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Language Contact

presented byMichael L. Friesner

August 6, 2007

Thank you to Gillian Sankoff for sending me her PPT slides (among other things).



Two Main Types ofLanguage Contact

Agent: Nonnative speakers affecting a languagethey come to speak “language shift”

interference (or sometimes “imposition”) L2 effects

Agent: Native speakers adopting nonnative features

“language contact through maintenance” borrowing influence on L1

(Third type: Extreme Contact = Formation of ContactLanguages—pidgins and creoles)



The Data I’m Using to

Demonstrate 2004-2005: A Sociolinguistic Study of

Northeast Philadelphia (Friesner, Dinkin, andWallenberg) Speakers = native Russian and English

speakers in Northeast Philadelphia

2006-2008: The Outcomes of Borrowing inMontréal (Friesner)

Speakers = native French and Spanishspeakers in Montréal (mostly in French)

1993: The L2 Corpus of Anglo-Montrealers(Sankoff et al.)

Speakers = bilingual native English andFrench s eakers in Montréal in both



Reasons for Languages to Be inContact

war/conquest colonialism slavery

forced migration but also... voluntary migration intermarriage trade

often (always?) results in social inequality between language groups...



Influence of Contact onSociety

Stable bilingualism (usually a lot of borrowing , esp. into less dominantlanguage) India, Québec, Belgium, large parts of Africa

Language shift immigrant communities, communities that end

up in a different country because of conquest/border changes



Influence on Language

Interference (L2 effects) most frequently affects structure : syntax, phonology

(“accent”), word choices (“interlingual identifications”) may only be features of nonnative speakers, but in high

contact situations may be incorporated into the

language as a whole (e.g., Irish pronunciation andstructures in Irish English) bilingual communities also often code-switch

Borrowing (influence on L1)

most frequently affects lexicon some words may only be used by those who master

both languages, while others may be used by thecommunity as a whole

especially used to express concepts that were

introduced through cultural contact (tons of these inEnglish: taco, lo mein, matzah ball, spaghetti)



Interference: Vincent, Age 24(1993)

What is Vincent saying?

I work(ed) uh three summer(s) in uh Bitumar --

asphált prodúcts



Interference: Marina, Age 25 (2004)

(Did you fight with anyone here?)a Of course, my neighbor from upstairs.b He hates my guts.c He called cops* on me three times.

(Is that the same one with the-- uh-- trash, or a different-- ?)d Uh-huh! He hates me. Oh he hates me!(So, when else di- when else did he call the cops on you?)

f Um-- he called onceg and he said that I was throwing the-- uh-- the cooking,

um-- what is it called, the cooking, um--(oil, or the-- ? no--)

______* Examples of lexical or structural infelicities are in red




h The plita, uh--(the- the oven???)

Yeah. Like that oven, look at it.i The whole oven. The whole thing!

j --that I was throwin’ it out of the window,k actually, I threw it out-- threw it out of the window!l You know what was my question? m Not that I didn’t do it. n You know what was the first thing I said?

o “How did I picked it up?” {laugh}p I mean, it’s the size of me, the damn thing!q I mean, it takes some moron to come up with something like

that.




r Like, how much can you hate me to come up withsomething stupid like that?

(But, it was-- there was no basis for-- where did he get that idea?)s He was just-- he’s a very lonely man.

t He’s uh-- he’s a-- he likes-- [note: CODE SWITCH to Russian, a language spoken by interviewerM.F., to describe the neighbor in very unflattering terms]

u He’s about fifty-five or sixty.v He’s very lonely. w He lives in a very, very small space.x And, you know, he uses drugs,y he doesn’t work,z he says all the time that his back hurts,aa and he lives on the welfare and stuff--



Borrowing

What constitutes a borrowing e.g., are expressions like “Hasta la vista” and “déjà vu”

part of the English language, or not? How do words change pronunciation when they are

borrowed into another language? “Clara ”

Phonological adaptation (Spanish r -> English r) “Clara”

Phonetic adaptation (Spanish r -> English d/t) “Clodda ”/”Clotta ”

Importation of nonnative segments (Spanish r ->Spanish r (in English)) (pronounced as in Spanish )

What factors affect pronunciation & use of loanwords? language internal factors (difficulty of the sound,

distance between the two languages, type of word) external factors (degree of bilingualism of individual and

community, style, age, social class, attitudes) orthography(=spelling)



Loanwords in French

Variables in adaptation: /r/ (posterior [R], retroflex [r], (or apical)) /h/ (present or absent in loanword)

“hip-hop” / “rap” h h r Michèle, 22, grad student, int. Eng. Ø Ø R

Nathalie, 32, adv. deg., int. Eng., teacher h h r

Murielle, 24, grad student, int. Eng. h h R

Nathan, 34, univ., low Eng., job placer Ø Ø r

Mélanie, 24, comm. coll., low Eng., baker h Ø r

V i bl G d A i t (



Variable: Gender Assignment (ex. = “sandwich” )

Un club-sandwich, puis un sandwich au smoked meat, ça, c‟estvraiment différent... (Michèle, 22, univ. +, grad student, int.Eng.)

„A club sandwich and a smoked meat sandwich, those are really different...‟

Euh- club-sandwich, c‟est- um- c‟est un sandwich, trois étages, aupoulet- euh- tomates, laitue- euh- puis c‟est à peu près ça...

(Daniel, 24, univ. +, grad. student, fluent Eng.)

„A club sandwich is a sandwich with three levels, with chicken, tomatoes, lettuce,and that‟s about it...‟

La sandwich au smoked meat, c‟est typiquement montréalais, ça, lesmoked meat, euh- c‟est un- disons, c‟est une sandwich juste avecdeux tranches de pain... (François, 29, adv. deg., engineer, fluent

Eng.)„A smoked meat sandwich is typical of Montreal, smoked meat, and it‟s- um- asandwich with just two slices of bread.‟

Et une sandwich au smoked meat, c‟est une sandwich avec de laviande fumée, donc c‟est totalement différent, c‟est- euh- c‟est une

sandwich ordinaire mais avec de la viande fumée à l‟intérieur. (Nicolas, 24, Grade 11, bartender, int. Eng.)



English (examples with proper names,

comparing English and Frenchpronunciations)

“Harper will choose this man” ~ “Harper revoit son cabinet” („Harper reexamines his cabinet‟)

“Minister Rona Ambrose” ~ “La ministre Rona Ambrose” (=)

Mireille, 47, Grade 8, bar employee, very little English

Nicolas, 24, Grade 11, bartender, intermediate English

Chantal, 24, univ. +, medical student, low int. English

Daniel, 24, univ. +, graduate student, fluent English



Borrowing = community norms<ll> (also orthography)

Ben, il fait des ceviches, des- euh- despaellas.

(Laura, 24, child of Uruguayan immigrants)„Well, he makes ceviches, and- uh- paellas.‟

...entre unos tres puen- tres punto doce- dosmillones de Montreale(n)ses...

(Laura in Spanish reading passage)„...among the approximately 3.2 million Montrealers...‟

Ben, les paellas sont- sont bonnes.(Domingo, 25, Mexican, immigrated at age 21)

„Well, the paellas are- are good.‟

The pronunciation of borrowings is subject to



The pronunciation of borrowings is subject tostyle shifting (examples from Domingo)

LIST STYLE (most formal ): Uh- burrito, enchilada et fajitas.

READING STYLE: On aime s‟y réchauffer en dégustant des fajitas, un molé typiquement

mexicain, des enchiladas tierra blanca, des burritos ou même descrevettes sautées à la tequila.

„People like warming up there while tasting fajitas, a typically Mexican mole,enchiladas tierra blanca, burritos, or even tequila-sauteed shrimp.‟

SPEAKING STYLE: Mais, c‟est quoi, la différence? Uh- les burritos et la fa- les fajitas, c‟est

pas de la bouffe mexicaine, c‟est de la bouffe du sud des É- desÉtats-Unis...

„But, what‟s the difference? Uh- burritos and fajitas are not Mexican food, they‟refood from the southern United States...‟

Je pense que la différence entre le burrito puis la enchilada, c‟est qu‟il ya pas de sauce sur les burritos.

„I think that the difference between a burrito and an enchilada is that there‟s no‟



There may be variation according to agein both loanword pronunciation and which

loanwords are used (e.g., “hovercraft”)

Murielle, age 24 - “J‟avais jamais vu le mot hovercraft.” I‟ve never seen the word hovercraft before.

Nathalie, age 32 - “Hovercraft , je connais pas.”Hovercraft , I don‟t know it.

Sébastien, age 37 - “Hovercraft - c‟est la première fois que je vois cemot-là.”

Hovercraft - this is the first time I‟ve seen this word.

Alice, age 53 - “Hovercraft - aéroglisseur , c‟est la même chose-même, même, même, même chose.”

Hovercraft - aéroglisseur , it‟s the same thing- the same exact thing.

Maryse, age 58 - “Hovercraft - aéroglisseur , pour moi c‟est la mêmechose. Au début quand j‟en ai entendu parler de l‟aéroglisseur , onl‟appelait l‟hovercraft , mais voilà.”

Hovercraft - aéroglisseur , for me it‟s the same thing. Early on when I heard

anguage a u es may a ec



anguage a u es may a ecpronunciation and can be gleaned from

interviews

Daniel, age 24 C‟est assez facile d‟avoir une job si tu parles juste français; c‟est assez

tough d‟avoir une job si tu parles juste anglais. Uh- c‟est ça, c‟esttoujours un atout de parler en anglais, euh- mais c‟est pas- c‟est pas-c‟est pas si nécessaire que ça quand même.

„It‟s pretty easy to get a job if you speak only French; it‟s pretty tough toget a job if you speak only English. Uh- that‟s right, it‟s always anasset to speak in English, but it‟s not all that necessary anyway.‟

Comments on which language is necessary for a job by two bilingual

speakers:

Philippe, age 26

Je trouve que ça devient de plus en plus dur de parler français àMontréal...„I find that it‟s becoming harder and harder to speak French inMontreal...‟ Quelqu‟un qui parle pas un mot d‟anglais trouvera jamais une job.

„Someone who doesn‟t speak a word of English will never find a job.‟



So, in English...

Some cases of variation in adaptationpatterns:

/x/: Chanukah / Bach / Loch Ness

bruschetta (/sk/ vs. /∫/)

stress differences (U.S. garáge vs. Brit.

gárage )

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