Plants With Botanical Names

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    1/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 1

    Divitee means Torch in Telugu- this small divitee

    can be used as a tool to enlighten students. In

    this blog my thoughts on nature and model

    question papers for students are provided.

    Divitee

    Tuesday, April 24, 2012

    : our leafy vegetables.Inspiration : -A book published byTelugu Academy.

    I wish to introduce some non traditional leafy vegetables to the

    present generation. These leaves were cooked by our elders to

    prevent or alleviate some health problems at least once or twice in

    the year. Let me introduce them with photographs and botanical

    names and vernacular names:1. Our traditional leafy vegetables are in common use: They

    are ; ; ; , , ; , , , , , . . , . . . .

    Non traditional leafy vegetables which have been in use by some

    people only; and they may be used by any one if found in unpolluted

    areas for the same advantages that our elders got. All most all

    these leafy vegetables contain considerable amount of Calcium, Iron

    and Phosphorous. They are

    1.Ponnaganti kura:;Botanical name: Alternantherasessilis (L.) R.Br.; Family: Amaranthaceae

    Common in moist areas along the canals and ponds.

    It is rich source of Iron, Phosphorus, Calcium , Riboflavin and

    7Share More Next Blog Create Blog Sign

    http://www.blogger.com/http://www.blogger.com/http://www.blogger.com/home#createhttp://www.blogger.com/next-blog?navBar=true&blogID=6203312609151886742
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    2/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 2

    Carotene.

    It is tasty and good for skin and eyes.

    But now cultivated ponnaganti is sold in markets which is nothing

    butAlternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.; it is an accumulator

    of heavy metals in the surrounding water, when it is eaten metal

    poisoning may cause some serious problems.

    2.Uttareni: ;Botanical name:Achyranthus aspera L.It is usefulto remove worms in the stomach. The shade dried powder is used

    to relieve phlegm. It can be cooked with tamarind and dal.

    Alternanthera sessilis ( )

    Alternanthera philoxeroides

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xWM_g7jYzyk/T5ZTNtv8RvI/AAAAAAAAAhU/c8TCHRkpjvE/s1600/alternanthera+philoxeroides.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gWhvGyuPHDk/T5ZUuLbyOjI/AAAAAAAAAhc/whNgNOsqw30/s1600/alternanthera+sessillis+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    3/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 3

    3.Pindikura: ;Botanical name:Aerva lanata L. Those whoare suffering from urinary stones used to eat it. It can be coked with

    dal.

    4.Adavigurungura: ; Botanical name: Allmanianodiflora(L.)R.Br It can be cooked with dal.

    Achyranthus aspera

    http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tkVYAj9z99U/T5ZVyLMqM4I/AAAAAAAAAhs/M_gPW-uNN0w/s1600/allamania+nodiflora+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r_hsfd07euU/T5ZVH92wmKI/AAAAAAAAAhk/yDBCCV5tuoI/s1600/A.lanata+bl.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U2P7-BFDSK4/T5ZkhJCqx9I/AAAAAAAAAjc/YisIYLuJLmQ/s1600/achyranthus+aspera+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    4/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 4

    5.Chilukamukkaaku: ; Botanical name:Amaranthusviridis L. It can be cooked with dal like thotakura, it tastes almost

    thotakura like. It relieves worms in stomach

    6. ;Botanical name:Amarantus spinosus- It containscarotene, Vit.C; improves apettite, It is tasty also.and improves

    lactation in newly delivered mothers. ;

    Allamania nodiflora;

    Amaranthus viridis ;

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CuymEdxvfIY/T5asg4BIPOI/AAAAAAAAAk0/P4H-2E9PRyk/s1600/a+spinosus+bl.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zrB4MPK5KrM/T5ZkBynQChI/AAAAAAAAAjU/Vk_05d4Lcb8/s1600/amaranthus+viridis+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    5/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 5

    7. Gurugu: ;Botanical name: Celosia argentia L. It can becooked with dal, In Telangana districts the plant is used to decorate

    Bathukamma.

    8.Chenchallaku:;Botanical name: Digera muricata (L.) Mart,It can be cooked with dal

    9. Vangaredukura: ;Botanical name: Sesuvium

    Celosia

    Digera muricata;

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pmw6EY8bVbM/T5ZWWLHirGI/AAAAAAAAAh0/-E4KPqVH0yY/s1600/digera+muricata+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cmg6UgPdzHk/T5ZqMMDrkAI/AAAAAAAAAj8/BUI6qxGi-Mw/s1600/celosia+argentia++bl.JPG
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    6/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 6

    portulacastrum (L.) During famine times the fishermen community

    used to cook these leaves and eat to satiate their hunger. Instead of

    adding salt this plant is cooked with fish or crabs or some other

    dishes by the local fishermen.

    10. Saraswathiaaku: :Botanical name: Centella asiaticaL.It is used to improve memory in children. It is cooked as

    chutney.

    11.Guntagalagaraaku::Botanical name: Ecliptaalba Hassk/Eclipta prostrata L.It is used in jaundice.It can be cooked

    like chutney with Amla when suffering from jaundice.

    Sessuvium portulacatstrum;

    Centella asiatica;

    http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3F2RX_VTAYs/S2A-2BRjpLI/AAAAAAAAAWQ/YQ88moTKdYA/s1600/P2060196.JPGhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lCIxhlcob1w/SzR4zdHjTXI/AAAAAAAAAQk/H7Ue2hkb9tA/s1600/PB090076.JPG
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    7/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 7

    12.Tellagalizeru: : Botanical name: Trianthemaportulacastrum L.There are 2 varieties, one is white another one is

    reddish; both are edible.It is useful for diabetic patients.It can be

    cooked with dal.It contains considerable amount of carotene and

    Vit.C; It contains oxalates, hence it is not advisable for those who

    are prone to kidney stones; and for pregnant women.

    Eclipta alba.

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AfeXWyhlI5k/T5ZgmbcZM0I/AAAAAAAAAi8/1CS9vye4dvU/s1600/trianthema+portulacastrum+wt+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a6wfCSqQ3-I/T5ZoUwzMDLI/AAAAAAAAAj0/VBwY8WORLTA/s1600/Eclipta.alba+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    8/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 8

    13. : Botanical name: Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb.Itcan be cooked with green gram. It is useful in indigestion, it is

    cooling.

    Laxatives: These leaves are cooked as chutnies to relieve

    constipation. Hence only small quantities should be taken to clean

    our digestive system.

    14. Thutikura: ;Botanical name: Ipomaea aquatica L.Can becooked with dal. Antidote for Arsenic poison and opium poison.

    Erythroxylum;

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kJohXgObg9c/TjT4Km6et0I/AAAAAAAAAeU/_8TgkRWIVy4/s1600/erythroxylum+.JPGhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DkuaAftfu8I/T5Zgx2SGQLI/AAAAAAAAAjE/P5tXseA2kdQ/s1600/trianthema+red+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    9/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 9

    15. Senna, Sunaamukhi: ;Botanical name: CassiaangustifoliaVahl. / Senna alexandria gar.ex. MillerThe leaves and

    pods are dried and used as powder or cooked as chutney.The dried

    plants are exported to USA and Europe. It occupies first place in the

    export of medicinal herbs from India.

    16. Nelatangedu: ;Botanical name: Cassiaitalica(Mill.)Spreng. The leaves and pods are dried and used as

    powder or cooked as chutney.

    Ipomea aquatica ;

    Cassia angustifolia

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M9RQlnJDndg/T5ZY0jjWSuI/AAAAAAAAAiE/K2My9ORf5us/s1600/C.Angustifolia+bl.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-agINTMzvMrA/T5ZYcfMBxfI/AAAAAAAAAh8/hx59YjYtPYg/s1600/ipomea+aquatica+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    10/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 10

    Cassia for dry area people, Ipomea for plains.These three can be

    used as laxatives. .17. Pulichinthaaku:;Botanical name: Oxaliscorniculatum L It is used to control diarrhea ; It can be cooked as

    chutney or salad which is tasty.Useful in anaemia and improvesdigestion.

    18. Thummikura: ;Botanical name: Leucas aspera Willd. Itis eaten to relieve respiratory problems. It can be cooked with

    Redgram and tamarind.During "Kaartheeka maasam",on

    Sivaraathri day, and on Vinaayaka chavithi eating this leafy

    vegetable is a tradition in some communities after the fast.

    Cassia italica

    Oxalis corniculatum

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iwXcs36PxDc/T5Za20v73gI/AAAAAAAAAiU/-5K9BcyYQaI/s1600/oxalis+corniculatum+bl.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v5NG6wOYVgU/T5ZZNilSGUI/AAAAAAAAAiM/QuErYUEMSk4/s1600/cassia+italica+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    11/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 11

    19. : Botanical name: Sesbania grandiflora; It is cooked purelyor with dal. It is eaten by ShriVaishnavas on Dwaadasi after Ekadasi

    fast. It dissolves urinary bladder stones, it is laxative; lactogouge.

    20.: Vaaminta:Botanical name: Cleome gynandra L. It is arich source of nutrients, but not so tasty, hence it may be cooked

    with dal. , .

    Leucas aspera;

    Sesbania;

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-61MVKcgE56s/T5bf9Hiod1I/AAAAAAAAAlU/ae_GM1j6w28/s1600/sesbania+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5893L9X4Lm8/T5Zbf_OdEyI/AAAAAAAAAic/qEoUOWZGrhA/s1600/leucas+aspera+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    12/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 12

    21. , ; : Pappukura,Gangabailikura, Payallaku: Botanical name:Portulaca oleracea L.Var oleracea Can be cooked with dal.It contains carotene,

    riboflavin,vit.C, and oxalic acid; It is useful in kidney and liver

    diseases .

    22. :Baddu : Botanical name:Portulacatuberosa L.Can be cookedwith dal

    Cleome gynandra

    Portulaca oleracia

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e9BdgCbI9AM/T5anmrV-c4I/AAAAAAAAAks/uuEFyTZsceU/s1600/portulaca+oleracea+var+oleracea+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kx4Q3N0ibSQ/T5Zciq40BsI/AAAAAAAAAik/JhLieIVUYDg/s1600/cl.gynandra+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    13/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 13

    23. ; Ceylone bachali:Botanical name: Talinumportulacifolium Forsk. These three are good for gastric ulcer

    patients. It can be cooked with dal.

    The leaves are succulent, and mucilagenous, not sour or bitter.

    24. : Brahma aamlika, Enugupaadamchettu:Botanicalname Adansonia digitata L. The leaves and pulp of the fruit are

    edible. They are cooked in Rajasthan.It is cooked through out

    Africa.

    Portulaca tuberosa;

    Talinium portulacifolium

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5gPMSAeGX8U/T5am9xJYelI/AAAAAAAAAkc/fXLfmw-O5sU/s1600/talinium+portulacifolium+bl.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gbCR5bKW4QU/T5ZqkYoxBzI/AAAAAAAAAkE/xxyt1aZjexg/s1600/portulaca+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    14/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 14

    25. :Sithnaatakura:Botanical name: Melochiacorchorifolia L.can be cooked with dal,controls loose motions.

    26. : Botanical name:Moringa oleifera Lam; leaves andfruit are used as edible.

    It contains Iron 5 times higher, 15 times higher in Calcium;Vitamin

    A60 times higher, vitamin C 2 times higher than other leafy

    vegetables.

    Adansonia

    Melochia corchorifolia;

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_wc3FOcyzFg/T5ZdsUfNFmI/AAAAAAAAAis/NjTKqGqaH8s/s1600/melochia+corchorifolia+bl.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aPcHGagDlLg/T1DXrj6rzKI/AAAAAAAAAgc/i7zUm9QkyLE/s1600/fl+adansonia+1a.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    15/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 15

    27. : Botanical name:Solanum nigrum L.; The leaf is useful inurinary and liver problems. The ripe fruits are dried and used in

    curries.

    28. :Botanical name: Merremia gangetica ; It can becooked with dal. To control anaemia, cough and asthma it is used.

    If eaten in large quantities constipation may result in.

    ;Moringa oliefera

    Solanum nigrum ;

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rLtp-C40N-w/T5ZfTLp0jkI/AAAAAAAAAi0/2iOrHYpvQFw/s1600/solanum+nigrum+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WJ41ZpxrUes/T5bgjqJdkBI/AAAAAAAAAlc/Qau1pZSqIxE/s1600/munaga+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    16/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 16

    29. ; Botanical name: Boerhavia diffusa ; ; .It is used in urinary problems.

    30. :Botanical name:Commelina benghalensisCan be cooked with dal.It is a mild laxative.

    Merremia gangetica,

    Boerhavia diffusa;

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tC5jOckg_wo/T5ZrQTjAeEI/AAAAAAAAAkM/eCn_0CVePm8/s1600/commelina+benghalensis+bl.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZGc-Js5IZP0/T5ZmqD1yAGI/AAAAAAAAAjs/kA1amUNfPrE/s1600/boerhavia+diffusa+bl.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TwLm-sE_yWE/T5ZliQ8-lqI/AAAAAAAAAjk/HMpFxf3y0yY/s1600/merremia+gangetica+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    17/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 17

    32. ; Botanical name: Canthium dicoccum ; cooked asvegetable.it is cooling. Kills worms in the stomach,

    .

    ; commelina benghalensis31. :Botanical name:Cissus quadrangularis; . .

    Cissus quadrangularis

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4mogmQpNwjI/T5ZxFNxW8DI/AAAAAAAAAkU/o1TaWhsN6lA/s1600/cissus+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    18/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 18

    33. : Botanical name: Polygonum plebium: It can becooked with dal.

    34. : Botanical name:Colacasia esculenta ; Tenderleaves cooked with dal, or with tamarind; It is useful in piles. The

    leaves controls bleeding from nose;

    Caution: There are two varieties; some varieties may cause rashes

    and allergy because of the presence of raphides in the leaves.cook

    with caution. Better pot a few tubers in your homes.

    Canthium

    Polygonum plebium

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bQE3xWEqVRk/T5bktanThGI/AAAAAAAAAlk/R_zQZSR0d8w/s1600/polygonum+plebium+bl.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hqT8cKaqe9M/T5auCVBEXkI/AAAAAAAAAlE/3L4Zli38ph0/s1600/Canthium+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    19/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 19

    35 ; : Botanical name:Corchorus aestuans ; It isuseful in stomachache due to worms. It can be cooked with dal.

    36. : Botanical name:Salicornia brachiata

    colacasia ;

    Salicornia

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--WNdVMSAr6c/T5d3qZPrOLI/AAAAAAAAAl8/tiWoJA4Z94M/s1600/salicornia+brachiata+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CSEaNTX5gEk/T5dt9v9rdzI/AAAAAAAAAls/Nat6QVklhBY/s1600/Colocasia+bl.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3-I7LOrG3Bg/T5dvXjMwilI/AAAAAAAAAl0/CYk7P55L4cY/s1600/corchorus+aestuance+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    20/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 20

    37. ; :Botanical name: Suaeda maritima

    Salicornia and suaeda are available near salty marshes in the sea

    coast, they accumulate salt; they are cooked with fish and crabs

    with out adding additional salt.They are cooling.

    38. / : Botanical name: Coleus ambonicus

    It can be used in variety dishes, such as salads etc., It relieves

    stomach ache, cough and cold.

    39. ;Botanical name: Cardiospermum helicacabum. Itcontains minerals and proteins .It is diuretic, It may be cooked with

    dal.

    Suaeda;

    Coleus,

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3lYRnZvPcTg/T5d7KVKeOjI/AAAAAAAAAmM/Yk8VKoooUzg/s1600/coleus+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rAzpjKloWEA/T5d4dRaozUI/AAAAAAAAAmE/OppgEqr-RsM/s1600/suda+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    21/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 21

    40. : Botanical name: Cyanodon dactylon; Controls bleeding,and useful in skin diseases.Tender leaves can be cooked.

    41. : Botanical name: Sauropus androgynus L.It is a rich source of vitamins. It can be cooked with dal or used in

    salads or with tamarind. But consumption in high quantities may

    be avoided.

    Cardiospermum

    Cyanodon.

    http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DXn3ddBywJw/T5d-IyV_-TI/AAAAAAAAAmc/XVZDxyNMO-8/s1600/cynodon+bl.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-171TPFS6MEA/T5d9erg52tI/AAAAAAAAAmU/m7fxmpskot8/s1600/cardiospermum+bl.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1_HeFmBAkeI/T5eCPOdHatI/AAAAAAAAAmo/yGw_OlsFJ4k/s1600/saururopus+androgynous+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    22/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 22

    42. :Botanical name: Hygrophyla asiaticaSchum(Hamilt);Tender leaves can be cooked; It is diuretic and

    useful in urinary diseases and digestive problems.

    43. :Botanical name:Marselia quadrifolia; It can becooked with dal or as chutney.

    44. :Botanical name:Stachytarpheta jamaisensVahl .Can be cooked with dal

    45. :Botanical name:Xanthium indicum Koen,; Tender leaves can

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EocDTC3e0t8/T5fYj-GKd3I/AAAAAAAAAnM/GNHG4cd_SQQ/s1600/stachytarpheta+bl.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EKWjFY-Cqdg/T5eCiJoE80I/AAAAAAAAAmw/FUoAXsN-h04/s1600/marselia+bl.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lxuOsQWtqLU/T5eCwsg9KGI/AAAAAAAAAm4/VB7RnHvqVJQ/s1600/hygrophyla+bl.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    23/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 23

    Posted by Lalithamba at 12:16 AM 3 comments:

    be cooked, It is diuretic and sedative,It is useful in urinary tract problems.

    . . , , . .oxalates . . . . . . . . Besides these leaves; Tender leaves of mustard, amarphophallus

    are widely used in other states; even the phylloclades of somecactus are also eaten. All these require the proper method of

    cooking.

    Sunday, Febr uary 26, 2012

    Pollination an amazing mechanism

    Pollination is transfer of pollen from an anther onto a stigma.

    Pollination can never occur in isolation. It takes place in an intricate habitat of rather amazing

    complex ity. Pollination is still amazing to naturalists and biologists.

    There is an incredible variety of flowers ; they differ in size, shape, color, smell and some in their

    function. Such variations are the basis of diversity.

    Such diversity also reflects itself in the large number of pollination mechanisms.

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NMIKpS71X08/T5eDRX_IwoI/AAAAAAAAAnA/HeH-GScbqUs/s1600/xanthium+bl.jpghttp://nelloredivitee.blogspot.in/2012/04/our-traditional-vegetables-i-wish-to.html#comment-formhttp://nelloredivitee.blogspot.in/2012/04/our-traditional-vegetables-i-wish-to.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05559688683225962305
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    24/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 24

    T y pes of pollination

    Directpollination: Pollen falls on the ovules directlyas in Gymnosper ms.

    Indirect pollination: Pollen from the stamens falls on to the stigma through an agent.

    Cleistogamy:Pollination takes place in unopened flowers.

    Chasmogamy: Pollination takes place in opened flower.

    Au togam y or self pollination: Stigma & stamen of same flower inv olv ed.

    Al logam y or cross pollination : Stigma & stamen ofdifferent flowers inv olv ed.

    Geitonogamy: Flowers of the same plant involv ed in c ross pollination.

    Xenogamy: Flowers of different plant involved. It is true cross pollination.

    Self pollination:

    Self pollination and fertilization is generally a strategy used by plants with short life span and easily

    affected by environmental change. Selfing is to minimize the risk of dependence on external

    pollinators. Pollination may occur in absolute purity of surroundings within one flower. It is self

    pollination.When pollinators are not available selfing occurs; because plants and Nature leave

    nothing to c hance.

    Viola produces chasmogamous flowers in normal conditions, but when the environmental

    conditions are adverse (in snow fall)the plant is unable to produc e large normal flowers.

    The flowers never opens. Self pollination takes place in these cleistogamous flowers.It is an

    adaptation to seed set ev en in harsh c limatic c onditions. In Commelina bengalensis and in Arachis

    hypogea some flowers are produced beneath the soil surface.They are cleistogamous. Selfing is the

    only way for seed set in these flowers.

    The members of Asteraceae adopt another strategy, when crossing fails in protandrous flowers the

    two stigmatic lobes bend backward and receiv es what ever pollen remain attached to the staminal

    tube( the anthers are sy ngenecio us in these members). It is known as safety mechanism.

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Aj12tF2f9pc/T0oDZimY39I/AAAAAAAAAfU/W2GN_4ThNzQ/s1600/Saftey+mechanism+in+Tridax.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    25/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 25

    But Selfing is disliked by Nature bec ause selfing leads to inferior quality of progeny.

    Pollination is a flexible phenomenon which c an occ ur in diverse range of physical co nditions

    Altho ugh self pollinated, Fabaceae flowers require a visit of an insect. Insect tripping

    mechanically forc ing pollen on to the stigma.It is known as Piston mechanism.Th e large petal on

    the posterior side is known as standard or flag or vexillum -it attracts the insects, the two laterals

    provide seating place to the insect, the anterior two encloses the essential organs. A visit of the

    insect trips the essential organs for pollination. Crossing also occ urs through this mechanism.

    Cross-pollination: Pollen from one flower has to reach the stigma of another

    flower.Plants are fixed to the soil and cannot move from place to place, flowers have to

    develop mechanisms that will draw insects and birds to them for a successful

    reproduction. Cross pollination is a must in Uni sexual plants such as Papaya,

    Borassus(Toddy palm). It is known as dicliny. Maize and Cucurbitaceae members

    produce unisexual flowers(male and female flowers are produced on different branches.Geitnogamy and true cross pollination occurs in these plants. Although a large number

    of species have bisexual flowers, yet they opt for cross pollination, because Cross

    Pollination is favoured by Nature. It is a mechanism of production of varieties even

    species.Cross breeding results in heterogenous character of in offspring.A mixture of

    characters make these offspring more fit than selfed.Immunity of the race towards

    diseases and yield of plant is usually maintained.Struggle for existence and survival is

    due to introduction of variations.Crossing is not easy unless it achieves high degree of

    adaptation. Here begins the wondrous stories of synchrony and harmonization in

    Safety mechanism in Tridax

    Flower of Fabaceae with papilionaceous co rolla.

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lEp8CqZcDKk/T0nN7qH1yiI/AAAAAAAAAfM/-88x7TeC_QI/s1600/fl+of+fabaceae.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    26/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 26

    Nature between the flower and the pollinator.

    Pollinators can be classified into abiotic and biotic agents. Air/wind, water, and rain are

    abiotic agents. Insects, birds, reptiles and mammals are living(biotic) agents.

    Nearly2000 more types of pollinators participate in this amazing activity.One species

    may be pollinated by more than one pollinator depending on the conditions . They are

    known as non specific mechanisms.In nature many species follow nonspecific methods.

    Pollination involves high level bio-energy transfer, co-ordination, chemistry of floral

    rewards.

    Agency involved for cross-pollination:

    Anemophily --Air; Hydrophily ---Water;Zoophily--- Animals.

    In nature most of the flowers are bisexual, yet they dislike selfing, and develop some

    structural and functional strategies or mechanisms to avoid selfing or for

    promoting cross pollination.

    Structural strategies:1. In the members of Malvaceae stigmas are superior in positionthan stamens, thus avoid falling of pollen from the same flower. It is known as

    herkogamy; and functionally they are protandrous.

    The members of Solanaceae are protogynous, and herkogamy is also seen. Gloriosa

    superba also ehibits herkogamy.

    Herkogamy in Hibiscus

    http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wJhGAhxC2Ho/T0zdE14kalI/AAAAAAAAAfk/KHVEXfb0_qY/s1600/Hibiscus.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    27/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 27

    InAbutilon if the pollen from the same flower falls onto the stigma, it will not germinate,

    some times the flower may wilt. It is known as pollen prepotency.

    In order to avoid selfing the essential organs mature at different times.It is dichogamy.

    If the anthers mature prior to gynoecium it is protoandry. If gynoecium matures first itis protogyny. It is a functional strategy.

    A flower may be pollinated by wind or insects depending on the prevailing

    conditions.The mechanism is Nonspecific.

    The bees are potent pollinators in nature.The bee expends fair amount of energy in

    bringing out pollen from distant sources. In return the flower rewards the bee with high

    energetic nectar rich in amino acids and sugars. The collected nectar is stored in the

    beehives. Production of honey is an indication of pollination and yield of the crop. Bees

    visit a variety of flowers.

    Flower of Solanum

    Abutilon flower.

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bSwRuYpQ4Fw/T0zfZ6A_DAI/AAAAAAAAAf8/Hz8v1k5B4bk/s1600/abitulon+hirtum.JPGhttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Iti5dxUtN3s/T0zeLPx0CjI/AAAAAAAAAfs/lRioRlAjS_g/s1600/Solanum+flower..jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    28/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 28

    Butterflies are another group of potent beautiful pollinators. The members of

    Asteraceae are commonly pollinated by Butterflies.

    A large number of insects have pollen sacs on the bodies.Pollen also serves as a nutrient

    for the insects.

    Flies tend to be important pollinators in high-altitude and high-latitude systems, where

    they are numerous and other insect groups may be lacking.

    Night opened flowers are white and produce scent or nectar to attract insects and helps

    the insect to locate the flower. They are pollinated by moths and other night visiting

    insects.

    Bee collecting nectar and pollen from a flower.

    A Danus butterfly on Tridax.

    http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QTbRxNpAdO8/TUAmNyhjqvI/AAAAAAAAAbc/EmGKzMeBJvE/s1600/Plain+tiger.JPGhttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LoW8eR4ilao/TUBF2ozuZoI/AAAAAAAAAcI/Ts9BVMfeKDU/s1600/IMG_0192.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    29/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 29

    Beetle pollination is primitive and flowers have strong scent and colour. The flowers are

    yellow or orange in colour. I f they open during night they are white.Dalechampia indica

    an Euphorbiaceae member offer resin to the beetles as an unusual reward for pollinating

    the flowers. The styles connate into a thick column treminating in to a 3 lobed stigma to

    facilitate the pollination.

    Jasmine a night opened flower.

    Beetle on aMomardica flower.

    Pollination by beetles in Cissus

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IVAVOSx4t4Q/TUAnRGJ5Z6I/AAAAAAAAAb8/9tBy9HicGhw/s1600/P1013584.JPGhttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kwAEmydjWTE/TUFlcX3jVBI/AAAAAAAAAcg/NvfqA9ufbD0/s1600/beetle+on+bittergourd+flower.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IGAYBqdMzzw/TVZW83axDuI/AAAAAAAAAc0/hxZWLa6-Isc/s1600/Jasmine+sambac.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    30/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 30

    Carpentor bees pollinate the Cactus flower.

    Myophilous plants do not tend to have a strong scent, and flowers tend to be purple,

    violet, blue, and white,and the shape may be as open dishes, or tubes.They are

    pollinated by beetles.

    Sapromyophile insects, on the other hand, normally visit dead animals or dung.

    They are attracted to flowers that mimic these odoriferous items! They obtain no

    reward and would quickly leave, but the plant may have traps to slow them down. In

    this struggle pollination occurs. These plants have a strong, unpleasant odor, and the

    flowers are brown or orange in color.Eg.Aristolochia.

    Besides honey bees and butterflies; ants, dragonflies, and several other insects also

    helps in pollination. In the members of Asclepiadaceae Eg. Calotropis the pollination

    mechanism is translator mechanism. The anthers in this group are reduced to pollinium.

    The entire pollen of the anther lobe is packed into a pollinium. Two adjacent pollinia are

    attached to a sticky caudicle by retinacula -the stalks. Wen an insect visits the

    gynostegium part of the flower the pollinium pair (Translator) gets attached to the legs

    or the sucking mouth parts of the insect. When this insect visits another flower the

    pollinia falls on the stigma and pollination takes place.

    Aristolochia flower

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vcobB3Ig20M/T0zVbeuTXPI/AAAAAAAAAfc/K1lYQL5rGvg/s1600/aristolochia+brateolata+.JPG
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    31/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 31

    InAmarphophallus-the yam, inflorescence is a spadix. It provides breeding ground for

    the insects. The spathe is large and the spadix is included. When the insects enter the

    inflorescence they stay in for one to two days. In the night the insects stay in and they

    moves all along the inflorescence and mate with each other and then moves to come out

    of the spadix. In this process pollination takes place. It is known as pit fall mechanism.

    The flowers in the inflorescence are uni sexual.

    Pollination in Orchids is by sexual deceptive m ethods.

    sexual deception/ pseudoco pulation

    Orchids produce sexual pheromones of a wasp that serves as its pollinator, besides

    adapting structural changes.Orchids do not produce nectar or much pollen.They offer

    no rewards.

    Ophrys flowers mimic virgin females of their pollinators, and male insects are lured to

    the orchid by volatile chemicals and visual cues. At close range, chemical signals from

    the flowers elicit sexual behavior in males. In this movements the pollen gets attached

    to the insect body, thus pollinates.

    Some plants require specific pollinators:The obligate pollination

    mutualism between figs and the pollinator(Blastophaga quadraticeps).

    Fig wasps is widely known as one of the most elaborate one-to-one mutualisms found in

    nature. Yucca- moth(Tegeticula yuccasella)mutualism is also an example of this

    kind.By the time the plant begin to flower, the moth emerges from the cacoon. Male and

    female moths copulate.The pregnant moth enters the flower and pollinates. The process

    is interesting.Yucca produces pollinia instead of loose pollen grains. The female moth

    collects the pollinia and forms them into golden masses with its maxillary palpi. She

    carries the pollinia to another flower. The male lack this palpi.

    At this time the insect is re ady for egg lay ing. She deposits a s ingle egg in the ov ary with the dev ice

    ovipostor. After the egg deposition the moth uncurls the palpi and presse the pollinia in to the

    stigma and insures pollination and food for the larv a.

    Pollination by ants in Calotropis

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u1pcOUVM8ek/T099lb3KjrI/AAAAAAAAAgM/cfoSCK5Isfo/s1600/ant+pollination+in+calotropis.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    32/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 32

    The egg develops into a larva in the ovary and feed on the seeds. Only a few seeds are

    eaten. Since the larva develops into a moth that pollinates the yucca plant, the

    relationship is clearly beneficial to both partners. The risk is if the specified pollinator is

    not available there is no seed set.

    The insect pollinated flowers are with attractive colors, and shapes, produce nectar, and

    offer pollen, or scented. The pollen may be spiny, so that it can adhere to the insect

    body.

    Many plants pollinated by birds produce red, orange, and bright pink, colored flowers to

    reduce nectar robbing. The flowers are relatively large and thick.The nectar is rich in

    sucrose, where as insect pollinated flowers have glucose or fructose in the nectar.

    A parrot pollinatingButea monosperma flower.

    Kigelia africana pollinated by house crow

    http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-so0OuxfAhK4/T1DUV-Ij46I/AAAAAAAAAgU/qRYPz94OOuE/s1600/kigelia+pinnata+bird+pollination.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5YRTFgAdO1g/T0nJAqXv2aI/AAAAAAAAAe8/KeZm6OQovMA/s1600/Symbiosis+120.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    33/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 33

    Pollination by Snails in slugs is known as melacophily, Eg.Ariods.

    Pollination by bats is known as Chiropterophily. They are characterized by large size,

    night opened flowers with strong scent. Eg.Adansonia digitata, Anthocephalous.

    Therophily: Pollination by squirrels.

    Adansonia -bat pollinated flower.

    Pollination by squirrels.

    http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wHXe8Xgn9yk/TUBG0G8ohkI/AAAAAAAAAcM/uvrubvKnuUc/s1600/IMG_0199.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aPcHGagDlLg/T1DXrj6rzKI/AAAAAAAAAgc/i7zUm9QkyLE/s1600/fl+adansonia+1a.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    34/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 34

    Besides these animals and insects several other insects and animals pollinate many

    plants either by chance or by specifications.

    Commelina benghalensis the day flower-a worst weed, is andromonoecious; the plant

    also produces clestogamous flowers under the soil surface; it exhibits autogamy,

    cleistogamy, geitno-allelogamy, hence it uses all types of sexual systems of reproduction,

    and flexibility to fix variation. Thus it has become the worst weed found in arable lands.

    Abiotic pollination:

    Abiotic pollination, the entire process of pollination occurs without the help of organisms;

    the agents are wind, water

    These pollinators physically carry or transfer the pollen from the anther to the carpel or

    pistil to bring about pollination in plants.

    Anemophily -pollination by wind; the wind pollinated flowers exhibit certain

    modifications in the floral structure;and their functions. The plants flower in dry seasonie. during leaf fall in tropical areas, and the flowers are produced in clusters or in

    drooping inflorescence like catkin. This facilitates easy spread of pollen. The flowers may

    be naked or the non essential organs may be reduced to scales. The stamens are much

    exerted, many, the anthers are versatile, the pollen is produced abundantly, which is

    dry and light, or some times with wings. The stigmas are elongated and feathery as in

    grasses or sticky. If the plant produces both male and female flowers the male flowers

    are on the apical part of the plant, and the female in the lower part, this is because to

    capture the falling pollen by the stigmas. The wind pollinated flowers can be pollinated

    Commelina benghalensis

    http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p7GcyiUYz6c/T37k2lniUdI/AAAAAAAAAhI/1P-GpfAZydw/s1600/commelina+bengalensis+male+P.jpg
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    35/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 35

    by insects also. Nature is not very rigid.

    Spike of a grass with exerted stamens and feather like stigmas.

    Wind pollinated tree with drooping flowers

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YGfbvOt2ORg/TUBKrKUCstI/AAAAAAAAAcQ/Mn8EZioJiRw/s1600/4.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5_mnkiTnHsU/T129iUJZ94I/AAAAAAAAAgs/41rza7rf5kc/s1600/cassia+fistula.JPGhttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ynWbr92wJ4M/T127RIpB6uI/AAAAAAAAAgk/AkxgjfpRFDQ/s1600/grass+infl.JPG
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    36/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 36

    Hydrophily-pollination by water. All aquatic plants do not pollinate by water; they may

    be pollinated by wind or insects or animals. Vallisnaria is a fresh water submerged

    plant, where both male and female plants are separate. The male releases spongy maleflowers (not pollen)on to the water surface and the long pedicellate female flowers grows

    up to the water surface and comes into contact with the floating male flowers and after

    the contact the female goes down below the water surface with the attached male

    flowers by spirally coiling the pedicel and then the males releases the pollen on the

    stigma which facilitates fertilization of the flower. It is described as epihydrophily. The

    members of Hydrocharitaceae almost pollinate by hydrophily only.

    In sea grass like Zostera the pollen grains are filiform and the density of pollen grains is

    equal to the density of water.

    Plants have pains takingly evolved pollination mechanisms to keep the gene pool of each

    species undiluted disallowing any foreign pollen to germinate on a stigma.

    Monoculture reduces the yield due to non availability pollinators in sufficient numbers.

    Spraying of insecticides affects insect pollinators, thus a decline in the crop yield.

    Due to industrialization urbanization and deforestation there is a habitat loss.During

    non flowering seasons of the crop the insects thrive on weeds, forest trees. If the forest

    and other plants are removed from the vicinity the insects die due to nonavailability of

    food and shelter. It is practically proven in many areas. When there are variety of plants

    the honey bees produce honey in large amounts. It may be taken as an indication of rich

    phytodiversity.

    Wide hybridization ( pollinating with distant relative) contaminates gene pool.

    Specialized mechanisms of pollination contribute to the delicate nature of rainforests.

    (Balance of ecosystem)

    Male flowers of Vallisnaria on the water surface

    Vallisnaria -epihydrophily.

    http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7Xds9-D5ylM/T12-nMAdL0I/AAAAAAAAAg8/gSs8JorhIo0/s1600/vallisnaria+.JPG
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    37/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    nelloredivitee.blogspot.in 37

    Home

    Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)

    Posted by Lalithamba at 1:23 AM No comments:

    The fragmentation of such forest disrupts the finely tuned mechanism.

    Disruption of micro-environment to which the pollinator is adapted leads to the decay of

    highly evolved communities.

    Conclusion: Conservation of pollination mutualisms, provides an important means to

    conserve ecosystems and biodiversity. If the insects were given a chance to speak they

    would say "all organisms are created to live together! who gave you the power to kill

    every one for your short term benifits or comforts? You are also one of the creatures

    created to live in the universe. But with your disobedience to Nature, and wicked

    thoughts you have been creating lots of problems to other organisms including you." Is

    there any one- who dislikes honey? Who hates the sight of a beautiful butterfly on a

    flower in a pleasant morning?Who dislikes a fruit? Live! let others live; together

    makes life happy."

    My Blog List

    Flora Andhrika-Plant Wealth of Andhra Pradesh, India

    Medicinal plants of Nellore district and poisonousplants around us

    Uploads from lalithamba

    Lalithamba

    Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

    I am a lecturer rtd. in Botany in

    D.K.Government College,Nellore.Andhra Pradesh,

    India.Received S.C.Dixit prize for

    the year 2011 by Indian Botanical

    Society. Flora Andhrika blog is

    coauthored by DCSRaju FLS.

    Without his support and

    involvement it may not have been

    taken shape so early.The

    introductory part is designed and

    About Me

    Total Pageview s

    3978

    http://www.blogger.com/profile/05559688683225962305http://www.flickr.com/photos/45835639@N04/http://lalithambanlr.blogspot.com/http://floraandhrika.blogspot.com/http://nelloredivitee.blogspot.in/2012/02/pollination-amazing-mechanism.html#comment-formhttp://nelloredivitee.blogspot.in/2012/02/pollination-amazing-mechanism.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05559688683225962305http://nelloredivitee.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/defaulthttp://nelloredivitee.blogspot.in/
  • 7/27/2019 Plants With Botanical Names

    38/38

    7/13/13 Divitee

    written by DCS Raju only.

    View my complete profile

    Simple template. Template images by GelatoPlus. Powered by Blogger.

    http://www.blogger.com/http://www.istockphoto.com/googleimages.php?id=6272805&platform=blogger&langregion=enhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05559688683225962305