Planer Machines

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PLANER

MACHINES


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WHAT IS A PLANER ?

A planer is a type of metalworking machinetool that is some what similar to a shaper, but larger,and with the entire workpiece moving beneath the

cutter, instead of the cutter moving above a stationaryworkpiece.

The work table is moved back and forth on the bedbeneath the cutting head either by mechanical means,

such as a rack and pinion gear, or by a hydrauliccylinder.

Planers and shapers were used generally for twotypes of work: generating accurate flat surfaces and

cutting slots.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool


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CLASSIFICATION OF PLANER

Planers are generalley divided into 5 types:

Double Housing Planer Open Side Planer

Edge Type Planer

Divide Table Planer Pit Type Planer


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DOUBLE HOUSING PLANER

It is the most common typeof planer. It consists of mainly amassive bed on which theworktable reciprocates, and twovertical columns or housing, oneon each side of the bed. Each

column carries a tool head thatcan be slide up and down on thecolumn.

A cross rail fitted betweenthe two columns may carry one ortwo tool heads that can slide

horizontally on the cross rail.All the tool heads can be clampedin position, and can be usedcollectively or individuallydepending on the requirements.


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OPEN SIDE PLANER

Open side planerconsists of only one verticalcolumn or housing on whichthe cross rail is mounted.

The column and thecross rail carry single anddouble tool headsrespectively.

This type of machinepermits machining of widework pieces.


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EDGE TYPE PLANER

This type of machine isused for machining theedges of heavy workpieces.

The work piece isclamped on the bed andthe side mounted carriagesupporting the cuttingtool is reciprocated along

the edge of the workpiece. Cutting can takeplace during bothdirections of carriagetravel.


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DIVIDE TYPE PLANER

It is also called tandem planer and consists of twoworktables, which may be reciprocated together orseparately.

The machine for continuous mass productionapplications.

In such cases, divided table planer can be used, wherein, one worktable can be used for setting up a new

workpiece, while the second worktable carryingworkpiece is being machined.

The two tables can be joined together to hold largeworkpieces.


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PIT TYPE PLANER

A pit type planer differs fromother planer in the sense that, thetable and the work piece resting on itremain stationary and the toolreciprocates across the work surface.

This type of machine is preferred

for very large work, where the weightof the work piece and the toolrequired table would makereciprocating movement difficult. Thejob is either mounted on a stationarytable, or on the floor inside a pit, andhence the name pit type planer.

One or two tool heads can bemounted on the cross rail and twoside tool posts the housings, ifrequired. The entire unit travels alongthe horizontal ways and fro and, thusthe tool moves past the work surfaceduring operation.


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BED

The bed of a planer islarge in size and heavy inweight

It supports the columnand all other moving parts

of the machine

It is made slightly longerthan twice the length of

the table so that the fulllength of the table may bemoved on it


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TABLE

The table supports the workand reciprocates along theways of the bed

Table is made from goodquality cast iron

The top face of the table isaccurately finished in order tolocate the work correctly

T-slots are provided on the

entire length of the table sothat the work and workholding devices may be boltedupon it


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COLUMN

These are rigid box-likevertical structures placed oneach side of the bed and arefastened to the sides of the

bed They are heavily ribbed to

trace up severe forces due tocutting

The cross rail may be made

to slide up and down foraccommodating differentheights of work


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CROSSRAIL

It is a rigid box-like castingconnecting the two columns

It may be raised or loweredon the face of the housing andcan be clamped at a desired

position by manual orelectrical clamping devices

It should remain absolutelyparallel to the top surface ofthe table

It is necessary to generate aflat horizontal surface on awork piece because the toolfollows the part on the crossrail during cross feed


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TOOLHEAD

Tool heads are mounted onthe cross rail by a saddle

The saddle may be made tomove transversely on the crossrail to give cross feed

The swivel base is pivotedon the saddle and is graduatedon each side to 60 degrees

The clapper block is hinged

at hinge pins to the clapperblock and it holds the toolpost in which the tool isclamped by straps


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TOOL AND APPLICATIONS


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PLANER OPERATIONSWHAT ALL CAN BE DONE?


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INTRODUCTION

Operations performed in a planer are similarto that of a shaper. The only difference is that aplaner is specially designed for planning large

work, whereas a shaper can machine only smallwork. The common types of work machined ina planer are: the bases and tables of all kinds ofmachine tools, large structures, frames of

different engines and identical pieces of workwhich may be small in size but large innumber.


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Planning flat horizontal surfaces.

Planning vertical surfaces.

Planning at an angle and machining dovetails.

Planning curved surfaces.

Planning slots and grooves.


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PLANNING HORIZONTAL SURFACES:-

While machining horizontal surface, the work is

given a reciprocating movement along with the table

and the tool is fed crosswise to complete the cut. Both

the railheads may be used for simultaneous removal of

the metal from two cutting edges.


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PLANNING VERTICAL SURFACE:-

The vertical surface of a work is planed by

adjusting the saddle horizontally along the cross rail

until the tool is in a position to give the requireddepth of cut. The vertical slide is adjusted

perpendicular to the planer table and the apron is

swiveled in a direction so that the tool will swing clear

out of the machined surface during the return stroke.


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PLANNING ANGULAR SURFACE:-

For dovetail work , cutting v grooves etc. the

tool head is swiveled to the required angle and the

apron is then further swiveled away from the work to

give relief to the tool cutting edges during the return

stroke.


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PLANNING CURVED SURFACE:-

This illustrates simple method of planning aconcave surface with the aid of a special fixtureconsisting of a radius arm 3 and a bracket 2. the

bracket is connected to the cross member attached tothe two housings. One end of the radius arm 3 ispivoted on the bracket and the other end to thevertical slide 4 of the tool head. The down feed screw

of the tool head is removed.


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PLANNING SLOTS OR GROOVES:-

Slots or grooves are cut by using slotting tools. The

operations is similar to that of a shaper.


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PLANNER TOOLS


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The cutting tools used on planers are all single

point cutting tools.

They are in general similar in shapes and tool

angles to those used on a lathe and shaping

machine.

As a planer tool has to take up heavy cut and

coarse feed during a long cutting stroke , the tools

are made heavier and larger in cross section.


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Planner tools may be solid , forged type or bit type. Bits are made of high speed steel, stellite or

cemented carbide and they may be brazed , welded

or clamped on a mild steel shank.

Cemented carbide tipped tools are used for

production work.

A planer tool may also be classified as right hand or

left hand and roughing or finishing .


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Cutting speed.

Feed.

Depth of cut.


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CUTTING SPEED:

The cutting speed of a planner is the rate at

the metal is removed during the forward cutting

stroke.


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FEED:-

The feed in planning machine is the distance the

tool head travels at the beginning of each cutting

stroke expressed in mm per double stroke.


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DEPTH OF CUT:

It is the thickness of metal removed in one cut and

is measured by the perpendicular distance between

the machined and no machined surface expressed in

mm.


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MACHINING TIME:

The cutting speed , feed , length of cutting stroke ,

breadth of the job and number of double strokes per

minute for a planer operation are known , the

machining time required for one complete cut may

be calculated .


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SHAPER VERSUS PLANER

Shaper and planer are both reciprocating machine

tools and both of them are primarily intended to

produce flat surface , but they differ very much in

construction , operation and use.


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SAFTEY ON THE PLANNER.

Protect the machine from burrs and irregularities

of the work pieces . Leveling of machine tables should

of the maintained properly.

Use of crane in fixing the work piece should be

done carefully. The operator must attach a clamps anda sling before the part is picked up by the crane.


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For the surfacing work the tool head is set vertically .

Appropriate tests should be carried out for the same.

The depth of the cu and the feed rate are always

dependent on materials of tool and work piece . It

should not be set at a high value just because the

planner is a powerful machine tool.

Safety clutch must be provide for feed and power

rapid traverse , to prevent breakage in the event the

table should run against an obstruction.

Documents

Planer Machines