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Pollinators: Where are We After 2016?
Rick Foster Department of Entomology
Purdue University
Photo credit John Obermeyer, Purdue University
Honey Bee Decline
– Parasites, especially Varroa mites– Pathogens– Habitat loss– Nutritional Stress– Pesticides
Honey Bee Decline
– Parasites, especially Varroa mites– Pathogens– Habitat loss– Nutritional Stress– Pesticides
Vegetable Crops and PollinatorsCrops That Require Pollinators
Crops That Don’t Require Pollinators But Have Better Yields With Them
Crops From Which Pollinators Collect Pollen
Melons Eggplant Pea
Cucumbers Lima Bean Snap Bean
Pumpkins Okra Sweet Corn
Squash Pepper Tomato
Striped Cucumber Beetles
• Feed on leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit• Transmit bacterium that causes bacterial wilt
of cucurbits in muskmelon and cucumber• Can be devastating if not controlled
Neonicotinoids on Cucurbits
– Control of striped cucumber beetle, aphids, leafhoppers etc.
– Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid
Project Objectives:
Determine the potential impact of neonicotinoid residues on honey bees in muskmelon production
– Determine residue concentrations of several recommended neonicotinoids in muskmelon pollen.
– Couple field residue concentrations with known honey bee toxicological sensitivity.
Untreated Plants
Photo credit John Obermeyer, Purdue University
Potential Impact of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Honey Bees
• FarMore treated seeds may negatively impact bees
• Soil drenches at planting are likely to harm bees
• Higher rates of soil drenches result in higher levels of residue in the pollen
• Actara is very likely to harm bees• Assail is unlikely to harm bees
Questions of Interest
• Do FarMore treated seeds provide protection from beetle feeding?
• Do soil applications of Platinum at planting provide protection from beetle feeding?
• Does the high rate of Platinum provide greater protection from beetle feeding than the low rate?
• Do foliar sprays of Warrior provide protection from beetle feeding?
Melon Best PracticesTreatment List
1. Control2. FarMore control3. Untreated seed, low rate Platinum (5 fl. oz./A) 4. Untreated seed, high rate Platinum (11 fl. oz./A)5. FarMore seed, low rate Platinum (5 fl. oz./A)6. FarMore seed, high rate Platinum (11 fl. oz./A)7. Untreated seed, Warrior (1.92 fl. oz./A) as needed, Assail as needed for aphids8. FarMore seed, Warrior as needed, Assail as needed for aphids9. Untreated seed, low rate Platinum (5 fl. oz./A), Warrior as needed, Assail as
needed for aphids10. FarMore seed, low rate Platinum (5 fl. oz./A), Warrior as needed, Assail as
needed for aphids
Melon Best PracticesTreatment List
1. Control2. FarMore control3. Untreated seed, low rate Platinum (5 fl. oz./A) 4. Untreated seed, high rate Platinum (11 fl. oz./A)5. FarMore seed, low rate Platinum (5 fl. oz./A)6. FarMore seed, high rate Platinum (11 fl. oz./A)7. Untreated seed, Warrior (1.92 fl. oz./A) as needed8. FarMore seed, Warrior as needed9. Untreated seed, low rate Platinum (5 fl. oz./A), Warrior as needed10. FarMore seed, low rate Platinum (5 fl. oz./A), Warrior as needed
Treatment Effects on Beetle DaysTrt. No.
FarMore?
Platinum?
Warrior?
Lafayette Beetle Days
2015
VincennesBeetle Days 2016
Lafayette Beetle Days 2016
Vincennes Beetle Days 2016
1 26.9 a 32.2 9.2 a 28.9
2 Yes 18.8 ab 35.0 7.3 a 23.2
3 Low 16.6 ab 29.4 3.7 b 23.8
4 High 20.4 ab 27.3 3.1 b 15.6
5 Yes Low 16.4 ab 39.9 3.1 b 16.8
6 Yes High 15.1 ab 31.9 3.4 b 11.4
7 Yes 11.4 ab 34.3 3.3 b 28.5
8 Yes Yes 11.4 ab 27.3 3.1 b 34.7
9 Low Yes 8.3 b 21.0 2.8 b 17.7
10 Yes Low Yes 8.0 b 27.0 2.4 b 22.0
Mean Treatment Effects on Beetle Days
Trt. No.
FarMore?
Platinum?
Warrior?
Mean Beetle Days
1 24.3
2 Yes 21.1
3 Low 18.4
4 High 16.6
5 Yes Low 19.1
6 Yes High 15.5
7 Yes 19.4
8 Yes Yes 19.1
9 Low Yes 12.5
10 Yes Low Yes 14.9
Treatment Effects on Yield (lbs)Trt. No.
FarMore?
Platinum?
Warrior?
Lafayette 2015
Vincennes2015
Lafayette 2016
Vincennes 2016
1 109 75.9 80 b 30.1 c
2 Yes 136 62.4 123 ab 34.6 c
3 Low 162 73.3 161 a 48.2 bc
4 High 179 32.6 141 ab 34.4 c
5 Yes Low 165 72.1 193 a 89.5 a
6 Yes High 184 70.6 176 a 57.7 abc
7 Yes 225 62.5 133 ab 21.3 c
8 Yes Yes 197 108.9 142 ab 53.4 abc
9 Low Yes 183 69.7 187 a 54.2 abc
10 Yes Low Yes 177 125.3 183 a 83.4 ab
Treatment Effects on Yield (lbs)Trt. No.
FarMore?
Platinum?
Warrior?
Lafayette 2015
Vincennes2015
Lafayette 2016
Vincennes 2016
1 109 75.9 80 b 30.1 c
2 Yes 136 62.4 123 ab 34.6 c
3 Low 162 73.3 161 a 48.2 bc
4 High 179 32.6 141 ab 34.4 c
5 Yes Low 165 72.1 193 a 89.5 a
6 Yes High 184 70.6 176 a 57.7 abc
7 Yes 225 62.5 133 ab 21.3 c
8 Yes Yes 197 108.9 142 ab 53.4 abc
9 Low Yes 183 69.7 187 a 54.2 abc
10 Yes Low Yes 177 125.3 183 a 83.4 ab
Treatment Effects on Yield (lbs)Trt. No.
FarMore?
Platinum?
Warrior?
Lafayette 2015
Vincennes2015
Lafayette 2016
Vincennes 2016
1 109 75.9 80 b 30.1 c
2 Yes 136 62.4 123 ab 34.6 c
3 Low 162 73.3 161 a 48.2 bc
4 High 179 32.6 141 ab 34.4 c
5 Yes Low 165 72.1 193 a 89.5 a
6 Yes High 184 70.6 176 a 57.7 abc
7 Yes 225 62.5 133 ab 21.3 c
8 Yes Yes 197 108.9 142 ab 53.4 abc
9 Low Yes 183 69.7 187 a 54.2 abc
10 Yes Low Yes 177 125.3 183 a 83.4 ab
Treatment Effects on Yield (lbs)
Trt. No.
FarMore?
Platinum?
Warrior?
Lafayette 2015
Vincennes2015
Lafayette 2016
Vincennes 2016
1 109 75.9 80 b 30.1 c
2 Yes 136 62.4 123 ab 34.6 c
3 Low 162 73.3 161 a 48.2 bc
4 High 179 32.6 141 ab 34.4 c
5 Yes Low 165 72.1 193 a 89.5 a
6 Yes High 184 70.6 176 a 57.7 abc
7 Yes 225 62.5 133 ab 21.3 c
8 Yes Yes 197 108.9 142 ab 53.4 abc
9 Low Yes 183 69.7 187 a 54.2 abc
10 Yes Low Yes 177 125.3 183 a 83.4 ab
Treatment Effects on Yield (lbs)
Trt. No.
FarMore?
Platinum?
Warrior?
Lafayette 2015
Vincennes2015
Lafayette 2016
Vincennes 2016
1 109 75.9 80 b 30.1 c
2 Yes 136 62.4 123 ab 34.6 c
3 Low 162 73.3 161 a 48.2 bc
4 High 179 32.6 141 ab 34.4 c
5 Yes Low 165 72.1 193 a 89.5 a
6 Yes High 184 70.6 176 a 57.7 abc
7 Yes 225 62.5 133 ab 21.3 c
8 Yes Yes 197 108.9 142 ab 53.4 abc
9 Low Yes 183 69.7 187 a 54.2 abc
10 Yes Low Yes 177 125.3 183 a 83.4 ab
Treatment Effects on Yield (lbs)Trt. No.
FarMore?
Platinum?
Warrior?
Lafayette 2015
Vincennes2016
Lafayette 2016
Vincennes 2016
1 109 75.9 80 b 30.1 c
2 Yes 136 62.4 123 ab 34.6 c
3 Low 162 73.3 161 a 48.2 bc
4 High 179 32.6 141 ab 34.4 c
5 Yes Low 165 72.1 193 a 89.5 a
6 Yes High 184 70.6 176 a 57.7 abc
7 Yes 225 62.5 133 ab 21.3 c
8 Yes Yes 197 108.9 142 ab 53.4 abc
9 Low Yes 183 69.7 187 a 54.2 abc
10 Yes Low Yes 177 125.3 183 a 83.4 ab
Treatment Effects on Mean Yield (lbs)Trt. No.
FarMore? Platinum? Warrior? Mean Yield
1 74
2 Yes 89
3 Low 111
4 High 97
5 Yes Low 130
6 Yes High 122
7 Yes 111
8 Yes Yes 125
9 Low Yes 124
10 Yes Low Yes 142
Preliminary Recommendations
• Should probably use FarMore treated seeds • Use planting time applications of the low rate of
Platinum or Admire Pro • Regularly scout your muskmelons and treat when
the population exceeds 1 beetle/plant• When using a pyrethroid as a foliar spray, make
the application in the late afternoon/evening after the flowers have closed and bees have left the field
• Use Assail as a foliar spray if needed, not Actara
Indiana’s Pollinator Protection Plan
• Being developed by the OISC and Indiana Pesticide Review Board
• Fred Whitford and I are taking lead on developing outreach plan
Protecting Indiana’s Pollinators• POL-1. Protecting Pollinators in Home Lawns and Landscapes, Doug
Richmond and Cliff Sadof.
• POL-2. Protecting Pollinators in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Rick Foster, Bruce Bordelon, Peter Hirst, Valerie Clingerman, Michael O’Donnell, and Roy Ballard.
• POL-3. Protecting Pollinators: Tips for Commercial Agricultural Pesticide Applicators, Fred Whitford, Rick Foster, Gina Anderson, John Obermeyer, and Kevin Leigh Smith.
• POL-4. Protecting Pollinators in Agronomic Crop Production, Christian Krupke, Greg Hunt, Rick Foster, Michael O’Donnell, and Phil Sutton.
Coming Soon
• The Complex Life of the Honey Bee: Environmental, Biological, and Chemical Challenges to Colony Health – PPP
• Best Management Practices for Indiana Pollinator Habitat
• Creating a Pollinator Garden in Your Yard• How Youth Can Help Protect Pollinators
USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative program“Navigating the trade-off between pest management & pollinator conservation in cucurbits”
ContactsIndiana:Rick Foster ([email protected]), Ian Kaplan ([email protected])Michigan:Zsofia Szendrei ([email protected])Ohio: Karen Goodell ([email protected])
Questions?
