Police Organization and Police Organization and

AdministrationAdministration

CJ 3600CJ 3600

Professor James J. DrylieProfessor James J. Drylie

Week 1 Week 1

Class OverviewClass Overview

�� IntroductionIntroduction

�� SyllabusSyllabus

�� Expectations Expectations

�� Writing RequirementsWriting Requirements

–– Writing Lab Writing Lab

�� Grades Grades

London London –– 1829 1829

�� Sir Robert PeelSir Robert Peel

�� The The London Metropolitan Police ActLondon Metropolitan Police Act

–– September 29, 1829 September 29, 1829

–– Peel was the British Home SecretaryPeel was the British Home Secretary

–– 1828 he proposed a plan for a disciplined 1828 he proposed a plan for a disciplined

quasiquasi--military police force in Londonmilitary police force in London

�� 895 constables895 constables

�� 88 sergeants88 sergeants

�� 20 inspectors20 inspectors

�� 8 superintendents 8 superintendents

�� The force would rely on uniformed The force would rely on uniformed

officers to fill senior officer ranksofficers to fill senior officer ranks

�� The use of persons of a higher social The use of persons of a higher social

class would not occurclass would not occur

�� The first constable killed in the line of The first constable killed in the line of

duty was in 1830duty was in 1830

Source: Metropolitan Police (2008): http://www.met.police.uk/history

The Nine Principles The Nine Principles

�� Basic mission is to prevent crime and Basic mission is to prevent crime and

disorderdisorder

�� The ability to perform police duties is The ability to perform police duties is

dependent upon public approval dependent upon public approval

�� Must secure the willing cooperation of Must secure the willing cooperation of

the public in voluntary observance of the public in voluntary observance of

the lawthe law

�� Public cooperation diminishes Public cooperation diminishes

proportionate with the need to use proportionate with the need to use

forceforce

�� Police do not cater to public opinion Police do not cater to public opinion

but demonstrate an impartial service but demonstrate an impartial service

to the lawto the law

�� Physical force is used to the extent Physical force is used to the extent

necessarynecessary

�� The police are the public and the The police are the public and the

public are the police public are the police

�� Police should not usurp judicial Police should not usurp judicial

authority authority

�� Test of police efficiency is the absence Test of police efficiency is the absence

of crime and disorderof crime and disorder

Source: http://www.newwestpolice.org/peel.html

The Evolution of American The Evolution of American

Policing Policing

�� The The PoliticalPolitical eraera–– 1850 1850 –– 19001900

�� The The ReformReform eraera–– 1900 1900 –– 1920 1920

�� The The Professional Professional eraera–– 1920 1920 –– 1960s 1960s

�� The The Community Policing Community Policing eraera–– 1970s 1970s –– Present Present

�� IntelligenceIntelligence--led policing led policing

Politics and Policing Politics and Policing

�� Politics Politics –– the exercise of power.the exercise of power.

–– Politics in the pure sense is value freePolitics in the pure sense is value free

–– The application of politics determines if it is The application of politics determines if it is

““goodgood”” or or ““badbad””

–– Personal politics is present in all organizations Personal politics is present in all organizations ––

the police are not unique in this sensethe police are not unique in this sense

–– The The ““politicalpolitical”” relationship between the police relationship between the police

and partisan politics in the US has been long and and partisan politics in the US has been long and

not entirely healthy not entirely healthy

Police Police ProfessionalizationProfessionalization

�� The term The term ““professionprofession”” is derived from is derived from

the Latin the Latin propro (forth) and (forth) and faterifateri(confess)(confess)

–– This means to This means to ““announce a beliefannounce a belief””

�� There is no single definition for There is no single definition for

profession, rather a collection of profession, rather a collection of

definitions that result in an definitions that result in an

approximation approximation

�� An organized body An organized body

of theoretically of theoretically

grounded grounded

knowledge knowledge

�� Advanced studyAdvanced study

�� A code of ethicsA code of ethics

�� Prestige Prestige

�� Standards of Standards of

admission admission

�� Professional Professional

association association

�� Service ideal Service ideal

The The FatherFather of American of American

Policing Policing

�� August Vollmer August Vollmer –– Chief of police Chief of police

�� Berkeley, CA: 1905 Berkeley, CA: 1905 –– 1932 1932

�� Career paralleled the reformation movement Career paralleled the reformation movement during 1900during 1900--1926 1926

�� Advocate of technology and higher Advocate of technology and higher statndardsstatndards

�� Efficiency, honesty, and scientific knowledge Efficiency, honesty, and scientific knowledge

�� Formalized police trainingFormalized police training

�� Introduced psychological and intelligence Introduced psychological and intelligence testing testing

The Pendleton Act 0f The Pendleton Act 0f

1883 1883

�� Federal legislation that sought to Federal legislation that sought to

eliminate the problems associated with eliminate the problems associated with

the political spoils system the political spoils system

–– The birth of the The birth of the ““civil service systemcivil service system””

�� States and local governments followed States and local governments followed

by passing parallel legislation over the by passing parallel legislation over the

next 30 years. next 30 years.

Civil service or Civil service or

professionalism?professionalism?

�� VollmerVollmer’’s professional police officer s professional police officer

was:was:

–– TrainedTrained

–– EducatedEducated

�� The new civil service officerThe new civil service officer

–– Operated in a system that was grounded Operated in a system that was grounded

more in service than ability more in service than ability

The Military Model The Military Model

�� Former military officers were often Former military officers were often

recruited in the early Twentieth recruited in the early Twentieth

Century as chiefs of commissionersCentury as chiefs of commissioners

–– New Jersey State Police New Jersey State Police –– 19211921

�� Colonel Colonel SwartzkopfSwartzkopf (USA)(USA)

–– Philadelphia Philadelphia –– 1923 1923

�� General General SmedleySmedley Butler (USMC)Butler (USMC)

How it workedHow it worked

�� A bureaucratic structureA bureaucratic structure

�� An emphasis on disciplineAn emphasis on discipline

�� InspectionsInspections

�� Improved records keepingImproved records keeping

�� SupervisionSupervision

�� CloseClose--order drillorder drill

�� Improved accountability Improved accountability

The 20The 20thth Century Century

�� Prohibition Prohibition

–– The National Prohibition Act (1919)The National Prohibition Act (1919)

�� The The VolsteadVolstead ActAct

�� Considered the worse piece of federal Considered the worse piece of federal

legislation that impacted the police in many legislation that impacted the police in many

negative waysnegative ways

–– CorruptionCorruption

–– Organized criminal activitiesOrganized criminal activities

�� The Depression The Depression

�� The Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan

�� The 1930sThe 1930s

–– The National Commission on Law The National Commission on Law

Observance and Enforcement Observance and Enforcement –– The The

WickershamWickersham CommissionCommission

�� Report #14 Report #14 –– Police Police

–– Recommended provisions for civil service Recommended provisions for civil service

classifications for police and enhanced support for classifications for police and enhanced support for

education and trainingeducation and training

�� ““Take politics out of the police.Take politics out of the police.””

�� A new slogan for an ageA new slogan for an age--old problem old problem

–– An emphasis on An emphasis on law enforcementlaw enforcement�� Crime was perceived to be increasing Crime was perceived to be increasing

dramatically dramatically

–– Residency requirements became popular Residency requirements became popular

WW II and the 1950sWW II and the 1950s

�� The war stripped many departments of The war stripped many departments of

physically capable officers and left agencies physically capable officers and left agencies

understaffed for the duration of the war understaffed for the duration of the war

years.years.

�� Women were hired to fill vacancies Women were hired to fill vacancies

�� Auxiliary units were formed and staffed by Auxiliary units were formed and staffed by

older men who could not serve in the older men who could not serve in the

military or were rejected for being physically military or were rejected for being physically

unfit for dutyunfit for duty

The 1960sThe 1960s

�� Racial, social, and economic tensions Racial, social, and economic tensions

eruptederupted

–– Major US cities experienced riotsMajor US cities experienced riots

�� DetroitDetroit

�� NewarkNewark

�� Los Angeles Los Angeles

–– Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement

–– Vietnam WarVietnam War

–– Assassinations Assassinations

Police at the ForefrontPolice at the Forefront

�� The era of police professionalism The era of police professionalism

fostered a fostered a ““WeWe--theythey”” mentality mentality

–– Evident on both sidesEvident on both sides

�� Police saw elements of the public as the Police saw elements of the public as the

enemyenemy

�� Citizens viewed the police as oppressive Citizens viewed the police as oppressive

Renewed Professionalism Renewed Professionalism

�� Commission on Law Enforcement and Commission on Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Criminal Justice –– 1967 1967

–– Improved standards of admissionImproved standards of admission�� Background investigationsBackground investigations

�� Psychological screening Psychological screening

–– TrainingTraining�� Academies Academies

–– Education Education �� College degrees at entryCollege degrees at entry--levellevel

–– Although not universal Although not universal

Research on policing Research on policing ––

The Trilogy The Trilogy

�� Three major experiments that rocked Three major experiments that rocked

the foundation of policing:the foundation of policing:

–– The The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Kansas City Preventive Patrol ExperimentExperiment

–– The RAND The RAND Criminal Investigation StudyCriminal Investigation Study

–– Team Policing Team Policing

The Kansas City StudyThe Kansas City Study

�� A largeA large--scale test of one of scale test of one of policingpolicing’’ss

most cherished doctrines:most cherished doctrines:

–– Conspicuous & aggressive patrol in all Conspicuous & aggressive patrol in all

areas of the community at all times areas of the community at all times

prevents crime and reduces the public prevents crime and reduces the public

fear of crimefear of crime

How the study workedHow the study worked

�� 1212--month periodmonth period

�� Divided 15 geographic areas covering Divided 15 geographic areas covering

32 square miles into three types of 32 square miles into three types of

beatsbeats

–– Reactive Reactive –– no preventive patrolno preventive patrol

–– Proactive Proactive –– received 2received 2--3 times the 3 times the

amount of normal patrolamount of normal patrol

–– Control Control –– maintained normal operations maintained normal operations

The RAND StudyThe RAND Study

�� Attempted to determine what factors Attempted to determine what factors

contribute to the success of contribute to the success of

investigations, andinvestigations, and

�� What is it that investigators doWhat is it that investigators do

�� National surveyNational survey

–– Interviews in 25 departments Interviews in 25 departments

TEAM Policing TEAM Policing

�� A team commander A team commander

�� 2020--30 officers30 officers

�� 2424--hour responsibility for a geographic hour responsibility for a geographic

areaarea

�� The TEAM makes all decisions as to The TEAM makes all decisions as to

the delivery of police services the delivery of police services

The ResultsThe Results

�� Kansas City Experiment Kansas City Experiment

–– No significant deviations in reported No significant deviations in reported

crimes across the three types of beatscrimes across the three types of beats

–– No significant differences in security No significant differences in security

measures measures

–– No correlation between level of patrol, No correlation between level of patrol,

number of number of MVAsMVAs, fear of crime, and , fear of crime, and

attitudes toward the police attitudes toward the police

�� The RAND Study concluded that the The RAND Study concluded that the

majority of clearances of cases were majority of clearances of cases were

achieved by the achieved by the

–– Investigating officerInvestigating officer

–– Information volunteered by citizens Information volunteered by citizens

–– Routine police procedures Routine police procedures

–– Detectives were doing more paperwork Detectives were doing more paperwork

than investigations than investigations

�� TEAM Policing did not achieve success TEAM Policing did not achieve success

measured in longevity measured in longevity

–– Did leave important legacies Did leave important legacies

�� Set the stage for COPSet the stage for COP

�� Resulted in renewed appreciation for the Resulted in renewed appreciation for the

capabilities of patrol officers capabilities of patrol officers

Today and BeyondToday and Beyond

�� By the 1980s we sawBy the 1980s we saw

–– The advent of COPThe advent of COP

–– The growth of the private security The growth of the private security

industryindustry

–– Substantial advances in technologySubstantial advances in technology

–– Terrorism Terrorism