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The Affordances theory
وتقنية المعلومات
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J. J. Gibson (1977,
1979). - in the
ecological psychology
field.
Norman (1999) -in the
areas of graphic design
and human computer
interaction.
The Affordances theoryGibson’s Definition:
• The affordances of the environment as
“what it offers the animal, what is
provides or furnishes, either for good or
ill. An affordance refers to both the
environment and the animal and implies
the complementarity of the animal and
the environment” (Gibson, 1979, p. 127).
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The Affordances theoryNorman’s Definition:
• “The perceived and actual properties of
the thing, primarily those fundamental
properties that determine just how the
thing could possibly be used” (Norman,
2002, p. 9).
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The Affordances theoryDefinitions:
• McLoughlin and Lee (2007) define an
affordance in the same way as Gibson, in
other words, “an affordance is a ‘can do’
statement that does not have to be
predefined by a particular functionality,
and refers to any application that enables
a user to undertake tasks in their
environment, whether known or
unknown to him/her” (p.666).
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The Affordances theoryGibson’s affordances:
• To Gibson, affordances are relationships.
They exist naturally: they do not have to
be visible, known, or desirable.
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The Affordances theoryGibson’s affordances
McGrenere & Ho (2000) present three fundamental properties of Gibson’s affordance:
• An affordance exists relative to the action capabilities of a particular actor.
• The existence of an affordance is independent of the actor’s ability to perceive it.
• An affordance does not change as the needs and goals of the actor change. (p.1)
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The Affordances theoryNorman’s affordances:
• In Norman’s perspective, “affordances
provide strong clues to the operations of
things. When the affordances are taken
advantage of, the user knows what to do
just by looking: no pictures, labels or
instructions are required. When simple
things need pictures, labels or
instructions, the design has failed”
(Norman, 2002, p. 9).
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The Affordances theoryNorman’s affordances:
• Norman’s concept of affordance, there
are real affordances and perceived
affordances.
• The ‘affordances gap’. This gap occurs
when the user does not understand the
intended actions of the designed object.
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The Affordances theory
• According to this theory, our interaction
with the environment is based upon our
perception of what it affords to us. As an
example, our perception of a tree
depends upon its size and shape; which
affords climbing or resting under it.
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20(ALIBRAHIM,2014)
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