Commelinaceae

Convolvulaceae

Cyperaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Poaceae

Portulaceae

RubiaceaeTiliaceae

Genus

AmaranthusAmaranthus

AlternatheraCelosia

AgeratumAcanthospermum

AspiliaChrysanthemum

BidensSynedreUaCommelina

Aneilema spEvolvulus sp

IpomoeaCyperusCyperusCyperusCyperusKyllingaMariscusMariscusSetaria

AcalyphaEuphorbiaBrachiaria

ChlorisPennisetumPaspalumImperataDigitariaPanicum

RoettboelliaCynodon

EchinochloaTalinumPortula

MitracavpusCorchorus

Species

hybndusspinosussessiles

leptostachyaconyzoideshispidumafricana

americanumpilosa

nodiflorabenghalensis

septaria

esculentusrotundustuberosus

sphacelatussquamulataaltemifoliumumbellatusverticillata

hispidaheterophylla

dejkxapilosa

polystachionorbicularecylindricallongifloramaximum

cochinchinensisdactyloncolona

triangulareoleraceaevillosusolitorius

Miri

6.2158.1335.103.2110.6726.597.56

-

15.0820.2631.093.1317.54

-

32.5758.0620.2010.3957.6241.876.2110.0126.151.74

21.1971.2038.607.98

44.2065.6029.2041.0653.1376.510.001.847.6819.05

Occurrence

Gubi

41.8711.8030.084.43107021.2617.701.4613.2527.9341.152.8924.924.14

55.4662.1514.635.7165.0324.263.3710.6717.935.919.1833.6013.8626.4373.1747.1455.2318.9779.6793.801.761.16

19.3234.12

by Location (%)

Inkil

3.378.5928.223.5653.0933.1028.22

-12.7311.0517.13

-

51.0958.0632.1232.3918.4119.6570.6733.1014,4635.01

-

14.5138.7048.1427.31

-

16.4875.6530.9158.3274.8969.73

-

8.8721.5028.07

B/Fulani

_

15.8817.7043.3510.0125.1030.08

-

12,8939.8444.535.08

-

11.3839.8640.6136.99

-

51.9230.19

- ,13.175.8840.67

-62.117.8918.9366.0138.1336.5560.2355.2354.21

-

5.02-

37.22

Lukshi

m

9.2717.054.2613.1730.1935.108.813.13

-

31.243.25

42.2623.0258.6151.9231.67

-

68.0325.103.64

-

32.3922.080.69

59.3341.2313.5457.2353.0164.3839.8763.2283.28

--

7.6816.76

PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 27 NO. 1, 2004

JAFUN, F.B. & S.D. ABDUL

TABLE 4Weed flora of maize farms in the scrub savannah region of Nigeria

Family

Amaranthaceae

Asteraceae

Caesalpiniaceae

Commelinaceae

Convolvulaceae

CyperaceaeEuphorbiaceae

LabiataeNyctaginaceae

Papilionaceae

Poaceae

RubiaceaeScrophylariaceae

Genus

CelosiaAmaranthus

BidensTridax

AcanthospermumCassia

DaniellaCleome

CommelinaAneilema spEvolvulus sp

IpomoeaCyperus

AcalyphaEuphorbia

I^ucasHyptis spBoerhaviaBoerhaviaCrotalaria

Indigofera spEuclasta spPennisetum

SetariaPaspalumImperataDigitariaPanicum

RottboelliaCynodonEragrotis

Scleragrotis spChloris spBrachiariaEleusine

OldenlandiaStriga

BuchneraAlectra sp

Species

leptostachyaspinosuspilosa

procumbenshispidumobtusifolia

oliveriafrospinosabenghalensis

dichroaesculentussegetalis

hirtamartinicensis

erectadiffusacuspida

polystachionverticillataorbicularecylindricallongifloramaximum

cochinchinensis

dactyloncilianensis

pilosadeflexaindica

corymhosahermonthica

hispida

Miri

3.2815.748.2841.0733.56

---

30.311.612.98

4 6.9334.98

-9.7925.84

-33.413.032.32

-13.148.552.096.13

21.4713.4339.3862.1258.1245.354.4118.635.2028.48

-55.162.0414.13

Occurrence

Gubi

4.211.92

13.0410.0811.73

--

0.859.30

-3.6413.8620.161.0615.764.604.4519.921.56

--

8.222.981.852.2316.1118.0734.0923.1276.6225.117.2330.099.6131.23

_19.931.112.82

By Location (%)

Inkil

7.519.1515.533.2539.04

-2.60

-15.68

--

10.2237.621.70

28.25-

1.6434.660.93

--

8.911.931.012.4118.2225.2846.5361.6767.2115.1629.5742.131.25

25.02

_60.33

--

B/Fulani

5.397.689.3416.5728.676.591.73

-37.121.092.0912.6126.171.58

37.5212.203.2135.07

-3.030.972.233.64

-1.704.9843.3437.3325.2853.1024.0817.5028.4112.5721.14

»47.211.313.67

Lukshi

8.8324.622.7635.1125.94

--

6.5922.603.881.85

26.2732.235.2434.179.633.0118.34

-

1.611.13

14.67-

4.036.11

-

14.3123.1862.7639.3341.1823.5337.162.5913.86

3.8834.763.466.41

PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 27 NO. 1, 2004

PREDOMINANT WEEDS OF SOME CEREAL CROPS IN THE SCRUB SAVANNAH REGION OF NIGERIA

TABLE 5Weed flora of sorghum farms in the scrub savannah region of Nigeria

Family

AmaranthaceaeAsteraceae

Caesalpiniaceae

CommelinaceaeCyperaceae

Labiatae

MalvaceaePapilionaceae

Poaceae

RubiaceaeSolanaceae

Scrophulariaceae

Tiliaceae

Genus

AmaranthusA canthospermum

SynedrellaCassia

DaniellaCleome

CommelinaCyperus

Hyptis spLeu cas

Abuliton spAeschynomene

CrotalariaIndigofera sp

BrachiariaEragrostis

AndropogonScleragrotis sp

EleusineDactyloctenium

DigitariaRottboelliaCynodonPanicumChloris

AgeratumOldenlandiaSchwenkia

Striga

BuchneraScopariaCorchorus

Species

spinosushispidumnodiflora

obtusifoliaoliver

afrospinosa

benghalensisesculentus

martinicensis

virginicacuspida

deflexacilianensisgayanus

indicaaegyptiumlongiflora

cochinchinendactylon

maximumpilosa

conyzoidescorymbosa

americanumhermonthica

hispidadulcis

olitricus

i

Miri

43.8129.42219.782.581.38

-

3.2934.9813.3629.193.75

-33.494.51

35.0437.4725.482.33

54.205.9449.954.9161.091.398.0333.766.424.43

87.422.719,2718.03

Dccurrence

Gubi

21.67.90

22.44--

2.133,0720.163.7613.748.19

--

5.01

25.418.1928.4111.847,336.26

40,1631.2223.533.32

37.4245.112.513.16

51.09-

4.3951.18

By Location (%)

Inkil

25.4310.6127.903.23

-5.3937.6215.2326.382.045.05

-

23.01

60.1220.4443.127.24

36.739.4536.0372.6327.83

-13.0157.03

--

58.827.813.55

4071

B/Fulani

21.8719.8011.12

--

-

3.5326.17

-7.8916.93

--

1.92

38.2012.1250.932.8216.10

-

77.8151.167.922.9712.7028.679.476.2763.833.317.89

29.16

Lukshi

33.5220.535.611.821.13

-

6.9832.2311.2132.01

-

0.82-

4.09

51.3216.9325.48

-

39.204.3626.8521.3550.202.7834.5946.434.133.6775.031.56

-

13.34

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AKOBUNDU, I. O. and C.W. AGYAGWA. 1987. A

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GARRITY, D.P., M. SOEKADI, M. VAN NOORDWIJK, R.

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HUSSAIN, H.S.N. and YY. KARATELA. 1989. Weedsflora of Kano and its environs. NigerianJournal of Weed Science 2: 1-7.

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HUR and D. HAN. 1999. A survey of vegetativecrop weeds in Kangwom Alphic area, KoreanJournal of Weed Science 19(4): 288-298.

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(Received: 12 December 2001)(Accepted: 20 June 2005)

64 PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 27 NO. 1, 2004