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Page 1: Policy Regimes and the Political Economy of Poverty ...978-1-137-26701-6/1.pdf · POLICY REGIMES AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF POVERTY REDUCTION ... Policy Regimes and the Political

Policy Regimes and the Political Economy of Poverty Reduction in Malaysia

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Developmental Pathways to Poverty Reduction Series

Series Editor: Yusuf Bangura

Efforts to fight poverty cannot be separated from broader processes of economic growth and development. It is the premise of this series that variations in poverty outcomes are best understood through countries’ development trajecto-ries or structural change, as well as the interconnections of institutions, policies and practices in the social, economic and political spheres. This series brings together contributions that engage with current policy debates on poverty reduction from a developmental and social policy perspec-tive. As the international community approaches 2015, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a growing focus of attention, as is the shaping of the post-MDG agenda. Contributions to this series highlight a range of insti-tutional, policy and political dimensions across the economy, society and polity that need to be taken into account for an inclusive and sustainable development agenda beyond 2015. This series is being inaugurated in 2012 with six volumes emerging from research carried out under the auspices of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). The research examined 16 cases from the perspectives of development strategies and structural change, wealth and income inequality, social protection, social services, organized interests, and developmental state capacity. The key findings of the research are reported in the UNRISD flagship report Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics , and in the first six volumes of the present series:

Titles include:

Rayaprolu Nagaraj (editor) GROWTH, INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Is Inclusive Growth Possible?

Khoo Boo Teik (editor) POLICY REGIMES AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF POVERTY REDUCTION IN MALAYSIA

Forthcoming titles:

Yusuf Bangura (editor) DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS TO POVERTY REDUCTION

Juliana Martínez Franzoni and Diego Sanchez-Anochea (editors) POVERTY REDUCTION AND CHANGING POLICY REGIMES IN COSTA RICA

Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass POLICY, POLITICS AND POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA

Onalenna Selolwane (editor) POVERTY REDUCTION AND CHANGING POLICY REGIMES IN BOTSWANA

Developmental Pathways to Poverty Reduction Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–37088–3

You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.

Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

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Policy Regimes and the Political Economy of Poverty Reduction in Malaysia Edited by

Khoo Boo Teik Executive Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Developing Economies

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© United Nations Research Institute for Social Development 2012

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.

Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published 2012 byPALGRAVE MACMILLAN

Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.

Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world.

Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 121 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-26700-9

ISBN 978-1-349-44323-9 ISBN 978-1-137-26701-6 (eBook)DOI 10.1057/9781137267016

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To the memory of Khoo Khay Jin

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vii

Contents

List of Tables viii

List of Figures x

Preface xii

Notes on Contributors xv

List of Abbreviations xvii

1 The Political Economy of Poverty Eradication in Malaysia: An Overview 1

28

63

107

145

183

217

251

267

Khoo Boo Teik and Khoo Khay Jin

2 Development Strategies and Poverty Reduction Khoo Boo Teik

3 Poverty and Inequality Khoo Khay Jin

4 Welfare Regime, Social Protection and Poverty Reduction Saidatulakmal Mohd.

5 Welfare Regimes, Social Services and Poverty Reduction Halim Salleh

6 Organized Groups, Development Strategies and Social Policies Francis Loh Kok Wah

7 Developmental State Capacity and Institutional Reform Abdul Rahman Embong

8 Achievements, Limitations and Contradictions Khoo Boo Teik

Index

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viii

Tables

1.1 Economic and social transformation, selected indicators, 1960–2000 6

2.1 Administrations, policies and regimes, 1957–1990 31 2.2 Administrations, policies and regimes, 1991–2003 32 2.3 Average annual rates of growth for GDP, agriculture,

manufacturing, labour force and employment, Malaysia Plan periods, 1971–2005 33

2.4 Manufacturing sector: shares of GDP, total employment and gross export value, 1965–2000 35

2.5 Expenditure on social sectors as a proportion of total government development expenditure by Malaysia Plan 40

3.1 Incidence of poverty, 1970–2004 64 3.2 Poverty and inequality, 1984–1997 66 3.3a Odds ratios for a tertiary qualification, 2000 74 3.3b Odds ratios for a tertiary qualification, 2000, by age group 74 3.4 Population cohort in 2000 compared to corresponding

age cohort, 1991 75 3.5 Occupation group by ethnicity, 2000 84 3.6 Proportional shares in professions by ethnicity

and age group, 2000 85 3.7 Mean household income disparity ratios, 1989–97 94 3.8 Intra-ethnic disparities ratios of top 20% to bottom

40% shares of income, 1970–2004 95 4.1 Evolution of welfare regime since 1957 117 4.2 Poverty rates, 1999 and 2004 121 4.3 EPF contribution rates, 1952–2005 123 4.4 Rates of return, 1970–2004 125 4.5 Malaysian retirement income coverage, 2001 128 4.6 Incidence of poverty by age group 129 4.7 Summary of allowable withdrawals 132 4.8 Number of SOCSO benefit recipients, 1999–2004 135 4.9 Agropolitan projects: location, area and participants 137 4.10 Demographic trends of the elderly 138 5.1 Structure of education 148 5.2 Participation rate in education by level, 1993–2003 151 5.3 Education expenditure per student, 2001–2005 154

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List of Tables ix

5.4 Wage scales in selected public and private sector employment, 2011 160

5.5 Structure of state health services 164 5.6 Prevalence of selected risk factors for health, 2006 171 5.7 Mean distance from health facilities by

income quintile, 1996 172 6.1 The 20 largest unions and their membership, 1985 195 6.2 Principal statistics of manufacturing industries by

major industrial group, 2000 196 6.3 Number of establishments and employees in the

manufacturing sector, 1995–2000 197 6.4 Labour force participation rates, 1985–1999 198 6.5 Number of trade unions and membership by

gender, 1952–2004 199 6.6 Distribution of foreign workers by country of origin 200 6.7 Distribution of foreign workers by sector 200 6.8 Number of strikes, workers involved and

man-days lost, 1971–2004 201 7.1 Revenue of the Federal and State Governments, 1970–80 226 7.2 Federal Government revenue, 1980–2010 227 7.3 Contribution of petroleum revenue to total

Federal Government revenue, 1970–2010 228 7.4 Development allocation and public sector expenditure

(RM million), and GDP growth, five-year plan periods 229 7.5 Consolidated public sector expenditure and

financing, 1970–1980 230 7.6 Consolidated public sector expenditure and

financing, 1981–1990 and 1991–2000 231 7.7 Settler emplacement in FELDA schemes

by state, January 2007 233

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x

Figures

1.1 GDP growth rate, World Bank estimates 12 1.2 GDP growth rate, 1999 constant prices, UN estimates 12 3.1 Educational attainment by highest certificate, 2000 70 3.2 Proportions of population with no certificate

by ethnicity, 2000 71 3.3 Proportions of population with secondary

school certificate by ethnicity, 2000 72 3.4 Tertiary 1 certification by ethnicity, 2000 72 3.5 Tertiary 2 certification by ethnicity, 2000 73 3.6 Distribution of occupation group by

educational attainment, 2000 77 3.7 Occupational distribution by age group, 2000 79 3.8 Major occupation groups by income deciles, 2004 80 3.9 Occupational distribution by ethnicity, 2000 81 3.10 Occupational distribution by ethnicity and

age group, 2000 82 3.11 Ethnic composition of occupational hierarchy

by age group 83 3.12 Share of income by deciles, 1984–1997 88 3.13 Relative standing of states by mean household

income, 1990–2004 90 3.14 Proportional equality index, ethnic group by

income category, 2007 91 3.15 Proportional equality index 92 4.1 Malaysia development expenditure, 1970–2006 109 4.2 Social services expenditure, 1970–2006 109 4.3 Social assistance expenditures and

beneficiaries, 1991–2003 111 4.4 Social assistance expenditure as a percentage

of GDP, 1991–2003 112 4.5 Beneficiaries of social assistance, 1991–2003 113 4.6 Expenditure on major social assistance

programmes, 1991–2003 114 4.7 Employment, unemployment and labour market

participation, 1992–2004 115

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List of Figures xi

4.8 Output, employment and aggregate labour productivity, 1992–2004 115

124

125 129

129 134

141 151 152

153 157

161 165 166 169

172

222

224

4.9 EPF contributions and withdrawals 4.10 EPF contributions and withdrawals as a

percentage of GDP 4.11 Pension payments, 1975–2006 4.12 Pension payment as a percentage of GDP and

government operating expenses 4.13 SOCSO contributions as a percentage of GDP 4.14 Social security contributions and expenditure as

a percentage of GDP 5.1 Enrolment in education, 1980–2010 5.2 Enrolment in higher education, 1980–2010 5.3 Development expenditure on education and

health, 1971–2010 5.4 Percentage of women in education, 1970–2009 5.5 Percentage of Bumiputera registered

professionals, 1970–2008 5.6 Public and private doctors, 1980−2009 5.7 Doctor population ratio by state, 2005 5.8 Poverty and infant mortality rate, 1970–2008/9 5.9 Prevalence of hypertension among >30-year-olds

by household income, 2006 7.1 Administrative structure of the Federal Government

under the Prime Minister’s cabinet 7.2 Organizational links between the national

planning council and the economic planning unit, Prime Minister’s department

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xii

Preface

As an idea, objective and pursuit, ‘poverty eradication irrespective of race’ has occupied a central position in the political economy of devel-opment in Malaysia ever since that pregnant phrase entered the offi-cial lexicon of the New Economic Policy that was promulgated in 1970. Indeed, so much has been envisioned, said and done in reference to the country’s ensuing experience and record of ‘poverty eradication’ that researchers and commentators are often hard-pressed to find new approaches and fresh insights. Whether the present volume of essays has been able to do that, and to do it well, will be decided by its readers. But in making the volume available for consideration and discussion, the editor and contributors received a large boost from two factors and considerable assistance from certain people.

The first factor was the simple one of Malaysia being included in the conceptually bold and analytically powerful project on Policy Regimes and Poverty Reduction that was launched by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). By becoming part of a project which set out to draw international comparisons in innovative and exciting ways, the Malaysia study team was inspired to work earnestly with a theoretical framework which the UNRISD team had developed to considerable depth and thoughtfulness, and with which the writers of this volume empathized. The second factor was the concern of the present writers to provide a thorough and respon-sible evaluation of the achievements, limitations and contradictions of ‘poverty eradication’ at a time (2007 to 2008) when Malaysian society found itself in the grip of political developments that would prove to be far-reaching only a short while later. Here it only remains to be said that the writers have striven to make their national experience not only comprehensible, but also accessible to cross-country comparisons for other researchers who are often intrigued by the entanglement of ‘horizontal’ and ‘vertical’ inequalities, or inter-ethnic and class inequal-ities, that constitutes such a peculiar and critical feature of Malaysian political economy and social development. The editor and contributors very much hope that the present volume has made a useful contribu-tion to the UNRISD project that produced the very impressive publica-tion Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics in 2010.

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Preface xiii

The editor and contributors would like to express their sincere thanks to Yusuf Bangura, who coordinated the UNRISD project with immense skill and dedication. Yusuf consistently gave us encourage-ment, support and instructive commentary. Without his generous and patient help, the benefit of his presence at a work-in-progress seminar held on 22–23 November 2007 in Penang, and his critical review of the entire manuscript, the present work would certainly have been much poorer. At the project seminar in Penang, several colleagues provided insightful and suggestive comments on initial proposals that were crucial to the subsequent elaboration and clarification of the overall project research plan. The help of these colleagues, Chan Chee Khoon, Chung Tsung Pin, Mustafa K. Anuar, Mavis Puthucheary and Zaharom Nain, is deeply appreciated. Additionally, much of the actual research activity proceeded smoothly mainly because of the dependable logis-tical support rendered by Teh Gaik Lan.

The editor would like to thank all the contributors for their earnest-ness and cooperation, and their fine contributions to this collective publication. In the final preparation of the manuscript, comments from two anonymous referees were enormously helpful. One referee gave a coherent review that ended with the reassuring note that the manu-script had indeed new and useful things to say about a much debated subject. The second referee conscientiously critiqued the manuscript, raising pointed questions and offering valuable suggestions, making a gracious effort in reviewing, which the editor hopes has been repaid somewhat in the form and contents of the concluding chapter.

The editor is grateful to the Institute of Developing Economies – Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO), Chiba, Japan, and especially its President, Takashi Shiraishi, for giving him the scope and oppor-tunity to complete at IDE-JETRO a project that was started when the editor was teaching at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.

Khoo Khay Jin

Khoo Khay Jin, the author of Chapter 3 and co-author of Chapter 1 of this book, was born in George Town, Penang, on 15 October 1948 and passed away on 22 December 2011, soon after our manuscript was finalized. Khay Jin was a source of valuable insight and counsel during all stages of this project, not least in its final phase when he was under-going treatment for a rare form of cancer. Anyone who reads his treat-ment of issues of poverty and inequality in Chapter 3 would be struck by the range of its coverage, the depth of its analysis, the meticulousness

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xiv Preface

of its approach, and the persuasiveness of its findings. For those who were privileged to have known him well, that was all characteristic of Khay Jin’s work as a social scientist and intellectual, and a public, honest, compassionate, and responsible one at that. In a society rife with ethnic prejudices and suspicions, he had not a single racist bone in him, certainly not when commenting on the constant need to eradi-cate poverty ‘irrespective of race’. For him, social inequality was not merely an area of inquiry, although his research into the topic was uncompromisingly rigorous and instructive. In his life, he consistently criticized the unfairness and persistence of poverty and inequality. In his later years, he dedicated himself to directly assisting several ‘indig-enous communities’ in remote areas of Sarawak to find their own voice and develop practicable but dignified responses in their difficult battles against those who dispossessed them with equanimity and a state that subverted its own principles of poverty eradication and social restruc-turing by not stopping or sufficiently compensating for that disposses-sion. The sincere but pained messages of condolences conveyed to Khay Jin’s widow, Jane Cardosa, and their son, Wu Chen, by the communities Khay Jin helped bore ample testimony to the qualities and contribu-tions of a most brilliant social scientist and compassionate citizen. We, who worked with Khay Jin in this project, dedicate this book to his memory.

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xv

Contributors

Abdul Rahman Embong is a development sociologist, consultant researcher, Professor Emeritus, and Principal Research Fellow, Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He was President of the Malaysian Social Science Association from 2000 to 2010, and is presently the Association’s advisor. His books include Southeast Asian Middle Classes: Prospects for Social Change and Democratization (2001), State-led Modernization and the New Middle Class in Malaysia (2002), Globalization, Culture and Inequalities (2004), Globalization and National Autonomy: The Experience of Malaysia (co-edited with Joan Nelson and Jacob Meerman, 2008), Malaysian Studies: Looking Back Moving Forward (2010), and Malaysia at a Crossroads: Can We Make the Transition? (co-edited with Tham Siew Yean, 2011). He has also published numerous journal articles in English and Malay. In 2003, Rahman was appointed by the Prime Minister of Malaysia to lead the team to formulate the National Integrity Plan and the proposal to establish the Integrity Institute of Malaysia.

Halim Salleh is Associate Professor, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. He is a social anthropologist special-izing in health transitions, community health development and Third World social transformations under industrialization. Halim has more than 25 years of experience in university teaching and administration. His research, covering socio-economic and political issues of commu-nity health development and the social impact of industrialization in Malaysia, has been published as monographs and articles in local and international social science journals.

Khoo Boo Teik is Executive Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Developing Economies – Japan External Trade Organization, Chiba, Japan. He is the author of Paradoxes of Mahathirism: An Intellectual Biography of Mahathir Mohamad (1995), Beyond Mahathir: Malaysian Politics and Its Discontents (2003) and many essays and commentaries on Malaysian and Southeast Asian politics. He taught in Universiti Brunei Darusalam (1987–93) and Universiti Sains Malaysia (1994–2009), and has been a visiting researcher in Murdoch University, Australia, and Kyoto University, Japan.

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xvi Notes on Contributors

Khoo Khay Jin (1948–2011) was an anthropologist. He taught in the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sain Malaysia, from 1975 to 1995, before becoming a consultant researcher, principally associated with Kuala Lumpur-based P E Research Sdn. Bhd. Among the studies he undertook for national and international agencies were social and economic impact assessments of large projects (particularly in Sarawak), feasibility studies for community development and relocation plans, and evaluations of demographic and human resource requirements for new growth centres. Most recently he completed a report on poverty, inequality and Malaysia’s MDG 2010 performance for UNDP. Khoo published many essays on socio-economic, political and environmental changes in Malaysia.

Francis Loh Kok Wah is Professor of Politics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His latest publications include Southeast Asian Responses to Globalization: Restructuring Governance and Deepening Democracy (co-editor, 2004), Old vs New Politics in Malaysia: State and Society in Transition (2009) and Building Bridges, Crossing Boundaries: Everyday Forms of Inter-Ethnic Peace Building in Malaysia (editor, 2010). Loh has consulted for the UNDP and held visiting positions in Monash University, University of Melbourne, School of Oriental and African Studies, and Kyoto University. He is the President of Aliran, a multi-ethnic Malaysian non-governmental organization advocating human rights and justice for all.

Saidatulakmal Mohd. is Chairperson of the Bachelor of Economics programme and Coordinator of the Master of Economic Management programme at the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. Her areas of research interest include poverty, social protection and economic development, and tourism and heritage economics. Her research has been published in journals such as Hong Kong Journal of Social Work, Journal of Malaysian Studies and The International Journal of Applied Economics and Finance. Saidatulakmal is extensively engaged in consultancy work for government agencies, and private and interna-tional organizations.

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xvii

Abbreviations

ACA Anti-Corruption Agency ACCCIM Association of Chinese Chambers of Commerce and

Industry Malaysia AFF Armed Forces Fund AIM Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia ASB Amanah Saham Bumiputera [Bumiputera Share Trust] ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASN Amanah Saham Nasional [National Share Trust] BA Barisan Alternatif [Alternative Front] BCIC Bumiputera Commercial and Industrial Community BERSIH Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil [Coalition for

Clean and Fair Elections] BMF Bumiputera Malaysia Finance BN Barisan Nasional [National Front] BNM Bank Negara Malaysia CDF Constituency Development Fund CUEPACS Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil

Service DAP Democratic Action Party DPN1 First National Agriculture Policy DPN2 Second National Agriculture Policy EOI export-oriented industrialization EPF Employees Provident Fund EPU Economic Planning Unit FDI foreign direct investment FELCRA Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority FELDA Federal Land Development Authority FMM Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers Gerakan Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia [Malaysian People’s

Movement] GLC government-linked company GLIC government-linked investment company Gini Gini coefficient HI heavy industrialization HICOM Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia HINDRAF Hindu Rights Action Front

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xviii List of Abbreviations

IADP Integrated Agriculture Development Program ICA Industrial Coordination Act ICU Implementation Coordination Unit IMF International Monetary Fund IMR infant mortality rate IPP independent power producer IRA Industrial Relations Act ISA Internal Security Act ISI import-substituting industrialization Khazanah Khazanah Nasional Berhad KLIA Kuala Lumpur International Airport KLSE Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange KPF Koperasi Pelaburan FELDA [FELDA Investment

Cooperative] KWAP Kumpulan Wang Persaraan [Pension Trust Fund] LFS Labour Force Survey MACA Malaysian Anti-Corruption Academy MADA Muda Agricultural Development Authority MAMPU Malaysian Administrative Modernization and Manpower

Planning Unit MAPA Malaysian Agricultural Producers Association MARA Majlis Amanah Rakyat [Council of Trust for the People] MARDEC Malaysian Rubber Development Corporation MASCO Malaysian Standard Classification of Occupations MBC Malaysian Business Council MCA Malaysian (originally Malayan) Chinese Association MCE Malaysian Certificate of Education MDGs Millennium Development Goals MEF Malaysian Employers Federation MIC Malaysian (originally Malayan) Indian Congress MII Malaysian Integrity Institute MMEA Malaysian Mining Employers Association MMR maternal mortality rate MNC multinational corporation MOE Ministry of Education MOH Ministry of Health MPIEA Malaysian Plantation Industries Employers Association MQLI Malaysian Quality of Life Index MRSM Maktab Rendah Sains MARA [MARA Junior Science

College] MSC Multimedia Super Corridor

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List of Abbreviations xix

MTUC Malaysian Trade Union Congress MWFCD Ministry of Women, Family and Community

Development NEAC National Economic Action Council NCER Northern Corridor Economic Region NDP National Development Policy, 1990−2000 NDPC National Development Planning Committee NEP New Economic Policy NGO non-governmental organization NHEF National Higher Education Fund NIE newly industrialized economy NIP National Integrity Plan NLFC National Land Finance Co-operative NNA New National Agenda NPC National Planning Council NPL non-performing loan NUPW National Union of Plantation Workers NVPO National Vision Policy 2000–2010 PAS Parti Islam SeMalaysia [Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party] PEI Proportional Equality Index PEMUDAH Business Facilitation Task Force Petronas Petroliam Nasional Berhad [National Petroleum

Corporation] PG poverty gap PPRT Program Pembasmian Rakyat Termiskin [Hardcore

Poverty Eradication Programme] PR Pakatan Rakyat [People’s Alliance] Proton Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional [National Automobile

Industry] PSC Public Services Commission PSD Public Services Department PTD Pentadbiran Tadbir dan Diplomatik [Administrative and

Diplomatic Service] RISDA Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority RTU Registrar of Trade Unions RUM Railway Workers Union of Malaya SEDC State Economic Development Corporation SEPU State Economic Planning Unit SERU State Economic Research Unit SMC Shree Murugan Centre SME small- and medium-scale enterprise

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xx List of Abbreviations

SOCSO Social Security Organization SOE state-owned enterprise TCI Transparency Corruption Index UDA Urban Development Authority UMNO United Malays National Organization UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UTAR Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman WHO World Health Organization YSS Yayasan Strategik Sosial [Social Strategy Foundation]