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Pre Raph Architecture Photography - WORLD.ARTvisaworldartvisa.weebly.com/uploads/6/3/1/7/6317724/...• The"crystal"palace"is"atestamentto"industry"and"innovaon"during"the"industrial"

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Page 1: Pre Raph Architecture Photography - WORLD.ARTvisaworldartvisa.weebly.com/uploads/6/3/1/7/6317724/...• The"crystal"palace"is"atestamentto"industry"and"innovaon"during"the"industrial"

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Page 3: Pre Raph Architecture Photography - WORLD.ARTvisaworldartvisa.weebly.com/uploads/6/3/1/7/6317724/...• The"crystal"palace"is"atestamentto"industry"and"innovaon"during"the"industrial"

The  scene  depicted  is  from  Shakespeare's  Hamlet,  Act  IV,  Scene  vii,  in  which  Ophelia,  driven  out  of  her  mind  when  her  father  is  murdered  by  her  lover  Hamlet,  drowns  herself  in  a  stream:  •  Her  clothes  spread  wide  /  And  mermaidlike  awhile  they  bore  her  up  /  Which  Eme  she  chanted  

snatches  of  old  tunes  /  As  one  incapable  of  her  own  distress  •  To  make  the  pathos  of  the  scene  visible  –  to  make  people  feel  sympathy  of  sadness  –  Millais  

depicted  every  detail  with  feeling  and    •  Each  reed  swaying  in  the  water,  every  leaf  and  flower  are  the  product  of  direct  and  

exacEng  observaEon  of  nature  •  Ophelia  lies  back  her  mouth  open  in  song  –  her  last  breath/words  upon  red  young  lips  •  Her  garment  rise  up  as  her  waist  begins  to  sink,  yet  she  looks  as  fresh  as  the  flowers  that  

float  alongside  her.  The  flowers  too  will  sink  into  the  murky  water  •  She  seem  to  be  floaEng  backwards,  away  from  us  and  into  the  dense  forest  that  shades  

the  stream  –  not  the  flowers  on  the  right  and  the  dead  brush  on  the  leM  which  she  moves  towards  as  she  moves  towards  death  

•  Although  the  scene  is  ficEEous  and  would  have  been  rejected  by  his  realist  counterparts,  Millais  worked  hard  to  present  it  with  commitment  to  visual  fact  by  painEng  along  the  Hogsmill  River  in  Surrey.  For  the  figure  of  Ophelia  he  had  a  friend  lie  in  a  bath  tub  for  hours  at  a  Eme  

•  The  painEng  received  much  praise  when  the  painter  exhibited  it  in  the  EXPOSITION  UNIVERSELLE  in  Paris  in  1855  –  the  same  exhibiEon  at  which  Courbet  set  up  his  PAVILLION  REALISM  

 

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Page 4: Pre Raph Architecture Photography - WORLD.ARTvisaworldartvisa.weebly.com/uploads/6/3/1/7/6317724/...• The"crystal"palace"is"atestamentto"industry"and"innovaon"during"the"industrial"

•  In  La  Vita  Nuova  Dante  portrays  himself  as  a  poet  capEvated  by  an  unaYainable  love  personified  by  Beatrice.  AMer  Beatrice's  death  Dante,  who  cannot  overcome  his  lingering  love  for  her,  resolves  to  express  his  love  through  his  art.  

•  This  painEng  portrays  the  literary  figure,  Beatrice,  from  Dante’s  Vita  Nuova,  as  she  overlooks  Florence  in  a  trance  aMer  being  mysEcally  transported  to  heaven.  

•  Rosse]  illustrates  Beatrice's  transcendence  by  uElizing  limited  tonal  contrasts,  blurred  transiEons  between  forms,  and  Beatrice's  reflecEve,  devoEonal  pose  

•  Beata  Beatrix  also  commemorates  the  death  of  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Siddal,  in  a  manner  paralleling  Dante  and  Beatrice’s  relaEonship.  Rose]  idealized  his  wife  but  only  express  his  love  through  art  

•  In  Beata  Beatrix  Rosse]  gave  symbolic  expression  to  his  personal  reacEon  to  the  loss  of  his  wife.  Rosse]  presents  a  remote,  idealized  love  that  he  longs  for  yet  cannot  aYain  unEl,  like  Dante,  he  dies  and  is  then  transcended  to  the  Garden  of  Eden  where  he  will  be  reunited  with  his  ideal  love.    

•  The  red  dove  is  a  messenger  of  both  love  and  death  •  The  dove  deposits  a  poppy  –  symbolic  of  sleep  and  death  –  in  her  hands.  Siddal  died  of  an  

opium  overdose  •  Adding  to  the  spiritual  nature  is  the  light.  “Its  light  is  not  the  light  of  sunshine  itself,  but  of  

sunshine  diffused  through  coloured  glass.”  The  result  is  that  the  painEng  seems  illuminated  out  of  its  own  materials,  and  not  from  some  imagined  realisEc  source  of  light.  

•  In  the  background  a  sundial  reminds  us  of  the  passing  of  Eme  –  of  the  lover  waiEng  to  be  reunited  with  his  love  

•  Separated  by  Eme  are  the  figures  of  Beatrice  and  Dante,  the  sun  dial  marks  the  hour  of  her  death  

•  The  city  in  the  background  is  meant  to  be  Florence  but  could  easily  be  London  

 

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•  The  Neo-­‐Gothic  style  became  popular  around  the  same  Eme  as  RomanEcism  •  Because  the  Industrial  revoluEon  was  flooding  the  market  with  cheaply  made  and  

ill  designed  commodiEes,  and  machine  work  was  replacing  handi-­‐craM,  many  saw  a  necessity  in  restoring  the  old  arEsanship  of  eras  such  as  the  middle  age  when  grand  building  were  built  by  hand  labor  

•  The  art  criEc  Pugin  saw  moral  purity  and  spiritual  authenEcity  in  the  religious  architecture  of  the  middle  ages,  and  honored  them  for  the  honesty  and  quality  they  embodied  

•  The  house  of  Parliament  was  rebuilt  in  the  Gothic  spirit  aMer  in  burnt  down  in  1834  

•  The  design  and  layout  of  the  building  were  thus  carefully  designed  to  serve  the  needs  and  workings  of  Parliament.  In  parEcular,  Barry  placed  the  locaEon  of  the  Sovereign's  throne,  the  Lords  Chamber  and  the  Commons  Chamber  in  a  straight  line,  thus  linking  the  three  elements  of  Parliament  in  conEnuous  form.  

•  As  result  the  building  does  rise  verEcally  like  the  Gothic  churches,  nor  does  it  have  flying  buYresses,  but  has  a  axial  plan  that  is  horizontal  and  regular,  which  is  set  off  by  the  Neo-­‐Gothic  tower:  Big  Ben  (clock),  and  the  victoria  tower  

•  The  Gothic  influence  is  especially  strong  in  the  ornamentaEon  of  the  exterior,  which  includes  large  expanses  of  glass  offset  by  strong  verEcal  lines  

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•  John  Nash  was  well  known  in  England  for  his  Neoclassical  architecture.  However,  when  the  prince  regent  (later  King  George  IV),  asked  him  to  build  a  pleasure  palace  in  the  seaside  town  of  Brighton  Nash  could  not  use  architecture  based  on  raEonality  and  reason.  

•  For  a  palace  that  would  serve  as  a  royal  getaway,  Nash  turned  to  the  RomanEcist  interest  in  the  exoEc  

•  At  this  Eme  Britain  was  expanding  as  an  Imperial  Empire,  which  exposed  ciEzens  and  arEsts  alike  to  the  exoEc  cultures  and  arEsEc  styles  of  India  

•  As  a  result  of  the  RomanEcist  focus  on  the  exoEc,  and  the  cultural  influences  of  Imperialism,  Nash  created  an  fantasEcal  exterior  that  is  a  conglomeraEon  of  Islamic  domes,  minarets  and  screens  

•  This  style  is  referred  to  as  “Indian  Gothic”  because  of  it’s  Indian  architectural  elements  and  it’s  use  of  glass,  strong  verHcal  elements  and  detailed  paJerned  ornamentaHon  

 

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Page 8: Pre Raph Architecture Photography - WORLD.ARTvisaworldartvisa.weebly.com/uploads/6/3/1/7/6317724/...• The"crystal"palace"is"atestamentto"industry"and"innovaon"during"the"industrial"

•  The  crystal  palace  is  a  testament  to  industry  and  innovaEon  during  the  industrial  revoluEon,  

•  Steel  became  available  aMer  1860  as  a  building  material  that  would  enable  architects  to  create  new  designs  involving  vast  enclosed  spaces  

•  Adverse  to  the  appearance  to  new  technologies  many  architects  hid  the  steel  skeletons  of  their  structures  with  concrete  an  more  tradiEonal-­‐looking  architectural  elements.  Others  however,  embraced  it  and  made  the  steel  a  intricate  part  of  the  buildings  aestheEc  

•  This  is  called  “undraped  construcHon”  •  The  Crystal  Palace,  an  expansive  exhibiEon  hall,  was  designed  to  hold  the  Great  

ExhibiEon  of  1851,  which  showcased  the  works  of  industry  •  Made  of  pre-­‐fabricated  iron  and  glass  parts,  workers  were  able  to  put  up  the  

building  in  less  than  6  months  and  take  it  down  shortly  aMer  the  exhibiEon  •  While  the  material  were  not  tradiEonal,  the  plan  was  tradiEonal.  Thus  Paxton  

brought  a  new  aestheEc  to  a  familiar  form  •  The  plan  is  a  central,  flat-­‐roof  nave  with  a  barrel  vault  transept  –  providing  ample  

interior  place  to  display  machinery,  working  fountains  and  giant  tress  •  A  beacon  of  innovaEon,  the  glass  building  gliYered  in  the  park  like  crystal  

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•  Portraiture  was  an  important  economic  opportunity  for  photographers  •  Nadar  was  a  novelist,  journalist,  and  caricature  arEsts  who  also  enjoyed  balloon  

transportaEons  •  He  first  began  using  photography  as  sources  for  his  caricatures  but  quickly  

discovered  and  talent  and  opened  a  portraiture  studio  •  He  became  renowned  for  pu]ng  his  subjects  at  ease  and  capturing  their  essence    •  As  a  result  he  had  a  client  list  that  included  Delacroix,  Daumier,  Courbet  and  

Manet,  all  who  sought  to  be  captured  for  eternity  as  their  greatest  selves  •  Here  we  see  Delacroix  at  the  height  of  his  career,  he  is  a  serious,  confident  and  

commanding  figure  •  In  1862  the  French  court  decided  that  photographs  were  indeed  works  of  art,  

and  to  commemorate  the  moment  Daumier  made  the  above  cartoon  of  Nadar,  showing  Nadar  and  his  photography  as  elevated  –  Note  that  Nadar  was  a  balloon  travel  enthusiast  and  the  first  to  photograph  Paris  from  an  aerial  view  

 

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•  The  Realist  photographer  moved  to  California  from  England  in  the  1850s  •  In  1872  the  Governor  of  California  sought  his  assistance  of  seYling  a  bet  about  

whether  all  for  feet  of  a  horse  leM  the  ground  at  once  when  galloping.    •  Muybridge  proved  they  work  by  taking  a  series  of  moEon  photographs  of  the  

horse,  which  captured  details  to  quick  for  the  human  eye  to  freeze  •  This  series  quickly  turned  into  a  study  of  moEon  which  was  published  as  a  book  

Animal  Locomo5on  in  1887  –  thus  he  became  renown  in  the  world  of  art  and  science  

•  To  show  his  studies  Muybridge  invented  the  zoopraxiscope,  which  allowed  him  to  project  images  on  the  wall  in  rapid  succession  thus  giving  the  illusion  of  moEon  –  this  machine  gave  birth  to  cinema  

•  Muybridge’s  study  of  moEon  would  have  a  profound  effect  of  modern  arEsts  such  as  the  Futurists  and  Duchamp  

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