POST CONFLICTSUCCESSIN AFRICA - LESSONS FOR SRI LANKA

POST CONFLICTSUCCESSIN AFRICA - COMPARISON TO SRI LANKAClive JachnikIntroductionSome TeachingsDemocratic Republic Of CongoLiberiaIndonesiaSri LankaPotential Lessons Two Prayers And A Wish

We are what we think. All that we are arises with our thoughts. With our thoughts, we make the world.

Gautama Buddha

Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.

UNESCO Preamble "One should never harm the wicked or the good....A noble soul will exercise compassion even towards those who injure others"

Ramayana of Valmiki

"the wisdom that comes from heaven is...peace- loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy impartial and sincere."

James 3: 17-18

My Lord, who is the greatest of Thy servants in Thy estimation? The one who forgives when he is in a position of power.

Hadith of Baihaqi

Hatred does not cease by hatred, but only by love. This is the eternal rule.

Gautama Buddha

When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of truth and love have always won.

Mahatma Gandhi

Any life that is lost in war is a human life, be it that of an Arab or IsraeliThey are ours, be they living on Arab or Israeli land.

Anwar Sadat - Speech to the Israeli Knesset

We never get rid of an enemy by meeting hate with hate; we get rid of an enemy by getting rid of enmity.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

The first thing is to be honest with yourself. You can never have an impact on society if you have not changed yourself.

Nelson Mandela

Democratic Republic of CongoRoyal Navy Commander 1999-2000Political Affairs Officer 2002MONUC DDR Team Leader North Kivu/Ituri 2002-2004Head of the Rapid Response Mechanism 2006-2007

Novel grass-roots DDR methodology4,500 People Repatriated to Rwanda, Uganda, BurundiAbsorption of Mai-Mai leaders into national armyNational SSR and police capacity building

Democratic Republic of Congo1960: Independence for Africa's third largest country1965 1996: President Mobuto Sese Seko1996: Rwandan troops and Laurent Kabila enter DRCMobuto flees. Kabila is declared President1998: Kabila orders foreign troops out. Most refuseRwanda-allies RCD attack GoDRC army to oust Kabila Angola, Zimbabwe , Namibia support Kabila1999: RCD withdraw to hold the east part of DRC1999: Uganda-backed MLC take control in north DRC Democratic Republic of CongoJune 1999: Stalemate with DRC divided into three Aug 1999: Lusaka Accord. Inter-Congolese DialogueICD includes government, armed opposition, political opposition and civil society Violence across DRC continuesFailure to implement Lusaka Accord and ICD 2001: Kabila assassinated. Replaced by son JosephOctober 2001: ICD commences in Addis AbabaFebruary 2002: Addis ICD fails. Moves to Sun City

Democratic Republic of CongoApril 2002: ICD signs 34 governance resolutions 2002: Peace Accords signed by DRC, Rwanda, Uganda April 2003: ICD approves Final Act agreementTwo-year transitional government, headed by Joseph Kabila with four Vice-PresidentsJuly 2006: First multi-party elections. Kinshasa war.MONUC takes control of capitalOctober 2006: New election. Kabila wins 70% of voteDecember 2006: President Joseph Kabila sworn in

Democratic Republic of Congo2006: Kivus and Ituri fighting continues in East2006: Nkunda forms CNDP and allies to FDLRMarch 2009: Nkunda arrested and CNDP sign peace treaty2012: CNDPs Bosco Ntaganda mutinies to form M23November 2012: M23 captures Goma but withdrawsFebruary 2013: UN Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the DRC signed by 11 African nationsAugust 2013: Goma shelled by M23 and Rwanda*Present: Continued fighting in Eastern DRC

Potential LessonsOf 362 ICD delegates, 66 represent DRC civil societyICD formed 5 Commissions to map governancePolitical and Judicial (16), Economic and Finance (5), Humanitarian/Cultural (16), Defence and Security (10) and Peace and National Reconciliation (19) Rural DRC polled on civil society role in ICD Civil society viewed as impartial in DRCCivil society mobilize opinions/harmonize agendasCulminates in 4-day National Civil Society DialogueDefines civil society goals for west and east DRCNotable Points DRC civil society took a proactive key role in ICDDirect involvement in a top level political processAmbassadors for Peace mediated local meetingsMONUC established A Committee of Wise Elders One UN Approach to DRC recoveryHolistic regional initiative adopted by 11 nationsUN regional approach to peacebuilding

LiberiaHead of UNMIL DDR 2005-2007

105,000 People Disarmed and Dembolised 400 People Repatriated to Guinea, Sierra Leone, Cote dIvoire and other African countriesIncluded unarmed women and children in DDRCommunity arms mop-up schemeTransitional justice for weapon ownershipEstablished best-practice for UN DDR operationsBegan SSR and capacity building processes

Liberia 1847: Liberia declares independence1989: Charles Taylor s NPFL invade, ousting dictator DoeNPFL assassinates Doe and takes 90 percent of the country1991: NPFL splits whilst ULIMO and RUF join combat 1996: Abuja Accord signed and Taylor elected1997-2000: Fragile peace. RUF plunges Sierra Leone into war 2003: LURD and MODEL reduce Taylor's control to a thirdJune 2003: CPA signed in Accra and Taylor resignsAugust 2003: National Transitional Government runs Liberia2006: President Johnson-Sirleaf democratically electedPresent: A fragile state enjoying relative peace

Potential Lessons Civil society helped shape the peace agreementEnsured democratic decision-making in negotiationsEnsured acceptance of CPA by the Liberian peopleEffective use of public information Engagement of CBOs, NGOs and women activistsLeadership training of middle ranking police officersEffective One UN Approach to recoveryNeeds national legal reform and plan for ROL sectorNeeds an overarching plan for national SSRNotable Points CPA signed by GoL, LURD, MODEL, 18 pol. partiesMinistries and public-agencies divided 4 ways between GoL, LURD, MODEL, and representatives of civil society who assumed political rolesOther NGOs who signed and witnessed the CPA were: Association of Liberian Professional Organizations Mano River Women's Peace Network (MARWOPNET) Liberian Women's Initiative, Interfaith Mediation CtteInter-Religious Council for Liberia, Liberian Bar AssocRare example of NGO participation in peace process

IndonesiaADB Consultant 1995-1996Head of Strategic Planning and Monitoring 2007-2009

DDR for 3,000 GAM ex-combatants and 2,035 amnestied prisonersDDR for 3,204 GAM activists surrendering before MoUDDR for 6,500 members of pro-government militias32,000 Indonesian security forces redeployed from AcehCommunity peacebuilding projects in Aceh, Sulawesi, Maluku and West TimorDraft DRR and SSR legislation

Indonesia1602: Dutch East India Company established1800: Netherlands nationalises East Indies Colony1900s: Dutch rule extends to Indonesia's current area1908: Start of Indonesian independence movement 1942-1945: Japanese military occupation1945: Indonesia's declaration of independence 1945-1949: War of Independence with Netherlands1949: Netherlands' recognises independence 1962: Dutch West New Guinea (Papua) incorporated

Indonesia1965: Attempted coup and anti-communist purgeMarch 1968: General Suharto replaces Sukarno1996-1998: Political protest and ethnic riotsMay 1998: President Suharto resigns1999: East Timor votes to secede after 25 year occupation2004: First ever direct presidential electionDecember 2004: Indian Ocean Earthquake/Tsunami2005: Political settlement of Aceh separatist conflictPresent: Occasional secessionist/terrorist violence

Potential Lessons Regional autonomy programme since 2004Strengthening of democratic processes since 2004Effective use of civil society, CBOs, NGOs and womenSuccessful One UN Approach to recoveryConsultative grass-roots bottom-up planning processes eg: MusrenbangDDR for GAM plus pro-government Aceh militiasEx GAM report at police stations in DDRSeparate Aceh police desks for women Tailored Aceh police capacity building

Notable PointsOne year amnesty declared for the surrender of arms held by civilians until 31 December 2005 in CPAGoI agree to ratify the UN Covenants on Civil and Political plus Economic, Social and Cultural RightsTruth and Reconciliation Commission and Court of Human Rights remain controversialGoI has said its intension is for courts only to judge matters subsequent to the date of CPA signing

There is a need to improve public services in all regions through more democratic, accountable, professional, responsive and decentralized governance. Basically, decentralization and autonomy is aimed at establishing a closer relationship between government and the people.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (August 23, 2005)Indonesia - MusrenbangMeans:community discussion + development plan A participatory budgeting process where residents discuss short-term issues facing their communitiesPrioritise needs and informs local governmentSupport assigned to most needy neighbourhoodsMusrenbang is a bottom-up process introduced to replace GoI centralized top-down planning Musrenbang process also exists at district, city and provincial levelsConsultative and inclusive development

Indonesia - MusrenbangMusrenbang enshrined in local legislation GoI central budget implements MusrenbangMedia sensitizes for maximum participationCalendar and Flow Chart of the planning and budgeting processes publishedAll stakeholders and their roles published Gender and minority participation mainstreamedProactive advice offered by local governmentMedia publication of minutes and findings

Sri LankaProgramme Manager Reintegration and Reconciliation 2010-2013

Reintegration support for 8,500 Ex-LTTE clientsCommunity peacebuilding projects supportedInitial SSR projects designed and draftedSeconded to advise Somali and Kenyan governments on Al-Shabaab

Sri LankaGeneva, Funds and Access to PARCsA unique welcomeMilitary victory and long-term peace ICRS sensitizationEngaging the caseloadMissing public awareness and reinsertionICRS re-design with counselling, Fading support and incomplete ICRSA missed opportunity

Potential Lessons - GeneralUse of UN Peacebuilding Commission National coordination of peacebuilding activities Decentralization of the peace debate Establishing impartial Peace Ambassadors Form Community of Practice for peace activistsEncouraging Community Peace Committees Empower traditional Committees of the Wise Transfer local/regional reconciliation methods

Potential Lessons - GeneralDDR is nationally-owned and people-centred DDR should be transparent and accountableAny DDR process should be completedReintegration is social, economic and politicalDDR forms part of long-term SSR plansDDR is not sustainable without reconciliation Reconciliation needs sustainable peacebuildingPeacebuilding is an ongoing and whole-nation process that requires full commitment

Potential Lessons - ROLLegally-sworn translators at police stationsLanguage training at National Police AcademyFast track promotion for bilingual police officersSeparated gender-appropriate police desksPilot projects for community policing principlesCommunity policing committeesMilitary and Police information hotlines Surveys for future SSR at the right timePotential Lessons - YouthPeace Studies in National Schools CurriculumSchools twining programmes. Activities for unification Ethnically-mixed sports galas, drama, choir, poetry and literature eventsNational Peace Songs, Poetry, Poster and Badge AwardsJoint Summer Peace, Sports and Language CampsNational awards for best bilingual exam resultsLocal multi-ethnic Youth ParliamentsTraining to deliver reconciliation projectsConflict Resolution Day(3rd Thursday in October)

Potential Lessons - MediaRadio Okapi (DRC) and Radio UNMIL (Liberia)Talking Drum, Ijambo, Radio Peacebuilding Africa Ethnically-diverse staff present a united frontOne TV documentary analysed 16 African conflictsBroadcast in 22 African countries in 40 local dialectsMobile cinema projects in African rural villagesWorkshops empowering bloggers in ArabiaReconciliation soap operas/TV peace debatesMedia support can yield responsible reporting

Potential Lessons - Private SectorLobby for development investment in N and EVocational and business mentoring programmesScholarships to fast-track minority managersHighlight equal opportunity in the workplaceAllow time for workers peace committeesSponsorship of bilingual kindergartensBroadcast peace radio during workers shifts Display reconciliation material in the workplacePeacebuildingLocal ownership is essential for lasting peaceInclusiveness develops constructive relationships between all stakeholdersThe heart of the challenge is building trust so that society remains engaged in building lasting peaceOnly long-term commitments address the root causes of conflict and ensure sustainabilityAppropriate processes ensure legitimacy and holistic solutions to complex problems

Two Prayers And A Wish

Nelsons Last PrayerOn the morning of 21st October 1805 with the combined fleets of France and Spain in sight:

May the great God, whom I worship, grant to my country and for the benefit of Europe in general a great and glorious victory: and may no misconduct, in any one, tarnish it: and may humanity after victory be the predominant feature in the British fleet.

For myself individually, I commit my life to Him who made me and may His blessing light upon my endeavours for serving my country faithfully.To Him I resign myself and the just cause which is entrusted to me to defend.Amen. Amen. Amen.

St Mungos PrayerSt Mungo established a monastery in the 6th century on the River Clyde near the site of Glasgow He is thought to have performed four miracles that are shown in Glasgows Coat of ArmsHere's the bird that never flew. Here's the tree that never grew. Here's the bell that never rang. Here's the fish that never swam. St Mungo: Lord, Let Glasgow Flourish by the preaching of Thy Word and the Praising of Thy Name

A Wish

Let Sri Lanka FlourishPOST CONFLICTSUCCESSIN AFRICA - COMPARISON TOSRI LANKAThank You

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