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1. Lekcjapierwsza

NOUNS AND NOUN GENDER.MODIFIERS OF NOUNS.INTRODUCING-SENTENCES.PREDICATE ADJECTIVES.FUNCTION WORDS.

jeden, jedna, jedno one. pierwszy, pierwsza, pierwsze first

hydraulik plumber. Wodnik Aquarius

Znaki Zodiaku signs of the Zodiac. The signs of the Zodiac at the beginningof each lesson are based on a series of regular-issue Polish postage stamps.

Konwersacje Conversations:

A. CzeÊç!Meeting and greeting. Informal style.

B. Dzieƒ dobry!Meeting and greeting. Formal style.

C. Co to jest?Asking what something is.

D. Kto to jest?Asking who someone is.

E. AutobusWaiting for the bus. Informal introductions.

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1.A. CzeÊç!

Informal style. Two class-mates meet somewhere near or on campus.

Agata: CzeÊç, Andrzej!Andrzej: CzeÊç, Agata! Jak si´

masz?Agata: Tak sobie. Co s∏ychaç?Andrzej: Nic nowego. Gdzie

teraz idziesz?Agata: Id´ na zaj´cia. Jak

zwykle, jestem spóêniona.Andrzej: A ja id´ do domu, to

na razie.Agata: CzeÊç, do zobaczenia!

Hi, Andrzej!Hi, Agata! How are you?

So-so. What's new?Nothing new. Where are you going

now?I'm going to classes. As usual I'm

late.And I'm going home, so see you.

Hey, see you!

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For active knowledge and dictation practice:

Co s∏ychaç? Id´ do domuDo zobaczenia! Gdzie teraz idziesz?Id´ na zaj´cia Jak si´ masz?

Jak zwykle, jestem spóêniony(f. spóêniona).

Na razie! Nic nowego.CzeÊç!Tak sobie.

Pytania questions (for both written and oral responses)

Questios: co what? czy yes/no? gdzie where? jak how? kiedy when? kto who?

1. Gdzie teraz idzie Agata? Where is Agata going now? Gdzie idzie Andrzej?Where is Andrzej going?2. Jak si´ ma Agata? How is Agata? Co s∏ychaç u Andrzeja? What's new withAndrzej?3. Kto jest spóêniony? Who is late? Czy Agata jest zwykle spóêniona? Is Agatausually late?4. Kto idzie na zaj´cia? Who is going to class? Kto idzie do domu? Who is goinghome?

Answer 'yes' tak or 'no' nie:

1. Agata jest spóêniona. 3. Agata idzie do domu.2. Andrzej idzie na zaj´cia. 4. Andrzej jest spóêniony.

Uwagi notes

co s∏ychaç? what's up, literally, 'what's to hear?'czeÊç hi, bye. An informal greeting.do zobaczenia see you, so longiÊç to go. id´ I go, idziesz you go, idzie he, she, it goes (on foot)jak zwykle as usualjestem I am. jesteÊ you are, jest he, she, it is.na razie so long. Literally, 'for the moment, for the time being'.on he, ona shespóêniony (f. spóêniona) aj lateto (here): so, then

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GRAMATYKA 1.A.

REVIEW OF POLISH CONSONANT SOUNDS AND LETTERS.a. Equivalent Polish/English sounds using the same letters: p b f m t

d s z n k g.b. Equivalent Polish/English sounds using different letters: w "v", ∏ "w",

j "y", ch "h". Polish ch, also sometimes spelled h, is more heavily aspiratedthan English "h".

c. More or less equivalent Polish/English sounds, but pronouncednoticeably differently: r (trilled r, rolled on the tip of the tongue); l (soft l,like r, pronounced on the tip of the tongue).

d. Sounds which are considered double (two sounds) in English, butsingle (one sound) in Polish: c "ts", dz "dz".

e. Special letters and letter-combinations for the hushing sounds and ƒ:

"soft" "hard" closest English soundç (ci-) cz "ch"Ê (si-) sz "sh"ê (zi-) rz or ˝ "zh"dê (dzi-) d˝ "j"ƒ (ni-) "ni" in onion

For a more thorough treatment of the consonants, with examples, see theIntroduction.

NOTES ON CERTAIN CONSONANTSch The letter-combination ch is similar to English "h", but with slightly

more friction. Do not pronounce ch like English ch in cheese or patch becausethis is interpreted as Polish cz. The difficulty with the sound ch is partlyvisual; however, it also has to do with the fact that the English "h" sounddoes not occur between vowels and at the end of words, as Polish ch does, soEnglish speakers do not expect it to occur there. Practice: chyba probably,chory sick, cichy quiet, ucho ear, dach roof, szachy chess, niech let, Êmiechlaughter, orzech nut, kuchnia kitchen, ruch movement, traffic, duch spirit.

c Before the letter i, the letter c (without any mark above it) ispronounced like ç: , ciasto "çasto" dough, cicho "çicho" quiet. Otherwise, c ispronounced like English ts in cats. Do not pronounce c like "hard English c"in cough, because this is inerpreted as Polish k. The difficulty with this soundis partly visual, but it also has to do with the fact that the English "ts" sounddoes not occur between vowels and at the beginning of words, as c does inPolish. Practice: co what, ca∏y "CA-∏y" whole, cena "CE-na" price, cudzy "CU-dzy" foreign, cyrk circus, taca "TA-ca" tray, dziecko "DèEC-ko" child, kocblanket, noc night, nic nothing.

z Before the letter i, the letter z (without any mark above it) ispronounced like ê: ziarno "êarno" grain, zima "êima" winter. Otherwise, z ispronounced just like English z in zoo. While the letter z is not frequent inEnglish, the letter and sound "z" is common in Polish. Do not slur plainPolish z, for this becomes confused with the Polish sound ê. Practice: za in

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exchange for, zebra zebra, zysk profit, ze mnà "ZE-mnà" with me, faza phase,beze mnie "be-ZE-mƒe" without me. In word-final position, z is pronounced"s": bez "bes"without, p∏az "p∏as" reptile, raz "ras" once, wóz "vus" cart, car.

LETTER-COMBINATIONS WITH zcz The letter-combination cz represents a sound similar to "tch" in

English watch. Practice: czas time, cz´sto often, oczy eyes, uczyç teach, pocztamail, post-office.

dz Before the letter i, the letter-combination dz is pronounced like dê:dziób "dêup" beak, dziki "dêiki" wild. Otherwise, the letters dz (without anymark above the z) are pronounced like English dz in adze. Practice: chodz´"CHO-dz´" I walk, widz´ "WI-dz´" I see. In word-final position, dz ispronounced "c": wódz "wuc" leader.

rz The letter-combination rz is an alternate way of spelling the samesound as ˝ (similar to s in treasure). The words morze sea and mo˝e maybeare pronounced exactly the same. Practice: rzeka river, dobrze "DO-b˝e"fine, twarze "TFA-˝e" faces, orze∏ "O-˝e∏" eagle. In final position, and after t,p, k, the letter-combination rz is pronounced "sz": trzeba "TSZE-ba" onemust, przepraszam "psze-PRA-szam" excuse me, krzes∏o "KSZE-s∏o" chair,twarz "tfasz" face. The basis for spelling rz or ˝ has to do with etymology.The sound spelled rz is etymologically related to r, which will often befound in related words; see morze "MO-˝e" sea, related to morski maritime.

sz The letter-combination sz is pronounced close to English "sh" as inshop. Practice: kasza ""KA-sza" buckwheat groats, szampan "SZAM-pan"champagne, szukam "SZU-kam" I am searching, tusz mascara.

NOUNS AND NOUN GENDER. Polish nouns may be of masculine,feminine, or neuter gender. Gender is a purely grammatical property ofnouns, with little or no meaning. However, from the point of view ofgrammatical correctness, gender is of great practical importance, becausemodifiers and some verb endings agree with a noun in gender, i.e., theychange endings according to the gender of the noun.

1. MASCULINE NOUNS usually end in a consonant: budynek building,d∏ugopis ball-point, dom house, home, hotel hotel, obraz picture, o∏ówekpencil, samochód car, automobile, stó∏ table, sufit ceiling, uniwersytetuniversity, zeszyt notebook. A good many masculine names for persons endin -a: kolega colleague, class-mate, m´˝czyzna man.

2. FEMININE NOUNS usually end in -a: kobieta woman, kole˝anka f.colleague, class-mate, kreda chalk, ksià˝ka book, lampa lamp, light, mapa map,Polska Poland, pod∏oga floor, szko∏a school, Êciana wall, tablica blackboard.Some feminine nouns end in consonants: noc night, rzecz thing, twarz face.

3. NEUTER NOUNS usually end in -o: biurko desk, drzewo tree,dziecko child, krzes∏o chair, ∏ó˝ko bed, okno window, pióro pen, feather,radio radio, s∏owo word. Some neuter nouns end in -e: pytanie question,zadanie assignment, zdanie opinion, sentence, ˝ycie life; some end in -´: imi´first name, zwierz´ animal; and a few end in -um: muzeum museum,laboratorium laboratory.

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Masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns: stó∏, lampa, ∏ó˝ko.

4. NOUNS REFERRING TO PEOPLE are generally masculine orfeminine according to sex; and many personal nouns have separate maleand female forms: kolega (m.), kole˝anka (f.) colleague, class-mate, lektor(m.), lektorka (f.) language teacher, nauczyciel (m.), nauczycielka (f.)(school)teacher, student student (m.), studentka (f.) student, sàsiad (m.),sàsiadka (f.) neighbor, uczeƒ (m.), uczennica (f.) school-boy/girl. However, theword osoba person is simply a noun of feminine gender. It always takesfeminine agreement, whether it refers to a man or woman. The wordprofesor professor does not have special male and female forms. Instead, onedistinguishes reference if necessary by prefacing the word with the titles panor pani: pan profesor (m.), pani profesor (f.).

5. ADJECTIVAL NOUNS are adjectival in form, but have the function ofnouns in sentences. They usually refer to people. Examples are krewny (f.krewna) relative, znajomy (f. znajoma) friend, acquaintance.

ABSENCE OF DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES. Polish does nothave correspondents to the English definite and indefinite articles a(n), the.One determines the definiteness of an item from context:

Tu jest d∏ugopis. Here is a/the ball-point.Tu jest ksià˝ka. Here is a/the book.Tu jest krzes∏o. Here is a/the chair.

The pronominal adjective ten (m.) ta (f.) to (n.) may be used for definiteemphasis:

Gdzie jest ten d∏ugopis? Where is this/that ball-point?Gdzie jest ta ksià˝ka? Where is this/that book?Gdzie jest to krzes∏o? Where is this/that chair?

The modifier tamten (m.) tamta (f.) tamto (n.) is used for especiallycontrastive emphasis: 'that other one', 'that one over there'.

Ten dom jest nowy, a tamten jest stary. That house is new, while that oneis old.

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MODIFIERS (ADJECTIVES AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES). Anadjective is a word which modifies a noun as to quality or type. Adjectivesand most pronominal modifiers (like 'this', 'that', 'our', etc.) agree with themodified noun according to the noun's gender. In practice, this means thatthe adjective or pronominal modifier changes endings according to thegender of the noun modified. The adjective endings are -y (m.), -a (f.), and -e (n.). Adjectives are cited in dictionaries in the masculine form.

masculine feminine neuterdobry good dobry dobra dobredu˝y big, large du˝y du˝a du˝e∏adny pretty ∏adny ∏adna ∏adnema∏y small ma∏y ma∏a ma∏emi∏y nice mi∏y mi∏a mi∏em∏ody young m∏ody m∏oda m∏odenowy new nowy nowa nowepierwszy first pierwszy pierwsza pierwszestary old stary stara starewa˝ny important wa˝ny wa˝na wa˝nez∏y bad z∏y z∏a z∏e

See also interesujàcy -a -e interesting, wymagajàcy -a -e demanding,wspania∏y -a -e great, marvelous, and so on, for all adjectives. Examples:

nowy dom new house wspania∏y hotel a great hotelnowa lampa new lamp wspania∏a szko∏a a great schoolnowe pióro new pen wspania∏e muzeum a great museum.

After k and g, the ending -y is respelled -i; and -i- is added before theending -e:drogi expensive drogi droga drogiejaki what kind, what sort jaki jaka jakietaki such (a), so taki taka takie

Pronominal modifiers may have slightly different masculine or neuterendings from adjectives:ten this, that ten ta totamten that over there tamten tamta tamtojeden one jeden jedna jednonasz our nasz nasza nasze

Examples:m. ten nowy samochód that new carf. ta nowa szko∏a that new schooln. to nowe s∏owo that new word

m. nasz nowy lektor our new language instructorf. nasza nowa szko∏a our new schooln. nasze nowe zadanie our new assignment

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m. jeden dobry student one good student (m.)f. jedna dobra osoba one good personn. jedno ma∏e dziecko one small child.

Masculine nouns for persons ending in -a take masculine gender agreement:nasz nowy kolega our new class-mate, colleague.

'HERE' AND 'THERE'The word for the adverb 'here' is tu or, slightly emphatically, tutaj. The

word for 'there' is tam. Both these words answer questions posed with gdziewhere:

Nowa szko∏a jest tutaj. The new school is here.Tu jest nasz dom. Here is our house.Tam jest nasz nowy lektor. There's our new language-teacher.

Note that 'existential' there in English is not translated by tam in Polish, butis included in the sense of jest (there) is:

Tu jest dobre muzeum. There is a good museum here.

CzeÊç! Poles tend to shake hands more often than Americans when meetingchance friends and acquaintances .

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åWICZENIA 1.A.

1.1. Give a logical response:CzeÊç! Gdzie teraz idziesz?Jak si´ masz? JesteÊ spóêniona?Co s∏ychaç? Idziesz na zaj´cia?Do zobaczenia! Na razie.

1.2. Demonstrative pronoun ten ta to. Gender agreement.biurko: to biurko that desk.

budynek, d∏ugopis, imi´, kobieta, kolega, kole˝anka, kreda, krzes∏o,ksià˝ka, laboratorium, lektor, m´˝czyzna, muzeum, noc, obraz, osoba,pytanie, radio, rzecz, sàsiad, s∏owo, stó∏, szko∏a, zadanie, zeszyt, znajoma,znajomy, zwierz´.

1.2.

1.3. 'our nasz nasza nasze. From Exercise 1.2, choose at least six appropriatenouns of different genders to use with 'our'.

nasze zadanie our assignment

1.3.

1.4. What sort of jaki jaka jakie.biurko: Jakie jest to biurko: What's that desk like?Use the vocabulary of exercise 1.2, choosing at least six words.

1.4.

1.5. Identity statements with to jest. In b, use the adjective 'new', or any otheradjectives that makes sense. lampa: a. To jest lampa. That's a lamp.

b. To jest nowa lampa. That's a new lamp.

tablica, sufit, krzes∏o, kreda, stó∏, zeszyt, o∏ówek, biurko, Êciana, obraz,szko∏a.

1.5.

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1.6. 'Here' tu 'there' tam; adjective and modifier agreement. Vary the adjective.szko∏a: a. Tu jest dobra szko∏a. Here's a good school.

b. Tam jest nasza nowa szko∏a. There is our new school.stó∏, samochód, radio, muzeum, ksià˝ka, uniwersytet.

1.6.

1.7. 'That one over there' tamten tamta tamto.nowa szko∏a: Tamta szko∏a jest nowa. That school over there is new.wa˝ne s∏owo, drogi samochód, ∏adny obraz, interesujàca ksià˝ka, wspania∏emuzeum.

1.7. 1.8. 'one' jeden jedna jedno. In b., supply your own adjective.krzes∏o: a. jedno krzes∏o.

b. Tu jest jedno dobre krzes∏o. Here is one good chair.lampa, radio, o∏ówek, drzewo, szko∏a, student, zdanie, d∏ugopis, imi´,lekcja.

1.8.

1.9. such a taki taka takie.du˝e krzes∏o: To krzes∏o nie jest takie du˝e. That chair is not so large.∏adny obraz, drogi hotel, interesujàca ksià˝ka, wymagajàca szko∏a, dobrystudent, ∏adne imi´, wa˝ne s∏owo.

1.9.

Ticket from the Battle of Grunwald Museum, outside Olsztyn. Grunwaldwas the site of a renowned late medieval victory of Polish Commonwealthtroops over the Knights of the Teutonic Order, in 1410.

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Dzieƒ dobry! Hello!

A man and woman, maybe neighbors or old acquaintances, have anencounter on the street. In Poland, people often stand closer to one anotherwhen speaking than in the U.S.

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1.B. Dzieƒ dobry!Formal style. Two older people out shopping, casual acquaintances, meet on a streetcorner.

Pan Karol: Dzieƒ dobry pani!Pani Maria: Dzieƒ dobry panu! Jak

si´ pan ma?Pan Karol: Dobrze, dzi´kuj´. A

pani?Pani Maria: Te˝ dobrze. Co pan tu

robi?Pan Karol: Robi´ zakupy.

Przepraszam, ale bardzo <troch´> si´Êpiesz´.

Pani Maria: Ja te˝ musz´ iÊç. To dowidzenia.

Pan Karol: Do widzenia.

Hello (madam)!Hello (sir)! How are you?

Fine thanks. And you?

Also fine. What are you doing here?

I'm doing (some) shopping. Excuseme, but I'm in a big <a bit of a>hurry.

I have to go too. So good-bye.

Good-bye.

For active knowledge and dictation practice:Bardzo si´ Êpiesz´. Co pan(i) tu robi? Do widzenia. Dobrze, dzi´kuj´. Dzieƒ dobry pani!

Dzieƒ dobry panu! Ja te˝ musz´ iÊç.Jak si´ pan(i) ma? Przepraszam. Robi´ zakupy.

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Pytania (for both written and oral responses)

In your anwers, you may want to make use of the phrases Tak yes. Nie no.Chyba tak probably so. Chyba nie probably not. Nie wiemy we don't know.

1. Jak si´ ma pan Karol? A jak si´ ma pani Maria?2. Co robi pan Karol? A co robi pani Maria?3. Kto si´ Êpieszy? Kto robi zakupy?4. Kto musi ju˝ iÊç?

Tak/Nie

1. Pan Karol robi zakupy. 3. Pani Maria te˝ robi zakupy.2. Pan Karol bardzo si´ Êpieszy. 4. Pan Karol musi ju˝�iÊç.

Uwagi

co pan (pani) tu robi? What are you doing here? Literally, 'what is sir(madam) doing here?'. An ordinary level of formality with casualacquaintances.

do widzenia good-byedzieƒ dobry hello. Literally, 'good day'. This greeting is used as a general

all-purpose greeting in the morning, daytime, and early evening. In thelate evening one uses dobry wieczór good evening.

dzieƒ dobry panu (pani). literally, 'good day to you, sir (madam)'. Theexpression uses Dative-case forms of pan and pani.

ja te˝ I too ("me too")jak si´ pan(i) ma? how are you? A fairly earnest inquiry about someone's

health. Informal jak si´ masz is more frequent (see conversation B).musz´ iÊç I have to go. musz´ wracaç I have to be getting back.Pan Karol Mr. Karol, Pani Maria Ms. Mary. The titles Pan Mr. and Pani Ms.

are used with first names in normal friendly conversation.pan gentleman, sir. pani lady, madam (southern U.S. ma'am) These are

forms of polite address, used as de facto 2nd-person pronouns in the sense"you". dzieƒ dobry panu/pani. Dative case forms of pan/pani (Lesson 7).

przepraszam excuse me, I'm sorry, I beg your pardon. The letter-combination prze- is pronounced "psze-": "prze-PRA-szam".

robiç to do robi´ I do robisz you-sg. do robi he, she, it, sir, madam does.Êpieszyç si´ to be in a hurry Êpiesz´ si´ I am in a hurry Êpieszysz si´ you

are in a hurry, Êpieszy si´ (s)he is in a hurry. bardzo si´ Êpieszs´ I'm in abig hurry. troch´ si´ Êpiesz´ I'm in a bit of a hurry

te˝ alsou pana, u pani with you, in your world (to a man, woman).

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GRAMATYKA 1.B.

THIRD-PERSON SINGULAR PRONOUNS. The 3rd-person pronouns on he,it, ona she, it, ono it refer to nouns according to grammatical gender, notaccording to sex. Hence one refers to szko∏a school with ona she, to hotel hotelwith on he, and to muzeum museum with ono it. See:

To jest nasz hotel. On jest nowy. That is our new hotel. It is new.To jest nasza szko∏a. Ona jest nowa. That is our new school. It is new. To jest nasze muzeum. Ono jest nowe. That is our new museum. It is

new. The 3rd-person titles pan sir, Mr. and pani madam, lady, Mrs., Ms. are

used in the sense of 'you' when addressing strangers and persons withwhom one is on a formal basis. They never mean 'he', 'she'. These de facto2nd-person pronouns take the 3rd-person form of the verb:

Co pan (pani) robi? What are you doing? (formal; literally, 'what issir/madam doing?'). Contrast with:

Co robisz? What are you doing? (informal).When preceded by modifiers, especially by the pronominal modifiers tenand ta, these words acquire the meaning 'gentleman', 'lady' or, moregenerally, 'man', 'woman':

Ten pan jest bardzo stary. That man (gentleman) is very old.Ta pani jest bardzo mi∏a. That woman (lady) is very nice.

VERBS; FORMAL VS. INFORMAL ADDRESS (INTRODUCTION). Verbs arelisted in the glossary in the infinitive (the form that means 'to go', 'to do',and so on). Next to the infinitive are the 1st person singular (the "I" form)and the 2nd person singular (the "you" form):

verb (infinitive): 1st pers. sg. 2nd pers. sg. he, she, formal 'you'byç be jestem jesteÊ on, ona, pan(i) jestiÊç go (on foot) id´ idziesz on, ona, pan(i) idziemieç to have mam masz on, ona, pan(i) mamówiç say mówi´ mówisz on, ona, pan(i) mówimyÊleç think myÊl´ myÊlisz on, ona, pan(i) myÊlipytaç ask pytam pytasz on, ona, pan(i) pytarobiç do robi´ robisz on, ona, pan(i) robi

For all verbs except byç to be, the 3rd pers. sg. may be derived from the2nd pers. sg. by subtracting -sz:

2nd pers. sg. 3rd pers sg.idziesz you go idzie he, she, it goespytasz you ask pyta he, she, it asksrobisz you do, robi he, she it does

and so on.

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The 1st pers. and 2nd pers. forms of a verb are usually used without anypronoun; robi´ all by itself means 'I do, I am doing', and robisz means 'youdo, you are doing'. The 2nd pers. sg. form of a Polish verb is used forinformal address, with persons with whom one is on a familiar, first-namebasis (family members and close friends). Otherwise, one uses pan sir orpani madam in combination with the third-person singular form of the verb:

Informal: Formal:Co robisz? Co pan(i) robi? What are you doing?Gdzie idziesz? Gdzie pan(i) idzie? Where are you going?Jak myÊlisz? Jak pan(i) myÊli? What (how) do you think?Co mówisz? Co pan(i) mówi? What are you saying?O co pytasz? O co pan(i) pyta? What are you asking (about)?and so on.

åWICZENIA 1.B.

1.10. Respond logically:Dzieƒ dobry! Gdzie pan idzie?Jak si´ pan(i) ma? Czy pan robi zakupy?Co pan(i) tu robi? Bardzo si´ Êpiesz´.Przepraszam, musz´ iÊç. Do widzenia!

1.11. Formal versus informal verb use. Use either pan or pani.Jak si´ masz? Jak si´ pani ma? How are you (formal)Gdzie idziesz? Czy robisz zakupy?Co robisz? Czy idziesz na zaj´cia?Gdzie jesteÊ? Jak myÊlisz?Czy jesteÊ spóêniona? Jak si´ masz?Bardzo si´ Êpieszysz? JesteÊ spóêniony (spóêniona)?

1.11.

1.12. Logical adjective use; gender agreement. Use of third-person pronouns.Choose from: dobry, drogi, du˝y, interesujàcy, ∏adny, m∏ody, ma∏y, mi∏y,nowy, spóêniony, stary, wa˝ny, wspania∏y, wymagajàcy, z∏y:

dom: a. Jaki jest ten dom? What's that house like?b. On jest nowy. It is new.

krzes∏o, obraz, s∏owo, sàsiadka, profesor, osoba, uniwersytet, lekcja, zwierz´,radio, sufit, ksià˝ka, pytanie, muzeum, hotel.

1.12.

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1.13. Give the verb in the 1sp person sg.iÊç: id´ I am going.

robiç, myÊleç, byç, pytaç, mieç, mówiç.

1.13.

stara szko∏a old school. Sign outside a school in the old part of Toruƒ

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Hotel i Casino “Centrum” The Centrum Hotel and Casino in Lódê. Theword casino is pronounced and usually spelled "kasyno".

1.C. Co to jest?

Two people walking along the street, one a local, the other a stranger. Mietek: Co to jest?Ma∏gosia: Gdzie?Mietek: Ten budynek tam <tutaj>.Ma∏gosia: To jest nowy hotel <nowa

szko∏a, nowe muzeum>.Mietek: On <ona, ono> jest wspania∏y

<wspania∏a,wspania∏e>.Ma∏gosia: Tak myÊlisz?Mietek: Tak.Ma∏gosia: A ja myÊl´, ˝e jest

zwyczajny<zwyczajna, zwyczajne>.

What's that?Where?That building there <here>.That's a new hotel <new school, new

museum>.It's marvelous.You think so?Yes.Well I think it's ordinary.

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For active knowledge and dictation practice:

Co to jest?Ja myÊl´, ˝e on jest zwyczajny.Jak myÊlisz?On jest wspania∏y. Ona jest wspania∏a.

Ono jest wspania∏e. Tak myÊlisz? To jest nowa szko∏a.To jest nowe muzeum.To jest nowy hotel.

Pytania (refer to the picture on the preceding page)

1. Co to jest? Jaki jest ten budynek? Czy jest du˝y czy ma∏y? Czy jestnowy czy stary?

2. Kto mówi, ˝e hotel jest wspania∏y?

3. Jak myÊlisz: czy ten hotel jest wspania∏y czy zwyczajny?

Tak/Nie

1. To jest nowe muzeum. 3. Ten budynek jest stary.2. Ten budynek jest ma∏y. 4. To jest i casino, i hotel.

Uwagi

budynek buildingjak myÊlisz? what do you think?Ma∏gosia. Diminutive or familiar form of Ma∏gorzata Margaret.Mietek Diminutive or familiar form of Mieczys∏aw.nowy hotel new hotel, nowa szko∏a, new school, nowe muzeum new

museum.on he, it, ona she, it, ono it. These items refer to nouns by grammatical

gender, not by sex; hence hotel: on; szko∏a: ona; muzeum: ono.myÊleç: myÊl´, myÊlisz think. jak myÊlisz? what do you think? tak myÊlisz?

you think so? nie myÊlisz? don't you think so?wspania∏y (wspania∏a, wspania∏e) great, 'neat', 'swell' (uncritical approval)zwyczajny aj ordinary

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GRAMATYKA 1.C.

INTRODUCING AND IDENTITY STATEMENTS. One asks what or whosomething "is", i.e. what is their identity, with the constructions Co to jest?What is that? and Kto to jest? Who is that?, respectively. One answers bothkinds of questions with the construction To jest --- That is (a, the) ---. To jestacts as a unit; the item to never changes according to the gender of the thingor person being introduced:

Co to jest? What is that?To jest nasz nowy obraz. That is our new picture.Kto to jest? Who is that?To jest nasza nowa lektorka. That is our new language instructor.

The word jest is frequently omitted (the item to may never be omitted in astatement of identity): To nasza sàsiadka. That's our neighbor.

To jest AS A LINKING PHRASE. The phrase to jest may be used to link twonouns, in case the second noun is used to identify the first:

Ten pan to (jest) nasz sàsiad. That man is our neighbor.Ta pani to (jest) nasza lektorka. That woman is our language-teacher.

PREDICATE ADJECTIVES. Adjectives which are linked to the subject of asentence with the verb 'be' are called PREDICATE ADJECTIVES. They agreein gender with the subject-noun referred to:

Ten pan jest bardzo mi∏y. That man is very nice (masculine agreement).Ta pani jest doÊç m∏oda. That woman is fairly young (feminine agreement).To radio nie jest zbyt stare. That radio is not too old (neuter agreement).

A predicate-adjective question can be formed with jaki jaka jakie what (kindof) in combination with the to jest construction; jest may be omitted:

Jaki to (jest) dom? What house is that?Jaka to (jest) osoba? What person is that? Jakie to (jest) radio? What radio is that?

This construction is more or less the equivalent of the more frequentconstruction Co to jest za ___, in which only the item under questionchanges; jest may be omitted.

Co to (jest) za budynek? What sort of building is that?Co to (jest) za szko∏a? What sort of school is that?Co to (jest) za muzeum? What sort of museum is that?

While it might seem like a subtle distinction, there is a difference betweenasking, say,

Jaka to (jest) szko∏a? What school is that?with a possible answer To (jest) szko∏a podstawowa. That's an elementaryschool, and

Jaka jest ta szko∏a? What's that school like?with a possible answer Ona jest bardzo dobra. It's very good.

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The first kind of question, with co to jest za, asks for an identification, whilethe second question, with jaka jest, takes the identity for granted and asksfor a descriptive answer.

Co to jest za budynek?

Zamek królewski w Warszawie The Royal Castle, Warsaw . The Royal Palacein Warsaw was one of the first objects bombed in World War Two. In 1944, itwas dynamited to the ground by the retreating Nazi army. Beginning in the1960s, it was painstakingly rebuilt; it was opened to the public as a museumbeginning in 1971.

YES-NO QUESTIONS AND STATEMENTS. Questions expecting 'yes' or 'no'for an answer are usually preceded by the interrogative particle czy,literally meaning 'whether'. It is important to remember that czy does notmean or substitute for the verb "is"; it simply signals a following yes-noquestion. One answers a yes-no question with either tak yes or nie no. -Czy ten obraz jest nowy? Is that picture new?

-Tak, on jest nowy. Yes, it is new.-Nie, on nie jest nowy. No, it is not new.

Czy also means 'or' in choice-questions of the typeCzy to jest stó∏ czy biurko? Is that a table or a desk?

The word tak, besides meaning 'yes', can mean 'thus, so, as':Ten samochód nie jest tak stary. That car isn't so old.

The word nie, besides meaning 'no', can mean 'not':Adam nie jest spóêniony. Adam is not late.

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åWICZENIA 1.C.

1.14. For each of the objects in the picture below, point to it, repeat a., andanswer with a statement of form b.ksià˝ka book: a. Co to jest? What is that

b. To jest ksià˝ka. That's a book.

biurko desk, d∏ugopis ballpoint, dom house, krzes∏o chair, ksià˝ka book, mapamap, o∏ówek pencil, okno window, pióro pen, stó∏ table, tablica blackboard,zeszyt notebook.

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1.15. Identity statements. yes-no questions and answers.lampa: a. To jest lampa. That's a lamp.

b. Czy to jest lampa? Is that a lamp?c. Tak, to jest lampa. Yes, that is a lamp.d. Nie, to nie jest lampa. No, that is not a lamp.

tablica, sufit, krzes∏o, kreda, stó∏, zeszyt, o∏ówek, biurko, Êciana, obraz.

1.15.

1.16. Logical adjective use. Choose a meaningful adjective.dom: a. To jest nowy dom. That's a new house.

b. Czy ten dom jest nowy? Is that house new?

muzeum, osoba, praca, radio, hotel, zadanie, twarz, laboratorium,uniwersytet, ksià˝ka, budynek, samochód, mapa.

1.16.

1.17. Gender agreement with adjectives and pronominal modifiers. You may keepthe adjective nowy -a -e: lektor: To jest nasz nowy lektor. That is our new language-teacher.

szko∏a, stó∏, krzes∏o, lektorka, muzeum, dom, sàsiadka, profesor, znajomy,kole˝anka.

1.17.

1.18. Identity statements. Choose between ten pan and ta pani.lektor: Ten pan to nasz nowy lektor. That man is our new

language-teacher.

sàsiad, kolega, kole˝anka, lektorka, sàsiadka, profesor.

1.18.

1.19. 'a little too' troch´ za. Think of a logical adjective.lektor: Ten lektor jest troch´ za wymagajàcy. That teacher is a little too

demanding.dom, osoba, uniwersytet, samochód, muzeum.

1.19.

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Kazimierz Wielki Kazimierz the Great (1310-1370), ruler at the time of thegreat architectural expansion of Kraków and founder of the KrakówAcademy, now known as Jagiellonian University. The portrait hangs in theRoyal Castle in Warsaw, and is taken from its brochure.

1.D. Kto to jest?On campus, two students talk about their new teacher.

Magda: Kto to jest?Marek: Kto? Gdzie?Magda: Tamten pan (tamta pani).Marek: To jest nasz nowy lektor

(nasza nowa lektorka).Magda: On (ona) jest raczej

<troch´ za> stary (stara), nie myÊlisz?Marek: Skàd. On (ona) nie jest

taki stary (taka stara).Magda: Podobno jest bardzo

wymagajàcy (wymagajàca).

Who is that?Who? Where?That gentleman (lady) there.That's our new instructor (m./f.).

S(he) is rather <a little too> old, don'tyou think?

Not-at-all. (S)he's not so old.Supposedly (s)he is very demanding.

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For active knowledge and dictation practice:

On jest doÊç stary.Ona jest doÊç stara.Kto to jest?Nie myÊlisz?Ta pani to nasza nowa lektorka. Ten pan to nasz nowy lektor.

On jest troch´ za m∏ody.Ona jest bardzo wymagajàca.Raczej nie.On nie jest taki stary.Ona nie jest taka stara. To prawda.

Pytania (direct your attention to some unknown person you can see, or tosome picture). You may find helpful the following phrases using myÊleçmyÊl´ myÊlisz think:

Jak myÊlisz? What (literally, 'how') do you think?Tak myÊlisz? You think so?Dlaczego tak myÊlisz? Why do you think so?MyÊl´, ˝e… I think that… as in MyÊl´, ˝e on jest doÊç m∏ody. I think that

he's rather young. Note: do not omit the subordinating conjunction ˝e.

MyÊl´, wi´c jestem.I think, therefore I am..

1. Jak myÊlisz: kto to jest?2. Czy on (ona) jest stary (stara) czy raczej m∏ody (m∏oda)?3. Jak myÊlisz: co on(a) robi? Jaki (jaka) on(a) jest?

4. Kto to jest na obrazie-on the picture? Czy on jest m∏ody czy raczej stary?

Uwagi

lektor (f. lektorka) lecturer. Used torefer to one's language instructor.

Magda. Familiar form ofMagdalena.

podobno supposedlyraczej rather (contrastive)skàd not at all, by no means, what

do you mean? Slightly slang.Literally, 'from where'?

tamten pan that gentleman, tamtapani that lady.

to jest nasz lektor (f. naszalektorka) that's our(language)instructor.

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GRAMATYKA 1.D.

'SAY THAT', 'ASK WHETHER'.The verb 'say' (mówiç: mówi´, mówisz) is followed by the

subordinating conjunction ˝e that when reporting speech:On mówi, ˝e bardzo si´ Êpieszy. He says that he is in a big hurry.Ona mówi, ˝e idzie do domu. She says that she's going home.

The verb 'ask' (pytaç:�pytam, pytasz) is followed by various questionwords, just as in English, especially czy whether:

Marek pyta, czy Agata idzie na zaj´cia. Marek asks whether Agata is goingto class.

On pyta, gdzie ona idzie. He asks where she is going.Agata pyta, co on robi. Agata asks what he is doing.

Observe how one uses 3rd-person verb forms in reporting on the words ofothers:

Asking (2nd person): On: - Gdzie idziesz? Where are you going?Telling (1st person): Ona: - Id´ na zaj´cia. I'm going to class.Reporting (3rd person): On pyta, gdzie ona idzie. Ona mówi, ˝e

idzie na zaj´cia. He asks where she is going.She says she is going to class.

NEGATING PREDICATE ADJECTIVESOne negates a predicate-adjective statement by placing the negative

particle nie directly before the verb 'be':Ten dom nie jest taki stary. That house is not so old.Ta osoba nie jest mi∏a. That person is not nice.

Adjectives may be negated by using nie as though it were a negative prefixsimilar to English un- or in-:

Ta osoba jest niemi∏a. That person is not nice ("unnice").Ta ksià˝ka jest niez∏a. That book is not bad.

One may form adjective opposites in this way: wa˝ny important, henceniewa˝ny unimportant; interesujàcy interesting, hence nieinteresujàcyuninteresting; and so on.

'VERY', 'RATHER', 'TOO', 'NOT TOO', 'A LITTLE TOO'.The item bardzo very is used to intensify predicate adjectives:

Nasz lektor jest bardzo stary. Our language-teacher is very old.Ta studentka jest bardzo m∏oda. That student (f.) is very young.

The adjective modifiers doÊç rather and niezbyt not too function in apositive/negative reciprocal relationship:

To pytanie jest doÊç wa˝ne. That question is fairly important..To pytanie nie jest zbyt wa˝ne. That question is not too important.

The word zbyt can also be used in the sense 'excessively':On jest zbyt wymagajàcy He is too (excessively) demanding.

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The word za is the usual correspondent of English too, especially incombination with troch´ a little, hence the phrase troch´ za a little too:

Ten hotel jest troch´ za drogi. That hotel is a little too expensive.

SOME OTHER FUNCTION WORDS

'AND' and 'BUT'1. The conjunction i and indicates pure additive conjunction: Marek i

Agata Marek and Agata, kreda i o∏ówek chalk and pencil. stó∏ i krzes∏o tableand chair, Warszawa i Kraków Warsaw and Krakow.

2. If there is any contrast implied, that is, if a conjunction can betranslated as either 'and' or 'but', or possibly as 'while', then the correctconjunction is a and, but, while:

To jest pióro, a to jest o∏ówek. That's a pen and (but, while) that's apencil.

3. A strong contrast as to logical expectation is indicated with ale but:Ten hotel jest nowy i drogi, ale nie jest zbyt dobry. That hotel is new and

expensive, but it is not especially good.4. The sense of 'but' in a sentence like That's not a pen but a ball-point is

usually expressed with tylko only; however, ale but may also be used:To nie jest pióro, tylko (ale) d∏ugopis. That's not a pen but a ball-point.

'BOTH... AND...', EITHER... OR...', 'NEITHER... NOR...'1. The idea of 'both... and...' is expressed with i..., i...:Ona jest i mi∏a, i ∏adna. She is both nice and pretty.

2. 'Either... or...' is expressed with albo... albo...:To jest albo o∏ówek, albo d∏ugopis. That's either a pencil or a ball-point.

3. 'Neither... nor...' is expressed with ani... ani...:Ona nie jest ani m∏oda, ani stara. She is neither young nor old.

4. Questions of the type 'is that an X or a Y' are formed with czy... czy...:Czy to jest pióro, czy d∏ugopis? Is that a pen or a ball-point?

'AS… AS…The 'as' of comparison is expressed with ' tak, jak:Ten budynek nie jest tak du˝y, jak tamten. That building is not as large as

that other one.

QUESTION TAG prawda? right?Polish often places prawda 'right, true' (literally, 'truth') as a tag at the

end of a sentence, as if encouraging agreement:Nasz lektor jest doÊç wymagajàcy, prawda? Our language teacher is rather

demanding, right?

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åWICZENIA 1.D.

1.20. 'either/or' albo, albo, 'neither/nor ani, ani', 'not X, but Y' nie, ale/tylko.stó∏, krzes∏o: a. Czy to jest stó∏, czy krzes∏o? Is that a table or a chair?

b. To nie jest ani stó∏, ani krzes∏o. That's neither a table nor a chair.

c. To jest albo stó∏, albo biurko. That's either a table or a desk.d. To nie jest stó∏, tylko biurko. That's not a table but a desk.

sufit, pod∏oga; Êciana, tablica; o∏ówek, d∏ugopis; student, studentka; lektor,student; ksià˝ka, zeszyt.

1.20.

1.21. Modifiers of predicate adjectives: doÊç and niezbyt.stary uniwersytet a. Ten uniwersytet jest doÊç stary.

That university is fairly old.b. Ten uniwersytet nie jest zbyt stary.That university is not too old.

m∏oda osoba, drogi hotel, du˝e krzes∏o, nowy dom, wymagajàca praca,interesujàcy obraz, wa˝ne s∏owo, stary samochód.

1.21. 1.22. Modifiers of predicate adjectives: taki taka takie so∏adne imi´: To imi´ nie jest takie ∏adne. That first-name is not so pretty.

z∏a ksià˝ka, nowy uniwersystet, drogi hotel, mi∏a pani, ma∏y budynek,dobre zadanie, m∏oda osoba, wymagajàcy lektor, wspania∏y budynek,wa˝ne pytanie.

1.22. 1.23. Use the cues of exercise 22:∏adne imi´: To imi´ nie jest takie ∏adne, jak tamto.

This name isn't as pretty as that one.

1.23.

1.24. Informal address from formal:Jak si´ pani ma? Jak si´ masz? How are you?

Gdzie pan idzie? Czy pani robi zakupy? Co pani robi? Czy pan idzie nazaj´cia? Gdzie pan jest? Jan panÊ myÊli? Czy pani jest spóêniona?

1.24.

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Autobus bus

1.E. AutobusWaiting for a bus, two classmates after the first day of class introduce themselves.As classmates, they automatically consider themselves on a first-name basis.

Janek: Interesujàce zaj´cia, prawda?Agnieszka: Bardzo.Janek: Janek jestem.Agnieszka: Bardzo mi mi∏o. Agnieszka.Janek: Czekasz na autobus <na

tramwaj>?Agnieszka: Tak.Janek: Ja te˝. Mieszkasz tu blisko?Agnieszka: Nie, raczej daleko. <Tak,

doÊç blisko.> O, jedzie mój autobus.Janek: To do jutra.Agnieszka: Hej! CzeÊç!

Interesting class, right?Very.I'm Janek.Very nice (to meet you). Agnieszka.Are you waiting for the bus <trolley>?Yes.Me. too. Do you live close?No, fairly far. <Yes, rather close.> Oh,

here comes my bus.Then till tomorrow.Hey, so long.

For active knowledge and dictation practice:

Bardzo mi mi∏o.Czekasz na autobus?Do jutra.Interesujàce zaj´cia, prawda?Ja te˝ czekam na autobus.

Janek jestem.Jedzie mój autobus.Mieszkam doÊç blisko.Mieszkam raczej daleko.Mieszkasz tu blisko?

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Pytania (for both written and oral responses)

1. Co Agnieszka teraz robi? A Janek?2. Czy Agnieszka mieszka blisko, czy daleko? A Janek?3. Dlaczego Janek mówi "to do jutra"?4. Jakie sà zaj´cia?

5. Czy ty masz interesujàce zaj´cia? Jakie? Czy sà wymagajàce?6. Mieszkasz blisko czy daleko tu?

Uwagi

bliski aj near, close. adv blisko.mieszkaç blisko live close by.

czekaç czekam czekasz czeka wait. czekamna autobus I'm waiting for the bus

daleki aj far. adv daleko.do siebie to one anotherdoÊç rather, fairlyhej! (slang) hi!, so-long!Janek jestem I'm Janek. This way of

introducing oneself is an invitation

to call one by one's first name.jechaç jad´ jedziesz jedzie ride. go, come

(of vehicle)jutro av tomorrow. do jutra phr till

tomorrow.mieszkaç mieszkam mieszkasz live,

reside.mój moja moje pron aj my, minesà are (agrees with zaj´cia class(es),

which is plural).

Jestem-I am (women's magazine cover)

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1.E. åWICZENIA

1.25. Give the question that the statement answers;To jest tablica. Co to jest?To jest lektor. Id´ na zaj´cia. Tak, to jest obraz. Robi´ zakupy. Nie, tenobraz nie jest ∏adny. To nie jest ani stó∏, ani biurko.Ta szko∏a jest nowa. To jest nasze nowe muzeum.

1.25.

1.26. Statements and responses based on the conversations. Translate into Polish.Unless otherwise indicated, choose between formal and informal address.1. Hello!Hello. How are you?

2. What's new with you?Nothing new.

3. What are you doing here?I'm doing some shopping.

4. Excuse me, but I have to go.Well then good bye.

5. Excuse me, I have to go. I'm late.Me too.

6. So long.Bye, see you.

7. What kind of building is that?What building? Where?

8. That's a new hotel.It's marvelous.

9. Hi Marek!Hi, Agata. How are you?

10. How are you? (formal, m. or f.)So-so. And you?

11. What's new ("What's to hear")?Nothing new.

12. Where are you going?I'm going to class(es).

13. Are you in a hurry?Yes, I'm late, as usual.

14. That hotel is marvelous.You think so?

15. Who is that?That's our new teacher (m).

16. That is our new neighbor (f.).She is very pretty.

17. He is very young, don't youthink?Not at all. He's not that young.

18. Are you waiting for the bus?Yes.

19. Here comes my bus.Then till tomorrow.

20. Do you live far away?No, rather close.

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1.27. Fill in the blanks, translating the English words and using correct Polishforms. 1. Bardzo ---. in a hurry2. Co pan (pani) tu ---? are doing3. Co to jest za ---? building4. Gdzie ---? are you going5. Id´ ---. home6. Id´ ---. to classes7. Jestem ---. late8. Musz´ ju˝ ---. go9. No to ---. good-bye10. Ona jest bardzo ---. young11. On jest bardzo ---.demanding 12. On nie jest --- m∏ody.so13. To jest ---. our new teacher-f. 14. To jest --- muzeum.a marvelous new15. Agata nie jest ---. late16. Co to jest za ---? a school17. Czy to pióro jest ---?new18. Czy to jest pióro --- d∏ugopis?or19. --- jest ta szko∏a? What kind20. --- jest to radio? What kind21. Ona jest --- mi∏a, i ∏adna.both

22. Ona nie jest ani m∏oda, --- stara.nor23. Ta lampa nie jest --- droga.so24. Ta pani jest --- mi∏a. very25. Ta pani jest --- m∏oda. rather26. Ta pani to --- sàsiadka. our new27. Ten dom jest nowy, --- tamtenjest stary. and (while)28. Ten hotel jest nowy, --- nie jestdobry. but29. Ten hotel jest --- drogi. a little too30. Ten hotel jest wspania∏y, ---?don't you think31. Ten obraz nie jest tak ∏adny, ---tamten. as32. Ten uniwersytet nie jest ---.too demanding33. To jest albo o∏ówek, --- d∏ugopis.or34. To nie jest pióro, --- d∏ugopis. but35. Ten pan jest raczej stary, ---?right36. Ten hotel jest --- drogi.a little too37. Bardzo si´ Êpiesz´, ---.as usual38. ---.Nice to meet you.39. Czekasz ---?for the bus40. Ona pyta, --- on jest spóêniony.whether41. On mówi, --- idzie do domu.that

brakujàce wyrazy

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VOCABULARY TO LESSON 1

a conj and, but, while albo... albo... conj either... or... ale conj butani... ani... conj neither… nor…bardzo av very, very muchbiurko -rek n desk budynek -nku mi buildingbyç be, jestem am, jesteÊ are-sg, jest

is ciekawy aj curious, interesting. nic

ciekawego nothing of interest co pron what. co to jest? what is that?co s∏ychaç? phr what's to hear? what's

new? czeÊç excl hi!, bye! czy part or conj whether, or. yes-no

question particle d∏ugopis mi ball-point pendo widzenia phr good-bye do zobaczenia phr see you! dobry aj good dobry wieczór aj good evening! dobrze av fine, well, good dokàd av where todom mi house, home. do domu to

home doÊç av rather, fairly, enough drogi aj expensive drzewo n tree du˝y aj large, big dziecko n child dzi´kuj´ phr thank you dzieƒ dobry! phr hello! gdzie av where hotel mi hotel i conj and. i..., i... both... and...iÊç id´ idziesz impf det go (on foot) imi´ n imienia first name interesujàcy aj interestingja pron Ijak av how, as. jak si´ pan (pani) ma?

how are you (formal)? jak si´masz? how are you (informal)?

jak myÊlisz? phr what do you think?jak zwykle phr as usual

jaki jaka jakie pron aj what kind?what sort?

jeden, jedna, jedno num or pron ajone

jestem, jesteÊ, jest. see byçjeÊli conj ifkobieta f womankolega mp colleague, friend, mate. f

kole˝ankakreda f chalkkrewny mp decl like aj relative. f

krewnakrzes∏o -se∏ n chairksià˝ka -˝ek f bookkto pron who. kto to jest? who is

that?laboratorium n laboratorylampa f lamp, lightlecieç lec´ lecisz impf fly, runlekcja f lessonlektor mp language teacher. f

lektorka∏adny aj pretty∏ó˝ko -˝ek n bedma∏y aj small, little mapa f mapm´˝czyzna mp manmieç si´. see jak si´ pan ma? mi∏y aj nicem∏ody aj youngmówiç mówi´ mówisz say, speak, talkmuzeum n museummyÊleç myÊl´ myÊlisz think, considerna razie phr for the time being. so

long!nasz, nasza, nasze pron aj our, oursnauczyciel mp (school)teacher. f

nauczycielkanic pron nothing. nic nowego

nothing newnie no, not. nie? isn't it?nie myÊlisz? don't you think so?no interj well. no to... well then...noc f nightnowy aj newobraz mi picture

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okno okien n window o∏ówek -wka mi pencilon pron he, ona she, ono it osoba osób f person pan title, mp pron you (formal). ten

pan mp that gentleman, that manpani title, f pron you (formal). ta pani

that lady, that womanpierwszy num aj first pióro n pen, featherpod∏oga -∏óg f floor podobno av supposedlyPolska f Polandpraca f work, jobprawda f truth. prawda? right? profesor mp professorprzepraszam phr excuse me, I beg

your pardonpytaç pytam pytasz ask pytanie n questionraczej av rather, insteadradio n radio robiç robi´ robisz impf do, makerzecz f thing samochód -chodu mi car, automobilesàsiad mp neighbor. f sàsiadka skàd av from where. skàd? what do

you mean, not at all, why no s∏owo s∏ów n wordspóêniony aj late stary aj oldstó∏ sto∏u mi table student mp student. f studentka sufit mi ceiling szko∏a szkó∏ f school. szko∏a

podstawowa elementary schoolÊciana f wall Êpieszyç si´ -sz´ -szysz be in a hurry.

bardzo si´ Êpiesz´ I'm in a bighurry

tablica f black-board, chalkboard tak part or av yes, as, that waytak sobie phr so-so

taki, taka, takie pron aj so, such atam av theretamten, tamta, tamto pron aj that

thereten, ta, to pron aj this, that te˝ aj also, too. ja te˝ I also, me tooto conj thentroch´ quant a little, a bit. troch´ za

a little tootu, tutaj av heretwarz f facetylko av onlyuczennica f pupil, school-girluczeƒ -cznia mp pupil, school-boyuniwersytet mi universitywa˝ny aj importantwcale nie phr not at allwi´c av so, hence, thuswspania∏y aj great, marvelouswymagajàcy aj demandingza part 1 too. 2 co to jest za dom?

what sort of house is that? zadanie n assignmentzaj´cia pl form class(es) zakupy pl form shopping zamek -mku castlezbyt part excessively, particularly,

too zdanie n opinion, sentencezeszyt mi notebookz∏y aj 1. bad av êle badly 2. angry.znajomy mp decl like aj acquaintance.

f znajomazwierz´ zwierz´cia, pl zwierz´ta animalzwyczajny aj ordinary zwykle av usually. jak zwykle as

usual˝e subord. conj. after reporting verb

that˝ycie n life ˝yç ˝yj´ ˝yjesz be alive, live

s∏owniczek

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SUPPLEMENTARY CONVERSATION.

Samochód

- Masz samochód w Polsce? <wAmeryce>?

- Owszem, mam.- Jaki masz samochód?- Jaki typ?- Tak.- Fiat <Mercedes, Buick>.- Czy on jest nowy czy stary?- Jest raczej stary, ale jest du˝y,

szybki i bardzo wygodny.

Do you have a car in Poland?<America>?

Why sure, I do ("I have")..What kind of car do you have?What kind?Yes.A Fiat <Mercedes, Buick>.Is it new or old?It's rather old, but it's large, fast,

and very comfortable.

Ameryka f America. w Amerycein America

mercedes mi "mer-TSE-des"mieç mam masz haveowszem av why yes, of course

Polska f Poland. w Polsce in P.szybki aj fast. adv szybkotyp m type, model, sortwygodny aj comfortable

Historical Polish vehicles.

autobus bus, ci´˝arówka truck, samochód automobile

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Przygody biura podró˝y "Zefir"Rozdzia∏ pierwszy. Pan Wiktor Or∏owski

To jest pan Wiktor Or∏owski. On czeka na autobus. Jedzie do domu popracy. Pan Wiktor jest bardzo zm´czony. On pracuje jako urz´dnik w biurzew Warszawie. Jego praca nie jest zbyt interesujàca i jego szef, Pan JózefKowalczyk, nie jest zbyt mi∏y. Jest bardzo wymagajàcy.

Wiktor nie mieszka zbyt daleko. Mieszka sam. Nie jest ˝onaty. Nie madobrych kolegów. Jego ˝ycie nie jest zbyt szcz´Êliwe. On myÊli, ˝e jestniedoceniany.

biuro office. w biurze in an office.biuro podró˝y travel office

jako conj as, in the capacity ofjechaç jad´ jedziesz ride, drivenie ma dobrych kolegów he

doesn't have any good friendsniedoceniany unappreciatedpraca job, work. po pracy after

work. w pracy at workprzygody adventuresrozdzia∏ mi chaptersam sama samo aloneszcz´Êliwy happy

szef bossurz´dnik clerk, office-workerWarszawa Warsaw. W Warszawie

in Warsawzbyt adv toozefir mi zephyrzm´czony tired, weary˝onaty married (of man)˝ycie life

Rozdzia∏ pierwszy

Autobus. Painting by B. W. Linke.