PPT 2 Variable Valve Timing (1)

7/23/2019 PPT 2 Variable Valve Timing (1)

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Submitted for MAE 442Submitted for MAE 442(sec 001)(sec 001)

Dr. KlangDr. Klang

May 4 200!May 4 200!

"#ris Dirito"#ris Dirito

$aylor %obgood$aylor %obgood

Da&n 'loerDa&n 'loer

Adanced ale "ontrolAdanced ale "ontrol


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*utline*utlineale +asicsale +asics

Adantages of ariable ale "ontrolAdantages of ariable ale "ontrol

*,eration "#aracteristics*,eration "#aracteristics

$y,es of ariable ale "ontrol$y,es of ariable ale "ontrol-ift-ift

DurationDuration

#ase#aseManufacturers and E/am,lesManufacturers and E/am,les

uture ossibilitiesuture ossibilities


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ariable ale $imelineariable ale $imeline$ ariable ale $iming$ ariable ale $imingt can be seen t#at according to t#e trend $ &ill reac# 3 0 ,ercentt can be seen t#at according to t#e trend $ &ill reac# 3 0 ,ercent

of e#icles in 2010 (according to rof. Dr. eter 5al6er)of e#icles in 2010 (according to rof. Dr. eter 5al6er)


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ariable ale ntroductionariable ale ntroduction5#y 7se ariable ale $iming and -ift85#y 7se ariable ale $iming and -ift8

Most basic form of a ,us# rod aletrain is s#o&n in t#eMost basic form of a ,us# rod aletrain is s#o&n in t#e

ad9acent ,icture.ad9acent ,icture.

$#is systems aletrain c#aracteristics cannot be c#anged$#is systems aletrain c#aracteristics cannot be c#anged

once t#e engine is startedonce t#e engine is started

LimitationsLimitations::

uel Economy and o&er are onlyuel Economy and o&er are onlyo,timi6ed at one ,articular ;M $#rottleo,timi6ed at one ,articular ;M $#rottle

ositionosition

+road tor


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$ Adantage$ Adantaget can be seen from t#e gra,# t#et can be seen from t#e gra,# t#e

increases in tor


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ariable ale $y,esariable ale $y,esValve LiftValve Lift

S,ecified Amount t#e ale *,ens to Allo& Air and=or uel Air Mi/ture nto "ombustionS,ecified Amount t#e ale *,ens to Allo& Air and=or uel Air Mi/ture nto "ombustion

"#amber"#amber

"ontrolled by "ams#aft -obe %eig#t Ma/imum at t#e "am >ose"ontrolled by "ams#aft -obe %eig#t Ma/imum at t#e "am >ose

$y,ically S,ecified as %eig#t ale ?-ifts@ A&ay rom ale Seat$y,ically S,ecified as %eig#t ale ?-ifts@ A&ay rom ale Seat


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ariable ale $y,esariable ale $y,es

Valve DurationValve Duration S,ecified $ime t#e ale is *,enS,ecified $ime t#e ale is *,en

"ontrolled +y "ams#aft rofile 'eometry -engt# of -obe"ontrolled +y "ams#aft rofile 'eometry -engt# of -obe

Measured in Degrees of ;otation Eit#er from "ams#aft or "rans#aftMeasured in Degrees of ;otation Eit#er from "ams#aft or "rans#aft


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ariable ale $y,esariable ale $y,es

Valve TimingValve Timing "#anges oint at ic# ale *,ening begins"#anges oint at ic# ale *,ening begins

&it# res,ect to crans#aft ,osition.&it# res,ect to crans#aft ,osition.

$y,ically attained by controlling an interface$y,ically attained by controlling an interfacebet&een t#e timing belt or c#ain and t#ebet&een t#e timing belt or c#ain and t#ecams#aft itself.cams#aft itself.

Allo&s for finer tuning of "ombustion c#amberAllo&s for finer tuning of "ombustion c#amber

cross flo& and cou,led &it# ariable ignitioncross flo& and cou,led &it# ariable ignitiontiming can be ad9usted to increasetiming can be ad9usted to increase"ombustion Efficiency"ombustion Efficiency..


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*,eration "#aracteristics*,eration "#aracteristics

ntae *,eningntae *,ening

ntae ales are o,ened before $D" (3102Bdegrees)ntae ales are o,ened before $D" (3102Bdegrees)%ig#er engine s,eed #ae s#orter time for air=fuel ingestion%ig#er engine s,eed #ae s#orter time for air=fuel ingestion%ig#er S,eeds decrease olumetric flo& rate%ig#er S,eeds decrease olumetric flo& rate$ime delay for ale to o,en fully$ime delay for ale to o,en fullyAt #ig#er engine s,eeds intae ales must o,en earlierAt #ig#er engine s,eeds intae ales must o,en earlier

ntae "losingntae "losing

closed after +D" (340B0degrees)closed after +D" (340B0degrees)$#e intae flo& momentum is greater t#an ,ressure created by$#e intae flo& momentum is greater t#an ,ressure created byu,stroe of ,istonu,stroe of ,iston$#is momentum is greater at #ig#er engine s,eeds$#is momentum is greater at #ig#er engine s,eedst#us at #ig#er engine s,eeds intae ale &ill close later in cycle.t#us at #ig#er engine s,eeds intae ale &ill close later in cycle.


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*,eration "#aracteristics*,eration "#aracteristics(conCt)(conCt)

ale *erla,ale *erla,Definition: ale oerla, occurs en bot# intae andDefinition: ale oerla, occurs en bot# intae ande/#aust ales are o,enede/#aust ales are o,ened

At #ig#er engine s,eeds e/#aust from ot#er cylinders inAt #ig#er engine s,eeds e/#aust from ot#er cylinders ine/#aust manifold &ill ,ull more air into cylindere/#aust manifold &ill ,ull more air into cylinder

ncreased ale oerla, is desired at #ig#er enginencreased ale oerla, is desired at #ig#er engines,eedss,eeds

Decreased ale oerla, at lo&er engine s,eedsDecreased ale oerla, at lo&er engine s,eedsincreases effectie com,ression ratio ic# in turnincreases effectie com,ression ratio ic# in turnincreases tor


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ariable ale $y,es and "ommonariable ale $y,es and "ommon

ManufacturersManufacturersaletronic

*ffers continuously ariable ale timing andale lift on t#e intae cam only. ;elieson amount of ale lift to t#rottle engine

+M5

A>*S aries t#e timing of t#e ales by moing t#e,osition of t#e cams#afts in relation tot#e drie gear.

+M5

$E"7tili6es t&o cams#aft ,rofiles and

electronically selects bet&een t#e ,rofiles%onda

ario"amaries intae timing by ad9usting t#e tension

of a cam c#ainorc#e

A"S=A-S

A"S aries timing (,#ase) &it# #ydraulic,ressure

A-S aries duration timing and lift byaries duration timing and lift bys&itc#ing bet&een t&o different sets ofs&itc#ing bet&een t&o different sets ofcam lobescam lobes

SubaruMitsubis#i ME"

similar to A-S


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ariable ale $y,es and "ommonariable ale $y,es and "ommon

ManufacturersManufacturers

$i = $-i

$i aries timing of intaeales by ad9usting t#erelations#i, bet&een cams#aftdrie and intae cams#aft$-i alters ale lift and

timing

$oyota Aalon;A4 "amry"orolla "elicaontiac ibe

" aries timing &it# eccentric dis ;oer

#tt,:==en.&ii,edia.org=&ii=mage:$-i.9,#tt,:==en.&ii,edia.org=&ii=mage:$-i.9,$oyota Sc#ematic of $-i


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aletronicaletronicariable ale "ontrol ic# uses ariable ale -iftariable ale "ontrol ic# uses ariable ale -ift

(lift can be altered in F00 milliseconds)(lift can be altered in F00 milliseconds)

7nder #ig# loads ale lift &ill increases7nder #ig# loads ale lift &ill increasesDuring lo& load situations ale lift &ill decreaseDuring lo& load situations ale lift &ill decrease

Adantages:Adantages:uel consum,tion reduced by 10 Guel consum,tion reduced by 10 G>o need for t#rottle butterfly (increased t#rottle res,onse) (Due to no t#rottle>o need for t#rottle butterfly (increased t#rottle res,onse) (Due to no t#rottlebutterfly ,um,ing loss is reduced )butterfly ,um,ing loss is reduced )>o timing belt or c#ain re


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aletronicaletronicSim,lified E/,lanation: aletronic aries ale lift by ad9usting t#e fulcrumSim,lified E/,lanation: aletronic aries ale lift by ad9usting t#e fulcrum,oint of t#e rocer arm.,oint of t#e rocer arm.

$#e eccentric s#aft is turned by an electric ste,,er motor ic# is controlled$#e eccentric s#aft is turned by an electric ste,,er motor ic# is controlled

by t#e engine control unit.by t#e engine control unit.$#is &ill influence #o& muc# t#e cam can ,us# do&n on t#e ale$#is &ill influence #o& muc# t#e cam can ,us# do&n on t#e ale


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aletronic in Actionaletronic in Action

#tt,:==youtube.com=&atc#8rEE-tH$ym7#tt,:==youtube.com=&atc#8rEE-tH$ym7
http://youtube.com/watch?vrEELtXVTymUhttp://youtube.com/watch?vrEELtXVTymUhttp://youtube.com/watch?vrEELtXVTymU


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$#e Mystical tec$#e Mystical tec

E/,lainedE/,lainedVtecVtec

VVariable aleariable ale TTiming andiming and EElectronic liftlectronic lift CControlontrol

ariable in t#at t&o or more cams#aft ,rofiles can be util6edariable in t#at t&o or more cams#aft ,rofiles can be util6ed

Electronic due to t#e fact t#at an electronic solenoidElectronic due to t#e fact t#at an electronic solenoid

controls t#e oil flo& used to actiate and deactiate t#econtrols t#e oil flo& used to actiate and deactiate t#e

systemsystem

Standard VtecStandard Vtecaries ale lift and=or duration by utili6ing multi,learies ale lift and=or duration by utili6ing multi,le

cams#aft ,rofiles.cams#aft ,rofiles.

$&o "ams#aft rofiles can be used. Eac# cam lobe #as its$&o "ams#aft rofiles can be used. Eac# cam lobe #as its

o&n rocer arm.o&n rocer arm.

Desired cam ,rofile is t#en loced toget#er &it# t#e rocerDesired cam ,rofile is t#en loced toget#er &it# t#e rocer

arm controlling t#e ale on ic# desired effect is to taearm controlling t#e ale on ic# desired effect is to tae

,lace.,lace.-ocing is accom,lis#ed &it# oil ,ressure and a sliding ,in-ocing is accom,lis#ed &it# oil ,ressure and a sliding ,in

mec#anism. A solenoid triggers at t#e s,ecified icin s,eedmec#anism. A solenoid triggers at t#e s,ecified icin s,eed

and allo&s oil flo& to t#e sliding ,in mec#anism.and allo&s oil flo& to t#e sliding ,in mec#anism.

Adantages are better fuel economy and smoot#er engineAdantages are better fuel economy and smoot#er engine

o,eration at lo& s,eeds ile at #ig#er s,eeds moreo,eration at lo& s,eeds ile at #ig#er s,eeds more

aggressie cams#aft ,rofile allo&s more ,o&er to be utili6ed.aggressie cams#aft ,rofile allo&s more ,o&er to be utili6ed.

System s#o&n aries bot# ales t#e same. +ot# alesSystem s#o&n aries bot# ales t#e same. +ot# alesare eit#er at lo& s,eed ,rofile or #ig# s,eed ,rofileare eit#er at lo& s,eed ,rofile or #ig# s,eed ,rofile


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tec in Actiontec in Action


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teceteceVtec-eVtec-e

tec system ere a e/tremely lo& cam ,rofiletec system ere a e/tremely lo& cam ,rofileis used at lo& r,m for one ale. And a standardis used at lo& r,m for one ale. And a standardcam ,rofile is used for t#e ot#er ale at lo& r,mcam ,rofile is used for t#e ot#er ale at lo& r,mand t#e standard cam ,rofile is used for bot#and t#e standard cam ,rofile is used for bot#ales at #ig#er r,m s,eeds.ales at #ig#er r,m s,eeds.$#is effectiely closes one ale on a 1I ale$#is effectiely closes one ale on a 1I alecylinder #ead. Allo&ing a lean mi/ture to becylinder #ead. Allo&ing a lean mi/ture to be

used t#roug# t#e one o,en ale.used t#roug# t#e one o,en ale.-ean mi/ture is s&irled t#roug# t#e o,en ale-ean mi/ture is s&irled t#roug# t#e o,en alecreating a more efficient distribution of t#e fuel increating a more efficient distribution of t#e fuel int#e combustion c#amber.t#e combustion c#amber.-eads to increased fuel mileage increased-eads to increased fuel mileage increasedengine efficiency and decreased emissions.engine efficiency and decreased emissions.Does not create more ,o&er is ,urely forDoes not create more ,o&er is ,urely forefficiency reasons.efficiency reasons.nterestingly t#e one closed ale is slig#tlynterestingly t#e one closed ale is slig#tlyo,ened to allo& any residual fuel t#at may ,oolo,ened to allo& any residual fuel t#at may ,oolin t#e closed intae ,assage to be used but t#isin t#e closed intae ,assage to be used but t#islift is miniscule.lift is miniscule.E/am,le %eadE/am,le %ead


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F Stage tecF Stage tec 3 Stage Vtec3 Stage Vtec

tec system ic# combines t#e standard tec and tece conce,ts to create a #ig# ,o&ertec system ic# combines t#e standard tec and tece conce,ts to create a #ig# ,o&erfuel efficient aletrain.fuel efficient aletrain.

7tili6es F se,arate "ams#aft rofiles. $#is system o,erates lie tece closing one ale at7tili6es F se,arate "ams#aft rofiles. $#is system o,erates lie tece closing one ale at

lo& s,eeds and t#en o,ening bot# ales at a standard lift and duration at a midrange r,m.lo& s,eeds and t#en o,ening bot# ales at a standard lift and duration at a midrange r,m.

t t#en #as a #ig# r,m cam ic# o,ens bot# ales aggressiely as in standard tec.t t#en #as a #ig# r,m cam ic# o,ens bot# ales aggressiely as in standard tec.

-ie standard tec one rocer arm usually on t#e #ig#est lift ,rofile is not attac#ed to a-ie standard tec one rocer arm usually on t#e #ig#est lift ,rofile is not attac#ed to a

ale so t#at t#e #ig#est lift is only used en t#e system is in o,erational tec range.ale so t#at t#e #ig#est lift is only used en t#e system is in o,erational tec range.

n t#e illustration belo& t#e t#ree significant cams#aft ,rofiles can be seen. And t#e slidingn t#e illustration belo& t#e t#ree significant cams#aft ,rofiles can be seen. And t#e sliding,ins for eac# stage are s#o&n as &ell,ins for eac# stage are s#o&n as &ell


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anosanos

Valve Timing ControlValve Timing ControlMet#od of ad9usting cam s,rocet relationMet#od of ad9usting cam s,rocet relationto cams#aft ,osition. Allo&s for adancedto cams#aft ,osition. Allo&s for adancedor retarded ale timing to be used.or retarded ale timing to be used.

Typical SystemTypical System$y,ically ,#ase angle is ad9usted &it# oil$y,ically ,#ase angle is ad9usted &it# oil,ressure radially. Most Ja,anese and,ressure radially. Most Ja,anese andAmerican Manufacturers use t#is met#od.American Manufacturers use t#is met#od.

7sually only intae cams#aft is ad9usted.7sually only intae cams#aft is ad9usted.VanosVanos+M5 utili6es anos ic# ad9usts relation+M5 utili6es anos ic# ad9usts relationbet&een cams#aft and s,rocet by usingbet&een cams#aft and s,rocet by usingt&o concentric ,itc#ed gears. A oil fed cu,t&o concentric ,itc#ed gears. A oil fed cu,,us#es one s,rocet t#roug# t#e ot#er,us#es one s,rocet t#roug# t#e ot#era/ially t#ereby ad9usting t#eir relatie ,#asea/ially t#ereby ad9usting t#eir relatie ,#aseangle.angle.$#is allo&s for more ,recise moement$#is allo&s for more ,recise moement

and a more controllably linear motion asand a more controllably linear motion aso,,osed to t#e radial motion of ot#ero,,osed to t#e radial motion of ot#ersystems.systems.*il lo& is "ontrolled by electronic*il lo& is "ontrolled by electronicsolenoid.solenoid.Double anos controls bot# intae andDouble anos controls bot# intae ande/#aust cams#aftse/#aust cams#afts


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*t#er #ase "#angers*t#er #ase "#angersitecitec

7tili6es *il actuated cam7tili6es *il actuated cam

s,rocet and follo&er.s,rocet and follo&er.

Angle is ad9usted using oilAngle is ad9usted using oil

,ressure as in anos but is,ressure as in anos but isactuated in a rotationalactuated in a rotational

met#od as o,,osed tomet#od as o,,osed to

+M5Cs linear actuation.+M5Cs linear actuation.

*il ,ressure controlled &it#*il ,ressure controlled &it#

electronic solenoid $y,icallyelectronic solenoid $y,ically

*t#er manufacturers use*t#er manufacturers use

similar tec#nologysimilar tec#nology


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Ja,anese "ontinuous -iftJa,anese "ontinuous -ift

ModificationModificationAtecAtec

Stands orStands or

Adanced tecAdanced tec

7tilises a7tilises antermediatentermediate

;ocer Arm;ocer Arm

bet&een t#ebet&een t#e

"ams#aft and t#e"ams#aft and t#e

ale ;ocer.ale ;ocer.

$#is is #oused in$#is is #oused in

a rotating #ousinga rotating #ousing

allo&ing forallo&ing for

cams#aft lift to becams#aft lift to be

mec#anicallymec#anically

ad9usted from noad9usted from no

lift to ma/imum lift.lift to ma/imum lift.


23/30

Aftermaret Ad9ustmentsAftermaret Ad9ustments

nfinite Ad9ustabilitynfinite Ad9ustabilityAlmost all systems controlled electronically. Eit#er directly by solenoidsAlmost all systems controlled electronically. Eit#er directly by solenoidsor stators or by electronically actuated oil flo&.or stators or by electronically actuated oil flo&.$#ese electronic com,onents can be ta,,ed into and controlled by$#ese electronic com,onents can be ta,,ed into and controlled byrema,,able soft&are.rema,,able soft&are.$#is allo&s for u,dates to be im,lemented &it#out ma9or tear do&n and$#is allo&s for u,dates to be im,lemented &it#out ma9or tear do&n andrebuild.rebuild.

n car ca,abilitiesn car ca,abilitiesA la,to, &it# correct soft&are can be used to continuously analy6eA la,to, &it# correct soft&are can be used to continuously analy6eengine ,erformance.engine ,erformance.gnition $iming and #ase $iming can be measured and c#anged tognition $iming and #ase $iming can be measured and c#anged too,timi6e ,erformance.o,timi6e ,erformance.Multistage systems suc# as tec can be c#anged to engage atMultistage systems suc# as tec can be c#anged to engage atdifferent ;M settings.different ;M settings.

+enefits+enefits

"an readily c#ange engine tuning from a useful efficient street setting"an readily c#ange engine tuning from a useful efficient street settingto an aggressie racing setting at t#e ,us# of a button.to an aggressie racing setting at t#e ,us# of a button.Allo&s for c#anges to be made on site to e/,eriment &it# t#e mostAllo&s for c#anges to be made on site to e/,eriment &it# t#e mostuseful settings &it#out e/tensie ;D.useful settings &it#out e/tensie ;D.ersonali6ed Engine ,erformance >ot 9ust at t#e ros t#in is rig#tersonali6ed Engine ,erformance >ot 9ust at t#e ros t#in is rig#tateer Lou t#in is rig#t.ateer Lou t#in is rig#t.


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utureuture

neumatic alesneumatic ales $#e ale s,ring ,ocet is$#e ale s,ring ,ocet is

re,laced &it# a c#amberre,laced &it# a c#amber,ressuri6ed &it# a gas,ressuri6ed &it# a gas(usually nitrogen because it is(usually nitrogen because it is

less tem,eraturesensitieless tem,eraturesensitiet#an *t#an *22))

Still use traditional cams#aftsStill use traditional cams#afts $#e system #as been used in$#e system #as been used in

ormula 1 racing since 10sormula 1 racing since 10s Allo&s #ig#er ;Ms aleAllo&s #ig#er ;Ms ale

s,rings #ae to be ery stiff tos,rings #ae to be ery stiff toallo& #ig# ;Ms ic#allo& #ig# ;Ms ic#creates more engine drag andcreates more engine drag andslo&er ale timingslo&er ale timing


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utureuture

Electrical SolenoidsElectrical Solenoids resently only used in t#e most modern systemsresently only used in t#e most modern systems *,en and close ales &it#out using ale s,rings as t#e main*,en and close ales &it#out using ale s,rings as t#e main

mode of ale closer. Solenoids accom,lis# t#is eit#er directly ormode of ale closer. Solenoids accom,lis# t#is eit#er directly or

t#roug# electromec#anical or electro#ydraulic connections.t#roug# electromec#anical or electro#ydraulic connections.

Soft closings less destructie force can allo& for use ofSoft closings less destructie force can allo& for use ofceramic ales ic# can &it#stand #ig#er tem,eraturesceramic ales ic# can &it#stand #ig#er tem,eratures

"an ,otentially #ae infinite ariability in controlling ale timing"an ,otentially #ae infinite ariability in controlling ale timingduration and liftduration and lift

Dra&bac large si6e of com,onents may be im,ractical forDra&bac large si6e of com,onents may be im,ractical forsome e#icles &it# standard 12olt systemsome e#icles &it# standard 12olt system

nstead can use 42olt electrical system &it# smallernstead can use 42olt electrical system &it# smallercom,onents ic# also eliminates cams#afts and t#us reducescom,onents ic# also eliminates cams#afts and t#us reducesengine friction and increases mec#anical efficiencyengine friction and increases mec#anical efficiency


26/30

utureuture

"amless ale Actuation"amless ale Actuation


27/30

utureuture

Solenoids "amless aleSolenoids "amless aleActuationActuation

1. "urrent flo&s t#roug# t#e coil1. "urrent flo&s t#roug# t#e coiland a magnetic field formsand a magnetic field formsaround t#e coilaround t#e coil

2. $#e magnetic field attracts2. $#e magnetic field attractst#e armature to&ard t#et#e armature to&ard t#ecenter of t#e coilcenter of t#e coil

F. As t#e armature moesF. As t#e armature moesu,&ard t#e s,ring colla,sesu,&ard t#e s,ring colla,sesand t#e ale o,ensand t#e ale o,ens

4. 5#en current sto,s flo&ing4. 5#en current sto,s flo&ingto t#e coil t#e magnetic fieldto t#e coil t#e magnetic fieldcolla,ses and t#e s,ringcolla,ses and t#e s,ringe/,ands and s#uts t#e alee/,ands and s#uts t#e ale


28/30

;eferences:;eferences:Del,#i ariable "am #asersDel,#i ariable "am #asers. 200I. 1 May 200!. 200I. 1 May 200!#tt,:==&&&.del,#i.com=manufacturers=auto=,o&ertrain=gas=aletrain=c,=#tt,:==&&&.del,#i.com=manufacturers=auto=,o&ertrain=gas=aletrain=c,=

A>*SA>*S. 200!. 1 May 200!.. 200!. 1 May 200!. #tt,#tt,://www.bmw.dk/teknisk/en_artikkel.asp?id=5://www.bmw.dk/teknisk/en_artikkel.asp?id=5

Different $y,es of $.Different $y,es of $.200B. F May 200!.200B. F May 200!.

http://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/vvt_2.htmhttp://www.autozine.org/technical_school/engine/vvt_2.htm

U "atent # $%&$'%'(&.U "atent # $%&$'%'(&. U")*. + ,a- 2.U")*. + ,a- 2.

http://pat0t.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph1"arser?ect(=")*(ect2=34)*d="6LLp=(http://pat0t.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph1"arser?ect(=")*(ect2=34)*d="6LLp=(

u=72netahtml72")*72srchnum.htmr=(0=8l=5s(=$%&$'%'(&."9.*="9/$%&$'u=72netahtml72")*72srchnum.htmr=(0=8l=5s(=$%&$'%'(&."9.*="9/$%&$'

%'(&="9/$%&$'%'(&%'(&="9/$%&$'%'(&

%onda 5orld&ide%onda 5orld&ide.. 200F. 1 May 200!.200F. 1 May 200!.

http://world.honda.com/motorc-cle1technolog-/vtec/img/p;_+.


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;eferences:;eferences:%o,e A. +olton and Jay M. -arson.%o,e A. +olton and Jay M. -arson. aletrain System Design and Materialsaletrain System Design and Materials..Materials ar *% 1!Materials ar *% 1!

5illard 5. ulrabe.5illard 5. ulrabe. Engineering undamentals of t#e nternal "ombustionEngineering undamentals of t#e nternal "ombustionEngineEngine 2 2ndndEdition. earson Education nc >J 2004Edition. earson Education nc >J 2004

+M5 5orld+M5 5orld. 200B. 2 May 200!. O. 200B. 2 May 200!. O#tt,:==&&&.bm&&orld.com=tec#nology=aletronic.#tm#tt,:==&&&.bm&&orld.com=tec#nology=aletronic.#tmPP

ord Muscleord Muscle. 2004. 1 May 200!.. 2004. 1 May 200!.O#tt,:==&&&.fordmuscle.com=fundamentals=,istontoale=images=oerla,.gifPO#tt,:==&&&.fordmuscle.com=fundamentals=,istontoale=images=oerla,.gifP

%onda Engines%onda Engines. 200!. 2 May 200!.O#tt,:==&&&.#ondaengines. 200!. 2 May 200!.O#tt,:==&&&.#ondaengineseu.com=en=images=24.gif Peu.com=en=images=24.gif P

rof. Dr. eter 5al6er. $ec#nologyrof. Dr. eter 5al6er. $ec#nology %ig#lig#ts and ; and D Actiities%ig#lig#ts and ; and D Actiities. 2002. 2002#tt,:==&&&.fe.com=data=documents=s,ectrum20.,df#tt,:==&&&.fe.com=data=documents=s,ectrum20.,df
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