Politologie Ectsmc Teoria Libertatii

7/23/2019 Politologie Ectsmc Teoria Libertatii

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UNIVERSITATEA ALMA MATER DIN SIBIUFACULTATEA DE TIIN E ECONOMICE, SOCIALE I ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTAMENTUL DE STIIN E ECONOMICE

PROIECTPOLITOLOGIE

TEORIA SI PRACTICALIBERTATII

COORDONATOR TIINIFIC StudentProf.uni.dr. Mir!e" COSMA Cer#$i%"n M"ri" Cri&tin"

SIBIU '()*

)


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CUPRINS

INTRODUCERE....................................................................................................3

PARTEA 1.TEORIA LIBERTATII

Capitolul I LIBERTATEA IN CADRU OFICIAL

).) DEFINITII..........................................................................................................+

).' LIBERTATEA CA ARANTIE.........................................................................+

).- LIBERTATEA ESTE... ......................................................................................

Capitolul II CLASIFICARI ALE LIBERTII

2.1LIBERTATEA/CONTEMPORANA/...............................................................

'.' LIBERTATEA CA FILO0OFIE..........................................................................1

'.-.LIBERTATEA ECONOMICA SI POLITICA.....................................................2

Capitolul III COMPONENTE ALE LIBERTATII

-.).SURSELE RESPONSABILITATII.......................................................................)'

-.'. AUTORITATEA...................................................................................................)--.-. RESPECTUL........................................................................................................)+

-.+.MI3LOACE DE CONTROL SI MONITORI0ARE.............................................)*

-.*.MANIPULAREA..................................................................................................)4

PARTEA IILIBERTATEA IN PRACTICA

Capitolul I! LIBERTATE PE INTELESUL TUTUROR

+.)LIBERTATEA ANTICA APLICATA................................................................)1

+.'.EVOLUTIA IDEII DE LIBERTATE...................................................................)2

+.-LIBERTATEA AMERICANA SI BOCANCUL RUSESC......................................')

Capitolul !

CONCLU0II.................................................................................................................''

BIBLIORAFIE............................................................................................................'+

ANE5E..........................................................................................................................'*

'


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O6u7 i&i dore&te e7i8er"re" de !on&tr"n#eri,d"r re!uno"&te in "!e7"&i ti69 ne!e&it"te"ordinii. Bu!$"n"n

INTRODUCERE

Li8ert"te" e&te in &ine un !on!e9t"t"t de e!$i !" &i o6u7,do"d" fiind &e6ne7e din &!riere" !uneifor6" e!$e de6i7enii.Totu&i,nu " fo&t ni!iod"t" un 7u!ru &i697u,9entru !" 7i8ert"te" &e !o69une nudo"r din 7i9&" !on&tr"n#eri7or,!i &i din "n&"687u7 de re&9on&"8i7it"ti &i o87i#"tii !"re in7" 9"!$et !u 7i8eru7 "r8itru.Pentru 7u!r"re" de f"t" "6 "7e& &" f"! o r"dio#r"fie !"t 6"i!oerent", ine7i#i8i7" &i &i697" " 7i8ert"tii no"&tre ro6"ne&ti &i !onte69or"ne.C"ut"nd"rti!o7e re7"tion"te ter6enu7ui,&:"u iit une7e intre8"ri de&9re fe7u7 !u6 9er!e6re"7it"te" &i 7i8ert"te",!"ror" 7e o6 !"ut" r"&9un& in 7u!r"re" de f"t".Cu6 "r tre8ui o &o!iet"te de6o!r"ti!" &" f"!" f"t" 9ro87e6e7or dier#ente;Cu6 i69"!i 7i8ert"ti7e indiidu"7e !u !e7e de #ru9


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CAP 1. LIBERTATEA IN CADRU OFICIAL

).).DEFINITII

A= LIBERT@TE, 9r. A: i 7u" 7i8ert"te" &... 9ri6" 6odu7 9ro9riu de #ndire. )

B.= Li8ert"te" e&te un !on!e9t fi7o&ofi!, " !rui &e6nifi!" ie "r 9ute" fi re%u6"t 9rin

&int"#6" 7i9&" !on&trn#eri7or.Con!e9tu7 de 7i8ert"te " "ut de:" 7un#u7 i&toriei uti7i%ri 6u7ti97e


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&9ri?inu7 "!e&tui", in!7u&i 9rin n7e&nire" "&i&tenJei re7i#io"&e n"r6"t, n &9it"7e, n 9eniten!i"re, n "%i7e Ki n orfe7in"te.9ri6"re

ARTICOLUL -(9ri6"re " #nduri7or, " o9inii7or &"u " !redinJe7or Ki7i8ert"te" !re"Jii7or de ori!e fe7, 9rin iu #r"i, 9rin &!ri&, 9rin i6"#ini,

9rin &unete &"u 9rin "7te 6i?7o"!e de !o6uni!"re n 9u87i!, &untinio7"8i7e.


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&"r!ini7or fi&!"7e.er!it"re"dre9turi7or Ki "7i8ertJi7or

ARTICOLUL *CetJenii ro6ni, !etJenii &trini Ki "9"tri%ii tre8uie &:Ki e>er!itedre9turi7e Ki 7i8ertJi7e !on&tituJion"7e !u 8un:!redinJ, fr & n!"7!edre9turi7e Ki 7i8ertJi7e !e7or7"7Ji.

).-.LIBERTATEA ESTE... Pe 7"n#" definitii7e #"&ite in DE5 ,7i8ert"te" e&te "%ut" de !"tre o"6enii de fi7o%ofie&i "rt" intr:un fe7 !"re !ri&t"7i%e"%" in 9utine !uinte idei de "7tfe7 #reu de definit.*

).=/Nu:6i 97"! definiJii7e, d"r d"! e>i&t o definiJie " 7i8ertJii, "r fi "tun!i !nd deJii!ontro7u7 "&u9r" re"7itJii 9entru " o tr"n&for6", " o &!$i68", Ki nu de ":Ji fi i69u&.C$i"r nu 9oJi !ere 6"i 6u7t de:"tt./ definiJiede M"r no9f7er'.=Li8ert"te" e&te f"!u7t"te" de " f"!e 9entru feri!ire" 9ro9rie tot !e nu &tri! feri!ire""&o!i"Ji7or. B"ronu7 do78"!$

-.=Li8ert"te" n&e"6n r&9undere, de "!ee" 6"?orit"te" o"6eni7or &e te6 de e".eor#e Bern"rd S$"H+.=Li8ert"te" e&te dre9tu7 de " f"!e !ee" !e 9er6it 7e#i7e. Monte&Que*.=Li8ert"te" n&e"6n " fi !ee" !e rei din !ee" !e 9oJi. Ri"ro74.=Li8ert"te" e&te "!e" !7i9 ntre 6o6entu7 n !"re !ine" Ji !ere & f"!i !e" Ki6o6entu7 n !"re te de!i%i !u6 &:i r&9un%i. 3effre Boren&tein

CAP 2 CLASIFIC"RI ALE LIBERT"TII

'.).LIBERTATEA CONTEMPORANDorinJ" o"6eni7or de " fi 7i8eri nu e&te o !"r"!teri&ti! " &o!ietJii !onte69or"ne !iTo"te "!e&te 9er6i&iuni !"re ne f"! & ne &i6Ji6 7i8eri &unt, n 6"?orit"te" !"%uri7or,re%u7t"tu7 inter"!Jiunii &o!i"7e, " re7"Jii7or !u !ei7"7Ji o"6eni. De 6u7te ori , &itu"Ji" n!"re !ine" e&te 7i8er &e "&o!i"% !e7ei n !"re 7i8ert"te" "7tei 9er&o"ne e&te n#rdit.A&tfe7 !" 7i8ert"te" 9o"te fi nJe7e"& !" o re7"Jie &o!i"7 !"re &e refer 7" o tr&tur, &"u un dre9t "7 9er&o"neio 9ro9riet"te " o"6eni7or,un 9rodu& "7 !ii7i%"tiei

"8&enJ" !on&trn#eri7or9o&i8i7it"te" de " 9"rti!i9" 7" de!i%iiM"re" dier&it"te &e6"nti! " ter6enu7ui de 7i8ert"te " deter6in"t "!!e9t"re" ideii !,de f"9t, or8i6 de&9re diferite ti9uri de 7i8ertJi, Ki nu de&9re o &in#ur 7i8ert"te !"7i8ert"te tot"7, "8&o7ut. Dier&it"te", n !ee" !e 9rieKte ti9uri7e de 7i8ertJi, 9o"te fie>97i!"t 9rin !o697e>it"te" ieJii &o!i"7e, " 6u7ti97e7or interre7"Jionri "7e fie!rui o6*Cit"te9edi".ro:definitii "7e 7i8ert"tii
http://enciclopedie.citatepedia.ro/http://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=Baronul+d%27Holbachhttp://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=George+Bernard+Shawhttp://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=Montesquehttp://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=Rivarolhttp://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=Jeffrey+Borensteinhttp://enciclopedie.citatepedia.ro/http://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=Baronul+d%27Holbachhttp://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=George+Bernard+Shawhttp://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=Montesquehttp://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=Rivarolhttp://autori.citatepedia.ro/de.php?a=Jeffrey+Borenstein


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!u !ei7"7Ji o"6eni. A&tfe7, 9ute6 di&tin#e li#$%tat$a p$%&o'al( &e refer 7" dre9tu7 ori!rei 9er&o"ne de " refu%" "6e&te!u7"7tor" 9ri6"re Ki 7i8ert"te" 9re&ei : 7i8ert"te" de !redinJ,: 7i8ert"te" de ntrunire Ki "&o!iere,: 7i8ert"te" de!i%ii7or n 9ro87e6e de intere& 9er&on"7,: dre9tu7 7" "9r"re e#"7 din 9"rte" 7e#ii.7i#$%tat$a politi)( &e refer 7" 9o&i8i7it"te" !etJeni7or de " 9"rti!i9" 7" 7u"re"de!i%ii7or de intere& 9u87i! 9rin : 7i8ert"te" otu7ui er!itrii 7i8ertJii 9er&on"7e Ki 9o7iti!e : 7i8ert"te" Ki totod"t dre9tu7 !etJeni7or de " &e infor6" Ki de " fi infor6"Ji de !tre"utoritJi , n 7e#tur !u de!i%ii7e 9o7iti!e "do9t"te,: !ontro7u7 "!tu7ui de #uern"re, 7i8ert"te" de " !riti!" "!Jiuni7e 9uterii, !u &!o9u7 de "deter6in" &!$i68"re" de!i%ii7or in!ore!te li#$%tat$a $)o'o*i)(&e refer 7" 9o&i8i7it"te" o"6eni7or de " "!Jion" 7i8er n du87"7or !"7it"te de 9rodu!tori Ki !on&u6"tori e" &e fund"6ente"% 9e 9ro9riet"te" 9ri"t

Ki 9re&u9une : 7i8ert"te" "#entu7ui e!ono6i! de " "!Jion" n 7i6ite7e 7e#ii, !u6 !rede ! e&te 6"i 8ine9entru "tin#ere" &!o9uri7or 9ri6"re &i dre9tu7 de" &e 8u!ur" de to"te 7i8ertti7e #"r"nt"te &i "9"r"te de 7e#e,in !"dru7 7e#ii.

1


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In !on!e9t fi7o%ofi! &i !ii!,7i8ert"te" e&te "8ord"t in 6oduri &i6i7"re d"r nu identi!ede !tre unii #"nditori.Pentru 3.S. Mi774, 7i8ert"te" e&te deter6in"t de r"9orturi7e dintre indiid i &o!iet"te.A&tfe7, &fer" 7i8ert ii u6"ne !u9rinde ur6to"re7e).7i8ert"te" 7untri!


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intern"Jion"7e "r"t ! 9o9o"re7e 6"i 7i8ere din 9un!t de edere e!ono6i! "u o &itu"Jiee!ono6i! 6"i 8un Ki &e de%o7t 6"i re9ede de!t !e7e !"re &unt o9ri6"te./1

Li8ert"te" 9o7iti! i697i! 9re%enJ" 7i8ertJi7or !ii!e "t n 7i8ertJi7e !ii7e e&te un6i?7o! 9rin !"re &e re"7i%e"% 7i8ert"te" e!ono6i!.Re9re%ent"ntii "7e#eri7or 9u87i!e "u di&!uJii inter6in"8i7e 9e te6" !o69etitiitJii

9o7iti!ieni7or "7eKi deo"re!e ei &unt !ei !"re 9ot intereni & de&t"8i7i%e%e 9i"J" 7i8er9entru ":Ki 6u7Ju6i "7e#torii Ki &9on&orii.Indii%ii &e 8u!ur de dre9turi7e 9o7iti!e 9entru " fo7o&i for6e de6o!r"ti!e,#uern"6ent"7e n &!o9u7 di&tri8uirii enituri7or 9rin inter6ediu7 9ieJe7or 7i8ere, 9rinre&tri!Ji" !o69etiJiei &"u 7i6it"re" n%ri7or ,9rin 6"ni9u7"re" 9reJuri7or, &"u dier&et">e !re"te.A8u%u7 n 7i8ert"te" 9o7iti!, n de6o!r"Jii " !"u%"t o e>9"n&iune " &eri!ii7or Ki"!tiitJi7or #uern"6ent"7e de9Kind &!o9u7 de " 9rote?" Ki 9&tr" 7i8ert"te" e!ono6i!Ki u6"n. Inefi!ienJ" n de6o!r"Jie i69une !on&trn#eri 6un!itori7or de 9e 9i"J" 7i8erKi 69iedi! re"7i%"re" !o697et " 7i8ertJii e!ono6i!e.

O de6o!r"Jie, od"t &t"8i7it, diri?e"% tre9t"t 7i8ert"te" e!ono6i!. M"i 6u7t !" &i#ur,n re#i6u7 "utorit"r, e&te 6"i 9uJin i69ort"nt & &e n!ur"?e%e 9ro#re&u7 7i8ertJiie!ono6i!e. Se 9re&u9une ! un &t"t !"re de%o7t un &i&te6 9o7iti! !u o or#"ni%"re

8iro!r"ti! &tru!tur"t ier"r$i!, " d" 9rii7e#ii !7"&e7or e7iti&te. De "&e6ene", o J"r n!"re 7i8ert"te" 9o7iti! e&te re&tri!Jion"t, " &eri e7it" 6inorit"r. C$i"r d"! 9ieJe7ee>i&t, e7e nu tre8uie & fie !u "der"t 9ieJe 7i8ere 9ri"te. Indii%ii &unt nu6"i "#enJi1$tt9GGHHH.e!o7.ro R"du Ne!$it"

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http://www.ecol.ro/http://www.ecol.ro/


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n &t"t Ki nu 9ot fi !on!urenJi deot"Ji. n 97u&, "utoritJi7e 9o7iti!e, n re#i6u7 "utorit"r,tind & defor6e%e 9i"J" !o6er!i"7 9rin 69rJire" re&ur&e7or 9rin !on&trn#ere. C7"&"de e7it !ontro7e"% o 6"re 9"rte din re&ur&e Ki efe!ti !ontro7e"% ntre#u7 &9e!tru dede!i%ii e!ono6i!e. Li8ert"te" e!ono6i! &e de%o7t Ki eo7ue"% "!!ident"7, Kini!iod"t 9rin 9roie!t"re 9ro9riere" "uJiei 9ro9riet"ri7or 7e#iti6i 9rin uti7i%"re" 9uterii, "di! io7enJ" &"u"6eninJ"re" !u io7enJ", e>97o"t"re" &"u &o!i"7i%"re" 9ro9rietJii.

O99en$ei6er !on&ider ! 9ri6" 6etod !ore&9unde 6i?7o"!e7or e!ono6i!e/ deo8Jinere " "uJiei, i"r !e" de:" dou" 6i?7o"!e7or 9o7iti!e/.n !iud" diferite7or !on!e9Jii !u 9riire 7" ro7u7 &t"tu7ui n &o!iet"te, de 7" !e7e "7e&t"tu7ui "8&o7ut 9n 7" ordine" o7unt"r " &o!ietJii fr &t"t, i&tori" "te&t i697i!"re"&i&te6"ti! " 6i?7o"!e7or 9o7iti!e/ n i"J" !etJii/. A!e"&t eo7uJie in&tituJion"7,6"r!"t 6"i "7e& de e>9"n&iune" fi&!"7 9er6"nent Ki re#u7"ri%"re" tot 6"i 6u7tor"&9e!te "7e ieJii &o!i"7e, e&te !o6un tuturor or#"ni%ri7or &t"t"7e din i&torie Ki "deenit n#ri?orto"re n &9e!i"7 n !onte>tu7 de6o!r"Jii7or 6oderne. A&!en&iune"de6o!r"Jiei " f"ori%"t identifi!"re" &t"tu7ui !u &o!iet"te".

DeKi !"9it"7i&6u7 e&te &i&te6u7 e!ono6i! 9e !"re &:" !7dit !ii7i%"Ji" Ki 9ro&9erit"te"o!!ident"7, 9o7iti!i7e tuturor #uerne7or o!!ident"7e &e #$ide"%, n 9re%ent, du9 ideitot"7 "nti!"9it"7i&te.D"!, n tre!ut, "9"rente7e eKe!uri/ "7e e!ono6iei de 9i"J er"u inent"ri"te !""r#u6ente "7e 9o7iti!ieni7or &u&tin"tori "i &t"tu7ui)), "&t%i, &u!!e&u7 fr 9re!edent "7!"9it"7i&6u7ui, 7e ofer "!e&or" &ti6u7ente 9entru " &u8ordon" &t"tu7ui "tt e!ono6i",!t Ki &o!iet"te".)'M"re" n!er!"re 7" !"re e&te &u9u& n %i7e7e no"&tre 7i8ert"te" e&teenor6" 9ro&9erit"te : 9rodu&u7 9ro9rietJii 9ri"te, "7 &i&te6u7ui e!ono6i! de 9i"J : "!rei "d6ini&tr"re &e d"tore"% #uerne7or de6o!r"ti!e/.

Nou" re"7it"te nu e&te Ki nu 9o"te fi &u8ordon"t "7tor 9rin!i9ii de!t !e7or 9e 8"%"

!ror" &:" for6"t Ki " 9ro&9er"t &o!iet"te" u6"n, n 6od n"tur"7, de:" 7un#u7 i&toriei&"7e dii%iune" &o!i"7 " 6un!ii, 7i8ert"te" Ki 7e#e" dre9tu7ui de 9ro9riet"te, !oo9er"re"&o!i"7 Ki !on!urenJ" n !"dru7 9ro!e&u7ui de 9i"J.

2Friedri!$ Au#u&t on "e " fo&t un e!ono6i&t i fi7o&of 9o7iti! "u&tri"!, 7"ure"t "7 Pre6iu7ui No8e7 9entru e!ono6ie. )122:)22')(Fr"n% O99en$ei6er " fo&t un &o!io7o# i e!ono6i&t #er6"n, !e7 6"i 8ine !uno&!ut 9entru 9entru 7u!rri7e &"7e de&9re &o!io7o#i"fund"6ent"7 " &t"tu7ui.)14+:)2+-))Et"ti&ti:et"ti&6ro7u7 &t"tu7ui e&te 9ri6ordi"7 n or#"ni%"re" i "d6ini&tr"re" ie ii e!ono6i!e i &o!i"7e. )'In !"dru7 teoriei in !"re &t"tu7&o!iet"tee!ono6ie

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CAP.-. COMPONENTE ALE LIBERTATII

-.). RESPONSABILITATEARe&9on&"8i7it"te" e&te o "7o"re i69ort"nt ntr:o de6o!r"Jie. E" e&te #"r"ntu7dre9turi7or Ki 7i8ertJi7or !etJeneKti. D"! "tt &t"tu7 !t Ki !etJenii Ki nde97ine&!re&9on&"8i7itJi7e, 7i8ert"te" 9er&on"7 Ki !e" !o7e!ti or fi 9rote?"te


13/25

e>e697u, &t"tu7 "re re&9on&"8i7it"te" de " #"r"nt" dre9turi7e Ki 7i8ertJi7e !etJeni7or &"udiferite7e #ru9uri de intere&e "u re&9on&"8i7it"te" de ":Ki nde97ini re&9on&"8i7itJi7e f"Jde !ei7"7Ji 6e68ri "i !o6unitJii.nde97inire" re&9on&"8i7itJi7or !o7e!tie "&i#ur "r6oni" &o!i"7 ,re&9e!tu7 &i in!edere"!etJeni7or f"J de re&9e!tie7e in&tituJii

Nende97inire" re&9on&"8i7itJi7or, "tt indiidu"7e !t Ki !o7e!tie "tr"#e o &erie de&"n!Jiuni Ki 9en"7itJi. S9re e>e697u, d"! "utoritJi7e nu:Ki nde97ine&!re&9on&"8i7itJi7e f"J de !etJeni, e7e or fi &"n!Jion"te de "!eKti" 9rin ne"!ord"re"otu7ui 7" ur6to"re7e "7e#eri. D"! o 9er&o"n ine&tit !u re&9on&"8i7it"te nu:Kire&9e!t o 9ro6i&iune, " fi &"n!Jion"t 9rin 9ierdere" n!rederii 9er&o"ne7or f"J de!"re "!e&t" Ki:" n!7!"t 9ro6i&iune"..De o8i!ei, "&u6"re" re&9on&"8i7itJi7or e&tere%u7t"tu7 o9Jiunii 9er&on"7e, "&u6"re" dire!t . S9re e>e697u, un !o7e# Ki "&u6re&9on&"8i7it"te" or#"ni%rii unei e>!ur&ii.

Sunt nenu6r"te &itu"Jii7e in !"re o"6enii Ki "&u6 dire!t re&9on&"8i7itJi7e. A7teorin&, "&u6"re" re&9on&"8i7itJi7or e&te re%u7t"tu7 9re&iunii &o!i"7e &"u 9er&on"7e. n"!e&t !"% "&u6"re" nu 6"i e&te dire!t, !i indire!t. S9re e>e697u, e>er!it"re" 9rofe&ieide 6edi! 9re&u9une re&9on&"8i7itJi "&u6"te 9rin ?ur6ntu7 7ui 9o!r"te.L" nie7u7 unei !o6unitJi, nt7ni6 &itu"Ji" de7e#rii re&9on&"8i7itJii unei "!Jiuni,unui 6e68ru &"u unui #ru9 de 6e68ri "i !o7e!tiitJii re&9e!tie.dee>e697u,dru6uri7e &unt re9"r"te de o fir6 "utori%"t,&i nu de !"tre 9ri6"r in

9er&o"n.

3.2.AUTORITATEAAuto%itat$a ,d"!" "r tre8ui & o defini6 9rin 9i&6" dre9turi7or &ire&9on&"8i7it"ti7or,e&te9re&iune" e>er!it"t" de &o!iet"te &"u de or#"ni%"tii "7e &t"tu7ui"&u9r" "nu6itor &e#6ente "7e &o!iet"tii &i "&u9r" indiidu7ui 9entru re&9e!t"re" unor!on&en&uri,9ro6i&iuni,7e#i &"u re#7e6ent"ri .Autorit"te" e&te un dre9t, o9utere,o69uterni!ire de " !o6"nd", de " d" di&9o%i ii &"u de " i69une !ui" "&!u7t"re,9re!u6&i or#"ne7e &t"tu7ui !o69etente & i" 6&uri i & e6it di&9o%i ii !u !"r"!ter o87i#"toriu. P"rtide7e 9o7iti!e &unt re9re%ent"nti "i "utorit"tii &o!i"7e e de o 9"rte &ire9re%ent"nti "i 9uterii &t"tu7ui 9e "7t" 9"rte,"&tfe7,9entru une7e &e#6ente "7e 9uterii!"re nu detine !ontro7u7 "8&o7ut &"u 9entru indiid 9re%enJ" "utoritJii, &u8 diferite

"&9e!te, 9une 9ro87e6" re7"Jii7or dintre !etJeni Ki "utoritJi, dintre &o!iet"te" !ii7 Ki&t"t.Intr:un &t"t de6o!r"ti!,unde fie!"re indiid &"u or#"ni%"tie re&9e!t" 7e#i7e &i!on&en&uri7e d"te de tr"ditie,&o!iet"te,t!,"r tre8ui &" e>i&te o re7"ti" "r6onie,6entinut"in e!$i7i8ru de 9utere:o9o%itie,&i de 8"7"n&u7 to7er"ntei &i "7ori7or de !u7tur" !ii!".ntr:un &t"t de6o!r"ti!, re&9e!t"re" "utoritJi7or 9u87i!e e&te o ne!e&it"te.Se !onture"%""&tfe7 i69ort"nt" &i ne!e&it"te" 9"rtide7or 9o7iti!e,it"7e !on&truirii &i 6entinerii unuie!$i7i8ru intr:un &t"t in !"re &" &e re#"&e"&!" 7i8ert"te" indiidu"7" de7e#"t" unui #ru9

)-
http://www.webdex.ro/online/dictionar/puterehttp://www.webdex.ro/online/dictionar/putere


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&o!i"7.Pei&"?u7 9o7iti! "r tre8ui &" fie !o7or"t de to7er"nt" re!i9ro!" &i de ne!e&it"te"#"&irii unei !"i !o6une de !o6uni!"re &i e>i&tent",re"7i%"nd "&tfe7 &i &!o9u7 indidu"7"ri"t &i &!o9u7 uni! de &t"t.Pot fi eidenJi"te, n "!e&t &en&, !te" ""nt"?e e&enJi"7e "7e "!tiitJii "7e 9"rtide7or

9u87i!e, deo9otri 9entru 9er&o"n Ki 9entru &o!iet"te:"97i!"re" 7e#i7or 9entru "9r"re" ordinii !on&tituJion"7e Ki " &e!uritJii o"6eni7or:#e&tion"re 9"Kni! Ki dre"9t " !onf7i!te7or:68untJire" !"7itJii ieJii:fo7o&ire" efi!ient " re&ur&e7or Ki "&i#ur"re" unor &eri!ii e&enJi"7e 9entru o6 Ki 9entru!o6unit"te:"9r"re" dre9turi7or Ki 7i8ertJi7or indiidu"7ePentru !" !etJenii & o8Jin 7i8ert"ti7e ne!e&"re "tt n i"J" 9er&on"7 !t Ki n !e"&o!i"7, e&te neoie de or#"ni%"re, !oordon"re, ordine. MenJinere" ordinii!on&tituJion"7e n &t"t ne!e&it &u9unere" !etJe"nu7ui f"J de "utoritJi7e 9u87i!e !"re,

9rin "!tiit"te" 7or, "97i! 7e#e". Condu!ere" de !tre "utoritJi, "!!e9t"t Kire!uno&!ut de !tre !etJeni e&te, de "&e6ene", o !o69onent e&enJi"7 " re7"Jii7or de"utorit"te. Re7"Jii7e de "utorit"te &e 6"nife&t, de re#u7, de 7" 9er&o"n" !u ro7 dede!i%ie, 7" e>e!ut"nJi,&i de 7" "7e#"tor9re&i" 9retuirii de6nit"tii indiidu"7e &"u &e #ru9i&tente ntre o"6eni Ki &o!iet"te, re&9e!tu7 9re&u9une:Po&i8i7it"te" de " "!Jion" 7i8er, de " &e 6"nife&t" !" !etJe"n n ori!e 69re?ur"re.:Re&9e!tu7 de6nitJii u6"ne tre8uie & fie 9re%ent !$i"r n &itu"Ji" n !"re o 9er&o"ne&te &"n!Jion"t 9entru !e" f!ut #reKit.Re&9e!tu7 "r tre8ui &" fun!tione%e 9e "68e7e &en&uri,de 7" indiid 7" &o!iet"te,7""utorit"te,&i de 7" "utorit"te" &t"tu7ui re9re%ent"t" de or#"ne7e &t"tu7ui &i de 9"rtide7e

9o7iti!e !"re detin efe!ti 9utere" !"tre "7e#"tor,fiind "7e&e tot de !"tre indiid 9entru

"&t".

-.+.CONTROLUL SI MONITORI+AREA ACTIUNILOR INDI!IDULUI SI ASTATULUIAutorit"te" e&te i697i!"t ntr:un fe7 &"u "7tu7 n i"J" no"&tr de fie!"re %i. C$i"r"!Jiuni7e indiidu"7e &e de&fKo"r intr:un !"dru &t"8i7it 9rin de!i%ii 7u"te de "utoritJi7e

9u87i!e de !"re tre8uie &" &e tin" &e"6". In "!e&t fe7, "!tiit"te" 9e !"re o de&fKo"r Ki

)+


15/25

de!i%ii7e 9e !"re 7e i"u "utoritJi7e e, "97i! 7e#e" , i tr"te"% 9e !etJeni n diferite &itu"Jii , or#"ni%e"%"7e#eri7e 9entru or#"ne7e re9re%ent"tie "7e &t"tu7ui,et!.)-

CetJenii tre8uie & fie !oninKi ! "utoritJi7e 9u87i!e Ki nde97ine&! nd"toriri7e.A!e"&t" e&te Ki o !"7e de " &"n!Jion" "utorit"te". Bun" intenJie " "utoritJi7or 9u87i!e nutre8uie 9u& 7" ndoi"7 do"r 9entru ! une7e 9er&o"ne !"re o re9re%int d"u do"d dein!o69etenJ .A!e&te 9er&o"ne tre8uie &!$i68"te din fun!Jii7e Ki 9o%iJii7e 9e !"re 7e

o!u9.C" in&tru6ente 9entru 6onitori%"re" &i !ontro7u7 "!tiuni7or &t"tu7ui e>i&t"6i?7o"!e dire!te Ki indire!te de !ontro7 "7 de!i%ii7or 9u87i!e 7u"te de "utoritJi.Mi?7o"!edire!te &unt:i697i!"re" n "!tiit"te" unui 9"rtid 9o7iti!:9"rti!i9"re" 7" un referendu6, 9rin !"re !etJenii Ki e>9ri6, 9rin ot, o9ini" !ureferire 7" o "nu6it 9ro87e6:re"7i%"re" unor "!tiitJi de ti9 7o88


16/25

Intr:un interiu "!ord"t 0i"re.!o6, 9re&edinte7e)+Fund"tiei Birou7 de Cer!et"riSo!i"7e e>97i!" !e e&te 6"ni9u7"re" 9o7iti!", or8e&te de&9re "r&en"7u7 de te$ni!i de6"ni9u7"re &i ro7u7 i69ort"nt ?u!"t de te7ei%iuni./M"ni9u7"re" e&te "!tiune" 9rin !"re un indiid e&te !onin& &" "!tione%e &i &"#"nde"&!" intr:un 6od !o69"ti8i7 !u intere&e7e initi"toru7ui &i nu !u intere&e7e &"7e,

9rin uti7i%"re" unor 6etode &i te$ni!i !"re di&tor&ione"%" intention"t "de"ru7, 7"&"ndin&" i69re&i" 7i8ert"tii de #"ndire &i de de!i%ie.S9re deo&e8ire de inf7uent" !onin#erii r"tion"7e, 9rin 6"ni9u7"re nu &e ur6"re&teinte7e#ere" 6"i !ore!t" " &itu"tiei, " 9ro87e6ei, !i ino!u7"re" unei inte7e#eri!onen"8i7e, f"!"nd "&tfe7 in!"t indii%ii &" nu !on&tienti%e%e &!o9uri7e "de"r"te "7e!e7or !"re ii inf7uente"%" &i, 6"i 6u7t de!"t "t"t, &" fie !onin&i !" ei in&i&i i&i dore&! &"#"nde"&!" &i &" "!tione%e in "!e7 6od.In #ener"7, 6"ni9u7"re" e&te o for6" de "#re&iune 9&i$o7o#i!" !e uti7i%e"%" "!e7e"&i6i?7o"!e !" &i 9ro9"#"nd" &"u %onu7, in &!o9u7 deierii !o69ort"6ente7or.

Intr:o 6"&ur" de&tu7 de 6"re o"6enii i&i &!$i68" &i !o69ort"6ente7e 9o7iti!e, i"r!er!et"ri7e &o!io7o#i!e "r"t" !" f"nii tuturor 9"rtide7or e>i&tente nu re9re%int" de!"t6">i6u6 o trei6e din e7e!tor"t. E>i&t" de!i o 6"re 9"rte din e7e!tor"t !"re "r fidi&9u&" &":&i &!$i68e intenti" de ot, i"r e" e&te tint" tuturor !"69"nii7or din "7e#eri.Sunt o"6eni !"re 8"7"n&e"%" de 7" un 9"rtid 7" "7tu7 7" fie!"re "7e#ere &i "&u9r" 7or &e"97i!" !e7e 6"i dier&e te$ni!i de 6"ni9u7"re.)*

Un 6"re 9&i$o7o# &o!i"7 P$i7i9 0i68"rdo)4!7"&ifi!" 6"ni9u7"ri7e du9" "697itudine"6odifi!"ri7or efe!tu"te intr:o &itu"tie &o!i"7".

E>i&t" 6"ni9u7"ri 6i!i : !"re 9rodu! 6odifi!"ri 6inore, te$ni!i7e fo7o&ite !e7 6"ifre!ent fiind 9i!ioru7 in u&" &i u&" in n"& : 9ri6" ur6"rind &":7 deter6ine 9eindiid &" "!!e9te 6"i int"i o &!$i68"re 6i!" 9entru !" "9oi &" i &e !e"r" &" "!!e9te o&!$i68"re 6"i 6"re e697u in 9ri6" f"%" indiidu7 e&te !onin& &" de" noro! !u!"ndid"tu7 9e !"re in 6od nor6"7 nu 7:"r ot" du9" - o!"%ii in !"re ii &tr"n#e 6"n" e7deine 6"i u&or de !onin& &":7 ote%e=, i"r " dou" e&te o9u&u7 9ri6ei 9ri6" !erint"e&te "t"t de 6"re in!"t e&te i6edi"t refu%"t", !" " dou" !erere &" "9"r" !u 6u7t 6"ire%on"8i7" in r"9ort !u 9ri6" . "7e#"tori7or 7i &e !ere de 9ri6" d"t" &" &e in&!rie in

9"rtid &i &" dein" 6i7it"nti, !" "9oi, du9" !e &unt refu%"ti, &" fie ru#"ti &" 9"rti!i9e 7"un 6itin# e7e!tor"7 "7 9"rtidu7ui re&9e!ti=.

Sunt 6u7te te$ni!i de 6"ni9u7"re 6i!i, i"r e7e &e 8"%e"%" 9e !ont"!tu7 dire!t, i6edi"t !ufie!"re indiid in 9"rte. In "!e"&t" !"te#orie 6"i intr" &i 9etre!ere" unui ti69 !"t 6"iinde7un#"t !u indiidu7, "9e7u7 7" 6i7", 7" 6"ndrie, 7" fri!", de%u6"ni%"re" "der&"ri7or.In "7 doi7e" r"nd, e>i&t" 6"ni9u7"ri7e 6edii, !"re "u inf7uent" "&u9r" unor #ru9uri.)+Interiu !u Bruno Stef"n.)*$tt9GGHHH.%i"re.!o6Gro&i":6ont"n"G9rote&tGde&9re:&9"7"re":!reiere7or:&i:6"ni9u7"re":9o7iti!":":9rote&te7or:interiu:!u:8runo:&tef"n:)'4'+)-)4 '- 6"rtie )2-- 9eri6ent

)4
http://www.ziare.com/rosia-montana/protest/despre-spalarea-creierelor-si-manipularea-politica-a-protestelor-interviu-cu-bruno-stefan-1262413http://www.ziare.com/rosia-montana/protest/despre-spalarea-creierelor-si-manipularea-politica-a-protestelor-interviu-cu-bruno-stefan-1262413https://www.google.ro/search?rlz=1C2CHMO_roRO584RO584&biw=1366&bih=643&q=bronx&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAGOovnz8BQMDgz4HnxCnfq6-gZFFVkm6EgeIaWhqbKgllp1spV-Qml-Qkwqkiorz86yS8ovyis-8ebXZKqQk4rF5v8m-Dv1-pWNrAQVT3odMAAAA&sa=X&ved=0CJwBEJsTKAEwFWoVChMIlLb9pPzLxgIVLWvbCh0puQl1https://www.google.ro/search?rlz=1C2CHMO_roRO584RO584&biw=1366&bih=643&q=bronx&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAGOovnz8BQMDgz4HnxCnfq6-gZFFVkm6EgeIaWhqbKgllp1spV-Qml-Qkwqkiorz86yS8ovyis-8ebXZKqQk4rF5v8m-Dv1-pWNrAQVT3odMAAAA&sa=X&ved=0CJwBEJsTKAEwFWoVChMIlLb9pPzLxgIVLWvbCh0puQl1https://www.google.ro/search?rlz=1C2CHMO_roRO584RO584&biw=1366&bih=643&q=bronx&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAGOovnz8BQMDgz4HnxCnfq6-gZFFVkm6EgeIaWhqbKgllp1spV-Qml-Qkwqkiorz86yS8ovyis-8ebXZKqQk4rF5v8m-Dv1-pWNrAQVT3odMAAAA&sa=X&ved=0CJwBEJsTKAEwFWoVChMIlLb9pPzLxgIVLWvbCh0puQl1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experimenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experimenthttp://www.ziare.com/rosia-montana/protest/despre-spalarea-creierelor-si-manipularea-politica-a-protestelor-interviu-cu-bruno-stefan-1262413http://www.ziare.com/rosia-montana/protest/despre-spalarea-creierelor-si-manipularea-politica-a-protestelor-interviu-cu-bruno-stefan-1262413https://www.google.ro/search?rlz=1C2CHMO_roRO584RO584&biw=1366&bih=643&q=bronx&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAGOovnz8BQMDgz4HnxCnfq6-gZFFVkm6EgeIaWhqbKgllp1spV-Qml-Qkwqkiorz86yS8ovyis-8ebXZKqQk4rF5v8m-Dv1-pWNrAQVT3odMAAAA&sa=X&ved=0CJwBEJsTKAEwFWoVChMIlLb9pPzLxgIVLWvbCh0puQl1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment


17/25

S9"7"re" !reiere7or &e f"!e 9rin i%o7"re" indii%i7or &i !ontro7u7 "&u9r" re"7it"tii fi%i!e,9rin !re"re" unei de9endente f"t" de 6"ni9u7"tor &"u f"t" de &ur&e7e 7ui.

Te7ei%iuni7e ?o"!" in "!e&te !"%uri ro7uri i69ort"nte od"t" !e o"6enii &:"u o8i&nuit &"ur6"re"&!" do"r un "nu6it 9o&t ei in!e9 &" #"nde"&!" 7" fe7 !" 6oder"torii &"u

9o7iti!ienii i697i!"ti in 9ro9"#"re" 6e&"?e7or, refu%"nd &" &e uite &i 7" "7te te7ei%iuni.S9"7"re" !reiere7or &e re"7i%e"%" 9rin !ontro7u7 7i68"?u7ui i&t" 6"ni9u7"ri7e 6"ri, !"re &e 9r"!ti!" intre &t"te, ur6"rind&!$i68"re" !o69ort"6ente7or unei t"ri. In "!e&te !"%uri &"t"ni%"re" "der&"ri7or e&te!e" 6"i de& uti7i%"t" te$ni!". Se f"!e "9e7 7" 6ituri, 7" 7e#ende, 7" eroi, 7" "7ori, d"r &i

7" 6it", !oru9tie, &"nt"? in !"%u7 unor 9er&o"ne i69ort"nte.C" e>e697u "e6 "!tiuni7eISIS:St"tu7ui I&7"6i! &i "tent"te7e 7" 7i8ert"ti7e e&ti!e.

Intre ti69 &o!io7o#i" " deenit o &tiint" 9u87i!" &i 6u7ti "7ti o"6eni "u in"t"t !u6 &"&e fere"&!" de "!tiuni7e 6"ni9u7"tie. Prin !uno"&tere" "!e&tor te$ni!i e7e &i:"u redu&"697o"re" &i e&te de6on&tr"t de nu6ero"&e !er!et"ri !" o"6enii !u !"t &unt 6"i edu!"ti!u "t"t &unt 6"i #reu de 6"ni9u7"t "6ene7e 7" f"!u7t"te !u !"t 7e "97i!" 6"i 8ine !u "t"t o8tin oturi 6"i6u7te. Cei !"re "u 9ierdut !o69etitii7e e7e!tor"7e 7e:"u "97i!"t !e7 6"i 9utin.

E>i&t" din "!e&t 9un!t de edere unii teoreti!ieni in SUA !"re &9un !" "7e#eri7e i!i"%"de6o!r"ti" !"!i o"6enii nu "7e# in 6od 7i8er, fiind deter6in"ti &" ote%e in ur6" unui

8o68"rd"6ent 9&i$o7o#i! !"rui" nu:i 9ot f"!e f"t".

CAP.-. LIBERTATEA PE INTELESUL TUTUROR

)


18/25

+.) LIBERTATEA ANTICA APLICATA

Nu e&te de t#duit !" 9o7iti!u7,e!ono6i!u7 &i &o!i"7u7 &e i697ete&! in i"t" no"&tr" de%i !u %i,de "!ee" "6 "7e& ni&te &itu"tii !"re &" e>e697ifi!e !"t 6"i 8ine !on!e9tu7 de

7i8ert"te.Du9" !u6 &ti6,nu totde"un" 7i8ert"te" e&te e#"7 !u 7i8ert"te",&"u 6"i 8ine%i&,dintotde"un" "u e>i&t"t in#rdiri "7e 7i8ert"tii 9entru "nu6ite &e#6ente de 9o9u7"tie.

O &!urt" tre!ere in rei&t" " e9o!i7or tre!ute ne eidenti"%" "&9e!te "7e dre9turi7or &i7i8ert"ti7or &i ne de&!riu eo7uti" &o!iet"tii &i i697i!it " 7i8ert"ti7or 7e#"te de "&t".

De e>e697u, n Brit"nni" &e!o7u7ui "7 II:7e", 9roin!ie dot"t !u trei 7e#iuni, 7u!r"u+*( de fun!Jion"ri, 6"?orit"te" eter"ni de r%8oi. E&ti6"ti, n tot"7 n I69eriu7 ro6"n,#uern"torii !"re &e o!u9"u de "d6ini&tr"Ji" 9roin!i"7 "e"u n &u8ordine )(.((( de

o"6eni. E&te un nu6r 6i!, d"! ne #ndi6 & f"!e6 o !o69"r"Jie !u &t"te7e 6oderne.Pentru " de&eri o 9o9u7"Jie !"6 7" fe7 de 6"re !" !e" " I69eriu7ui, M"re" Brit"nie &efo7o&eKte de o ?u6t"te de 6i7ion de 8iro!r"Ji,d"r I69eriu7 nu " n!er!"t ni!iod"t & 7e"&i#ure !etJeni7or edu!"Ji", &eri!ii7e &"nit"re &"u 8enefi!ii7e &o!i"7e,!u6 o f"!e un &t"tde6o!r"t in %i7e7e no"&tre.)Un "7t e>e697u e&te d"t de di&!ur&uri7e 7ui DionC$r&o&to6 din Pru&",din !"re tr"n&9"re &itu"ti" e!ono6i!" &io7iti!" " or"&u7ui./Pro&9erit"te" &" &e d"tor" 7e6nu7ui,"#ri!u7turii, d"r Ki 8i7or ter6"7e. Lo!uitorii er"ure9re%ent"Ji de o "dun"re Ki un !on&i7iu 6uni!i9"7, de&!$i& tuturor 8r8"Ji7or !"rende97ine"u !riterii7e de "ere. n 9r"!ti!, "!!e&u7 er" fo"rte re&trn&, nu6rnd nu 6"i6u7t de '((:-(( de 6e68ri.Er"u "ri&to!r"Jii, !"re Ki d"tor"u 9utere" 9ro9rietJi7orfun!i"re Ki &e "f7"u ntr:o !ontinu !o69etiJie 9entru &t"tut. Ki 9etre!e"u ti69u7 n!onfor6it"te !u eti!$et" &o!i"7, re%u6ndu:&e 7" 8"n!$ete, ntori, d"r Ki "!$it"re"o87i#"Jii7or 9u87i!e. Cei 6"i 8o#"Ji 6e68ri "i !on&i7iu7ui tre8ui"u, !" 9"rte inte#r"nt "infinitei !o69etiJii 9entru !"9it"7 9o7iti!, & Ki uti7i%e%e re&ur&e7e 9er&on"7e 9entru ""!o9eri !o&turi7e dierti&6ente7or 9u87i!e Ki & fin"nJe%e 9roie!te7e edi7it"re./)1

Prin "nu7 (, tot n Pru&", o 6u7Ji6e &e r&!o"7 din 9ri!in" !reKterii 9reJu7ui 7" 9ine Ki!er !" Dion & &e o!u9e de 9ro87e6 fo7o&indu:Ki "ere" 9ro9rie 9entru " "!o9eri!$e7tuie7i7e !etJeni7or,in !"nd "!e&t" refu%,9o9u7"ti" &e r&!o"7 &i "6enint ! ii dfo! 7" !"&.C$ei" &u!!e&u7ui ro6"n er"u e7ite7e 7o!"7e, !"re du9 Ko!u7 !u!eririi Ki d"u

&e"6" ! Ki 9ot 9&tr" 9utere" 9rin 8un" re7"Jie !u "utoritJi7e i69eri"7e, 7" rndu7 7orintere&"te de !oo9t"re" 7or.Totod"t, &i&te6u7 &e fund"6ent" Ki 6"i 8ine d"! I69eriu7"!ord" !etJeni" ro6"n, un "!t !"re re!on!i7i" "68iJii7e i69eri"7e !u !e7e 7o!"7e,!rend o !o6unit"te !u intere&e !oner#ente. I"r ro6"nii &e 9"re ! o "!ord"u 6u7t 6"i

)uern"re" I69eriu7ui Ro6"n, intre 7i8ert"te &i !ontro7:"rti!o7 deIrin":M"ri" M"ne"in i&tori".ro

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uKor !" n 6u7te &t"te 6oderne, in!7u%ndu:i 9e not"8i7ii 7o!"7i !"re tre9t"t 69"rt !uro6"nii &t"tutu7 de !u!eritori "i 7u6ii 6editer"neene. )2

Tre!"nd 6editer"n",7" #re!ii "nti!i "!e&ti" "u fo&t inent"torii 9o7iti!ii, !" "rt "#e&tionrii "f"!eri7or !et ii.De6o!r" i" 9re&i" &" W %oon

9o7ition W, "di!" un "ni6"7 &o!i"7:9o7iti!, !"re tre8uie &" 9"rti!i9e in 9ri6u7 r"nd 7"tre8uri7e &t"tu7ui &i &" &e &u9un" 7e#i7or &"7e .Po7iti!" e&te e&enti"7" , deo"re!e e" ii ofer"!et"te"nu7ui 9o&i8i7it"te" de " &e !ii7i%", de ":&i 6oder" 6or"uri7e 9rin in&titutii, 9rin!u7tur" .St"tu7 e&te for6" !e" 6"i e7"8or"t" " &o!iet"tii , &i nu6"i e7 "re dre9t fin"7it"tere"7i%"re" unei ieti de97ine &i feri!ite " o"6eni7or 7i8eri. O6u7 nu 9o"te &in#ur &":&i"&u6e &"u &":&i re"7i%e%e dorinte7e, "&9ir"tii7e, intr:un 6od &"ti&f"!"tor &i ni!i &" "tin#"

9erfe!tiune" 7" !"re nu6"i &t"tu7 9o"te &" "?un#".Indiidu7 nu 9o"te tr"i in "f"r" &t"tu7ui&i e7 "re "7o"re do"r !" 6e68ru "7 &t"tu7ui, nu 9rin &ine in&u&i .''

C"6 "&" "r"t" 9o7iti!" &i e!ono6i" r"9ort"t" 7" 7i8ert"te" indiidu"7" in &t"te7e

"nti!e,"!o7o unde " 7u"t fiint" !on!e9tu7 de 7i8ert"te &i de6o!r"tie.C" un 9"r"do> e&tede "6intit !" "68e7e n"tiuni "u !re&!ut d"torit" e>9"n&iunii teritori"7e &i &!7"i7or.

Venind un 9i! 6"i "9ro"9e,

+.'.Eo7uJi" ideii de 7i8ert"te'-

Li8ert"te" " fo&t 6ereu o 9reo!u9"re " o"6eni7or, "tt n 9riinJ" 6odu7ui de " oo8Jine, de " o "7orifi!", de " o defini Ki 6"i "7e& de ":i tr"&" 7i6ite7e, "di! 9n unde

9o"te 6er#e 7i8ert"te" "&t"; Li8ert"te", !" ori!e "7t noJiune 9riito"re 7" o"6eni Ki 7"re7"Jii7e dintre ei, "re de&tu7 de 6u7te definiJii, 6i:"K 9er6ite & &9un, !e7 9uJin e#"7e !unu6ru7 de indii%i !"re r"Jione"% !t de !t, e>i&tenJi "tt n 9re%ent !t Ki n tre!ut.

i totuKi "u e>i&t"t !te" for6u7e !o6une "!!e9t"te 9riind 7i8ert"te" de:" 7un#u7)2Ide6)+'($tt9GGi&torie!u!ri&ti"ntu78ure.87o#&9ot.roG'()'G()Gfor6e:de:#uern"re:in:#re!i":"nti!".$t67

')N.9.#re!ii "e"u &!7"i,!"re ii e7i8er"u de neoi7e !otidiene.Dr"#o& Dodu,"ti!o7u7 Tir"ni" 7i8ert"tii 7" #re!ii "nti!i:9e 6"r#ine" !"rtii7ui .ArendtFagaduinta politicii.''$tt9GGHHH.&!ri#rou9.!o6Gedu!"tieG&o!io7o#ieGDESPRE:LIBERTATE:LA:RECII:ANT-+*).9$9

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20/25

i&toriei.

A&tfe7, n Anti!$it"te Ki n Eu7 Mediu, 7i8ert"te" er" 9er!e9ut n fun!Jie de &t"tutu7&o!i"7 Ki 7i6it"t de !redinJe7e re7i#io"&e, n &trn& r"9ort !u e>i&tenJ" unui 6on"r$ !u

9uteri de97ine, !"re er" 9er!e9ut !" fiind n &trn& 7e#tur !u diinit"te", uneori

deenind diinit"te" n&Ki. C$i"r Ki n &o!ietJi7e 8"r8"re/ "7e re6ii, ier"r$i"r6ne" &tri!t, fr 9o&i8i7it"te" indii%i7or de " ieKi din ti9"re7e 9re&t"8i7ite.

Od"t !u &frKitu7 &e!o7u7ui "7 5VIII:7e", &t"te7e n!e9 & &e tr"n&for6e n entitJi"7!tuite 9rin "&o!iere" 7i8er dintre indii%i, !"re "u &!o9uri Ki "&9ir"Jii !o6une, d"r!"re &e o87i# & re&9e!te re&tri!Jii7e i69u&e de 8un" !onieJuire ntre "!eKti". A&tfe7re7i#i" Ki:" 9ierdut din i69ort"nJ, in&tituJii7e re7i#io"&e deenind do"r o for6 de"&o!iere ntre indii%i, fr " "e" un ro7 n &t"8i7ire" unor &t"nd"rde &o!i"7:!o69ort"6ent"7e "7e indii%i7or.

n " dou" ?u6t"te " &e!o7u7ui "7 5I5:7e" " n!e9ut &:Ki f"! 7o! idee" de dre9turi

!o7e!tie. A&tfe7 rnd 9e rnd &t"te7e "u 7u"t 6&uri 9re!u6 inter%i!ere" &!7"iei,re!uno"Ktere" &indi!"te7or, introdu!ere" otu7ui unier&"7 K.". Tot n "!ee"Ki 9erio"d, &:" de%o7t"t idee" de n"Jiune Ki de 7i8ert"te n"Jion"7, 6"i "7e& n rndu7 9o9o"re7or"f7"te &u8 &t9nire &trin. A!e&t !on!e9t, "7 &t"te7or n"Jion"7e, " n!er!"t & "!redite%eidee" ! o"6enii &e 9ot de%o7t" "r6onio& do"r n !"dru7 9ro9riei n"Jiuni.

PKind &9re &e!o7u7 "7 55:7e", &e 9o"te o8&er" ! "u e>i&t"t dou 6"ri tendinJe n !ee"!e 9rieKte re7"Ji" &t"t:indiid tendinJ" r"9ortu7ui indiidu"7 ntre indiid Ki &t"t tu7 9ro87e6e7or

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21/25

de &e!urit"te.

O6u7 &:" n&!ut &:Ki dore"&! & fie 7i8er, i"r 7i8ert"te" e &in#ur" &t"re "!!e9t"t Kirnit de o6. Ni!i unui o6 nu:i 9oJi 7u" 7i8ert"te" de !onKtiinJ, de!t d"! "!e&t", de

8un oie, renunJ 7" e".

+.- LIBERTATEA AMERICANA SI BOCANCUL RUSESCA%i,A6eri!" e&te un 6ode7 de 7i8ert"te &i de 8un" &tru!tur"re " &e!toru7uie!ono6i!.Li8ert"ti7e !u !"re &e 6"ndre&! "6eri!"nii unt !e7e !"re f"! 9"rte de f"9t &idin !"rt" dre9turi7or o6u7ui,nor6"7 ,"d"9t"te 7" die&it"te" !u7tur"7" ,e!ono6i!" &ire7i#io"&" " 6e68ri7or &o!iet"tii "6eri!"ne,!"re in#7o8e"%" to"te n"tii7e 9"6"ntu7ui.Cuun PIB de ''X din PIB no6in"7 #7o8"7,A6eri!" e&te unu7 din &t"te7e !u 9utere" !e"6"i 6"re de !u69"r"re,""nd !on!urent" in Uniune" Euro9e"n" &i in C$in".Prindefinitie !"9it"7i&t",t"r" nu ofer" 9rote!tie &o!i"7" &i ni!i nu &e "6e&t"!" in

9i"t".A&tfe7,un "6eri!"n 9o"te 7u!r" o i"t" f"r" "&i#ur"re de &"n"t"te,de &o6"? &"u

9en&ie,7u!ru de ne!on!e9ut 9entru euro9eni.E&te o t"r" !"re "tr"#e d"torit" 6ir"?u7ui7i8ert"tii,7i8ert"te" "?un#"nd in to"te "&9e!te7e ietii &i tot !e 9rie&te i"t" fie!"rui".Eri?"ti in !""7eri "i 7i8ert"tii "u interenit in !onf7i!te7e din orientu7 6i?7o!iu ""nd !"intere& 9i"t" de 9etro7 &i titei.

L" 9o7u7 o9u&,"e6 fo&t" URSS &i &t"te7e "7i9ite Ru&iei !o6uni&te in &e!o7u7 55,unde7i8ert"ti7e er"u "9"n"?u7 unei e7ite 9o7iti!e &i e!ono6i!e,re&tu7 9o9u7"tiei fiind !ondu&"de tero"re &i io7ent".Li8ert"ti7e 9er&on"7e er"u in#r"dite 9"n" 7" e>tin!tie,In &!$i68e>i&t" 9rote!ti" &o!i"7".C" o 9ierdere i6en&",9i"t" er" &i e" !ontr7"t",9rodu!ti"&u9r"e#$e"t",9ro9riet"te" er" e>!7u&i " &t"tu7ui,"!e&t" di!t"nd to"te "&9e!te7e ietii

e!ono6i!e &i ndiidu"7e.Vi"t" 9o7iti!" er" ine>i&tent",P"tidu7 Co6uni&t fiind &in#uru7"!!e9t"t &i 9ro6o"t.Cei !"re in!er!"u &" &e intrune"&!",&" for6e%e fr"!tiuni dere%i&tent" &"u i&i !ere"u dre9tu7 7" !u"nt er"u terori%"ti.

C" o r"6"&it" " e!$iu7ui re#i6,"%i "8o7it in intre#u7 87o! e&t:Euro9e"n,"!tu"7" Ru&iein!e"r!" &" redo8"nde"&!" !ontro7 "&u9r" unor" din teritorii7e o!u9"te in &e! 55,dinU!r"in",fo&t" t"r" in#7o8"t" Ru&iei !o6uni&te./A9ro>i6"ti un "n, Ru&i" " ur6"rit o"#re&iune 7un#" &i !o&ti&ito"re i69otri" U!r"inei, i"r o8ie!tiu7 &"u e&te eident :de&t"8i7i%"re" t"rii, "&tfe7 in!"t nou7 re#i6 de6o!r"ti! &" !"d", &!rie Ander& A&7und,

9entruNeH&Hee./'+

A!ordu7 de A&o!iere "7 U!r"inei !u Uniune" Euro9e"n", din 7un" 6"rtie '()+, " fo&t!o697et ire7e"nt 9entru V7"di6ir Putin, !"re " !7"rifi!"t f"9tu7 !" ede UEdre9t un

9iti! 9o7iti!.Co6i&i" Euro9e"n"ede !onf7i!tu7 dintre Ru&i" &i U!r"in" 9riind #"%e7e dre9t odi&9ut" !o6er!i"7", 6"i de#r"8" de!"t un "!t de r"%8oi. Din "!e&t 6oti, 7" &f"r&itu7

'+$tt9GGHHH.%i"re.!o6Geuro9"G#re!i"Gr"%8oiu7:din:u!r"in":6"i:i69ort"nt:de!"t:!ri%":d"toriei:din:#re!i":)-'(+)

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http://www.newsweek.com/putins-war-ukraine-more-important-greek-debt-350505http://www.ziare.com/europa/ue/http://www.ziare.com/europa/comisia-europeana/http://www.ziare.com/europa/grecia/razboiul-din-ucraina-mai-important-decat-criza-datoriei-din-grecia-1372041http://www.ziare.com/europa/grecia/razboiul-din-ucraina-mai-important-decat-criza-datoriei-din-grecia-1372041http://www.ziare.com/europa/grecia/razboiul-din-ucraina-mai-important-decat-criza-datoriei-din-grecia-1372041http://www.newsweek.com/putins-war-ukraine-more-important-greek-debt-350505http://www.ziare.com/europa/ue/http://www.ziare.com/europa/comisia-europeana/


22/25

"nu7ui tre!ut U!r"in" " fo&t neoit" &" 97"te"&!" "%9ro6u7ui -,) 6i7i"rde de do7"rire9re%ent"nd "rier"te, e9ui%"nd re%ere7e ieu7ui &i fort"nd 9r"8u&ire" 6onedeiu!r"inene, #rin".'*Totu&i,ori!u6 9rii6 din e>terior 7u!ruri7e,U!r"in" e&te in"d"t" detru9e ru&e&ti,i"r &o7d"ti u!r"inieni in!" 6or 7" d"torie,to"t" &itu"ti" du!"nd 7"de&t"8i7i%"re" e!ono6i!",7"f 7u!tu"ti" 6onedei,7" retr"#ere" ine&titii7or 9e ter6en 7un#&i 6ediu &i 7" "ni$i7"re" unor r"6uri din e!ono6ietindere " &ferei de inf7uent" " Ru&iei e&te &i i6inent" !o7"8or"redintre re!i" f"7i6ent"r" &i Mo&!o".Din "f"r",9e 7"n#" dr"6"ti&6e7e Uniunii &iintr"n&i#ent" de"7tfe7 de inte7e& " !reditori7or97i!"t" &i e>9ri6"t" 6"i r"u &"u 6"i 8ine,"6 "7e&un f"9t !e in#7o8e"%" idee" de 7i8ert"te 9o7iti!",indiidu"7",&i e!ono6i!" 7" nie7

6u7tin"tion"7 &i re%on"nt" "!e&tui f"9t in 6edii7e euro9ene &i nu nu6"i.C$"r7ie e8do e&te o rei&t &"tiri!fr"n!e%, !u "9"ri ie &9t6n"7, !"re 9u87i! n6"re 9"rte i7u&tr" ii


23/25

R"&9un&u7 &o!i"7 " fo&t unu7 "697u,&o7d"t !u 6"r&uri de&o7id"rit"te,"rti!o7e,9o7e6i!i,do!u6ent"re !"re e>97i!" 9roenient" &i "!te7e terori&te &ide 6"ni9u7"re ISIS,tr"n&for6"nd "!tu7 terori&t "&u9r" rei&tei fr"n!e%e intr:un "t"! 7"7i8ert"te" &t"te7or de%o7t"te.

L" noi,9"rei7e &unt i69"rtite,in fun!tie de 9er&o"n" !"re define&te 7i8ert"te" &i in fun!tiede "&te9t"ri7e fie!"rei 9er&o"ne de 7" 7i8ert"te.

Li8ert"te" do8ndit e Ku8red. n tre!ut o"6enii "u fo&t inti6id"Ji, "!u6 o"6enii&unt !u69r"Ji &"u 6"ni9u7"Ji. Li8ert"te" n! nu "6 reuKit & o do8ndi6./'4

In!7in &" ii d"u dre9t"te "!e&tui o6,d"r !red !" &unte6 9e dru6u7 !e7 8un 9entru "deeni o n"tiune 7i8er" !u "de"r"t.

'4 euro9"r7"6ent"ru7 L"&%7o Toe&,

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24/25

BIBLIORAFIE

)=DE5::Di!tion"ru7 e>97i!"ti "7 7i68ii ro6"ne'=Yii9edi"::en!i!7o9edi" on:7ine

-=P"#in" ofi!i"7" " Con&titutiei Ro6"niei:!de9

+=Definitii "7e 7i8ert"tii:"rti!o7 de 9e 9"#in" He8 !it"te9edi".ro

*=E&eu "&u9r" 7i8ert"tiiGPri!i9ii "7e e!ono6iei 9o7iti!e $tt9GGHHH.?o$n:6i77.!o6G

4=Dou" !on!e9te "7e 7i8ert"tii:"rt!o7 de 9e

$tt9GGHHH.Hi&o.uni:$"68ur#.de &i $tt9GG8er7in.Ho7f.o>."!.uG

:I&"i"$ Ber7in THo Con!e9t& of Li8ert. In Ber7in Four E&&"& on Li8ert. O>fordUnier&it Pre&&, O>ford, )242

=Li8ert"te" e!ono6i! &9oreKte "uJi" n"Jiuni7or:"rti!o7 de R"du Ne!$it" 9e

$tt9GGHHH.e!o7.roG!ontentG7i8ert"te":e!ono6i!":&9ore&te:"uti":n"tiuni7or

1=Re#u7"6ent ON FACIAS:Fund" i" 9entru A9r"re" Cet eni7or 69otri" A8u%uri7or St"tu7ui

2=0i"re.!o6

)(=i&tori".ro:Irin" M"ne":uern"re" I69eriu7ui ro6"n

))=$tt9GGi&torie!u!ri&ti"ntu78ure.87o#&9ot.roG'()'G()Gfor6e:de:#uern"re:in:#re!i":"nti!".$t67

)'=$tt9GGHHH.&!ri#rou9.!o6Gedu!"tieG&o!io7o#ieGDESPRE:LIBERTATE:LA:RECII:ANT-+*).9$9

)-=$tt9&GG8!i9ri"n69.Hord9re&&.!o6G'())G(4G'1Geo7uti":ideii:de:7i8ert"teG

)+=$tt9GGHHH.%i"re.!o6Geuro9"G#re!i"Gr"%8oiu7:din:u!r"in":6"i:i69ort"nt:de!"t:!ri%":d"toriei:din:#re!i":)-'(+)

'+
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/%20http:/www.john-mill.com/%20http://www.ecol.ro/content/libertatea-economica-sporeste-avutia-natiunilorhttp://www.ecol.ro/content/libertatea-economica-sporeste-avutia-natiunilorhttp://istoriecucristiantulbure.blogspot.ro/2012/01/forme-de-guvernare-in-grecia-antica.htmlhttp://istoriecucristiantulbure.blogspot.ro/2012/01/forme-de-guvernare-in-grecia-antica.htmlhttp://www.scrigroup.com/educatie/sociologie/DESPRE-LIBERTATE-LA-GRECII-ANT73451.phphttp://www.scrigroup.com/educatie/sociologie/DESPRE-LIBERTATE-LA-GRECII-ANT73451.phphttps://bciprianmp.wordpress.com/2011/06/28/evolutia-ideii-de-libertate/http://www.ziare.com/europa/grecia/razboiul-din-ucraina-mai-important-decat-criza-datoriei-din-grecia-1372041http://www.ziare.com/europa/grecia/razboiul-din-ucraina-mai-important-decat-criza-datoriei-din-grecia-1372041http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/%20http:/www.john-mill.com/%20http://www.ecol.ro/content/libertatea-economica-sporeste-avutia-natiunilorhttp://www.ecol.ro/content/libertatea-economica-sporeste-avutia-natiunilorhttp://istoriecucristiantulbure.blogspot.ro/2012/01/forme-de-guvernare-in-grecia-antica.htmlhttp://istoriecucristiantulbure.blogspot.ro/2012/01/forme-de-guvernare-in-grecia-antica.htmlhttp://www.scrigroup.com/educatie/sociologie/DESPRE-LIBERTATE-LA-GRECII-ANT73451.phphttp://www.scrigroup.com/educatie/sociologie/DESPRE-LIBERTATE-LA-GRECII-ANT73451.phphttps://bciprianmp.wordpress.com/2011/06/28/evolutia-ideii-de-libertate/http://www.ziare.com/europa/grecia/razboiul-din-ucraina-mai-important-decat-criza-datoriei-din-grecia-1372041http://www.ziare.com/europa/grecia/razboiul-din-ucraina-mai-important-decat-criza-datoriei-din-grecia-1372041


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