Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER 5 On Patrol

Policing America, 5th edition.Kenneth J. Peak

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5

On PatrolOn Patrol



On PatrolOn Patrol

I.I. Patrol as WorkPatrol as WorkA.A. Purposes and Nature of PatrolPurposes and Nature of Patrol

1.1. Deployment should consider the where Deployment should consider the where and when of crimeand when of crime

2.2. Many still deploy patrols based upon Many still deploy patrols based upon convenient beat dividersconvenient beat dividers

3.3. Major purposes of patrol, according to Major purposes of patrol, according to ABAABA

a.a. To deter crime by maintaining a visible To deter crime by maintaining a visible presencepresence



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b.b. To maintain public orderTo maintain public order

c.c. To enable the police department to respond To enable the police department to respond quickly to law violators or other emergenciesquickly to law violators or other emergencies

d.d. To identify and apprehend law violatorsTo identify and apprehend law violators

e.e. To aid individuals and care for those who To aid individuals and care for those who cannot help themselvescannot help themselves

f.f. To facilitate the movement of traffic and peopleTo facilitate the movement of traffic and people

g.g. To create a sense of security in the communityTo create a sense of security in the community



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4.4. ““JDLR”JDLR”a.a. ““Just doesn’t look right”Just doesn’t look right”

5.5. Nonemergency calls to 911Nonemergency calls to 911

6.6. Detroit and Los Angeles staff over 60 Detroit and Los Angeles staff over 60 percent of patrol units with two officerspercent of patrol units with two officers

7.7. Atlanta and Baltimore have no two-officer Atlanta and Baltimore have no two-officer unitsunits

8.8. Most agencies assign 77 to 95 percent of Most agencies assign 77 to 95 percent of their patrols resources to automobilestheir patrols resources to automobiles



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B.B. Patrol Work as a Function of Shift Patrol Work as a Function of Shift AssignmentAssignment

1.1. Shift assignmentsShift assignments

2.2. Day shift have the greatest contact with the Day shift have the greatest contact with the citizenscitizens

3.3. Usually, officers with the most seniority work the Usually, officers with the most seniority work the day shiftday shift

4.4. Swing shift usually makes more arrests than day Swing shift usually makes more arrests than day shiftshift

5.5. Night shift is a different worldNight shift is a different world

6.6. The shift is busy at the start and then the officer The shift is busy at the start and then the officer fights boredom at the end of the shiftfights boredom at the end of the shift



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C.C. Influences of One’s Assigned BeatInfluences of One’s Assigned Beat1.1. Three “cops’ rules” are part of the beat Three “cops’ rules” are part of the beat

cultureculturea.a. Don’t get involved in another officer’s sectorDon’t get involved in another officer’s sector

b.b. Don’t leave work for the next duty shiftDon’t leave work for the next duty shift

c.c. Hold up your end of the workHold up your end of the work



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D.D. Where Danger LurksWhere Danger Lurks1.1. During 2000, 151 police officers were During 2000, 151 police officers were

killed in the line of dutykilled in the line of duty

2.2. The annual average in the 1990s was 153The annual average in the 1990s was 153





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II.II. An Unappreciated American Icon: An Unappreciated American Icon: The Patrol VehicleThe Patrol Vehicle

A.A. A Sanctuary and a Place for Vital A Sanctuary and a Place for Vital GearGear

1.1. A mobile havenA mobile haven

2.2. An officeAn office

3.3. A rolling symbol of authorityA rolling symbol of authority

B.B. Evolution of the Patrol VehicleEvolution of the Patrol Vehicle



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C.C. Studies of the Patrol FunctionStudies of the Patrol Function1.1. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

(1973)(1973)a.a. City divided into 15 beatsCity divided into 15 beats

b.b. No preventive patrolNo preventive patrol

i.i. Police only responded to calls for servicePolice only responded to calls for service



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c.c. Increased patrol activityIncreased patrol activity

d.d. Usual level of serviceUsual level of service

e.e. No increase in crime in any of the patrol No increase in crime in any of the patrol zoneszones

f.f. No change in citizens’ fear of crime or No change in citizens’ fear of crime or their attitudes toward the policetheir attitudes toward the police

g.g. No change in the ability of the police to No change in the ability of the police to respond to callsrespond to calls

h.h. Patrol methods ere subject to questionPatrol methods ere subject to question



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2.2. Team policingTeam policinga.a. Officers were divided into small teamsOfficers were divided into small teams

b.b. Assigned permanently to small geographic Assigned permanently to small geographic areas or neighborhoodsareas or neighborhoods

c.c. Officers were to be generalistsOfficers were to be generalists

d.d. The concept was abandoned because of strain The concept was abandoned because of strain on resourceson resources

e.e. Was the beginning of the movement toward Was the beginning of the movement toward COPCOP



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3.3. Directed patrol (1975)Directed patrol (1975)a.a. Computer data of crime locations and times to Computer data of crime locations and times to

set up deterrent runsset up deterrent runs

b.b. The program did not reduce crime, but rather The program did not reduce crime, but rather displaced itdisplaced it

c.c. The program quietly diedThe program quietly died

4.4. Split-force programSplit-force programa.a. 1/2 of patrol assigned to basic patrol units1/2 of patrol assigned to basic patrol units

b.b. 1/2 were assigned to a structured unit1/2 were assigned to a structured unit

c.c. Deployed in high-crime areasDeployed in high-crime areas

d.d. Police productivity increased 20%Police productivity increased 20%

e.e. Crime decreased 18% in the first yearCrime decreased 18% in the first year



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5.5. Foot patrolFoot patrola.a. Renewed interest in late 1970sRenewed interest in late 1970s

b.b. Crime levels were not affected by foot patrolCrime levels were not affected by foot patrol

c.c. Did have significant effect on the attitudes of Did have significant effect on the attitudes of the area residentsthe area residents

d.d. Residents felt saferResidents felt safer

e.e. Officers had higher levels of job satisfactionOfficers had higher levels of job satisfaction

f.f. Officers felt safer on the job than motor officersOfficers felt safer on the job than motor officers



On PatrolOn Patrol6.6. Response timesResponse times

a.a. Kansas City (1977)Kansas City (1977)b.b. Study found that response time was unrelated to the Study found that response time was unrelated to the

probability of making an arrest or locating witnessesprobability of making an arrest or locating witnessesc.c. Dispatch nor travel time was strongly associated with Dispatch nor travel time was strongly associated with

citizen satisfactioncitizen satisfactiond.d. The time it takes to report a crime is the major factor The time it takes to report a crime is the major factor

determining whether an on-scene arrest takes place determining whether an on-scene arrest takes place and whether witnesses are locatedand whether witnesses are located

e.e. Two-person patrol cars are no more effective than Two-person patrol cars are no more effective than one-person cars in reducing crime or catching one-person cars in reducing crime or catching criminalscriminals

f.f. Injuries to police officers are not more likely to occur Injuries to police officers are not more likely to occur in one-person carsin one-person cars

g.g. Most officers on patrol do not stumble across felony Most officers on patrol do not stumble across felony crimes in progresscrimes in progress



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III.III. Discretionary Use of Police Discretionary Use of Police AuthorityAuthority

A.A. Attempts to Define DiscretionAttempts to Define Discretion1.1. If the police see something that does not If the police see something that does not

look right, they must decide whether to look right, they must decide whether to intervene in the situation and how to intervene in the situation and how to interveneintervene

2.2. In a traffic stop, police have 770 different In a traffic stop, police have 770 different combinations of action that may be takencombinations of action that may be taken



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3.3. Criminal law has two sidesCriminal law has two sidesa.a. Formality Formality

i.i. Found in the statutes and opinions of the Found in the statutes and opinions of the courtcourt

b.b. RealityReality

i.i. Found in the practices of the enforcement Found in the practices of the enforcement officersofficers

ii.ii. When formality and reality differ, reality When formality and reality differ, reality prevailsprevails



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B.B. Determinants of Disciplinary ActionsDeterminants of Disciplinary Actions1.1. Variables that enter into the officer’s decision Variables that enter into the officer’s decision

a.a. The officer’s attitudeThe officer’s attitude

b.b. The citizen’s attitude or demeanorThe citizen’s attitude or demeanor

c.c. The citizen’s social class, sex, age, and raceThe citizen’s social class, sex, age, and race

C.C. Pros, Cons, and Politics of Discretionary Pros, Cons, and Politics of Discretionary AuthorityAuthority

1.1. The inverse relationship between the officer’s rank and The inverse relationship between the officer’s rank and the amount of discretion that is availablethe amount of discretion that is available

2.2. The exercise of discretion is an essential part of police The exercise of discretion is an essential part of police workwork

3.3. There is a myth of full enforcement of the lawsThere is a myth of full enforcement of the laws

4.4. The issue of police discretion is shrouded in controversyThe issue of police discretion is shrouded in controversy



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5.5. Advantages of the use of discretionAdvantages of the use of discretiona.a. It allows the officer to treat different It allows the officer to treat different

situations in accordance with situations in accordance with humanitarian and practical goalshumanitarian and practical goals

b.b. Justice tempered with mercyJustice tempered with mercy

6.6. Disadvantages of the use of discretionDisadvantages of the use of discretiona.a. PartialityPartiality

b.b. Breeding ground for corruptionBreeding ground for corruption

c.c. Police do not know the consequences of Police do not know the consequences of their discretionary decisionstheir discretionary decisions



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7.7. Police discretion is part of the American Police discretion is part of the American political processpolitical process

8.8. State legislative commands are State legislative commands are ambiguousambiguous

9.9. Legislatures speak with three voicesLegislatures speak with three voicesa.a. They enact state statutes that seemingly They enact state statutes that seemingly

require full enforcement of the lawsrequire full enforcement of the laws

b.b. They provide only enough resources for limited They provide only enough resources for limited enforcement of themenforcement of them

c.c. They consent to such limited enforcementThey consent to such limited enforcement



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IV.IV. A Related Function: TrafficA Related Function: TrafficA.A. Policing Today’s Motorized SocietyPolicing Today’s Motorized Society

1.1. Traffic stops account for about half of the contact Traffic stops account for about half of the contact Americans have with the policeAmericans have with the police

2.2. More than half of the nearly 20 million Americans More than half of the nearly 20 million Americans stopped will be citedstopped will be cited

3.3. Traffic stops are a major source of friction Traffic stops are a major source of friction between the police and the citizensbetween the police and the citizens

4.4. Crackdowns on speeding have no impact on Crackdowns on speeding have no impact on fatality rates and have little influence on traffic fatality rates and have little influence on traffic violations or accident ratesviolations or accident rates



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B.B. Traffic Accident InvestigationTraffic Accident Investigation1.1. Formal training in the area of accident Formal training in the area of accident

investigation is essentialinvestigation is essential

2.2. The era of accountability and litigationThe era of accountability and litigation

3.3. The public demands skilled accident The public demands skilled accident investigationsinvestigations



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C.C. In Pursuit of the “Phantom Driver”In Pursuit of the “Phantom Driver”1.1. Public support for the police in their Public support for the police in their

efforts to apprehend the hit-and-run efforts to apprehend the hit-and-run driversdrivers

2.2. Physical evidence and witness statements Physical evidence and witness statements must be collectedmust be collected

3.3. The police may have to use psychology to The police may have to use psychology to get a confession from the hit-and-run get a confession from the hit-and-run driverdriver

Documents

Policing America, 5th edition. Kenneth J. Peak ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER 5 On Patrol