POVERTY

ARŞ.GÖR.ERCEM ERKUL

POVERTY

Poverty is deprivation, a lack of access to food, shelter and safe drinking water. While some define poverty primarily in economic terms, others consider social and political factors to be intrinsic. The ongoing debates around the causes, effects, and best ways to measure poverty directly influence the design and implementation of poverty reduction programs, and are therefore relevant to the fields of international development and public administration.

POVERTY

-Absolute poverty(Mutlak Yoksulluk)

Poverty is usually measured as either absolute or relative poverty (the latter being actually an index of income inequality). Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US $1.25 (PPP) per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 or $5 a day

POVERTY

Region 1990 2002 2004

East Asia and Pacific 15.40% 12.33% 9.07%

Europe and Central Asia 3.60% 1.28% 0.95%

Latin America and the Caribbean

9.62% 9.08% 8.64%

Middle East and North Africa

2.08% 1.69% 1.47%

South Asia 35.04% 33.44% 30.84%

Sub-Saharan Africa 46.07% 42.63% 41.09%

***World Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line has decreased in each region of the world since 1990

POVERTY

-Relative poverty( Göreli Yoksulluk)

Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on social context, hence relative poverty is a measure of income inequality. Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income. There are several other different income inequality metrics, for example the Gini coefficient or the Theil Index.

POVERTY

POVERTY

The World Bank's "Voices of the Poor," based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part of poverty. These include:

***Precarious livelihoods

***Excluded locations

***Physical limitations

***Gender relationships

***Problems in social relationships

***Lack of security

***Abuse by those in power

***Dis-empowering institutions

***Limited capabilities

***Weak community organizations

Types of Poverty

Cyclical Poverty

Collective Poverty

Concentrated Collective Poverty:

Case Poverty

Cyclical Poverty

Cyclical Poverty: Refers to poverty that may be widespread throughout a population, but the occurrence itself is of limited duration. In non-industrial societies (past or present), this sort of inability to provide for one’s basic needs rest mainly upon temporary food shortages caused by natural phenomena or poor agricultural planning. (konjoktürel-yapısal yoksulluk)

Collective Poverty

Collective Poverty: In contrast of the cyclical poverty which is temporary, widespread or “collective” poverty involves a relatively permanent insufficiency of means to secure basic needs.

Low life expectancy, high levels of infant mortality and poor health characterize life in this societies.

It is usually related to economic underdevelopment.

Examples: Africa, Asia, South and Central America

Proposed remedy: Expansion of the GNP through improved agriculture and industrialization

or both

Population limitation. Improve population control programs

The Collective for a Poverty-Free Québec: A Case Study

Concentrated Collective Poverty

Concentrated Collective Poverty: Parts of an industrialized country suffer from poverty because most of the developments took place in selected area particularly in urban places.

Their chief economic traits are unemployment and underemployment, unskilled occupations and job instability.

The government must have programs that will develop regions or rural areas in terms of agriculture and raising the level of skills of employable members of these areas.

(bir yere yığılan toplumsal yoksulluk)

Case Poverty

Case Poverty: It refers to the inability of an individual or family to secure basic needs even social surroundings of general prosperity. This inability is generally related to the lack of some basic attributes that would permit the individual to maintain himself.

The helpless aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, the chronically ill, etc.

Solution: education, sheltered employment and economic maintenance

(durum yoksulluğu)

Causes of Poverty

Overpopulation(Aşırı Nüfus) Global Distribution of

Resources(Kaynakların küresel dağılımı) High Standard of Living and Cost of

Living(Yüksek Yaşam Standartı ve Maliyeti)

Inadequate Education and Employment(Yetersiz Eğitim ve İstihdam)

Environmental Degradation(çevresel bozulma)

Effects of Poverty

Malnutrition and Starvation(Yetersiz Beslenme ve Açlık)

Infectious Diseases(Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar) Mental Illness and Drug

Dependence(Zihinsel Hastalık ve Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığı)

Crime and Violence(Suç ve Şiddet) Long-Term Effects(Uzun Dönemli Etkiler)

World Poverty

What we spent in Billions of Dollars Cosmetics in the United States 8 bIce cream in Europe 11 bPerfumes in Europe and the United States 12 bPet foods in Europe and the United States 17 bBusiness entertainment in Japan 35 bCigarettes in Europe 50 bAlcoholic drinks in Europe 105 bNarcotics drugs in the world 400 bMilitary spending in the world 780 b

What is needed in Billions of dollarsBasic education for all 6 bWater and sanitation for all 9 bReproductive health for all women 12 bBasic health and nutrition 13 b

Poverty reduction

1-Increasing personal income:

Raising farm incomes is described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three quarters of the poor today are farmers. Estimates show that growth in the agricultural productivity of small farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country’s population as growth generated in nonagricultural sectors.

Improving water management is an effective way to help reduce poverty among farmers

Poverty reduction

2-Income grants: A guaranteed minimum income ensures that every citizen will live be able to purchase a desired level of basic needs.

3-Economic freedoms: Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises, where most jobs are created.

Poverty reduction

4-Financial services:

Another form of aid is microloans, made famous by the Grameen Bank, where small amounts of money are loaned to farmers or villages, mostly women, who can then obtain physical capital to increase their economic rewards.100$

More read: Microcredit

5- Foreign direct investment: factory

6-Controlling overpopulation:China

7-Human Capital Flight:For example, an estimated 100,000 Philippine nurses emigrated between 1994 and 2006.

8-Removing constraints on government services

Corruption, tax havens, money laundering

Poverty in Religion

Voluntary poverty:

Among some individuals, poverty is considered a necessary or desirable condition, which must be embraced to reach certain spiritual, moral, or intellectual states. Poverty is often understood to be an essential element of renunciation in religions such as Buddhism (only for monks, not for lay persons) and Jainism, whilst in Roman Catholicism it is one of the evangelical counsels.

POVERTY AND SOCIAL WORK

The social work profession's depest roots are entwined through the knot that is poverty, from the time of the Elizabeth Poor Laws,which are usually cited as the first attempts at the policy of poverty management.

The social workers' perspective on both the person and the enviroment have engaged develop policies, reduct povert and ease poor people's rise to greater economic security

POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION

- For about a quarter of a century, poverty has remained the most central global social issue and has preoccupied states and the public. Different states and international organizations approach this problem through different analytic and policy perspectives.

- According to the aforementioned definition, those at risk of poverty in Turkey are 26 percent of the total population, which is the highest percentage among EU member and candidate countries. Child poverty rates stand at 34 percent, which is again the highest rate among.

- Therefore,all interventions that improve the schooling rates of girls and encourage women’s participation in the labor force turn out to be effective interventions in the long-term management of fertility rates

- Child poverty is closely associated with child labor and children’s removal from school

- Old age poverty in Turkey is lower (21 percent); but the fact that the population is rapidly aging, and that traditional large family structures are increasingly being replaced with urbanized nuclear families, may soon create a situation that calls for immediate action

POVERTY AND SOCIAL AID

- The allowance granted by SHÇEK as an incentive for poor families to take care of their children at home, rather than sending them away for institutional care, is a generous amount. It is a monthly 180TL(US $100approximately) per child, for a maximum of two children.

- However, as resources are scarce, the distribution process requires high selectivity.

POVERTY AND SOCIAL AID

- Another policy that can be effectively employed in the fight against poverty is Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT), which is currently implemented as part of the World Bank’s Social Risk Mitigation Project (SRMP).

- CCT includes pregnancy allowances to poor families, as well as allowances given to poor familieson the condition of regular health controls for preschool aged children, and school attendance for school-aged children.

BIG ISSUE

-Which kind of aid is useful real or cash?

-How can you reduct to poverty as a social

worker?