Pr7 Semantic Classification of Words

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    Semantic Classification of Words

    Lecture 7

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    SEMANTIC СLASSIFICATION OF

    WORDS 

    1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GROUPING WORDS.

    2. SYNONYMY1. SYNONYMS

    2. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNONYMS

    3. EUPHEMISMS

    3. ANTONYMY1. ANTONYMS

    2. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTONYMS

    4.  TERMINOLOGICAL AND LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUPS

    OF WORDS  1. LEXICAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL SETS

      2. LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUPS

      3. SEMANTIC FIELDS

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    I. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GROUPINGWORDS

     Two b!"# $%""$'(! o) *%o+$"&*wo%,!

    1. o #'!!")/ wo%,! $%o#((,"&* )%o0 (b!"# /$(! o) !(0&"# %('"o&!

    2. o *%o+$ wo%,! o*((% !%"&* ow" !!o#""o&! #o&&(#"&* ( *"(&

    wo%,! w" o(% o#b+'%/ +&"!.

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    SEMANTIC CLASSES (CATEGORIES):

    1. S/&o&/0!

    2. A&o&/0!

    3. L(5"#' 6 (%0"&o'o*"#' !(!

    4. L(5"#o-!(0&"# *%o+$!

    7. S(0&"# 8(',!

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    II. SYNONYMY 

    Synonymy - the kind of semanticrelations that implies thecoincidence in the essentialmeanings of linguistic elements,which usually preserve theirdifferences in connotations and

    stylistic characteristics. Synonymy does not present a

    perfect type of a linguistic category.

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     2.1. SYNONYMS

    Synonyms - words belonging to one partof speech, close in meaning andinterchangeable at least in some contexts.

    Characteristics: the semantic relationsof euivalence or by semantic relations ofproximity.

    !ypes of synonyms:

    Full total! synonyms characteri"ed bysemantic euivalence, are extremely rare.

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    The degree of semantic proximity

    is estimated in terms of aspect ofmeaning:

    #. the denotational$

    %. the connotational$

    &. the pragmatic.

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    1. The difee!"e i! "#!!#$%$i#! famous -9:&ow& w",('/; "&* )0(< &, notorious 9w",('/ :&ow& b(#+!( o) !0 b,; (.*.)o% b("&* #%"0"&'; "o'(&; "00o%'@J = @.

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    2.2.CLASSIFICATION OFSYNONYMS

    1. S$,*i-$i" -,!#!,, "0$'"(! &o"&(%#&*(b"'"/ "& #o&(5b(#+!( ( +&,(%'/"&*!"+"o&! %( ,"(%(&; (.*.children – infants, dad – father .

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    2. Ide#'%&hi" -,!#!,, $%(!(&! !"'' 'ow(% ,(*%(( o) !(0&"#$%o5"0"/ &, "! ob!(%(, w(&( #o&&o"o&' &, $%*0"#!$(#! %( !"0"'%; b+ (%( %(#(%"& ,"(%((! "& (,(&o"o&' !$(# o) 0(&"&* o)wo wo%,!; (.*. forest – wood,apartment – at, shape – form.

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    . Ide#'%&hi"/-$,*i-$i"-,!#!,, "!

    #%#(%"(, b/ ( 'ow(!,(*%(( o) !(0&"#$%o5"0"/. (.*. ask –

    inquire, expect – anticipate. 

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    SYNONYMIC DOMINANT /

    ,o0"&& ('(0(&; w"# "! (0o! *(&(%' (%0 $o(&"''/#o&"&"&* ( !$(#"8# )(+%(!

    %(&,(%(, b/ '' ( o(% 0(0b(%!o) ( !/&o&/0"# *%o+$. I& (!(%"(! leave – depart – quit – retire –clear out ( (%b leave "!

    !/&o&/0"# ,o0"&&. 

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    2.. EUP0EMISM /

    "! !+b!"+"o& o) wo%,! o) 0"', o%*+( #o&&o"o&! )o% (5$%(!!"o&!%o+*; +&$'(!&.

     T( wo%, to die ! ( )o''ow"&*(+$(0"!0! to expire, to pass away,to depart, to join the majority, to kickthe bucket ; (# pregnant – in the

    family way .

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    III. ANTONYMY .1. ANTONYMS

    A!$#!,- = #'!! o) wo%,! *%o+$(,o*((% o& ( b!"! o) ( !(0&"#%('"o&! o) o$$o!""o&.

    .2. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTONYMS

    S$+"$+%**,; &o&/0! #& b( ,"",(,"&o &o&/0! o) ( !0( %oo; (.*.to do – to undo; cheerful – cheerless;&, &o&/0! o) ,"(%(& %oo!; (.*.

    day – niht, rich – poor . 

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    SEMANTICALLY  

    ANTONYMS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO 

    1. C#!$%di"$#ie- %($%(!(& (

    /$( o) !(0&"# %('"o&! (5"! b(w((& $"%! '":(; (.*.dead – alive, sinle – married. 

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    1. C#!$%ie- >*%,b'(&o&/0! %( &o&/0!

    #& b( %%&*(, "&o !(%"(!##o%,"&* o ( "%(!"&*,"(%(( "& o&( o) ("%+'""(! "& cold – hot  ; cool –warm %( "&(%0(,"(0(0b(%!.

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    . I!"#&%$i*e- - &o&/0!w"# %( #%#(%"(, b/ (

    %('"o&! o) (5#'+!"o& mornin -afternoon; evenin ! niht .

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    INTERCHANGEABIIT! "#

     ANT"$!$S 'olysemy may be analysed through

    synonymy: handsome can be singledout by means of synonymic substitutiona handsome man—a beautiful man; buta handsome reward—a generousreward .

    'olysemy may be also analysed

    through antonymy:a handsome man—an ugly man, ahandsome reward—an insufficient etc.(.

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    .1. LE3ICAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL SETS

    Le4i"%* -e$- %( wo%,! ,(&o"&* "&*!

    #o%%('(, o& (5%'"&*+"!"# *%o+$! )o%0lion, tier, leopard, puma, cat  %()(% o ('(5"#' !( o) 9( &"0' o) ( #

    )0"'/

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    .2. LE3ICO/SEMANTIC GROUPS

    Le"ico-semantic #rou$ unites words

    describing sides of one and the samegeneral notion if:

    1. ( +&,(%'/"&* &o"o& "! &o oo*(&(%'"(, &, ''-(0b%#"&*; '":(

    &o"o&! o) 9"0(

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    Le4i"#/-e%!$i" '#+&- #56#d-

    !he word saleswoman may be analysedinto the semantic components )human*,

     )female*, )professional*. +onseuently theword saleswoman may be included into a

    lexico-semantic group under the headingof human together with the words man,woman, boy, girl, etc. and under theheading %emale with the words girl,

    wife, woman and also together with thewords teacher, pilot, butcher, etc., asprofessionals.

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    %ifferent meanings of polysemantic &ords

    ma'e it possi(le to refer the same &ord to

    different lexico)semantic gro*ps+

    Make in the meaning of )construct*is naturally a member of the samelexico-semantic group as the verbsproduce, manufacture& etc ,whereas in the meaning of )compel'it is regarded as a member of a

    different lexico-semantic groupmade up by the verbs force, induce,etc.

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    The ,er( -ta'e.

    in combination with any member ofthe lexical group denoting means oftransportation is synonymous withthe verb go take the tram, the bus,etc.(.

    hen combined with members of

    another lexical group the same verbis synonymous with to drink to taketea, coffee, etc.(.

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    .. SEMANTIC FIELDS

    A -e%!$i" 7e*d / "! '%*( *%o+$o) wo%,! o) ,"(%(& $%! o) !$((#"& w"# ( +&,(%'/"&* &o"o& "!b%o, (&o+* o "'+,( '0o! ''-(0b%#"&* !(#"o&! o) o#b+'%/. T( 0"& )(+%( o) !(0&"# 8(',"! "! !%$i#!%* -&e"i7"-.

    E.*.; cosmonaut >&; spacious >,.",to orbit  > b('o&* o ( !(0&"#8(', o) 9!$#(

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    Semantic #ields+

    /0 of colo*rs+ blue, red, yellow, black,etc.

    %. of kinship terms: mother, father,brother, cousin, etc.

    &. of pleasurable emotions: joy,happiness, gaiety, enjoyment , etc.

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    The &ord -captain. cannot be properly understood until we

    know the semantic field in which thisterm operates the army, the navy, orthe merchant service. !hus, ca$tain is

    determined by the place it occupiesamong the terms of the relevant ranksystem. hat ca$tain means we knowwhether his subordinate is called mate 

    or first officer merchant service(,commander )navy*( or lieutenant )army*(.

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    (inshi$ terms in /ussian andin 0nglish the meaning of the 0nglish term

    mother-in-la) is different fromeither the /ussian тёща or !"#$%!& as the 0nglish term covers the wholearea which in /ussian is dividedbetween the two words. !he same istrue of the members of the semantic

    field of colours cf. *lue  '('),*%+-%) ., of human body cf. han+&arm  $#а . and others.

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    Semantic field of ‘space’: 

    #. nouns: expanse, extent, surface,etc.$

    %. verbs: extend, spread, span, etc.$&. 1d2ectives: spacious, roomy, vast,

    broad, etc.

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     T( #o%%('"o& b(w((& ( !(0&"##'!!(! 0/ b( *%$"#''/ $%(!(&(,b/ 0(&! o) #o(&%"# #"%#'(!

    >,"*%0. 

    !(0&"# 8(',

     

    '(5"#o-!(0&"# *%o+$

    '(5"#' V (%0"&o'o*"#'

    !( 

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    S1$$AR! AN% C"NC1SI"NS

    #. +lassification of vocabulary intothematic groups is based oncommon contextual associations.+ontextual associations are formedas a result of regular co-occurrenceof words in similar, repeatedly used

    contexts within the framework ofsentences.

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    %. !he main criterion underlyingsemantic classification ofvocabulary items on theparadigmatic axis is the type ofmeaning relationship betweenwords.

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    &. !he criterion of common conceptserves to classify words into

    semantic fields and lexico-semanticgroups.

    3. Semantic relationship of inclusionis the main feature of hyponymic

    hierarchical structure Semanticsimilarity and semantic contrast isthe type of relationship which

    underlies the classification oflexical items into synonymic andantonymic series.

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    4. Synonymy and antonymy arecorrelative and sometimesoverlapping notions. Synonymousrelationship of the denotationalmeaning is in many casescombined with the difference in the

    connotational mainly stylistic(component.

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    5. 6t is suggested that the termsynonyms should be used todescribe words different in sound-form but similar in theirdenotational meaning ormeanings( and interchangeable at

    least in some contexts.

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    7. !he term antn8ms is to be appliedto words different in sound-formcharacterised by different types ofsemantic contrast of thedenotational meaning andinterchangeable at least in some

    contexts.

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    References+

    #. 9;? @.A. BCDEDF?GH;?FIED? GHDTUCEDI D8>E

    H;?FIEDI FCDEDF?. K.:VDHWCXG, %YY5. O P. O 3&-35.&. Zabich [.\. Lexicology: a current guide.

    ]DHTC>;=8>?: ^>HF_EDC 8M;H 9.., VH;HE_CQH ..,K>