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Population Population GeographyGeography
Population Geography:
DemographyDemographyAttempts to answer the question:
Who are these people?Who are these people?• Ethnicity• Religion• Language• Income (GDP pc)• Literacy• Population Growth
• Birth Rate • Death Rate• Infant Mortality Rate• Life Expectancy• Migration Rates•…and more!
EthnicityEthnicity
ReligionReligion
OrthodoxOrthodoxProtestantProtestant
CatholicCatholic
SunniSunniIslamIslam
Shi’aShi’aIslamIslam
Map of Islam(Muslims)
Shi’a vs. Sunni
Two Sects of Islam:
Former Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina3 Political Units:•Republika Srpska•Republika BiH•Brcko District (part of both)
Result of the 1995 Dayton Accords
Former YugoslaviaFormer YugoslaviaCOUNTRYCOUNTRY RELIGIONRELIGION ETHNICITYETHNICITYSloveniaSlovenia 58% Catholic58% Catholic 83% Slovene83% SloveneCroatiaCroatia 88% Catholic88% Catholic 90% Croat90% CroatBosniaBosnia 40% Islam 40% Islam 43% Bosnian 43% Bosnian
30% Orthodox30% Orthodox 31% Serb31% Serb15% Catholic15% Catholic 17% Croat17% Croat
Macedonia Macedonia 64% Orthodox64% Orthodox 64% Macedonian64% Macedonian33% Islam33% Islam 25% Albanian25% Albanian
SerbiaSerbia 85% Orthodox85% Orthodox 65% Serb65% Serb14% Hungarian14% Hungarian
MontenegroMontenegro 74% Orthodox 74% Orthodox 43% Montenegrin43% Montenegrin18% Islam18% Islam 24% Serb24% Serb
13% Albanian13% AlbanianKosovoKosovo 70% Islam70% Islam 88% Albanian88% Albanian
Former Yugoslavia Today
Slovenia 1990Slovenia 1990
Croatia 1991Croatia 1991
Bosnia 1992Bosnia 1992
Macedonia 1992Macedonia 1992
Serbia Serbia (remained “Yugoslavia” with Montenegro until 2003)
Montenegro 2006Montenegro 2006
Kosovo 2008Kosovo 2008
Vojvodina?
Kosovo
PRISTINA
Population StatisticsPopulation Statistics• Birth Rate per 1,000Birth Rate per 1,000• Death Rate per 1,000Death Rate per 1,000• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) per 1,000Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) per 1,000• Overall Population Growth RateOverall Population Growth Rate• Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000• Life Expectancy Life Expectancy • Literacy RateLiteracy Rate• GDP per capitaGDP per capita
TajikistanTajikistan 2626 6 6TurkeyTurkey 1818 6 6TurkmenistanTurkmenistan 1717 5 5AzerbaijanAzerbaijan 1717 7 7U.S U.S 1414 8 8MoldovaMoldova 1313 1313AlbaniaAlbania 1212 6 6ArmeniaArmenia 1313 8 8MacedoniaMacedonia 1212 9 9RussiaRussia 1212 1414CyprusCyprus 1111 6 6SlovakiaSlovakia 1111 1010BelarusBelarus 1111 1414
CroatiaCroatia 1010 1212Estonia Estonia 1010 1414LatviaLatvia 1010 1414UkraineUkraine 1010 1616PolandPoland 1010 1010BosniaBosnia 9 9 9 9GreeceGreece 9 9 1010SloveniaSlovenia 9 9 1111RomaniaRomania 9 9 1212HungaryHungary 9 9 13 13 BulgariaBulgaria 9 9 1414SerbiaSerbia 9 9 1414Germany Germany 8 8 1111
BR DRBR DRBirth and Death Rates Birth and Death Rates (CIA World Factbook(CIA World Factbook))
Rate of Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase RNI*RNI*
Birth Rate Birth Rate - Death Rate- Death Rate RNIRNI
* Does NOT include population changes due to migration! * Does NOT include population changes due to migration!
TajikistanTajikistan 2020TurkeyTurkey 1212TurkmenistanTurkmenistan 1212AzerbaijanAzerbaijan 1010U.S U.S 6 6AlbaniaAlbania 6 6CyprusCyprus 5 5ArmeniaArmenia 5 5MacedoniaMacedonia 3 3SlovakiaSlovakia 1 1MoldovaMoldova 0 0PolandPoland 0 0BosniaBosnia 0 0
GreeceGreece - 1- 1CroatiaCroatia - 2- 2SloveniaSlovenia - 2- 2CzechCzech - 2- 2RussiaRussia - 2- 2Germany Germany - 3- 3RomaniaRomania - 3- 3BelarusBelarus - 3- 3EstoniaEstonia - 4- 4LatviaLatvia - 4- 4HungaryHungary - 4 - 4 SerbiaSerbia - 5- 5BulgariaBulgaria - 5- 5UkraineUkraine - 6- 6
RNIRNI
Rate of Natural IncreaseRate of Natural Increase
Rate of Natural Increase
Russians get day off to Russians get day off to procreate, then win prizesprocreate, then win prizes
The Denver Post
12/24/2007
Moscow - A Russian region of Ulyanovsk has found a novel way to fight the Moscow - A Russian region of Ulyanovsk has found a novel way to fight the nation's birth-rate crisis: It has declared Sept. 12 the Day of Conception nation's birth-rate crisis: It has declared Sept. 12 the Day of Conception and for the third year running is giving couples time off from work to and for the third year running is giving couples time off from work to procreate. The hope is for a brood of babies exactly nine months later on procreate. The hope is for a brood of babies exactly nine months later on Russia's national day. Couples who "give birth to a patriot" during the Russia's national day. Couples who "give birth to a patriot" during the June 12 festivities win money, cars, refrigerators and other prizes. June 12 festivities win money, cars, refrigerators and other prizes.
Russia, with one-seventh of Earth's land surface, has just 141.4 million Russia, with one-seventh of Earth's land surface, has just 141.4 million citizens, making it one of the most sparsely settled countries in the world. citizens, making it one of the most sparsely settled countries in the world. With a low birth rate and a high death rate, the population has been shrinking since the early 1990s.
In his state-of-the-nation address last year, President Vladimir Putin called In his state-of-the-nation address last year, President Vladimir Putin called the demographic crisis the most acute problem facing Russia and the demographic crisis the most acute problem facing Russia and announced a broad effort to boost Russia's birth rate, including cash announced a broad effort to boost Russia's birth rate, including cash incentives to families that have more than one child. incentives to families that have more than one child.
The 2007 grand prize went to Irina and Andrei Kartuzov, who received a The 2007 grand prize went to Irina and Andrei Kartuzov, who received a UAZ-Patriot, a sport utility vehicle. Other contestants won video cameras, UAZ-Patriot, a sport utility vehicle. Other contestants won video cameras, TVs, refrigerators and washing machines.TVs, refrigerators and washing machines.
Population Growth Rate*Population Growth Rate*
RNI+ In-migration- Out-migration = PGRPGR
* * IncludesIncludes population changes due to migration! population changes due to migration!
TajikistanTajikistan 18 18CyprusCyprus 16 16TurkeyTurkey 12 12TurkmenistanTurkmenistan 11 11AzerbaijanAzerbaijan 10 10U.S U.S 9 9AlbaniaAlbania 3 3MacedoniaMacedonia 2 2ArmeniaArmenia 1 1SlovakiaSlovakia 1 1Montenegro Montenegro 0 0PolandPoland 0 0BosniaBosnia 0 0
RussiaRussia -1-1GreeceGreece -1-1CzechCzech -1-1CroatiaCroatia -1-1SloveniaSlovenia -2-2GermanyGermany -2-2HungaryHungary -2-2BelarusBelarus -2-2RomaniaRomania -3-3SerbiaSerbia -5-5UkraineUkraine -6-6LatviaLatvia -6-6EstoniaEstonia -7-7BulgariaBulgaria -8-8MoldovaMoldova -10 -10
Population Growth Rate Population Growth Rate ((per 1,000per 1,000))
includes emi/immigrationincludes emi/immigration
Population Growth Rate
Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy 75 to 90
71 to 74
65 to 70
54 to 64
30 to 53
But what about Literacy Rate?But what about Literacy Rate?AzerbaijanAzerbaijan 99 99RussiaRussia 100100TajikistanTajikistan 100100UkraineUkraine 100100TurkmenistanTurkmenistan 99 99MoldovaMoldova 99 99KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan 99 99BelarusBelarus 100100BalticsBaltics 100100 UzbekistanUzbekistan 99 99ArmeniaArmenia 100100BulgariaBulgaria 98 98TurkeyTurkey 87 87RomaniaRomania 97 97HungaryHungary 99 99
Serbia 96Poland 100Slovakia 100 MacedoniaMacedonia 96 96Croatia 98GeorgiaGeorgia 100100Czech 99 Slovenia 100 AlbaniaAlbania 99 99Cyprus 98BosniaBosnia 97 97U.S 99Greece 96Germany 99
GDPpc GDPpc vs. vs. Literacy RateLiteracy Rate
COUNTRY LR % GDPpc COUNTRY LR %Albania 99 $7,800 El Salvador 81Ukraine 100 $7,200 Algeria 70Armenia 100 $5,400 Paraguay 94Georgia 100 $5,400 Sri Lanka 91Kyrgyzstan 99 $2,400 Papua New Guinea 57Moldova 99 $3,400 Gambia 40Tajikistan 100 $2,000 Senegal 39Turkmenistan 99 $7,500 Guyana 91Uzbekistan 99 $3,300 Vietnam 94
• Impact and Legacy of Socialism!Socialism!
• There are at least There are at least living languages in living languages in Europe!Europe!
• All languages are part of All languages are part of a a Language FamilyLanguage Family– i.e. English, French, i.e. English, French,
Czech, Persian, Bengali: Czech, Persian, Bengali: all part of a language all part of a language familyfamily
• Language families Language families determined by historical determined by historical geographygeography
LanguageLanguage600600
European LanguagesEuropean LanguagesAbaza, Abkhaz, Aghul, Akhvakh, Albanian, Andi, Anglo-Romani, Aragonese, Archi, Armenian, Aromanian, Asturian, Avar, Azerbaijani, Bagvalal, Balkan-
Gagauz-Turkish, Balkan-Romani, Balkar, Baltic-Romani, Barranquenho, Bashkir, Basque, Bats, Belarusian, Bezhta, Bohtan, Bosnian, Botlikh, Breton,
Budukh, Bulgarian, Cappadocian, Carpathian, Romani, Catalan, Chamalal, Champenois, Chechen, Chuvash, Circassian, Cornish, Corsican, Crimean,
Tatar-Croatian, Cypriot-Arabic, Czech, Danish, Danish Traveller, Dgèrnésiais, Domari, Dutch, English, Eonavian, Erzya, Esperanto, Estonian, Fala, Faroese,
Finnish, Franco-Provençal, French, Frisian, Frisian Wymysojer, Friulian, Gagauz, Galician, Gallo, Georgian, German, Ghodoberi, Greek, Gruzinic, Gutnish, Hinukh, Hungarian, Hunzib, Iberian-Romani, Icelandic, Ingrian,
Ingush, Irish, Istriot, Istro-Romanian, Italian, Italkian, Izhorian, Jakati, Jèrriais, Juhuri, Kabardian, Kalmyk, Kalo-Finnish-Romani, Karachay, Karaim, Karata,
Karelian, Kashubian, Khalaj, Khinalug, Khvarshi, Komi, Komi-Permyak, Krymchak, Kryts, Kumyk, Kurdish, Ladino, Lak, Latin, Latvian, Lezgi,
Limburgish, Lithuanian, Livonian, Livvi, Lomavren, Lorraine, Low Saxon, Ludic, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, Maghrebi Arabic, Maltese, Manx, Mari, Megleno-Romanian, Megrelian, Meskhetian, Mirandese, Moksha, Moldovan,
Monégasque, Montenegrin, Nenets, Nogai, Norman Frisian, Norwegian, Norwegian Traveller, Occitan, Ossetic, Palityan, Picard, Poitevin-Saintongeais,
Polari, Polish, Pontic, Portuguese, Quinqui, Rifi, Romanian, Romano-Greek, Romani, Romansh, Russian, Ruthenian, Rutul, Sami, Sardinian, Sater Frisian,
Scanian, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Shelta, Sinte, Slovak, Slovenian, Sorbian, Spanish, Svan, Swedish, Tabasaran, Taleshi, Tat, Tatar, Tavringer
Romani, Tindi Traveller, Scottish, Tsakhur, Tsakonian, Tsez, Turkish, Turkmen, Tver Karelian, Udi, Udmurt, Ukrainian, Urum, Veps, Vlakh Romani, Võro-Seto,
Votic, Walloon, Welsh, Welsh Romani, Yeniche, Yiddish
Language DivisionsLanguage DivisionsLanguage Family:Language Family: Indo-EuropeanIndo-EuropeanLanguage Branch:Language Branch: SlavicSlavicLanguage Group:Language Group: East Slavic East Slavic
West Slavic West Slavic
South Slavic South Slavic Languages:Languages:
E: E: Russian, Ukrainian, BelarusianRussian, Ukrainian, Belarusian
W: W: Polish, Czech, SlovakPolish, Czech, Slovak
S: S: Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian, etc. Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian, etc.
Language Language Families of Families of
EuropeEurope
• Indo-EuropeanIndo-European
• Finno-UgricFinno-Ugric
• TurkicTurkic
Diffusion of Diffusion of LanguagesLanguages
Indo-EuropeanIndo-European
Alexander the Great
BalticBalticGermanic Germanic RomanceRomance SlavicSlavicLatvianLatvian GermanGerman RomanianRomanian RussianRussian
LithuanianLithuanian MoldovanMoldovan CzechCzechPolishPolishSlovakSlovakBulgarianBulgarianSlovenianSlovenianCroatianCroatianSerbianSerbianBelarusianBelarusianUkrainianUkrainianMacedonianMacedonianBosnianBosnianMontenegrinMontenegrin
Indo-European BranchesIndo-European Branches
{““Mutually Mutually Intelligible”Intelligible”
Slavic Slavic Language Language
BranchBranch ““BEER”BEER”Polish: Piwo
Czech: Pivo
Croatian: Pivo
Russian: Pibo
Bulgarian: Pibo
Finno-Ugric Branches
(Magyar)(Magyar)
Last native
speakerdied in ‘09 FinnicFinnic
UgricUgric
Turkic BranchesTurkic Branches
East Turkic
West TurkicWest Turkic
One more Indo-One more Indo-European branch…European branch…
Indo-Aryan LanguagesIndo-Aryan Languages““Aryan” = Indian-IranianAryan” = Indian-Iranian
(“Southern / Central Asian”)(“Southern / Central Asian”)
Indo-AryanIndo-AryanLanguagesLanguages
Hindustani:Hindustani: 550 million550 millionBengali:Bengali: 200 million200 millionPunjabi:Punjabi: 100 million100 millionMarathi:Marathi: 75 million 75 millionGujarati Gujarati 50 million 50 millionOriyaOriya 30 million 30 million SindhiSindhi 25 million25 millionRomaniRomani 5 million 5 million
RomaRoma GypsiesGypsiesKalderashKalderashDomDomFalse RomansFalse RomansSintiSintiGitanosGitanosCalCalééCiganosCiganosLuliLuliManush…Manush…
Where did the Roma come from?
““Gypsy” = Egypt?Gypsy” = Egypt?
Roma MigrationRoma Migration
India!India!~1000 A.D.~1000 A.D.
Roma FlagRoma Flag
India FlagIndia Flag
Chakra
Roma MigrationRoma MigrationChakra Chakra ≠ ≠ MigrationMigration
So why did they migrate?So why did they migrate?
•• For Work?For Work?
•• The Weather?The Weather?
•• Fun?Fun?
•• Cabin Fever?Cabin Fever?
All of the above?All of the above?• The answer remains unclear.• However, generally speaking, it is believed
by most researchers that the Roma did not migrate by choice or for seasonal reasons.
• The most widely-accepted theory is to escape persecution:– Many invasions into India over time– Enslaved frequently– Migration continual once left India– Became minority population outside of India– Outsiders
Roma Timelinec. 800-950c. 800-950:: Groups leave northern India for Persia and Armenia. Groups leave northern India for Persia and Armenia.1000:1000: Roma reach Byzantine empireRoma reach Byzantine empire1300s1300s:: Roma already in Wallachia and Serbia, viewed as Muslims and enslaved.Roma already in Wallachia and Serbia, viewed as Muslims and enslaved.1445:1445: Prince Vlad Dracul of Wallachia transports some 12,000 persons "who Prince Vlad Dracul of Wallachia transports some 12,000 persons "who
looked like looked like EgyptiansEgyptians" from Bulgaria for slave labor. " from Bulgaria for slave labor. 14711471:: The first Anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Switzerland.The first Anti-Gypsy laws are passed in Switzerland.14711471:: 17,000 Roma are transported into Moldavia for slave labor. 17,000 Roma are transported into Moldavia for slave labor. 14921492:: Spanish Inquisition: Anti-Gypsy laws, identified as heretics Spanish Inquisition: Anti-Gypsy laws, identified as heretics 1493:1493: Roma are expelled from Milan. Roma are expelled from Milan. 14981498:: Four Gypsies accompany Columbus to the Americas.Four Gypsies accompany Columbus to the Americas.15021502:: Louis XII expels the Roma from France.Louis XII expels the Roma from France.15261526:: Henry VIII expels the Roma from England: leave or die.Henry VIII expels the Roma from England: leave or die.15381538:: Portugal expels Roma to Brazil.Portugal expels Roma to Brazil.1554: 1554: England passes a law stating being a Gypsy is punishable by deathEngland passes a law stating being a Gypsy is punishable by death15601560:: In Sweden, the Lutherans forbid any dealings with Roma.In Sweden, the Lutherans forbid any dealings with Roma.15891589:: Denmark: death to any Roma caught in the country.Denmark: death to any Roma caught in the country.16191619:: Spain to Roma: Settle down or punishable by death.Spain to Roma: Settle down or punishable by death.1885:1885: Roma excluded by U.S. immigration policy; many returned to Europe.Roma excluded by U.S. immigration policy; many returned to Europe. 1917:1917: New Jersey passes “Anti-Roma” lawNew Jersey passes “Anti-Roma” law19361936--19451945:: Nazis begin systematic persecution of Roma Nazis begin systematic persecution of Roma
Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Western EuropeWestern EuropeCountry Population Country PopulationAlbania 95,000 Austria 22,500Belarus 2,500 Belgium 12,500B & H 45,000 Cyprus 750Bulgaria 750,000 Denmark 1,750Croatia 35,000 Finland 8,000Czech Republic 275,000 France 310,000Estonia 1,250 Germany 120,000Hungary 575,000 Greece 180,000Latvia 2,750 Ireland 25,000Lithuania 3,500 Italy 100,000Macedonia 240,000 Luxembourg 125Moldova 22,500 Netherlands 37,500Poland 45,000 Norway 750Romania 2,150,000 Portugal 45,000Russia 310,000 Spain 725,000SAM 725,000 Sweden 17,500Slovakia 500,000 Switzerland 32,500Slovenia 9,000 Turkey 400,000Ukraine 55,000 U.K. 105,000
Total 5,851,500 Total 2,143,875
Roma Roma PopulationsPopulations
Why different estimates?
Advantages?Disadvantages?
* Estimated from 500,000 (official) to 5,000,000
*
Romani DialectsRomani Dialects(not all mutually intelligible)(not all mutually intelligible)
……and more!and more!Balkan RomaniBalkan RomaniBaltic RomaniBaltic RomaniCarpathian RomaniCarpathian RomaniDomari (Stans, Russia) “Luli” = MuslimDomari (Stans, Russia) “Luli” = MuslimKalo Finnish RomaniKalo Finnish RomaniSinte Romani (Balkans, Germany, & West)Sinte Romani (Balkans, Germany, & West)Caló (Spanish Romani)Caló (Spanish Romani)Vlax Romani (Romania, Yugo)Vlax Romani (Romania, Yugo)Welsh RomaniWelsh Romani
Roma in WWIIRoma in WWII• Porrajmos Porrajmos
• 200,000 to 2m200,000 to 2m
• Deaths proportionally similar to JewsDeaths proportionally similar to Jews
•Non-Aryans:Non-Aryans:But what is an Aryan?Nordic?Greek?Caucasian?Egyptian?
Roma NeighborhoodRoma NeighborhoodBrno, Czech RepublicBrno, Czech Republic
Discrimination / Racism can be subtle. Discrimination / Racism can be subtle. Or not.Or not.
Roma DemographicsRoma Demographics(UNDP)(UNDP)
Population ComparisonsPopulation ComparisonsRoma Czech
Fertility Rate 3.0 1.27
Median Age 19.3 40.8
Married <19 72% 15%
Life Exp. 59 77
IMR 15.8 3.7
Elem Ed. (ONLY) 40% 7.0%
Literacy Rate 73% 99%
RNI 2.1 -3.2
GDP pc $6,000 $25,900
The Roma Today…The Roma Today…• “Every country is a 'foreign' country:”
– Rise in Nationalism since 1989– Negative reaction to Roma populations
• Communism was good for them• Now high unemployment, social issues
– Leads to large informalinformal labor sector• Begging• Theft• Prostitution
– Reinforces stereotypes• Changes!
– ““Decade of Roma Inclusion”Decade of Roma Inclusion” Program (World Bank: 2005)– 9 Major Roma countries in Eastern Europe– +’s: providing $ for more education, training, opportunities,
try to reduce discrimination, etc.– -’s: Legacy of discrimination, judgment on way of life, blame
“Decade of Roma Inclusion”• BulgariaBulgaria
• CroatiaCroatia
• CzechCzech
• HungaryHungary
• MacedoniaMacedonia
• MontenegroMontenegro
• RomaniaRomania
• SerbiaSerbia
• SlovakiaSlovakia
4 General Issues:4 General Issues:• EducationEducation• EmploymentEmployment• HealthHealth• HousingHousing
Each country has own Each country has own goals, criteria, priorities, etc. goals, criteria, priorities, etc. and must report results to and must report results to World BankWorld Bank
