PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIIN PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS ALONE By Anastasia Diyan Pramitasari Student Number: 061214014 Approved by Advisor Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto

A STUDY OF IGOR’S MANIC-DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AS DEPICTED

IN PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS ALONE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By

Anastasia Diyan Pramitasari

Student Number: 061214014

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2011

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i



A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By



ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2011


ii

A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on



By



Approved by

Advisor

Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y., M.Hum. October 14th, 2011


iii


iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work

or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the

references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, October 13th, 2011

The Writer

Anastasia Diyan Pramitasari 061214014


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LEMBAR PERYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Anastasia Diyan Pramitasari Nomor Mahasiswa : 061214014

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: A STUDY OF IGOR’S MANIC-DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AS DEPICTED


Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas. Dan memplubikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta,

Pada tanggal: 13 Oktober 2011

Yang menyatakan,

(Anastasia Diyan Pramitasari)


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Made a wish, I can dream I can be what I want to be Not afraid to live my life And fulfil my fantasies

Reaching out, for the highs You inspired me to try I felt the magic inside And I felt that I could fly I'm looking at the world in an optimistic light You made me appreciate my life 'Cos when you came you were my

Sunshine - Gabrielle

This thesis is gratefully dedicated to: My Savior, Jesus Christ

My beloved parents and my younger sister

Mas Paulus

and all people whom I love


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ABSTRACT

Pramitasari, Anastasia Diyan. 2011. A Study of Igor’s Manic Depressive Disorder as Depicted in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

There are many symptoms performed by a sufferer of abnormal behavior. Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone depicts one major character who suffers one type of abnormal behavior. This study discusses abnormal behavior, particularly manic depressive disorder, experienced by Igor as the major character in the novel. The story begins when Igor loses his lovely wife because she leaves him for a Middle Eastern fashion designer. His obsession is winning her love back. The ways he uses to achieve his obsession seem peculiar and not normal. His peculiar and abnormal behaviors can also be seen through his thinking, mannerism, direct comment, reactions, conversations with others, speech, personal description, and character as seen by another.

There are two problems formulated. The first one concerns the description of Igor’s personal description. Then, the second one concerns the symptoms and types he undergoes showing that he suffers manic depressive disorder. This study is conducted by applying library research. There are two sources used to obtain the data. The first one is primary source, which is Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. The secondary sources are obtained from library books which consist of psychological and literary books. The literary books are used to answer the first problem, which deals with the character and characterization of Igor. Abnormal behavior, manic depressive, and motivation theories are employed to answer the second problem related to abnormal behavior experienced by Igor. Some articles from the internet are also used as additional information to support the related issues.

The results of the analysis show that Igor is revealed as a hard-working, rich, good looking, religious, and obsessive person. Furthermore, he suffers from the mildest types of manic depressive, which are called hypomania and simple depression. The symptoms of those types he shows are his inconsistency, feeling great, having unlimited confidence, thinking fast, a particularly amusing and entertaining person, feeling tireless, having many continual activities, having many worthy enthusiasm, having great plans, getting easily irritated, rationalizing easily his plans and mistakes, spending money recklessly, experiencing a slow down thinking process, requiring more energy, choosing to be alone, and realizing that he needs treatments.

Finally, this study presents suggestions for future researchers of the same novel to analyze obsessive love suffered by Igor and the motivation of some characters to achieve more fame and luxury. The other suggestion is for the implementation of teaching Paragraph Writing.

Keywords: the winner, abnormal behavior, manic depressive disorder


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ABSTRAK

Pramitasari, Anastasia Diyan. 2011. A Study of Igor’s Manic Depressive Disorder as Depicted in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Banyak tanda-tanda yang dapat ditunjukkan oleh penderita perilaku abnormal. Sebuah novel The Winner Stands Alone karangan Paulo Coelho menceritakan seorang tokoh utama yang mengalami salah satu macam dari perilaku abnormal. Skripsi ini membahas seorang tokoh utama yang bernama Igor dimana dia mengalami salah satu perilaku abnormal yaitu penyakit mania dan depresi. Ceritanya berawal ketika Igor kehilangan istri tercintanya karena istrinya meninggalkan dia untuk bersama seorang perancang busana Timur Tengah. Obsesinya adalah untuk mendapatkan dan memenangkan kembali cinta dari istrinya. Cara-cara yang ia gunakan untuk meraih obsesinya tersebut sangatlah aneh dan tidak wajar. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat melalui pemikirannya, perilakunya, komentar langsung, reaksinya, pembicaraanya dengan orang lain, ucapannya, penggambaran pribadinya, dan sebagaimana ia dipandang oleh orang lain.

Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan untuk membuat analisa dari skripsi ini menjadi lebih jelas. Masalah pertama membahas karakteristik pribadi Igor. Kemudian, pertanyaan kedua membahas tanda-tanda dan jenis tingkatan dari penyakit mania dan depresi yang ditunjukkan oleh Igor.

Metode yang digunakan untuk mengadakan skripsi ini adalah metode studi pustaka. Ada dua sumber yang digunakan untuk melengkapi data-data skripsi ini. Sumber utama adalah novel The Winner Stands Alone itu sendiri karangan Paulo Coelho. Sumber yang kedua diperoleh dari buku-buku psikologi dan kesusastraan. Buku-buku kesusastraan digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama yang berhubungan dengan karakter dan pentokohan dari Igor. Buku-buku psikologi yang berkaitan dengan beberapa teori dari perilaku abnormal, penyakit mania dan depresi, dan motivasi digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua yang berhubugan dengan perilaku abnormal yang dialami oleh Igor. Beberapa artikel dari internet juga digunakan sebagai tambahan informasi untuk mendukung isu-isu yang ada.

Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa Igor digambarkan sebagai seorang pekerja keras, kaya, berpenampilan menarik, alim, dan sangat berambisi. Selanjutnya, tipe yang ia derita dari penyakit mania dan depresi adalah tipe yang paling ringan, yang disebut hypomania dan simple depression. Tanda-tanda yang ditunjukkan oleh Igor bahwa ia menderita tipe ringan dari penyakit mania dan depresi adalah dia tidak konsisten, merasa hebat, mempunyai kepercayaan diri yang tidak terbatas, mampu berpikir cepat, menjadi orang yang menyenangkan dan menarik, tidak mengenal lelah, mempunyai banyak aktivitas yang berkesinambungan, mempunyai antusiasme yang sangat besar, mempunyai rencana-rencana hebat, dengan mudahnya menentang orang-orang yang melawannya, dengan mudahnya merasionalkan semua rencana dan kesalahannya,


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secara serampangan menghabiskan uang, proses berpikirnya menjadi lamban, membutuhkan energi lebih banyak untuk melakukan sesuatu, lebih memilih untuk sendirian, dan sadar bahwa ia membutuhkan pengobatan.

Pada akhirnya, skripsi ini menyajikan beberapa saran untuk para peneliti selanjutnya agar menganalisis obsesi cinta yang dialami oleh Igor dan motivasi-motivasi yang dialami beberapa pemain dalam novel untuk meraih lebih banyak ketenaran dan kemewahan. Saran juga ditujukan untuk pelaksanaan pengajaran Paragraph Writing.

Kata kunci: the winner, abnormal behavior, manic depressive disorder


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank my savior, Jesus Christ. I thank Him for

being my true friend who has always accompanied and helped me to face all of

my difficulties in my life, and always gives blessing and guidance so that I could

finish my thesis. I really want to show my gratitude to Him who never leaves me

alone and always protects and guides me for doing any good things in my life. I

also thank Him for giving me those lovely people who always support and love

me.

I am also very much thankful to my sponsor, Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto

Y., M.Hum., who has taught and guided me kindly and patiently. I thank him for

the time he has given that I could consult my problems during the process in

writing this thesis. I really thank him for his advice, assessment, and time for

revising my thesis, so that I could comprehend much better in finishing this thesis.

My deep gratitude also goes to all lecturers and secretariat staff of PBI. I

thank them for the lessons, learning, suggestions, guidance, and helping during

my study at Sanata Dharma University. Especially, I would like to thank Ms.

Patrice for her time and help for checking my lesson plan and the materials I

attached in this study. I also thank Drs. Y. B. Gunawan, M.A. and Drs. Barli

Bram, M.Ed. for their suggestions.

I also would like to give my deepest and special gratitude to my parents, Fx.

Sutarto and Christina Sukamti, for their love, support, prayers, and also

patience. I thank them for not stopping giving me much care and motivating me to


xi

finish this thesis. I thank only one little sister Angelina Putri for her support and

who always asks me to finish this thesis soon. I thank her for her care and love.

I want to give my profound thanks to my best friends, Agatha Wikan

Adhisti, who always greatly supports and motivates me to finish my study

quickly, Prisca and Norma (Mak) for being my great friends and beautiful

friendship and every moment we have ever passed through together. I also thank

Rista and other friends who have ever filled part of my life and given many great

moments to share.

I would like to thank my friends in Petung 27, Mbak Tika, Mbak Stef,

Mbak Feb, Mbak Martha, and Atin for helping and for being pleasant members.

Next, my thanks go to PURIKIDS, especially to Ditha for sharing the same

struggle in completing this thesis, Mbak Shary, and others for opportunity and

help. My next gratitude goes to 3G members Sarce, Vina, Rani, Oda and other

members for the great experiences.

My special thanks go to my dearest, Mas Paulus Winardi for much love,

care, patience, and great support. I thank him for being my faithful companion, for

the happiness and sadness we have shared in every moment, for being patient to

wait for me to finish this thesis, and for all what he has done for me.

Last but not least, I would like to thank those I cannot mention one by one

who have cared me and given me support in the process of writing this thesis.

May God bless them all.



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL PAGES ...................................................................................... ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................... iv

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI........................ ........................ v

DEDICATION PAGE……………………………………………………… . vi

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ x

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ xii

LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study ............................................. 1

B. Problem Formulation .................................................. 5

C. Objectives of the Study ................................................ 5

D. Benefits of the Study ................................................... 5

E. Definition of Terms ..................................................... 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..................... 10

A. Review of Related Theories ........................................ 10

1. Critical Approach .................................................... 10

2. Character ................................................................. 11

3. Characterization ...................................................... 14


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4. Motivation ............................................................... 17

5. Abnormal Behavior ................................................. 20

6. Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Disorder) .............. 21

a. Causal factors ..................................................... 22

b. Treatments .......................................................... 25

7. Manic Depressive Disorder (Bipolar Disorder) ..... 28

a. The Definition .................................................... 28

b. The Factors ......................................................... 30

c. The Types ........................................................... 34

d. The Symptoms ................................................... 39

e. The Treatments and Outcomes ........................... 41

B. Theoretical Framework ................................................ 42

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 44

A. Object of the Study ...................................................... 44

B. Approach of the Study ................................................. 45

C. Method of the Study .................................................... 45

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 47

A. The Description of Igor’s Character ............................ 47

1. Hardworking ............................................................ 48

2. Rich .......................................................................... 50

3. Good Looking.......................................................... 51

4. Religious.................................................................. 52

5. Obsessive................................................................. 54


xiv

B. Manic Depressive Disorder Experienced by Igor ........ 57

1. The Causes of Manic Depressive Disorder ............. 58

2. The Type of Manic Depressive Disorder ................ 62

a. Manic Type ......................................................... 62

b. Depressive Type .................................................. 80

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ........................ 87

A. Conclusions ................................................................. 87

B. Suggestions .................................................................. 90

1. Suggestion for the Future Researchers ................... 90

2. Suggestion for the Implementation of the

Teaching Learning Process ..................................... 91

REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 93

APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 95


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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 The Summary of The Winner Stands Alone .......................... 96

APPENDIX 2 Biography of Paulo Coelho……………………………….. 99

APPENDIX 3 The Pictures of Paulo Coelho………………………………. 102

APPENDIX 4 Lesson Plan……………………………………………….. 103

APPENDIX 5 Learning Materials for Teaching Paragraph Writing……….. 105


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This first chapter part consists of five important things. Those are

background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of

the study, and definition of terms. Background of the study discusses about the

topic explored in this study. Problem formulation consists of two questions to

analyze this study. Objectives of the study describe the goal of to achieve in this

study. Benefits of the study mention and explain what the benefits of this study

are. The last one is definition of terms that consists of some definition of terms

related to the topic.

A. Background of the Study

To live in this world is not an easy thing. What makes it difficult is that

every human being must struggle hard to survive in the condition changing every

time and cannot be predicted. The changing and unpredicted condition can result

pressures for human beings. The pressures can make somebody feel stressful or

depressed. If this happens, he or she will behave in a manner that people consider

him as strange or weird.

In some cases, there are some people in the beginning who feel depressed

and then they show some signs of strange behaviors that can be categorized as

abnormal behaviors or disorders. Wilson et al (1996) state that depression

symptoms can occur as a primary problem or in connection with other disorders


2 (p. 192). As there are many kinds of abnormal behavior, it can be assumed that the

kind of abnormal behavior a person has can be seen through his or her behavior or

characteristics in his or her personal and social life. The depression that a person

has can also be classified into abnormal behavior if it changes someone’s ways of

behaving to be different from others. Coleman (1976) states that when we think of

abnormal behavior, we are likely to think of extreme, spectacular examples

because, as in other fields, it is the bizarre and the sensational that command

attention (p. 5).

Coleman also states that since the word abnormal literally means “away

from the normal,” it implies deviation from some clearly defined norm (p. 13).

Therefore, people who show their behavior of such kind “away from the normal”

can be categorized as abnormal. The indicators can be seen from the way they

behave, such as the way they speak, the way they think, the way they view

something, etc. They do something that they think is normal, but others cannot

accept it as normal. Others will see that people like that are weird and not normal.

The definition of abnormal behavior itself has developed broader along

with the changing of the time. Over the years, abnormal behavior merely belongs

to mental health, but then norms and values have been included in. That is

supported by Davison and Neale (1996). They state that over the last century, for

example, more and more people have decided that their psychological problems

needed professional help. With this increasing flow of patients, therapists and

researchers have seen problems that were new to them, and new diagnoses

emerging (p. 9).


3 One of such behaviors which is interesting to be discussed is manic-

depressive disorder. This mental disorder belongs to affective or mood disorders.

Coleman explains that the term is related to emotion or affective disorder, that

these disorders can extremely affect emotional responses that can cause the

extreme both feeling of elation and depression (p. 339). Hence, manic-depressive

disorder is also related to the emotion responses.

Furthermore, he explains that manic-depressive disorder is characterized

by episodes of extreme elation and overactivity or extreme depression and

underactivity or an alternation between the two (p. 339). Kraepelin describes the

disorder as “a series of attacks of elation and depression, with periods of relative

normality in between and a generally favorable prognosis” (as cited in Coleman,

1976, p. 340).

Coleman also mentions that historically the manic-depressive disorder that

belongs to affective disorders was found among the early period of the Egyptians,

Greeks, Hebrews, and Chinese writing and also Shakespeare’s, Dostoevsky’s,

Poe’s, and Hemmingway’s literary works. Thus, manic-depressive disorder has

been existing since many years ago. There are also many famous people

experiencing this disorder, let alone many people who experienced this disorder

are people who had power in that era. The examples of the famous and powerful

people are King George III, Moses, Rousseau, Dostoevsky, Lincoln, Tchaikovsky,

and Freud (p. 339). They experienced the disorder because they felt the extreme

elation or depression in themselves.


4

The issues as described above can be portrayed in a work of literature like

novel. Little (1981) says a novel creates a completely imagined world through

description and dialogue, and may thus explore basic human issues in depth (p.

68). Through Paulo Coelho’s novel, entitled The Winner Stands Alone, the readers

can get the portrayal of real life experiences about manic-depressive disorder.

The Winner Stands Alone is a novel by Paulo Coelho that depicts a

situation where people obsess with wealth, love, luxury, and fame. The story starts

when the major character, named Igor Malev who is forty, rich, handsome, a

successful person and also obsesses with over wealth, has been left by his wife,

Ewa. She makes him have obsession of love upon her because Ewa leaves him for

another man, a successful fashion designer. Then, Igor travels to the Cannes

International Film Festival to get and win his lovely wife back. Even more, Igor

takes risks by destroying others to prove his seriousness to get Ewa back to him.

Igor’s obsession to get his lovely wife causes bad effect on his surrounding. The

victims of his doings are innocent people that Igor exploits to make his plan

realized. The ways of Igor destroy others by killing them in order to get her lovely

wife back to him deviate from normality.

Hence, the story of the novel gives the readers a portrayal of manic-

depressive disorder experienced by the main character. According to Igor, his

character and life, behaviors, his views of something and his ideas are normal, but

others see them as abnormal. People recognize that how he does something to get

what he really wants is uncommon. Besides, the story in this novel has other

interesting things. In this novel, Paulo Coelho as the author not only tells about


5 one aspect, but many aspects, such as how the reality of glamorous and luxury life

is, crime, love, and obsession, and also there many lessons that can be learnt.

Therefore, this novel is very interesting to discuss.

B. Problem Formulation

There are two problems that the researcher formulate based on the

previous explanation:

1. How is Igor, as the major character, described in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner

Stands Alone?

2. What kind of manic-depressive disorder is reflected in the major character,

Igor, in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone?

C. Objectives of the Study

The goals of this study are to answer the problem formulation. Therefore,

there are two goals of this study. The first one is to know how the characteristics

of Igor as the main character in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. The

second one is to know what kind of manic-depressive disorder and that features

that Igor shows through his manner and view.

D. Benefits of the Study

This study has some benefits for the researcher, the reader, the PBI

students and the future researchers. By this study, the researcher can dig out and

develop more knowledge and information of Paulo Coelho’s novel (because Paulo


6 is famous and bestselling author) particularly The Winner Stands Alone novel. The

researcher gain learning by answering the questions developed within this study.

The researcher also obtains new understanding of abnormal behavior experienced

by the major character in the novel studied. In addition, the researcher has

experienced in analyzing the novel, so that the researcher gets some new

knowledge, information and lesson never known before, besides abnormal

behavior, the researcher also learn the power behind entertainment world that also

told in the novel.

For the readers especially for those who like to read Paulo Coelho’s novel,

this study can help them find some aspects and information that they need.

Besides, it can help them to develop their understanding deeply about literary

works of literature in psychological aspects. The novel itself also presents some

images of some truth about abnormal behavior particularly manic-depressive

disorder, which definitely belongs to psychology aspect. Also, the readers can get

new knowledge and idea about both manic and depressive disorder.

For the PBI students, this study is useful to teach English in many aspects,

for instance for literature, writing, reading lesson either reading or vocabulary

materials. The last is for future researchers who want to use Paulo Coelho’s novel

for their study. Some references book in this study can be used as references for

their study related to either Paulo Coelho’s work or abnormal behavior.


7 E. Definition of Terms

This section consists of some terms used in this study and it helps the

readers better understand the content discussed. Those terms are:

1. Character

Character plays the most important role in a novel. Without the role of

character, the story is meaningless. The character also can make the readers better

experience the story. Therefore, first of all, the definition of character must be

known and understood. Stanton (1965) says that the term character is commonly

used in two ways: it designates the individuals who appear in the story and it

refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that

makes up each of these individuals (p. 17). From the statement above, it can be

assumed that character is the existence of some persons within a story along with

their personality.

2. Behavior

Every human being has his or her own manners to do something. The

manner itself can be assumed that it is same as behavior. As stated in Longman,

the word behavior is referred to the way that someone behaves. Behave itself

means to do things in a particular way (“Behavior”). Therefore, behavior can be

stated that the way a person does something in his or her way, either good or bad.


8 3. Abnormal Behavior

It is important to know first what abnormal behavior is, since manic-

depressive disorder discussed in this study belongs to the kind of abnormal

behavior. There are many theories about abnormal behavior. Before grasping

deeply what do means abnormal behavior is, it is important to know and

differentiate the definition of normal and abnormal in order to specify criteria for

distinguish one from the other. But actually, it is not an easy thing to consider the

means of abnormal directly. Carson, Butcher, and Mineka (2000) say that there

are confusion and disagreement considerations, and the confusions aggravated by

changing values and expectations in society at large (p. 4).

Commonly, the word abnormal learned as away from the normal. One

internet article by Schimelpfening (2004) in Abnormal Behavior says that to

understand the means of abnormal, firstly it is essential to know what normal is.

Being normal means people behave and act in average, or in a typical way. While,

abnormal means that it refers to something that is not typical. In addition, Carson,

Butcher, and Mineka also consider that abnormal behavior can be said as

undesirable. It can be undesirable if it contrary to the public interest (p. 4).

4. Manic-Depressive Disorder

It is important to know deeply what by means manic-depressive disorder

is. It is also called bipolar disorder since depression and mania closely related

each other and some people can experience both at the same time. In Manic-

Depressive Disorder, it is stated that commonly the term manic-depressive


9 disorder described as mental illness characterized by elated mood or depressed

mood (“Manic-Depressive Disorder,” n.d).

In addition, Syrett (2006) in The Secret Life of Manic Depression also

describes this bipolar disorder as a disorder that engages the extreme changing of

mood from mania to deep depression.


10

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter two consists of a review of literary theories used in this study.

It is divided into two parts. The first one is theoretical review that presents theory

of literature, theory of critical approaches, character, and characterization, the

theories of abnormal behavior, manic-depressive or bipolar disorder, and

motivation. The second part is the theoretical framework that covers all the

theories used for this study.

A. Theoretical Review

This part consists of some theories that are relevant in this study. The

theories included are theory of critical approach, character, characterization,

theory of psychology and also motivation.

1. Critical Approach

Rohrberger and Woods Jr (1971) say that a critical approach to literature

necessitates an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. One

must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it (p. 3). Therefore

they generate the theory of critical approach into five parts, namely the formalist

approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the

mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. One of those theories of


11

critical approach, which is psychological approach, needed to help the writer to

analyze the approach that appropriate for this study.

They also state that a work of art is good and moving or bad because the

parts of it are not integrated and then there is no significant statement emerges; no

logical man will accept a generalization except there are facts available to support

it, and no logical man will accept anybody’s statement unless he understands and

accepts the standards upon which that judgment is based (p. 3).

Based on that statement, to conduct and do a research about literature,

there must be a theory to underlie and strengthen the content and statement of the

study. Therefore, a critical approach is needed to underlie and support theory that

will be used for the study.

In addition, to support Rohrberger and Woods’ theory of critical approach,

Kennedy and Gioia also state and add ten critical approaches of literature. The

additional ten critical approaches stated by Kennedy and Gioia (1999) are

formalist criticism, biographical criticism, historical criticism, psychological

criticism, mythological criticism, sociological criticism, gender criticism, reader-

response criticism, deconstructionist criticism, and cultural studies (pp. 630-658).

2. Character

In the story, there is one of main elements performed that is people. People

in the story called characters have important part to make the story alive. The

character plays and becomes importance roles that must be depicted based on the


12

reality in humans’ life. It can be said that they are as the representative of human

life.

Character also has strong relation with some aspects within literature form.

It is explored by Little (1981) who says that a novel is significantly concerned

with character. A novel will be expected to present one or few characters. It is also

expected that a novel will follow the development of characters as a result of the

events that happen and are told within plot, and explore deeply the personal

relationship of characters (p. 101).

Rohrberher and Woods, Jr. (1971) state that characters must be credible,

that means the readers see characters as believable people. By also mean that

character’s action in the story can be accepted by the readers. They also define

two kinds of character that also can be credible, which are flat and round

characters. As flat character, it is seen as one-sided, while round character are

many-sided (p. 20).

Furthermore, De Laar and Schoonderwoerd (1963) also explain about flat

and round characters (pp. 170-171). They describe that flat characters are

characters that are represented only in one aspect. They are quite performed

frequently. The author represents them as more simple character. They also never,

or barely ever, surprise the readers. Contrary to flat characters, round characters

represented in whole and all different aspects. They are represented as real human

being completely. They are able to surprise the readers by acting and performing

differently from what the readers think or expect.


13

Holman and Harmon (1986) also explore what character is. They define

that character is a complicated term that includes the idea of the moral constitution

of the human personality, the presence of moral uprightness, and the simpler

notion of the presence of creatures in art that seem to be human beings of one sort

or another (p. 81).

They also explain that a character may be either static or dynamic. They

define that a static character is one who changes little. Things can happen to such

character and no changes happen within. The character revealed by pattern of

action. A dynamic character, on the other hand, is character altered by actions and

experiences. This kind of character appears to reveal the consequences of actions

happen. They mention that great dramas and novels have dynamic characters as

protagonist (p. 83).

Henkle (1977) mentions the idea of two kinds of the characters (pp. 92-

97). He mentions major and secondary character. Major characters are the

characters that appear and inhabit within the story frequently and attract our

attention mostly. Their performance in the story also portray the problem emerge

in real human life. Another kind is the secondary or minor characters. They are

the characters who perform limited functions in the story and they are less

complex and less intense. Their role in the story to complete the major character,

they can be the one who comes to give the comment for the action of a major

character, a friend, and even foe of the major character.


14

3. Characterization

Rohrberher and Woods, Jr. (1971) say that characterization is the process

of how the author creates a character who can be distinguished from others

character (p. 20). The characterization must be supported by the depiction of

reality of human life. This statement is supported by Little (1981) who says that

even in fantasy and caricature, an essential element is truth of life. However

original and fantastic the author’s approach, he will fail if his readers do not feel

that his characters are real, believable, based on possible variations of human

nature (p. 92).

Furthermore, Little states that a human personality is a complex of many

traits or qualities of character, many motives and desires, some in conflict with

one another (p. 91). He also explains that character may be presented mainly

through description and discussion, or, in a more dramatic manner, by the author’s

simply reporting the character’s speech and action (p. 89). Therefore, there are

two methods to depict what character looks like. By description, the author

describes directly how the character is. The author can completely mention the

detail of character within his work. While, by discussion or dramatic manner, the

author describes the character through the way of character’s action, attitude,

thought, dialogue, etc. He states that in dramatic manner, there is no general

description to help the readers form an idea of the character; he must develop his

own ideas from the fragments of evidence given him (p. 90).

Rohrberher and Woods, Jr. also mention that there are two ways the author

can characterize the character. The first is direct way that describe the characters


15

through their physical appearance, for example their body, hair, shape of face,

color of their eyes, etc. Whereas, dramatic way means that the characters

described through how they behave, think, feel, or speak (p. 20).

For the descriptive and dramatic manner, there is the weakness and excess.

According to Little, each has its virtues and limitations. The descriptive method is

generally the easier to understand, but characters summed up tend to seem a little

lifeless. On the other hand, the dramatic method is more vivid and lively, but is

relatively difficult for the reader, at least in extreme forms (p. 90).

Holman and Harmon (1986) delineate some definitions what

characterization is. They say that the author presents the characters of actual

persons; and in fiction (the drama, the novel, the short story, and the narrative

poem), the author reveals the characters of imaginary persons (p. 81). In addition,

they state that the presentation of characters through actions is essentially the

dramatic method (p. 82).

In Murphy (1972), characterization seen as how the author creates and

conveys the characters and personalities of people that written in the story, and

what sort of the people they are in order to the reader get and understand the idea

of the characters (p. 161).

Murphy states that an author has to convey the characters he creates about

through some ways in order the readers are able to know how the personalities of

them (pp. 161-173).

a. Personal description


16

In this way, the characters described directly through their physical or

outward appearance, or how they look like, such as their face, hair, skin, height,

the color of their eyes, etc.

b. Character as seen by another

The author describes a character through the eyes, comments or opinions

expressed by others character. It can give clue for the readers what a character

looks like.

c. Speech

Here, the character known by the way he speaks, whenever he gives

opinions, or does conversation with another character. It can show how his

personalities look like.

d. Past life

By telling the character’s life in the past, the author helps the readers to get

the clue of the idea what sort of a character is, since events in the past life can

shape a person’s character. This way can be done directly through the author’s

comment, the person’s thought, or his conversation.

e. Conversation of others

When the others character does talk about a person with another, their

dialogue directly tell the readers about the person’s character they focus on.

f. Reactions

By seeing a character face or respond toward the problem he has, the

readers will get insight what kind that character is created.

g. Direct comment


17

The author can clearly draw the character’s personalities by directly

describe and give comment of it. It is the easiest way in which the reader can get

the hints of character’s personalities directly and swiftly.

h. Thoughts

What the character thinks that explored by the author, it leads the readers

to identify the person of that character. Here, the author also can tell the readers

the different thought of every person is thinking.

i. Mannerism

The author may tell the character’s mannerism, habits, and traits to present

the character’s personalities for the readers.

4. Motivation

For doing an action in order to gain the aim and ambition, a person must

have motivation to force him doing that. According to Petri (1981, pp. 3-4),

motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within

an organism to initiate and direct behavior. Without possessing motivation, it is

quite difficult to achieve what we dream and hope since motivation itself pushes

us to focus on getting what we desire. Therefore, it is essential to have motivation

in life. In addition, he also states that the concept of motivation is often used to

indicate the direction of behavior. That means we direct our behavior to get what

we want. Since motivation is always related to how we behave and also affect

our way to behave, therefore motivation theory is also essential to be discussed in

this study.


18

There are also some approaching theories for understanding the activation

and direction of motivation stated by Petri (p. 4). The first is incentive approach.

In this incentive approach, it is proposed that motivation is the result of physical

needs, such as for food, water, sex, avoidance of pain, and so on. Then, the second

is cognitive approach that says our thoughts, feelings, and attitudes can motivate

us. Next, social approach that states we are socially motivated. It explains that

presence of others motivate us to socialize and interact with them. Then, the last is

actualization approach that explains how all humans strive to actualize and fulfill

their personal fulfillment.

Petri mentions two kinds of motivation, which are intrinsic and extrinsic.

According to Staw, intrinsic motivation as the value or pleasure associated with an

activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed. While,

extrinsic motivation, by contrast, emphasizes the external goals toward which the

activity is directed (as cited in Petri, 1981, p. 315).

Maslow described the basic needs and ultimate purpose of human

motivation (as cited in Petri, 1981, pp. 302-305). There are five levels mentioned

and those are divided into two parts, which are deprivation motivation that

consists of physiological needs, safety needs, love or belongingness needs, esteem

needs. Another is growth motivation that includes self-actualization. Here,

deprivation motivation includes the first four steps constitutes the needs that must

be fulfilled and satisfied before one reaches the last level, which is self-

actualization. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of:

a) Physiological Needs


19

These needs engage with the primary needs of human being, such as

hunger, thirst, and sex. Therefore, humans need food and drink to survive for life.

For example of this case is someone in a state of semistarvation will constantly

think, dream, and talk about food. When these needs have been fulfilled, a person

will try to reach and fulfill the next needs.

b) Safety Needs

These needs represent that people need a security and safety from

dangerous and unsafe situation. Maslow states that safety needs primarily

triggered in emergency situation. It is also stated that in times of emergency, these

safety needs dominate our behavior.

c) Love or Belongingness Needs

After fulfilling the safety needs, a person also has love and belongingness

needs that indicate an individual needs an affection relation with another, which

requires love from another and someone to love, then he also needs to feel part of

a group where he can sense the feeling of belongs. For example is marriage, a job,

or admission to a select group.

d) Esteem Needs

These needs are broken into two subcategories, which are a need for self-

esteem and a need for esteem from others. The need for self-esteem involves

achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. The need for

esteem from others expects for reputation, status, recognition, appreciation by

others and a feeling of importance. If these needs cannot be fulfilled adequately, it

can trigger depression and the person suffers weakness and helplessness.


20

e) Self-Actualization

In this final level where the individual has reached all the first four level,

he or she will try to develop and grow more to become he or she is capable of

becoming. Maslow also adds that values such as truth, honesty, beauty, and

goodness can provide meaning to the life of the self- actualized individual.

5. Abnormal Behavior

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

of Mental Disorders, whose fourth edition (DSM-IV) published in 1994, considers

“abnormal behavior as a deviation symptom of a dysfunction in the individual and

it is associated to present distress or disability”. It must be considered as a

manifestation of behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction. It can

radically increase hazard of death, pain, disability, or an important loss freedom.

The syndrome or pattern is not simply associated with particular event that society

can sanction the response, for example the death of loved one” (as cited in Carson,

Butcher, and Mineka, 2000, p. 4).

Many experts say that abnormal behavior is behavior that deviates from

the norms of the society in which it is enacted. Carson, Butcher, and Mineka

explain that the concepts of normal and abnormal behavior are not apart from

reference to given culture because in fact that social and culture perspective are

obviously very important (p. 5).

They also utter that the consideration to determine the concepts of the

normality of behavior is not whether the society can accept it, but whether the


21

behavior fosters or threatens individual and group well-being (p. 5). Seen from

that perception, abnormal behavior is stated as maladaptive behavior. That

behavior includes the traditional categories of mental disorders, such as

alcoholism, assault, hostility, and political corruption, in spite of whether that

actions condemned or excused by given society. Those actions can lead to

personal distress that often results in destructive group conflict (p. 6).

From the delineation above, there are the foremost things that must be

ruled out, that abnormal behavior is manifestation of a behavioral dysfunction or

disability. In addition, abnormal behavior is culturally sanctioned that means it

based on the societies’ values and culture, by putting beside the fact that perhaps

for others society asses that it is not logic. Seen as behavior as maladaptive,

Carson, Butcher, and Mineka state and define it as manifestation of mental

disorder that continually diverge from individual and group well-being. It shows

that behavior as maladaptive can make result harmful and risky consequences for

others (p. 6).

6. Depressive disorder (Unipolar disorder)

Carson, Butcher, and Mineka state that the depression happens as results

of sadness, discouragement, pessimism, and hopeless. Depression is unpleasant

feeling when we are in those situations, but it usually does not last long (p. 212).

Coleman (1976) asserts that in depressive type, the individual tends to

experience sadness and loneliness feeling. Further, he also mentions the in this

depressive type the individual speaks slowly in a monotonous voice. He limits


22

himself to brief answers to questions. He rarely asks questions: he avoids people

and has a listless facial expression and a stooping posture. Commonly, individual

who suffers this depressed accuses himself that he is guilty for all of what he has

done (p. 340).

Carson, Butcher, and Mineka explain that in the depressed phases of mild

to moderate, a person’s mood is dejected, and the individual experiences loss of

interest or pleasure in usual activities. In addition, the individual may show sleep

irregularity (too much or too little), low energy levels, feelings of inadequacy,

decreased efficiency, productivity, talkativeness, and cognitive sharpness, social

withdrawal, restriction of pleasurable activities, including relative lack of interest

in sex, a pessimistic and low-spirited attitude, and tearfulness (pp. 219-210).

Carson, Butcher, and Mineka (2000, pp. 224-255) mention some causal

factors of unipolar disorder, which come from biological, psychosocial, and

sociocultural factors.

a. Biological Causal Factors

They say that a variety of diseases and drugs can affect feeling or mood

disorder. And even, sometimes it can direct to depression, and sometimes to

elation or even hypomania. The researchers have considered the biological factors

into genetic or heredity factors and other factors, such as neurophysiological,

neuroendocrinological, biochemical alterations.

1) Hereditary Factors

Here, Carson, Butcher, and Mineka review some outlooks of some studies

related to heredity factors and they also conclude that since it is difficult to


23

separate heredity and environmental influences, however, a higher rate disorder

among family members cannot be always concluded as a proof of genetic

causation. Plomin et al. state “the prevalence of mood disorder is higher among

blood relatives of persons with clinically diagnosed mood disorders than in the

population at large”. Katz & McGuffin and Plomin also affirm that “the case for

some hereditary contribution in the causal patterns of unipolar major depression is

quite strong, although not as strong as for bipolar disorder” (as cited in Carson,

Butcher, and Mineka, 2000, pp.224-225).

2) Biochemical Factors

This theory of biochemical factors has been developed starting in the

1960s. This theory explains that depression may appear as a result of

neurotransmitter disequilibrium. The function of that neurotransmitter is to

regulate and mediate the activity of the brain’s nerve cells. The disturbance that

happen in neurotransmitter may comes as a result of using electroconvulsive

therapy or antidepressant drugs, which is used by the biological therapies to treat

the sufferers of severe mood disorders, since those therapy and drugs may have an

effect on the concentrations or the activity of neurotransmitters at the synapse and

also can cause the brain pathways are relatively unstable and slow in conducting

message.

3) Neuroendocrine and Neurophysiological Factors

These factors are correlated to hormonal aspects that influence on mood.

That is affirmed by some researchers. Some of them are Checkley and Shelton

who mentioned that there has also been a good deal of research on the possible


24

neurophysiological and neuroendocrine (hormonal) correlates of some

distinguishable forms of mood disorder (as cited in Carson, Butcher, and Mineka,

2000, 226). In conclusion, some hormones in human body have significant effect

to the condition of individual mood or feeling.

4) Sleep and Other Biological Rhythms

The findings of sleep disturbances have existed as long as depression has

been studied. Further, Carson, Butcher, and Mineka reveal that depressed patients

show a variety of sleep problems, starting from waking up in early morning,

decreasing sleep or periodic awakening during the night (poor sleep maintenance),

and difficulty falling asleep.

5) Sunlight and Seasons

Some researchers state that sunlight and seasons are related to the

alteration of mood disorders. Oren and Rosenthal state that “in this type of mood

disorder, most patients seem to be responsive to the total quantity of available

light that accepted in the environment”. The same idea also mentioned by Wehr et

al and Whybrow that say “most patients will experience depression in winter and

fall and they become normal in spring and summer” (as cited in Carson, Butcher,

and Mineka, 2000, p. 228). Those views explain that the patients will be better if

they accept the sunlight in quite great quantities, since sunlight itself can help

some hormones in the body to make the feeling joyful and pleased. There are also

some researchers consider that basic activities such as sleep, activity, and appetite

are correlated with the amount of light in a day.


25

b. Sociocultural Factors

These factors are related to the society and culture where the sufferers live

in. Since society and culture itself can affect the psychological or mental condition

of those who suffer the manic-depressive disorder. These factors as mentioned by

Carson, Butcher, and Mineka (2000, pp. 249-251) consist of:

1) Relieving Losses

One study stated by Seligman explains that the society which still has

reciprocity custom, the possibility of the depression to exist is low (as cited in

Carson, Butcher, and Mineka, 2000, pp. 249-250). That case may happen since

the reciprocity custom can help the individual who suffer the mood disorder to

attempt against loss becoming helplessness and hopelessness and also it can help

to prevent loss from becoming despair that then it breaks up the process of

depression.

2) Demographic Differences in Society

Kaelber et al. say for unipolar disorder the poor have higher rates of major

depression. In association with marital status, it is stated that single and divorced

persons tend to experience unipolar depression than do those who are married (as

cited in Carson, Butcher, and Mineka , 2000, pp. 250-251).

For the treatments of unipolar disorder, there are some treatments

mentioned by Carson, Butcher, and Mineka (pp. 251-255). They also note the side

effects or outcomes of these treatments. The treatments that mentioned as follow:

a. Pharmacotherapy and Electroconvulsive Therapy


26

The patients who suffer this unipolar depressive are commonly given

antidepressant drugs. Carson, Butcher, and Mineka also propose that

unfortunately these drugs have unpleasant side effects, such as dry mouth,

constipation, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain.

1) Selective Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors

Since those antidepressant drugs have bad side effects, physicians

increasingly prescribe another antidepressant drug to help their depressed patients.

The antidepressant was chosen from the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors,

or that abbreviation is called SSRIs, which is called Prozac. As antidepressant

before, Prozac also has unpleasant side effect that the patients often complain.

Many of these drugs can affect orgasmic problems or lowered interest in sexual

activity.

2) The Course of Treatment with Antidepressant Drugs

Carson, Butcher, and Mineka note that antidepressant drugs may give

those effects at least for several weeks. The patients who use these drugs

continually, at the situation the symptoms have decreased, it may cause the

symptoms to relapse again. Whereas, if the depressed patients stop using of these

drugs because they feel better, the possibility for the symptoms to relapse again

may likely increase since the symptoms still exist.

3) Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy or ECT is often used for the patients who

experience severely depression, for instance the patients who want to risk their life


27

for suicide. ECT is also used for the patients who cannot respond the

pharmacological treatment very well.

b. Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy either in individual or group therapy that followed by the

using of drugs or even electroconvulsive therapy can help the patients to develop

more stable alteration within long range. In addition, some forms of this therapy,

either they are combined with drugs or without combination, can help much the

sufferers to reduce the increasing relapse within a two-year period.

1) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

This therapy is one of the best-known of specific psychotherapists for

unipolar disorder, which is proposed by Beck and colleagues. Another is the

interpersonal therapy (IPT) program proposed by Klerman, Weissman, and

colleagues. This cognitive-behavioral therapy associated with cognitive-

behavioral techniques directed to convert and direct the negative thoughts and

beliefs of the patients so that they can identify and correct their distortions of their

assumption and beliefs (as cited in Carson, Butcher, and Mineka , 2000, p. 254).

2) Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

It is noted that this therapy as strong and well as the cognitive one. That is

also evidence that show this therapy as effective as antidepressant drugs in which

able to run the course of milder cases, and even severe, of major depression.

Further, the patients who receive this therapy continually within once a month are

much less to have recurrence.


28

3) Family and Marital Therapy

This therapy included because as mentioned a little bit more before that

family and marriage problem can be stressors in a patient’s life, in which the

correlation is those unpleasant life situations may cause the depression to relapse

again and may require longer treatment. Therefore, the interference of family

member or spouse or couple needed to reduce the level of expressed emotion and

to prevent recurrence. It is also suggested that for married people who are

depressed and having marital conflict can join this marital therapy, in which this

therapy has been studied as well as cognitive therapy in reducing unipolar

depression.

7. Manic-Depressive Disorder (Bipolar Disorder)

a. Definition of Manic-Depressive Disorder

Carson, Butcher, and Mineka categorize manic or mania and depression as

mood disorder. Kraepelin described the disorder as “a series of attacks of elation

and depression, with periods of relative normality in between, and a generally

favorable prognosis” (as cited in Carson, Butcher, and Mineka, 2000, p. 220).

As mentioned before that manic-depressive disorder is the combination

between mania and depression. Therefore the meaning and concept of both can be

recognized separately. It is stated that mania is characterized by strong and

unrealistic feelings of enthusiasm and euphoria. On the other hand, depression is a

feeling of extraordinary sadness and dejection.


29

In addition, they say that some people can experience these kinds of mood

disorder at one time, but others can only experience the kind of depression. When

manic and depression occur in one time together, it is called bipolar disorder.

While, it is called unipolar disorder in the condition the individual only experience

depression (p. 210).

According to Wilson et. al. counter with Nathan, O’Leary, and Clark

(1996), mania is viewed as people who are highly lively and impulsive, that

means when they are highly lively they become hilarious and entertaining. But

then their mood and behavior can change spontaneously every time when they are

irritated with something. That means they are changeable or labile that gives

effect to their performance. They also can interrupt other people’s business. For

instance, they move constantly, talk loudly and continuously, they have grandiose

ideas, they go on a shopping spree, and even they do unrestrained sexual activity

(p. 195). Wilson et. al. also add that a manic mood is unrealistically expansive,

accompanied by the feeling that anything is possible.

According to Carson, Butcher, and Mineka, depression or called unipolar

disorder is unpleasant feeling when we are in situation as sadness,

discouragement, pessimism, and hopelessness about being able to improve

matters, but it usually does not last long (p. 212). That means that feeling can be

experienced for some episodes, but then it goes for some moments. Then it can

come and happen as the episode before. They also utter that the depression

involves facing images, thoughts, and feeling that one would normally avoid.


30

They also state that depression is considered as normal if the depression is brief

and mild.

Coleman, in addition, affirms that the influence of emotional mood

experienced by the manic-depressive or bipolar disorder can be the cause of

extreme elation or depression (p. 340). Hence, he also tells that extreme

depression or elation can give crucial effects for the individuals’ emotion or mood

that also give side effect for their behavior disorder. Kraepelin also supports that

statement by describing the term of manic-depressive psychoses as “a series of

attacks of elation and depression, with periods of relative normality in between

and a generally favorable prognosis” (as cited in Coleman, 1976, p. 340).

Commonly, that disorder rates experienced higher by female than male.

The most sufferers are group of people in between ages 25-65 years old. In

addition, the children can possibly experience this disorder. Further, Coleman

explains that the patient of this disorder can experience many kinds of behavioral

disorder, such as delusions, hallucinations, suicide symptoms, etc.

b. Factors Causing Manic- Depressive

There are several factors in manic-depressive or bipolar disorder. The

factors are almost same as the unipolar one. Carson, Butcher, and Mineka (2000)

state that the biological factors are clearly dominant, while the psychosocial

factors do not get much attention unlike the biological do (pp. 243-250).

1) Biological Causal Factors

a) Heredity Factors


31

The genetic component is significant role to bipolar disorder. It is stronger

in bipolar disorder than in unipolar. Carson, Butcher, and Mineka mention one

study suggests that genetic material can influence the tendency of development of

bipolar disorder for about 80 percent.

b) Biochemical Factors

These factors related to the substance, such as drugs, which is used to treat

the manic-depressive patients. Whybrow explained that more recently it has been

suggested that norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are all involved in

regulating our mood states. Therefore, if the disturbances or disequilibrium exist

in those balance neurotransmitters, it can be the main key why mood disorder can

cause mood or emotion up and down for the sufferers (as cited in Carson, Butcher,

and Mineka, 2000, p. 246). One issue that also stated by Carson, Butcher, and

Mineka reveals that lithium, the most effective and widely drug in the treatment of

bipolar disorder, can stabilize individuals from both depressive and manic

episodes.

c) Other Biological Causal Factors

Goodwin & Jamison and Whybrow also explain some significant

considerations related to the disturbances in biological rhythms in bipolar

disorder. They give details that during the manic episodes of bipolar, the patients

tend to sleep very little. While during depressive episodes, the patients tend to

sleep over (hypersomnia). In addition, Whybrow puts forward that bipolar patients

appear to be sensitive toward any changes in their daily phases (as cited in Carson,

Butcher, and Mineka, 2000, p. 246).


32

2) Psychosocial Causal Factors

a) Stressful Life Events

Johnson & Miller propose a new study that finds the sufferers of this mood

disorder who have experienced negative life events of their life, they need three

times longer to recover than those without having negative life events. They also

make clarification why stressful events can affect and increase the chance of

illness to relapse. Since the effect of stressful events may give impact on

biological rhythms, in which the biological rhythms give strong implication in

bipolar disorder as discussed before (as cited in Carson, Butcher, and Mineka,

2000, p. 247).

Additionally, Swendsen et al also discuss the study that talks about the

patients of bipolar disorder who are extremely introverted or obsessional tend to

be more responsive to stress (as cited in Carson, Butcher, and Mineka, 2000, p.

248).

b) Psychodynamics Views

In Carson, Butcher, and Mineka, psychodynamic theorists view that

bipolar disorder as two different, but manic and depressive itself related each

other especially in defense-oriented strategies for dealing with severe stress. These

theorists view the shift from mania to depression or vice verse. These theorists say

that “the shift from mania to depression may tend to occur when the defensive

function of the manic reaction breaks down. Similarly, the shift from depression

to mania may tend to occur when an individual, devalued and guilt-ridden by


33

inactivity and an inability to cope, finally feels compelled to attempt some

countermeasure, however desperate”.

Coleman (1976) in his Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life book also

support that statement and further he also explain how the sufferers of manic-

depressive disorder try to defense themselves from the mood disorder they feel

(pp. 354-355). He says that in case of mania, the sufferers will tend to have

tremendous energy to deny their feelings of helplessness and hopelessness and

they will do many activities, such as go around of parties, do restless activities

with work, athletics, sexual affairs, and other crowded activities with aim to try to

forget the incident or threatening life situation they experience. While, the patients

experience depression, they tend to blame themselves for the difficulties that

happen in their life. They often look and recall at their past and they even accuse

themselves of selfishness, unfaithfulness, and hostile acts that did not occur.

3) Sociocultural Factors

a) A Belief in Self-Sufficiency

Carothers has observed and studied that in rural area the societies tend to

experience manic disorder, dissimilar with the modern area (in western societies)

where the societies tend to experience the depressive disorder. That can happen

since the societies who live in rural area, they are not personally responsible for

failures and misfortunes. That is contrary with modern societies who have highly

problem and responsibility for self-sufficiency. In Carothers’s view, it told that

their behavior was largely group-determined, and therefore they were not


34

confronted with problems of self-sufficiency, choice, and responsibility, which are

so prominent in Western cultures (as cited in Carson, Butcher, and Mineka, 2000,

p. 249).

b) Demographic Differences in Societies

There are many studies that show that bipolar disorder is more common in

the higher socioeconomic classes. It is also shown that the individual of bipolar

disorder come from families with higher status and tend to have more education

than do the unipolar one. The relation of that bipolar and higher socioeconomic

status is perhaps the bipolar leads to increase achievement and accomplishment.

The evidence of that case can be seen from some occupation, such as poets,

writers, composers, and artists.

c. Kinds of Manic-Depressive Psychoses

Within the study of manic-depressive psychoses, there are some subgroups

namely manic and depressed types. Each of them has subgroup, as Coleman

(1976, pp. 341-347) mentions as follow:

1) Manic Types

Coleman defines that this manic types characterized by variety degrees of

elation and psychomotor overactivity. Those degrees categorized from the mildest

to extreme degrees. They are defined as follow:

a) Hypomania

This is the mildest type of manic reaction. This mildest type is described

by medium elation, inconsistency, and overactivity. The individual who


35

experiences this type commonly feels great, he has unlimited confidence in his

ability and knowledge, and he also without doubt and quickly express his opinion

on all subject. He thinks speedily and he may particularly become amusing and

entertaining person. The person also feels tireless that he acquires mostly no sleep

and feels that he does not need anything. He has many continual activities to do

during the day, such as talking, visiting, keeping luncheon and other

appointments, telephoning, writing, and working on various sure-fire schemes.

For the overall depiction, Coleman further reveals that in the beginning the

person seems to be an aggressive, brilliant, sociable individual who has many

worthy enthusiasm and great plans for the future. At first, he is an exciting person

to be with, but then he soon shows his self-centeredness, becomes dominant,

monopolizes the conversation, and shows difficulty in sticking to the subject. He

cannot accept or intolerance of any criticism and he even denounce as stupid fool

people who disagree with his opinion or idea and also who interfere with his

plans. In addition, he is ready with a rebuttal to against people who dare to

interfere or criticism his business. He also seldom makes his plans happen and

very few of his plans are ever put into action. For his plans or activities to be

done, he easily rationalizes them and also admits no mistakes. He spends money

recklessly and in a short period of time he may waste his entire savings.

b) Acute mania

This second type of manic reaction characterized by elation and pressure

of activities become more obvious and he may laugh boisterously and talk at the

top of his voice. He becomes the person who is increasingly boastful, dictatorial,


36

domineering, and may command everyone around him as if he is a super dictator.

His bad temper is easily irritated anytime and his mood can change quickly from

fun to anger. Both before and during hospitalization, brutal behavior is commonly

showed. He may breaks up the furniture or things around him, defaces the walls,

and attacks nurses and other patients. He is continually walking back and forth,

gesturing to himself, singing, and slamming on the walls and door, demanding

release.

Further, the individual has a wild flight of ideas. His speech becomes

incoherent and cannot be comprehended. There may be some confusion and

disorientation for time, place, and person. He presents temporary delusions and

hallucinations, in which he hallucinates about the grandiose ideas of his wealth

and abilities or he may hallucinate that he hears voices and do conversations with

person whom he imagines to be present.

c) Delirious mania

This is the most dangerous, severe, and extreme type of manic reaction.

The characteristic of this kind of manic reaction are the individual is confused,

wildly excited, and also brutal. He shows so incoherent and disoriented, that it is

difficult to have conversation with him or hold his attention. He may experience

vivid auditory and visual hallucinations. He also shows his restlessness by

behaving like singing, screaming, gesturing, and incoherent shouting. His

condition of personal habits totally gets worse. It is unsafe to be close with him

since he may seriously injure himself and others. He also loses his weight quickly

and become fully fatigue.


37

2) Depressed Types

In this depressed types, there are also three different degrees that reverse

from the types of manic reaction. They are:

a) Simple depression

The person who suffers this type of depression commonly has loss of

enthusiasm and hopelessness. Further, his mental and physical activity reduce

becomes slow down. He mostly feels unhappy and depressed. His feelings of

unworthiness, failure, sinfulness, and guilt can affect his thinking process that can

cause his thinking slow down. He needs super and more energy to do his usual

work and activities. Therefore, it can make him less interest of his usual activities.

It can also give effect to his appetite that makes him lose of weight and gets

digestive difficulties, such as constipation. He converses in monotone and answers

questions with very little supply of words. Generally, he chooses to be alone to

think what he has done, which may be all of his sins, and his despair affect him to

see no hope for the future. He also thinks about suicide and attempts to make it

happen.

Many of the patients of this depressed type still have awareness to

understand their real condition and they can realize that they need treatment. But,

generally they will emphasize and admit that the cause of requiring the treatment

not because of depressed but because their various bodily illness, such as

headaches, fatigue, and loss of appetite, constipation, and poor sleep. They also


38

will confess and think that the cause of being that because of their various sins and

mistakes in their past.

b) Acute depression

The person who suffers this acute depression commonly becomes more

inactive, tends to separate himself from others, does not speak in unity so it is

difficult for others to have conversation with him, and increasingly very slow in

his responses. He shows more feelings of guilt and worthlessness. He may feel

guilty and think that he is responsible for everything bad or disaster that happens

in his surrounding, such as disease, floods, or economic depressions and it happen

because he thinks that he has done something really terrible that will bring disaster

for everyone. He will refuse to eat. For the wrong things that happen in his life,

such as his health, he will blame these ailments for the cause of making them. He

sees absolutely no hope to make better the things that he has done. The individual

also feels the unreality and mild hallucination correlated to sin, guilt, and disease

may occur generally. The consideration of suicide is also occurring since it seems

as the only way to out.

c) Depressive stupor

This type is the most severe and extreme of depressed type. It is stated that

the person who suffers this type becomes totally unresponsive and inactive. He

just prefers to put his body down on the bed and will speak not coherently to all

that exist around him. He refuses to eat or speak. He is also confused about time,

place, and person that appear close to him. The dramatic hallucination and


39

delusions, particularly involving imagination about sin, death, and rebirth, may

occur.

d. Symptoms of Manic-Depressive

According to Alloy, Riskind, and Manos (2005) the opening of this

disorder started by manic episode may be followed by a normal period, then by a

depressed episode, a normal episode, and so forth (p. 251). Cusin, Serreti,

Lattuada, et al. support that idea the episodes in bipolar disorder are commonly

briefer and more frequent (as cited in Alloy, Riskind, and Manos, 2005, p. 252).

Carson, Butcher, Mineka explain that depressive, manic, or mixed of them

is classified as the episode of this disturbance. Even though a patient may show

only manic symptoms, bipolar disorder must exist, and the depressive episode

definitely will appear. It is also stated that there are no commonly for only

unipolar manic occur, it must be a part of a bipolar disorder, or perhaps this mania

occurs along range on which depression and manic exist (pp. 220-221).

The diagnosis for individual who experiences bipolar disorder can be

misdiagnosed at first since his or her initial episodes are depressive. The person

can be diagnosed as bipolar if he or she exhibites the signs at least one manic

episode in the past. Carson, Butcher, and Mineka view that such misdiagnoses are

unfortunate and important since the treatments are different unipolar and bipolar

disorder. One terrible effect of misdiagnosed is it can make worse the course of

the illness (p. 223).


40

In addition, Cassidy et al. reveal that “a recent large study of 237 manic

patients also revealed that during manic episodes some patients also report

intermixed symptoms of depressed mod, anxiety, guilt, and suicidal thoughts”.

Leibenluft also adds that “mixed episodes seem to be more common in women

than in men” (as cited in Carson, Butcher, and Mineka, 2000, p. 221).

Further, they also state that manic symptoms in bipolar disorder are

extreme and it can give significant damage of occupational and social functioning

for person who suffers it. Commonly, the person will show the symptoms that his

mood is elevated, euphoric, and expansive. In addition, the patient’s activity

increase significantly and mental activity speed up that can cause he may

experience a “flight of ideas” or thoughts that pass rapidly through the brain. He

may get high level disturbance of verbal output in speech or writing and also the

disturbance in sleep also occur that he will sleep decreasingly. Then, his

confidence also increases highly. When severe becomes delusional, the person

will experience the feelings of enormous greatness and power. His delusional and

feelings that then make him will attempt to take foolish risk with a high potential

painful results, such as foolish business project, sexual indirections, etc (221).

Same as unipolar disorder, the range of this disorder start from the mildest

to moderate and then to the severest (p. 219). The range from mild to moderate is

known as cyclothymia. The pattern of cyclothymia is less serious and no extreme

symptoms and psychotic features, such as delusions, occur.

Alloy, Riskind, and Manos give some hints about the characteristics of

manic-depressive or bipolar disorder (p. 252). First, bipolar disorder happens in


41

the two sexes with approximately equal frequency and is more common among

higher socioeconomic groups. Second, people who experience bipolar disorder are

more likely to have a history of hyperactivity. Then the third is it creates great

destruction and has bad long-term outcome. In addition, generally manic-

depressive often develops more quickly and briefer.

f. Treatments and Outcomes

Since wide variety of treatments for this disorder are available today, and

while manic and depressed patients suffers huge amount of personal suffering and

they also lose their productivity, their awareness to heal that illness by treatments

are increasing greatly. Carson, Butcher, Mineka mention those treatments and

outcomes for the sufferers of bipolar disorder (p. 253)

1) Lithium and Other Mood-Stabilizing Drugs

Lithium therapy is a kind of drugs used for both depressive and manic

episodes of bipolar disorder. The name of mood stabilizer is often used to label

these drugs since these drugs have both anti-manic and anti-depressant. The using

of lithium can help in reducing both the episodes of manic and depressive, but not

for those who stop using these drugs. These drugs also have an unpleasant side

effect, such as lethargy, decreased motor coordination, and even the using in long

time can cause kidney malfunction and sometimes a permanent kidney damage.

Many patients state their problems of using these drugs. They say that the

using of lithium can cause them lose high energy that associated with their

hypomanic and manic episodes. Therefore, an additional drug also added, which


42

is anticonvulsants. These drugs are also useful and more effective for those who

cannot respond well to lithium and cannot accept well the side effects of it.

2) Electroconvulsive Therapy

ECT can also be used for the treatment of manic episodes. There is an

evidence shows that for about 80 percent of manic patients exhibit the indication

of reduction and improvement. In addition, it is also noted that the use of mood-

stabilizing drugs followed by ECT can help the reduction or prevent relapse.

3) Family and Marital Therapy

For bipolar disorder, this kind of therapy combine with medication

significantly can help in reducing relapse. This therapy needs the interference of

family members or spouse. Their help and support is needed orderly that the

sufferer can be recovered in a short period of time.

B. Theoretical Framework

Many theories are needed and required in conducting this study.

Therefore, there are some theories used and applied. The theories consist of

literary and psychology theories. Firstly is the literary theories consists of theory

of critical approach, character and characterization. The character and

characterization theories are used to help in answering the first problem

formulation relevant to the characterization of the main character analyzed in this

study, such as his thinking, mannerism, direct comment, reactions, conversation

with others, speech, personal description, and his character as seen by another.


43

The theory of critical approach proposed by Rohrberger and Woods is

useful to help in determining which approach that suitable to answer the second

problem formulation represented in this study. By seeing the second problem

represented in this study, psychology approach is the proper one to answer that

problem.

The theory of psychology applied in this study consists of theory of

abnormal behavior. That theory is significant in giving the concept of

psychological parts in general needed to depict psychological aspects happening

within human beings life. Particularly, theory of manic-depressed disorder applied

in this study can help me to assess deeply about its disorder and what happens in

human beings when they experience that disorder. Within the novel, it is shown

that the major character experiences that manic-depressed disorder and it can be

proven through his thinking, mannerism, direct comment, reactions, conversation

with others, speech, personal description, and his character as seen by another.


44

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts. First is subject matter which discusses

the novel itself. The second is approaches that will be used to analyze the study.

And the third is procedures including some steps to conduct the study.

A. Object of the Study

This study deals with one of the novels by Paulo Coelho, entitled The

Winner Stands Alone. This is the twelfth of Paulo’s work. It was originally

published by Harper in 2009. The novel consists of 343 pages. It contains 32

parts. Each part starts with the time when every episode happens.

The Winner Stands Alone tells about the Igor’s obsession to get his ex-wife

back. Igor is a Russian, who is rich, handsome, and intelligent, desperately in love

because his wife leaves him for a successful fashion designer. Igor also has

obsession to get his beloved back and he will do everything to get her back, even

though he has to destroy the whole world. It also paints the luxury and glamorous

of entertainment world that we often think that it is always full of fun and

happiness, but in fact it is not always like what we think. That is another aspect of

this story, to appoint another side of this novel that is abnormal behavior

particularly manic-depressive psychoses that Igor, the major character, shows by

how he does something uncommon to get what he wants.


45

B. Approach of the Study

Actually, there are five critical approaches that can be used to get more

understanding in reading and analyzing literature. According to Rohrberger and

Woods, Jr. (1971, pp. 3-15), one must know what literature is, how to read it, and

how to judge it. Literature also study and consider critical approaches that concern

to the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural historical

approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. In this

study, the writer uses the psychological approach. The writer uses the

psychological approach to analyze the characters of Igor who can be seen that he

experiences manic-depressive psychoses through his way, manner, and view of

something. By using that theory, the writer also gets deeper understanding about

some definition of abnormal behavior that cover not only in one aspect, but many

aspects, and then the complex causes of abnormal behavior itself.

C. Method of the Study

The procedures that were taken for doing and analyzing this study done by

using some steps. Certainly, the writer used library study. Firstly, the writer chose

the novel that would be used for this study and then after choosing the novel, the

writer read the novel more than once so that the writer would get more

understanding and could analyze aspects within the novel easily. Next, the writer

chose and determined what the aspects that would be analyzed for this study and

those became the problem formulation. To get the answer of problem formulation,


46

when reading the novel the writer focused on some important details and then

made conclusion of those details.

To get more understanding to answer the problem formulation, the writer

also used some references related to the novel. The references related to literature

and psychology theories, such as theory of character, characterization, and

abnormal behavior, particularly unipolar and bipolar disorder, that tells many

aspects and compositions of it. To get those references, the writer conducted

library research for some days, because it was not easy to find the books and

references that needed directly. The writer also used internet sources to search for

some theories as additional information.


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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This part consists of two parts. The first part discusses the description of

Igor’s character, as the major character in Coelho’s novel The Winner Stands

Alone. The second part discusses the description of manic-depressive depression

that is experienced by Igor.

A. The Description of Igor

Character is an important role in the story. Without the existence of the

character, the story will not feel alive. Little (1981) states that a novel is

significantly concerned with character. In addition, he says that a novel will be

expected to present one or few characters (p. 101). Here, Coelho creates many

characters in his novel The Winner Stands Alone, but only one major character,

who is Igor, becomes the focus on representing what is learnt for this study.

Rohrberher and Woods, Jr. (1971, p. 20) and Van De Laar and

Schoonderwoerd (1963, pp. 170-171) mention and define two kinds of character,

which are flat and round characters. Based on their description, here Igor belongs

to round character since he is frequently presented and he is also represented in

the whole and different aspects. This character is also able to surprise the readers

by acting and performing differently from what the readers may think or expect.

Holman and Harmon (1986) also say that a character may be either static

or dynamic (p. 83). Igor is a dynamic character because he frequently changes as a


48

result of actions and experiences. The character appears to reveal the

consequences of actions happen. Igor is also described as the major character in

the novel since he appears and inhabits within the story frequently and attract the

readers’ attention mostly.

Besides, Murphy’s theory of characterization (1972, pp. 161-173) is also

needed to help in analyzing and studying the main character, Igor, since his theory

greatly explains nine ways of how an author has to convey his character and the

personalities in order the readers are capable to get good understanding. Those

ways are mentioned as follows: personal description, character as seen by another,

speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and

mannerism.

1. Hard-working

By seeing how Igor desires to always get what he wants, he can be

categorized as a hard-working person. It can be seen from the way he gains his

success in achieving a high position of his job. It is told that he struggles so hard

that he can achieve his ambition to get a successful job. His motive to get what he

desires is to prove to himself and others that he can develop and grow more to

become he is capable of becoming. This motive belongs to his self-actualization

need. Here, he needs to prove that he can do get more and more achievement than

he has before. At the time Igor meets a girl named Olivia, he converse and admits

to her about his past life.

“Yes, love too. But for me it was also important to earn enough money to show my parents that I was capable of succeeding. I did that, and now


49

they’re proud of me. I met the perfect woman, we married, and I would like to have had children, to honor and fear God. The children, alas, never came.” (p. 14)

Igor also tells to Olivia that he has struggled and worked so hard that he is

able to attain what he has now. Actually, he is a war veteran who has ever fought

in a horrific battle, and he has learnt from his experiences. This, then, makes him

be a firm and strong individual. He says to Olivia “I worked hard to build up what

I have. I worked long and hard, and survived many a setback.” In addition, he also

admits that he is a good Christian in which he is always honest and does

everything right (p. 21). That remark conveyed by him shows that he feels

disappointed. He wants to show that he has worked so hard to get what he has

dreamed of and keep it on. However, he cannot understand why he cannot

maintain all what he desires of, particularly he always wants to be with his ex-

wife and build a good and happy family with her, even though it is hard to get her

back.

Even, his ex-wife, Ewa, still remembers and thinks that Igor is a good

person. Since Ewa always knows what he does to gain his success in life, she

thinks that he is a firm and integrated person who will always struggle hard to

gain what he wants.

Despite this, he had overcome all difficulties to succeed. He began to work very hard, getting loans from some very shady people, then lying awake at night, worrying about the risk he was taking and wondering how he could ever repay those loans. He put up uncomplainingly with the endemic corruption, accepting that he would have to bribe a government official each time he needed a new license for a product that would improve the quality of life of his won people. (p. 87)


50

From what Igor says about himself to another, and also what his ex-wife

thinks about him, he can be categorized as a hard-working person. He is a

successful person because of his hard struggle and effort that make what he

dreams of come true.

2. Rich

Definitely, Igor is a rich man since he has gained his successful job. He

has a lot of money that he is capable of getting everything, even women except his

lovely ex-wife, by using his money. He has no debt and never worries about

money. Therefore, by having much money, he can use it to try getting his ex-wife

back by using many ways. Even harmful ways are used in order to show to his ex-

wife that Igor seriously wants to prove that he is able to do many things to get her

back. Since Igor is rich, he can spend all of his money easily to get his ways

realize. Therefore, he uses his money to go to the Cannes Film Festival to show

that he is ready to get his ex-wife back to him. Moreover, as the owner and the

president of a telephone company in Russia, he can go every place he wants to by

his private jet and he is also able to reserve the best suit in a very luxurious and

expensive hotel (p. 5).

As the owner and the president of a telephone company, Igor has a good

connection with important and authoritative people. He never stops to get and earn

more money since he does not want to lose what he has got in his hand. Although

he is a rich person, Igor does not like to show off his health and he still likes to

live in a simple living since he begins to reach his success.


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Igor is untouched by this destructive power, for he has one of the most enviable jobs in the world. He continues to earn more money in a day than he could spend in a year, … ….. He doesn’t have to wear a particular designer label, go to a particular restaurant, spend his holidays at a beach where “everyone” goes, or buy a watch just because some successful sportsman is promoting it. He can sign major contracts with a cheap ballpoint pen, wear comfortable, elegant jackets, … (pp. 9-10).

In addition, Igor’s hard work has made him not only rich, but also famous

in his country, particularly in a business sector. His face appears in the front cover

of an important business magazine. He also gets many invitations to parties and

events sent by the local bigwigs (p. 88). In short conclusion, Igor’s effort, what he

has struggled and fought for, has helped him to be a rich person. Therefore, he can

go and do things that he wants to do.

3. Good Looking

Although Igor is a forty, he can be categorized as a handsome man with a

good physical and looking appearance. Everyone who sees him can consider that

he is rich because he can modify and put himself up to a situation where he has to

look properly. When he goes to Cannes, everybody almost has the same views

about him and considers him as a mature, handsome, good looking, interesting

and rich gentleman, who has a good behavior, a good sense of humor and smart at

expressing his brilliant ideas about universe.

When Igor meets a girl, named Olivia, who sells craftwork and jewelry on

the pavement, it is told that in the beginning, the girl thinks that Igor is a good and

wise man. He does not show a sign like a badly behaved gentleman that she often


52

meets almost every day. She thinks and views Igor as handsome, well-dressed and

behaved man, fluent in speaking French, and also has a good and interesting sense

of humor (p. 15).

Easily, Igor can also carry his plan out by taking advantage of his physical

appearance. When he goes to Cannes, he wants to get his ex-wife back. He

smartly takes his condition as a rich and good looking man to realize his plan.

One of the security guards asks if he has an invitation, and he says that he does. He pretends to search his pocket. A receptionist dressed in red asks if she can help. He offers her his business card, bearing the logo of his phone company and his name, Igor Malev, President.... The receptionist welcomes him and invites him in; she has learned to judge men and women by the way they dress, and “President” means the same thing worldwide….There was no need to check the list. (p. 40) Igor’s good, healthy, and proper physical appearance and behavior make

everybody sees him as handsome and good looking man. Let alone, he can make

many women interested in him by seeing only his physical appearance. Although

he is forty, he is able to dress properly and keep his body healthy and that gives

effect to his physical appearance.

4. Religious

Igor is a religious person. He is a Christian. He always does something on

behalf of God. He also believes that God will always bless everything he does

because he is sure that he always does something good every time. He convinces

that God is all powerful and the holy one, and therefore he fears God. When he

has conversation to a girl, named Olivia, who he kills after, he says that he is a

good person and good Christian. He says “I was always honest in my dealings,


53

although there were, of course, times when I had to be hard and implacable. I was

always a good Christian….. In short, I did everything right” (p. 21).

He even thinks and admits that he is a good Christian who never breaks

God’s rules. It is proved by his remark that says he does everything right and he is

always honest. Further, he says to Ewa, his lovely ex-wife, that God has

predestined a life for Igor and Ewa to be one for forever. He tries to make Ewa

sure about his belief that God never wants to separate them apart. Besides, he also

wants to prove his true love to Ewa by conveying his belief.

“God thought of everything,” he went on. “We are together because he decided we should be. You may not fully appreciate your importance in my life, but without you, I would never have got where I am today. He placed us side by side and lent me his power to defend you whenever necessary. He taught me that everything is part of a plan, and I must respect that plan down to the last detail. If hadn’t done so, I would either be dead in Kabul or living in poverty in Moscow.” (p. 94) Igor’s strong belief in God has made him accept that all things come to

him and things he has successfully got are from God. He thinks that if he always

does something good in his life, God will never take everything from him. He also

deeply believes that God will respect them whom are able to deserve well the gifts

from him and who are afraid of him. Thus, he realizes his belief in his life because

he is afraid to lose many things he has achieved (p. 156).

One time when Igor is doubtful if he should continue his plan or leave it,

he constantly thinks that the devil has possessed his thoughts and also tries to

mislead him not to continue his plan to kill others only to get his ex-wife back.

Igor believes that God will sanction everything he does even when he has to kill

many people, which he considers that act is good to be done for their goodness.


54

Therefore, he never deems his deed as bad and sinful since he constantly

considers them in the name of God.

Even the King of Kings, Jesus Christ, was tested as Igor is being tested now: being tempted by the Devil. And he needs to cling on tooth and nail to his faith if he’s not to weaken in the mission with which he has been charged. The devil is asking him to stop, to forgive, to abandon his task. The devil is a top-class professional and knows how to fill the weak with alarming feelings such as fear, anxiety, impotence, and despair. (p. 195) From the analysis, it can be assumed that actually Igor is a quite good

Christian, but unfortunately he misuses his belief in God for many things he

considers right whereas for others view it as abnormal or uncommon.

5. Obsessive

Igor is an ambitious person who always wants to get everything he desires.

But, unfortunately he cannot control his ambition properly and it turns into

obsession. It starts when he has a successful telephone company and he is the

owner of that company. Even, he also obsesses with his ex-wife.

He obsesses to get his ex-wife back, Ewa, since she leaves him for another

man. He promises to himself and Ewa that he will always do everything to get her

by his side forever. Even he promises to destroy others or kill people only to get

what he has obsessed. It is because he cannot accept the fact that the love he has

rebuilt with his wife for many years is gone suddenly then. His motivation of

getting his wife back because his need of love and belongingness, therefore he

tries so hard to get his wife back. He needs the love of his wife to accompany him


55

forever and he dares to take risk of killing people to carry out his plans to get his

wife back.

When he wants to prove his promise by going to the Cannes Film Festival,

he meets a girl named Olivia where he tells his plan to get Ewa back to him. He

says “I didn’t come here to cry. I came to send messages to the woman I love, and

in order to do that, I need to destroy a few universes or worlds” (p. 15). He really

dares to take any risk with the intention of getting his ex-wife back. Besides, he

also hopes that his way of harming himself will make his ex-wife realize that he

truly serious loves and wants her to back.

Furthermore, he also obsesses with wealthy as well as he obsesses his

wife. Since Igor has established himself to be a rich and wealthy person, he

always wants to get more and more money and never wants to stop. It becomes

one cause why his wife feels bored and leaves him. She thinks that money and

power have possessed him and made him never want to stop getting more and

more. She thinks that his desire and obsession to get more and more has made

their love get dimmer then.

Igor, of course, wanted to go further… and further. After all, he had only got where he was by dint of ambition and hard work . . . .

“Yes, I’m satisfied, but the problem is you’re not, and never will be. You’re insecure, afraid of losing everything you’ve achieved; you don’t know how to quit once you’re ahead. You’ll end up destroying yourself. You’re killing our marriage and my love.” (p. 89)

Before Ewa leaves Igor, Ewa knows that Igor has done some things

uncommon behind her. She thinks that the angel in his soul has changed into the

devil one, who has possessed him and leaded him into wrong ways. She knows

that he has done something not normal that he has killed and he feels happy for


56

doing that. That makes her afraid and she does not want to live any longer with

him. When Igor expresses his feeling of great love to her, she thinks that his love

to her is not a true love, and even Ewa tends to consider it as a sick and mad love.

Perhaps it is an obsessive love.

“I’m not jealous,” Igor used to say whenever he or she set off on a business trip, “because you know how much I love you, and I know how much you love me. Nothing will ever happen to destabilize our marriage.”

She was more convinced than ever that this was not love. It was something sick and morbid, which she would either have to accept and live the rest of her life a prisoner to fear, or else free herself as soon as possible, at the first opportunity. (p. 97)

Ewa asks Igor to stop working too much and too hard and expects him to

make their dream to build a good family happen, but Igor always asks her to wait

for him. It happens more than once and then she feels tired for waiting him more

and more. Thus, that problem also becomes the cause for her to leave Igor.

However, at last Igor realizes that he never wants to stop doing that and he never

wants to give all up everything he has achieved.

And that was when he understood. It wasn’t true that he would give up work next month or next year or even next decade. They would never have he house in the country and the children they dreamed of. He asked himself that night why this was impossible and he had only one answer.

On the road to power, there’s no turning back. He would be an eternal slave to the road he’d chosen, and if he did ever realize his dream of abandoning everything, he would plunge immediately into a deep depression. (p. 158)

Based on the proofs mentioned, Igor can be said that he is an obsessive

person who always really wants to do and reach everything that he obsesses.

Furthermore, he is aware that he never wants to stop mounting others’ peak, in

which he is always able to compete with others’ successful venture and get more

and more than he has.


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B. The Manic-Depressive Disorder Experienced by Igor

As mentioned before by some experts that generally manic depressive or

bipolar disorder is described as a mental illness characterized by the mixed of

elation and depression. This disorder is the combination of mania and depression.

Here, Carson, Butcher, Mineka (2000) state that mania is viewed as people who

have strong and unrealistic feelings of enthusiasm and euphoria. Whereas,

depression is described as the feeling of extraordinary sadness and dejection (p.

220)

Here, Igor as the main character in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands

Alone experiences that disorder. He shows some symptoms or signs and they

directly present that he experiences this bipolar disorder. The manic signs he

presents shows that he suffers from this disorder, such as: he has elevated,

euphoric, and expansive mood, increased energy and over-activity, and he has

also racing thoughts or flight of grandiose ideas, denial that everything is wrong,

great and inflated self-esteem, needing little sleep, and he is excessively religious

and intolerant. On the other hand, the depressive signs presented are: he has

difficulty in concentrating and making decisions, feelings of anxious or empty

mood, a feeling of fatigue that he needs more time to sleep or insomnia, changing

in appetite, and decreasing energy or power.


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1. The Causes of Manic Depressive Disorder

Igor as the major character in the novel The Winner Stands Alone is told

that he has many experiences and histories in his life that then some of them can

be the causes he suffers manic depressive disorder. There are some causes

presented as following:

a) Psychosocial Causal Factor

Obviously, one reason Igor suffers this disorder is because the

psychosocial factor. He has struggled hard to get his obsession of becoming a

successful person, then he is afraid of losing what he has achieved, and at that

time his lovely wife also leaves him for another man. That situation has made him

have to face the hard time he does not want to. Therefore, the stressful live event

is the fit one to be the cause of his experience of becoming a manic depressive

sufferer. There are some signs shown that he still loves his wife and wants her to

come back to his side. He dares to take any risk in getting her back.

The first proof is Igor is really eager to go to the Cannes Film Festival

where he can meet with his ex-wife and he hopes his sacrifice will grant him

worthy result that she will come back to his side. He says to Olivia “Of course, I

could say that life has treated me unfairly and taken from me the most important

thing there is: love…. “ (p. 21). His remark reveals that he cannot bear to lose the

only important love he has in his life. He cannot accept it and blame it as the

injustice of life.

Then, the second proof is that he cannot accept his wife leaving him and so

he has planned to destroy or kill people as the message conveyed to his ex-wife.


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He is not afraid of running any risk, although the consequences are highly

dangerous. He plans his strategies carefully, and thus he hopes that the ways he

used will be successfully done to convey his message. He openly confesses his

plan to Olivia.

“….. Perhaps because I need to prove to myself just what I’m capable of. Perhaps because I lied, and there is only one woman for me. I have a plan” “What plan?” “I told you before. I’m going to keep destroying worlds until she realizes how important she is to me and that’s I’m prepared to run any risk in order to get her back. (p. 21)

From the descriptions revealed above, they show that Igor has lost his

important love in his life and he struggles so hard to get it back by using any risky

ways. It is related to the cause of stressful life event he has to experience and by

then it also makes him be a sufferer of manic depressive disorder.

b) Sociocultural Factors

Sociocultural factors can be the cause of manic depressive disorder

experienced by Igor since there are two categories included in this factor. Those

categories, which are a belief in self-sufficiency and demographic differences in

societies as stated by Carothers are the appropriate factors to reveal the Igor’s

condition of becoming manic depressive sufferer (as cited in Carson, Butcher, and

Mineka, 2000, p. 249).

1) A Belief in Self-Sufficiency

It is stated before that people who live in urban societies tend to have

depressive disorder. Carson, Butcher, and Mineka (2000) explain it can happen

because the urban societies have highly problem and responsibility for self-


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sufficiency (p. 249). It is obviously prominent that the problem of self-sufficiency,

choice, and responsibility cannot be avoided for those who live in urban area.

Commonly, they have to compete with others to get and show the best they have.

The competition itself that finally then make them so depressed. They will feel

upset and distressed if they cannot achieve their sufficiency and show to others

that they are capable of getting more than others.

That case is experienced by Igor who lives in Russia and he also has a lot

of money. He is the owner of a successful telephone company. He has got more

than enough, but he does not want to stop of getting more and more wealth. He is

afraid of losing what he has got. He never wants to stop competing with others.

He even does not have no idea what he will do if he has no activities related to his

business. Furthermore, he indirectly has preferred his career to his wife.

And that was when he understood. It wasn’t true that he would give up work next month or next year or even next decade. They would never have the house in the country and the children they dreamed of. He asked himself that night why this was impossible and he had only one answer. On the road to power, there’s no turning back. He would be an eternal slave to the road he’d chosen, and if he did ever realize his dream of abandoning everything, he would plunge immediately into a deep depression. (p. 158)

Igor finally realizes that he is unable to leave all of those things he has

rebuilt from the beginning when he has nothing. Although he has more

sufficiency, he does want to stop getting more and more since he does not want to

leave all of his wealth and to be an ordinary man. He is also a workaholic person

whose the purpose in the beginning is different with the one when he has been a

rich person. He becomes an obsessive person whose job is a compulsion within

his life. He works all time and day without taking much break. It is stated that a


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workaholic can be a depressed if he does not have any challenge and problem in

running his business (p. 160). Therefore, it is very important to him to be a

workaholic to fulfill more and more sufficiency of his living. That Igor’s motive

to get more and more belongs to self-actualization need as Maslow said that this

need demands a person to develop and grow more to become he or she is capable

of becoming (as cited in Petri, 1981, pp. 302-305).

2) Demographic Differences in Societies

Many studies show that the bipolar sufferers commonly are from higher

socioeconomic classes. Carson, Butcher, and Mineka state that the sufferers come

from families with higher status and tend to have more education. Perhaps, it can

happen because the people who have higher status need more to increase

achievement and accomplishment (p. 250). Generally, they will feel as great

people if they can fully achieve more and more than others get.

Igor who suffers manic depressive disorder also shows this symptom. He

needs more achievement to show that he is great and capable of getting more than

others have. It is not only the wealth he wants to achieve more, but also more

knowledge and information in which he attains to improve more his ability.

Although Igor is only an ordinary man in the beginning, but his condition

has changed him to become a very rich person. He successfully can build a

telephone company. He has one of the most enviable jobs in the world. He is also

able to earn very much money in a day where he can spend it in a year (p. 9).

That proves that he is a person who has high socioeconomic status. Hence, he

always wants to achieve more for than he has by working so hard. It shows that he


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needs esteem need from others where he expects his high status and reputation as

successful and rich person will be admitted by others.

He is not only obsessed of getting more wealth, but also of accomplishing

his mission in winning his love back. He is challenged for doing that since the

plans used are not easy and also apply sophisticated techniques. Thus, he thinks

he must totally complete and achieve his mission. after he kills a girl named

Olivia and he wants to get another victim, his adrenaline fills hi blood, his heart

beats faster, and he is excited and happy (p. 43). That means he is ready to get his

next plan. It indicates that he needs to prove his capability to bring about what he

desires can be carried out successfully. Igor’s need to show that he is capable of

completing his mission successfully belongs to the esteem need of self-esteem, in

which it involves achievement in getting what he wants.

2. The Type of Manic Depressive Disorder

This part deals with the kind of manic-depressive disorder that is

experienced by Igor as the major character in the novel. Since Igor experiences

mania mixed depression as told in the novel, thus, it is necessary to discuss that

kind of mania and depression in advance. The kind of manic-depressive disorder

can be studied separately as follows:

a. Manic Type

Coleman (1976) states that manic types are characterized by variety

degrees of elation and psychomotor overactivity (p. 341). The type varies from the

mildest level to the extreme one. Here, Igor experiences the mildest level since in


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the story he shows and performs the characteristics of that level. Furthermore,

hypomania is the name given to address this mildest level of manic type. The

characteristics shown are:

1) Inconsistency

Coleman states inconsistency as one symptom of hypomania type (p. 341).

Someone who suffers from this kind of mental disorder is usually not consistent

for what he has thought and done. On one side, he may think that he always does

everything in good way, but on another side, he feels guilty and thinks that he has

done everything badly. For one case, it happens after Igor kills his first victim,

Olivia. In the beginning, he extremely feels great and happy because he has

completed one of his plans. Then, after he sees her family and her dead body

being carried by the ambulance, he soon realizes that he has known her name and

feels guilty for killing her. He wonders if his love to Ewa is worth for what he is

doing in completing his mission.

… He doesn’t know quite what he is feeling: he has destroyed a world he will never be able to rebuild, even if he had all the power in the world. Did Ewa deserve that? … What he has done? Was love, however great and however intense, sufficient justification for that?

He had chosen the wrong person as his first victim. Her death will never make the news and Ewa won’t understand the message.

Don’t think about it, it’s done now. You have prepared yourself to go much further than this, so carry on…. (p. 36)

His thought has made him wonder in his midway if he should continue his

plan of destroying others to convey his message to Ewa or stop it and give himself

up to the police. Then, he has a thought to sacrifice himself by giving himself up

to the police. He is quite sure by doing this way his ex-wife will be back to him


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then. He carries out his changing mission, which is going to the police and giving

himself up, but he fails because the police he meets does not believe someone rich

and elegant like him be able to do a criminal action such as murdering.

His failed mission to sacrifice himself in order to get his ex-wife back has

changed him then. He thinks and reflects again that he has done a foolish action

by giving himself up. He imagines bad things will happen to Ewa if he goes to the

prison. He imagines that Ewa will be lonely without his presence and they will be

too old to make their dream of making a happy and good family come true. He

suddenly needs to take a break because he thinks he has very nearly ruined his

whole plan (p. 119). Rapidly, he changes his mission back to the beginning.

2) Feeling great

Since Igor is a rich person and also has everything, he feels that he is really

a great person who can get what he desires. Moreover, he also desires of getting

his wife back after she leaves him for another man. He is very sure that he can get

his ex-wife back through the messages he sends to her. He thinks confidently that

his ex-wife regrets for leaving him and wants to come back to his side since he

believes that their love is a great and true love that will never die.

“The truth is I didn’t lose anything. Life sometimes separates people so that they can realize how much they mean to each other. For example, last night, I saw my wife with another man. I know she wants to come back to me, that she still loves me, but she’s not brave enough to take the first step….” (p. 16)

Another proof that he definitely feels very great is when the time after Igor

kills Olivia, he feels happy because he thinks he is a very great person who is able


65

to help all human beings remove from their pains and sufferings. Here, he uses

many ways to prove that he is always capable of doing that, including killing

them. He is a person who can feel much better if he can kill his objects in order to

complete his mission and even to set their soul free from suffering. Here, the self-

esteem of strength is showed by Igor who always wants to fulfill his mission by

employing his strength. His motivation to harm or kill others is to prove that he is

able to get he desires and he deserves to do it.

He can do it. And he’s happier still because he has freed the soul from that fragile body, freed a spirit incapable of defending herself against a bullying coward. If her relationship with her boyfriend had continued, the girl would have ended up depressed and anxious and devoid of all self-respect, and would have been even more under her boyfriend’s thumb. (p. 23)

Igor has experienced in killing people before. It starts when he is a war

fighter who definitely has to kill others in order to save himself. Then, he does it

again when he has a time together with his wife that finally his wife leaves him.

Moreover, it does not make him to stop killing people. He makes plan to get his

wife back by using a weird strategy, in which he destroys others or by means

killing people. He feels great for doing that because he considers that he is a

savior who has helped them out of their suffering. When he has successfully got

his two victims to complete his mission, he feels proud of his ability to plan

things, because even though he has never been to Cannes before, he is able to

foresee the situation before (p. 154).


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3) Having excessive confidence in his ability and knowledge

Igor, actually, is a smart and intelligent person. He is able to know and

understand much better information and knowledge. He has learnt many things

since he is an ordinary man and becomes a war fighter. His experiences have

taught him to be a knowledgeable person, therefore he knows much about science

and knowledge. Unfortunately, he has unlimited confidence in his ability and

knowledge that makes him believe he can do everything by using all of his

knowledge and ability.

One of the proofs that he has much knowledge is when he has a

conversation with Olivia. He says about something marvelously related to science

that makes Olivia thinks that he is an interesting and smart man. He tells the story

about a boiled frog to depict himself.

“Yes, various biological studies have shown that if a frog is placed in a container along with water from its own pond, it will remain there, utterly still, while the water is slowly heated up. The frog doesn’t react to the gradual increase in temperature, to the changes in its environment, and when the water reaches the boiling point, the frog dies, fat, and happy.”

“On the other hand,… … “I was like that boiled frog. I didn’t notice the changes. I thought

everything was fine, that the bad things would just go away, that it was just a matter of time…. (p. 16)

Olivia is impressed by Igor’s remark. She imagines how someone can be a

smart and elegant person like him. Therefore, in the very beginning of their

meeting, she assumes that Igor is a very smart person and he knows many things

she has never known before. That is one of Igor’s strength which he can use to

prove that he is capable of doing anything. It also shows that he has finally

achieved his motivation of esteem need, either the self esteem or the need of


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esteem from others. The self esteem he has fully achieved, such as the

achievement of his career and expertise of much knowledge. While the need of

esteem from others which has been achieved as the case when he meets Olivia and

she admits Igor as a smart and elegant person.

Furthermore, as a smart and knowledgeable person, he uses his excessive

ability to kill some persons to complete his mission of getting his ex-wife back.

He uses impressive ways, which are rare, unusual, and brilliant techniques, to kill

them. For his first victim, he uses Sambo technique, which is the art of killing

swiftly with one’s bare hand (p. 22). Then, when he kills his second victim, he

uses another sophisticated technique. He uses a curare, such a kind of needle

which can paralyze certain muscles and make a human die within twenty minutes

(p. 111). To carry out those missions, he has to study and rehearse first his

knowledge in order to make his plan completed perfectly.

4) Thinking fast

Igor is able to think speedily. It can be showed through the way he makes

plan. At his meeting with the second victim, Javits, he realizes that it is not easy to

directly kill Javits since he is guarded tightly by his two bodyguards. Therefore,

he has to manage a plan soon. His experience of being a war fighter can help him

to think and make a plan quickly. Then, he soon gets a plan to accomplish his task

for killing Javits. He uses a sophisticated way which is not easy as the first one.

… This new challenge this sweaty, pseudo-athletic, henna-haired man with the bored expression and who is clearly someone very powerful is much more difficult. …


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He leaves the straw in the pineapple juice. People are beginning to arrive. He has to wait for the place to fill up, but not too long. He hadn’t planned to destroy a world in broad daylight, in the middle of the Boulevard in Cannes, and he doesn’t know exactly how to carry out this next project. Something tells him, though, that he has chosen the perfect place. (p. 43)

It shows that although Igor has not had a ready strategy to kill his new

victim, he is competent enough to carry his plan out successfully. His skills and

experiences have helped him successfully to carry out all of what he has planned.

Another case also happens when he meets with his third victim, Maureen.

At that time he meets her, he does not have any plan to kill soon another person.

By then, suddenly Maureen comes to him. Then, he turns his mission soon to

destroy Maureen’s world that means to kill her. Since he is a trained person who

used to kill people in a war, he soon knows what he should do to kill his new

victim. He imagines how easy to kill the girl, while he has not any plan to kill her

before. He thinks that his victim has chosen death this time. When she joins him,

he has been sitting alone on the terrace, wondering what to do next and thinking

about the past (p. 172).

5) A particularly amusing and entertaining person

This kind of person commonly is an interesting and entertaining person.

Therefore he is capable of attracting others’ attention. Generally, a manic sufferer

is a wealthy person and has quite a lot of money that he is able to make himself to

be an attractive person.

Igor belongs to the kind of this person. He is a rich and successful

businessman. He is an entertaining and also charming person. He is capable of


69

getting others’ attention, either from women or men. At the first meeting with

Igor, some people can see and admit that Igor is a charming and interesting, and

he seems as a fascinating person to be with.

Coleman says about what kind of this person is. He states that in the

beginning the person seems to be an aggressive, brilliant, sociable individual. At

first, he is an exciting person to be with, but soon he shows his self-centeredness,

becomes dominant, monopolizes the conversation, and shows difficulty in

sticking to the subject (p. 341).

When Igor tries to find another victim, he goes to a tent and promptly he

gets his new second victim. His name is Javits Wild, who is not a famous but very

important person. To kill his new victim, Igor soon gets his strategy to complete

his task. When he tries to manage his strategy to be successfully completed, Javits

glances around and he suddenly sees and observes Igor. Javits thinks and admits

that Igor is an interesting person, since he is different with people that Javits

usually meets.

Javits glances around. There’s a man in dark glasses drinking a fruit juice. He seems oblivious to his surroundings and is staring out to sea as if he were somewhere far from there. He’s smartly dressed and good-looking, with graying hair….

He envies that man, who probably doesn’t fit the list of “normal” behavior he always keeps in his pocket. He seems so independent and free; if Javits weren’t feeling so tired, he would really like to talk to him. (p. 46)

Then, when Igor meets his third victim, a girl named Maureen, he uses his

charm to attract her attention. He is successfully able to do that. Maureen, who

firstly comes to him, thinks that he seems very different from many men she often

meets. He treats her very different and she is amazed by his elegant behavior.


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Then, it makes her want to do what Igor asks for. She does not truly know and

suspect anything of what Igor doing for her. As mentioned by Coleman, a person

like Igor seems to be an exciting person to go with in the beginning. It happens to

Maureen who sees Igor appear as an exciting person and makes her have desire of

him.

To be honest, she wouldn’t mind being kissed by this seemingly charming man. She knows absolutely nothing about him, of course, but the elegance with which he’s seducing her is something she won’t forget in a long time. … Maureen feels that she’s with a man who is polite, handsome, doubtless wealthy, but who is capable of protecting her from all dangers…… (pp. 169- 171)

Maureen is absolutely wrong about him. She does not know that she has

given her life to a death gateway, in which Igor kills her to be his third victim. It

proves that he is capable of deceiving his objects by using what he owns, which is

his charming. The self-actualization need is completely owned by him, therefore

he is capable of getting done what he has planned before by manipulating his

charming to trap others.

6) Feeling tireless

Igor is a busy man. He has many activities to do related to either his job or

his plan to get his ex-wife back. Definitely, as a busy man, he has to run his

business every day. He always enjoys and never complains to be a busy person,

since his bustle has made him always be a rich and wealthy person.

Igor always has a dream to be a rich and successful businessman. Since his

dream has come true, he realizes that he never wants to leave it. Therefore, he


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always tries and struggle harder to keep and develop it to be more and more

profitable.

Since he has to do a lot of activities, he cannot take much time to rest.

Furthermore, Coleman states that a manic person feels tireless that he acquires

mostly no sleep (p. 341). It depicts the image of Igor who needs no much rest

because he used to spend his much time to accomplish every detail of his plans.

When he arrives in Cannes to get his ex-wife back, he almost has no time

to sleep, as the result he feels tired and needs time to sleep. Moreover, when his

body much time to sleep, he cannot sleep for longer time. He feels alone and tired

and needs to sleep. He wakes up at 7:22 a.m., much earlier than his body would

like,… (pp. 10-11).

To make him be able to sleep well, after sleeping for a short time he goes

for a walk and tries to find victims for completing his mission. He has killed two

persons for a short time and he feels satisfied for that. Then, he goes back to his

hotel room and tries to take a nap. Even, when he tries to sleep once more, he

cannot sleep well. He is awake and aware that he has only been asleep for forty

minutes (p. 109). It can be caused by his habit to sleep in a short time since he is

so busy and has many things to do.

7) Having many continual activities to do during the day

Since Igor is hard-working in which he always tries and struggles so hard

to get what he desires, then it make him to be a successful and powerful man.

Definitely, he has to keep what he has achieved by doing so many activities and


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getting many more business relations. To do those things, he becomes a very busy

man during the day. He does his business works and meets many relations to talk

about business. When he arrives in Cannes, in the beginning he feels rather

strange because he does not have any activities that related to his company. He

thinks that if he is at work, he will be busy to hold many meetings with his

subordinates and to have many lunches with some new client (p. 11).

Igor also ever feels bored to do those many activities. There are some

things he does not like in doing what he has to do in order to keep what he has

owned, but he keeps doing his bustle during the day. He actually enjoys to be a

successful businessman and does not want to lose it,

Igor is a powerful man. He has fought all his life to get where he is now. To that end, he has sat through boring suppers, endless lectures, and meetings with people he loathed, has bestowed smile when he would rather have bestowed insults,….. He worked day and night and weekends too, deep in discussion with lawyers, administrators, officials, and press officers…… (pp. 155-156)

Igor’s success actually has changed him to be a workaholic. He is afraid of

losing his wealth, power and high position in society, therefore he never stops to

obtain other chances in which he can get much more than he has owned. He is

even willing to do many things he does not like such the things as mentioned

before to gain what he really dreams of. Then finally, he understands that he will

prefer to keep his company up and will never to give all that up.

8) Having much worthy enthusiasm

Absolutely, as a man who has ever experienced one moment of hard time

and then becomes a successful person, Igor knows exactly what he will do if he


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has others desire which must be obtained. Because his experiences have taught

him many kinds of ways to get what he desires, he is always optimistic and

enthusiastic that he thinks he will absolutely be able to achieve what he wants and

nothing can obstruct his ways to get all he wants.

He is strongly sure and he believes that his struggles to make true what he

dreams never turn into vain and unsuccessful. One case happens when he is

nothing and only an ordinary man. Then he can turn to be a successful man. It

happens because of his up and down struggle and he has much optimism and

enthusiasms to make his dream come true.

Another situation, which shows his much enthusiasm of getting what he

wants is when he wants to get his love back to his side. He has made many plans

that he is extremely enthusiastic and optimistic that his plans will be successful

completed to get his love back. Any kinds of ways he uses and does to make it

succeed. Even, when he is confused what he should do to accomplish his next

mission of getting his ex-wife back, he keeps maintaining his enthusiasm that he

will succeed whatever ways he use to complete it.

He has killed two persons. He cannot imagine that he can truly carry his

mission out. For a while, he wants to change his mission that is to sacrifice

himself and give himself up to the police and confesses for what he has done. At

that time, he thinks and believes that his sacrifice of giving himself up to the

police will bring his ex-wife back to him.

Sacrifice... The redemption of love through total surrender….. Ewa will repent of her sins. She’ll come to see him, bring him food, they’ll have time to talk, reflect, love, and even though their bodies do not touch, their souls will be closer than ever. Even if they have to wait years before they


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can live in the house he intends to build on the shores of Lake Baikal, that period of waiting will purify and bless them (pp. 113-114).

Actually, Igor’s enthusiasm is good for some times, particularly when he

can use it to get his success on business. Unfortunately, he sometimes cannot

manage this feeling so well, which then can give him the consequence of despair.

The result is he will do any kinds of ways to get what he desires, even the harm

and risk ways he will do. To get his love back is one example of his great

enthusiasm in which he cannot get it.

9) Having great plans for the future

As a successful man, Igor is used to make many plans to get what he

desires to achieve. The same case happens when Ewa leaves him for living with

another man. He cannot accept that his wife leaves him for someone else since he

always believes that their love is long-lasting. He always promises to himself and

Ewa that nothing will be able to separate their love. Therefore, when it truly

happens that she leaves him, he promises to himself that he will get his love back

to him. He makes many plans greatly and perfectly. He is ready to take any risk to

get his wife back.

He is, in fact, prepared to do anything, even to send messages that will mean he has destroyed someone’s world, just so that she’ll know that not only is he willing to welcome her back, he will gladly burry the past and ask no questions. (p. 12)

Before Igor kills Olivia, he makes conversation with her and he also shares

his feeling that he has a great dream and plan for his future with his ex-wife, Ewa.

He has gained what he has dreamt of, and then he wants to make a happy and


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good family with Ewa. He says “I met the perfect woman, we married, and I

would like to have had children, to honor and fear God” (p. 14). The same remark,

which expresses Igor’s willing to realize his dream to build a good and happy

family, is also expressed in the presence of Ewa. He reveals “I know you

sometimes think I work too much, but it’s not true. I’m building our future and

soon we’ll be free to dream and to live out our dreams” (p. 94).

Igor has worked so hard which he wants to use the result of his hard-work

to build his dream of having a happy family with Ewa. He is really eager to realize

that plan. He has dreamt, planned, and arranged many things to make it realized.

He also tells his plan to Ewa when her presence is still extant in his side. Then, he

and Ewa make the future of their life together, since his usual days are so busy

therefore they want to arrange their spare time in order to be able to build a happy

family.

They made great plans journeys, cruises, a remote house in the mountains with a blazing log fire, and the certain knowledge that they could stay there for as long as they wanted, with no need to worry about money, debts, or obligations. They would find a school for the many children they planned to have together; they would spend whole afternoons walking through the surrounding forests; they would have supper at small, cozy local restaurants…… (p. 156)

Because Igor is so busy and never wants to stop his work, and also Ewa

leaves him, his dream to have a happy life and family cannot be realized. He has

not only great plans for his own private life, but also many plans to make the

world he lives in be a better place in the future. He feels simply great because he

is a very rich man that can use much of his money to achieve what he dreams of,

including making a world filled with love.


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….. He simply wanted to leave the world a better place for the children he dreamed of having, a world without drugs or wars or people trafficking, a world in which love would be the great force uniting all couples, peoples, nations, and religions. (p. 162)

He has many great plans for what he will do in the future, but only some

can be realized. He even dares to take any risk and he is able to do everything in

order to carry out his plans, although only some can be successfully done.

10) Getting easily irritated

When Igor meets his first victim, Olivia, and where she tries to flee

herself, he threatens her to keep staying and listening what his heart wants to

convey about his plan to get his ex-wife back. He seriously says these words and

proves his words “I’m going to keep destroying worlds until she realizes how

important she is to me and that I’m prepared to run any risk in order to get her

back.” (p. 21)

Coleman (1976) gives his view about this kind of person. He says that this

person cannot accept or intolerance of any criticism and he even denounces as

stupid fool people who disagree with his opinion or idea and also who interfere

with his plans. He is not afraid to take any risk and moreover he dares to kill

people who interfere or disturb his business (p. 341). It depicts the figure of Igor.

He can do any harm way to get rid someone who interfere his business.

Definitely, he does it willingly.

It truly happens not only for once, but for more than once. For that case,

one time when he has a candlelit supper in a restaurant in Irkutsk with Ewa, his

ex-wife, a drunken beggar comes to their table, sits down, and disturbs their


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pleasant dinner by telling and criticizing about life and government. Then, he feels

irritated with the arrival of that person. At that time he kills that beggar unknown

to Ewa. He only says to Ewa “Well, he won’t bother anyone again” (p. 90). He

always makes Ewa sure that no one can threaten their privacy. He says “Anyone

who fails to respect our moments of freedom should be removed in such a way

that they’ll never ever consider coming back” (p. 91).

For the beginning, Ewa does not realize what Igor has done. After that

incident in Irkutsk, she always curiously wants to know what happens with the

beggar. He says to Ewa “Anything and anyone who tries to separate us or to

destroy the little time when we have together at this particular moment of our

lives gets the treatment they deserve” (p. 94). Finally, she understands and realizes

that Igor has killed that beggar because she thinks he tells something madly and

she also knows it from his manners.

11) Rationalizing his plans or activities and admitting no mistakes

This characteristic of manic type presents that the person always considers

all of his deeds belong to normal. He may think that all what he does are common

and rational, although others may consider his action as abnormal and uncommon.

Just like Igor, he easily believes that he needs victims to be sacrificed in the name

of love. The victims are used as the messages to be conveyed to his ex-wife (p.

11).

When Igor sees a girl as a craftwork seller, named Olivia, he thinks that

she will be his first victim as his message to be sent to Ewa in order to convey that


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he is in Cannes to get her back. He thinks that Olivia is the message he must send,

a message that will be understood as soon as it reaches its destination (p. 12).

“I didn’t come here to cry. I came to send messages to the woman I love, and in order to do that, I need to destroy a few universes or worlds.

….. “Why do you need to destroy the world?” “So that I can rebuild my own world.” (p. 15) In the very beginning, Olivia does not know what the intention of Igor is

of saying those remarks. She is hypnotized by Igor’s charm. By then, when he

says those remarks and he threatens her, she soon understands what he means. It

can be figured out that Igor will do anything in the name of love, and even he

rationalizes uncommon way be rational way because he thinks that love can be

struggled by doing any ways.

It also happens when Igor is doubtful whether to continue his mission after

killing Olivia or not. He feels guilty for doing that. But soon, he realizes that he

has to continue and complete his mission to get his ex-wife back. He easily thinks

that his action is fairly proper for getting what he wants since he always declares

his sacrifice in the name of love. He says to himself and tries to calm himself:

The girl will understand that her death was not in vain, but was a sacrifice in the name of a greater love. Look around you, see what’s happening in the city, behave like a normal citizen. You’ve already had your fair share of suffering in this life; now you deserve a little peace and comfort.

Enjoy the festival. This is what you have been preparing yourself for. (pp. 36-37)

Then, another case that shows Igor easily rationalizes his unusual deeds is

one time when he has supper with his ex-wife. As a manic sufferer, he will easily

be irritated by his surroundings that disturb him. When a beggar comes to their

table and disturbs their special moment, he exactly knows what he has to do to


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chase that beggar away. He directly and gently asks the beggar to come outside

and he soon kills the beggar. He admits no mistake for what he has done. He

simply feels great for doing that because he feels he has freed the beggar’s soul

from the evil spirit.

“I saved him” ….. “I saved him from a filthy, hopeless life in those freezing winters, with his

body being slowly destroyed by booze. I let his soul depart toward the light because the moment he came into that restaurant to destroy our happiness, I knew that his spirit was inhabited by the Evil one.” (p. 94)

Although he knows that his action for completing his mission can be

considered by the society as insane, he keeps straight continuing and completing

his mission. Since he truly believes that God, who will understand that love merits

any amount of sacrifice including destroying and killing some people, will receive

his spirit….. (pp. 113-114).

12) Spending money recklessly

Because Igor is a successful and rich man and he also never worries about

money, definitely he can spend his money to get what he wants. He can easily do

everything he desires by using his money. He can spend his money anywhere and

anytime he wants to. Besides he spends his money for his personal life, he also

spends his money to finance some wars, such as saving Rwanda, sending

medicine to refugee, and financing an army of mercenaries to intervene in a tribal

war, and he says that he has no intention of doing that (pp. 95-96).

Igor wants eagerly to get his love back. Therefore, he has to manage each

step and move of his plans carefully and perfectly. To realize his entire mission of


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getting his love back, he can spend a lot of money since most of his plans use

sophisticated technique which most of the tools are rarely found and expensive.

For example, he buys unregistered gun and various poisons from his connections

with mafia in Moscow (p. 112).

Since Igor is an inconsistent person, particularly in carrying his plans out,

he needs time to think clearly what he must do for his next plan. In Cannes, after

he almost changes and ruins his whole plan, then he reserves a terrace café to

clear his mind and reflects what he has done. He is even able to reserve that café

and pay the waiters to work all night if necessary (p. 159). That shows that he is

able to do many things without thinking much money he will spends.

b. Depressive Type

As mentioned before by Carson, Butcher, Mineka, even though a patient

may show only manic symptoms, bipolar disorder must exist, and the depressive

episode definitely will appear. Furthermore, there is uncommon for only unipolar

manic occurs because it must be a part of a bipolar disorder, or perhaps this mania

occurs along range on which depression and manic exist (pp. 220-221).

Therefore, in this case, Igor tends to experience manic disorder than the

depressive one since there is no case of unipolar manic occurs. The episodes of

the depression he suffers are fewer than the mania. For the type of depression he

experiences, the simple depression is the proper type to depict what he

experiences. Shortly, based on Coleman (1976, pp. 344-346), this type, in which

Igor suffers, is relatively characterized by these characteristics:


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1) Experiencing a slow down thinking process

The first arrival in Cannes, Igor has seen his ex-wife and her companion,

who is her new partner after Igor. When he first sees them in Cannes, he does not

do anything yet. Definitely, what he has seen makes him sad, at the same time he

feels happy because he is quite sure that she will know his presence in Cannes and

then they finally would meet. He only can think more and more if he can

successfully carry his plans out.

Additionally, as stated by Coleman (1976) the person who suffers this

simple depression generally feels any kinds of desperate, such as unworthiness,

failure, sinfulness, and guilt can affect his thinking process that can cause his

thinking slows down. Igor feels the feeling of failure that he cannot maintain his

relationship with his wife. He understands the reason why his ex-wife leaves him

and he is eager to get his ex-wife because he feels that his ex-wife’s love is so

important for him. In addition, for some time, he cannot think quickly because of

that cause. After watching his ex-wife and her new partner, he cannot stop

thinking and he looks sad. He tries to keep thinking to pass the time (p. 10).

He also feels guilty when he has killed his first victim, Olivia. When he

has a ready plan to find a victim as his message for his ex-wife, he first feels very

great because he has found the victim and is able to complete his first plan. But

then, he soon feels guilty after seeing Olivia’s family is so sad to know that their

only daughter has died. He is not quite sure what his feeling is: he feels guilty

because he has destroyed a world he will never be able to rebuild, even if he has


82

all the power in the world (p. 36). He cannot think clearly after doing that. Soon,

he decides to continue completing his mission to get a new victim, and in a short

time he is able to get the second victim to kill.

Unpredictably, he soon feels exhausted, frightened, and in a state of panic.

He always thinks that he is incapable of hurting anyone, but the fact is that he has

already killed two innocent people in a short time (p. 109). Additionally, his

feeling of guilty almost stops him to continue completing his mission because it

makes him doubtful whether his ex-wife does deserve well for what he has

sacrificed for her. He is confused about the strategy he will carry out for the next

plan. He keeps trying to think and arrange hard for what he will do to accomplish

his mission. By then, he changes his mind and he decides that he has to keep

going on.

2) Requiring super and more energy

When an individual feels sad and cheerless, certainly he does not have any

more energy to do his activities. It is because his feeling affects his appetite not to

eat much. Therefore, he needs super and more energy to do his works and

activities. It occurs to Igor. His appetite goes down after he sees his ex-wife

walking together with her new companion. He waits for them in a bar until three

o’clock in the morning, and he only orders and drinks whisky. Even, the waiter

says to him that he should eat something to cheer himself up (p. 10).

The source of energy needed can be gained not only from food, but also

from having enough rest. If he cannot sleep well, his body cannot cooperate well


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to help him do his activities. Sleep well definitely is needed indeed to help saving

much energy. A person like Igor who often cannot sleep well, besides his bustle,

his depression because of the absence of his wife is also the cause that has

affected him difficult to sleep. He has passed the really difficult phase, when he

couldn’t sleep because he was so filled with pain and hatred (p. 11).

There is time when Igor is so confused with the problem he has to solve

after killing his innocent victims. He feels worried and also tired to think what he

has done. He thinks he needs more energy to plan his next strategy and to carry it

out. He drives away everything that has made him feel tired.

He goes into the bathroom, puts his head under the shower, and turns on the cold water. Perhaps it’s lack of sleep, being in a strange place, in a different time zone, or the fact that he was actually doing the thing he had planned to do, but never thought he would. (p. 113)

It seems actually he needs more time to take his body to have a rest since

he cannot sleep well and it also directly gives effect that he cannot think well and

clearly. It can obviously be seen that his depression has affected his thinking and

body with the results that he suffers from sleeping problem and cannot think in a

good way.

3) Choosing to be alone to think what he has done

Igor is able to think quickly, particularly in deciding and taking a decision

in a short time. Therefore, he often make mistakes that can ruin his plans when he

tries to think and decide something quickly. It happens once when he almost ruins

his plan to get his ex-wife back because he does to decide one new strategy

quickly. As he fails to carry his new strategy out, he suddenly regrets for almost


84

doing that. He realizes, then, that if he successfully accomplishes his new strategy,

he can ruin his plan.

After realizing that he has applied a foolish strategy to get his wife back, in

which he wants to give himself up to the police after killing two victims in a short

time, he needs time to be alone to think more what he has done and what plans he

should carry out then.

He goes back to the hotel and takes a shower. He asks the receptionist to wake him at four, the way he should be rested enough to recover the necessary clarity of mind not to go doing any more such foolish things. He had very nearly ruined his whole plan. He phones the concierge and reserves a table on the hotel terrace for when he wakes up; he’d like to drink some tea there undisturbed…… (p. 119) It proves that he also experiences a depressed episode. When he is so

confused with what he feels, he needs more time to think and reflect the past

moments he has passed through, whether he has done many faults and he can

achieve what he has planned for many times he has spent.

4) Realizing that he needs treatment

As Coleman (1976) has stated, the sufferer of this simple depression still

has awareness to understand his real condition and he realizes that he needs

treatment. Igor experiences this. He is extremely afraid of losing his wife. This

causes him to have a miserable feeling.

Some months before Ewa, Igor’s ex-wife, leaves him, he knows exactly

that there is a problem between him and his wife. He realizes that his wife keeps a

distance from him. He does not exactly know what his wife feels. When it

happens, he goes to a psychiatrist, an act he hates, to consult his problem and get a


85

solution because he is afraid of experiencing the worst thing, namely his wife

leaves him will truly happen.

The problem Igor has to face is he suffers from an illness which

commonly occurs to those who really love working and have achieved successes

in their grasp. He is a compulsive worker and a workaholic. He knows much

information from the psychiatrist about the illness he suffers. According to

psychiatrist, this illness is potentially able to risk someone into deep depression

when not being immersed in many challenges and problem of running business.

Furthermore, it is explained that this illness is associated with insecurity

childhood fears, and a desire to block out reality. It also can cause a great

problem, namely causing the damage and crack of family life (p. 160).

Therefore, Igor cannot stop handling his business all the time and then the

result he has no enough time for his wife, and because of this his wife leaves him.

He admits to the psychiatrist that he needs help to solve what he is facing, but he

still does not want to give up all what he has achieved because he is really afraid

of losing what he has gained after his great effort. He also denies the truth that he

has destroyed his family. Thus, he rejects doing what the physiatrist has suggested

to him. He has to consider that working is a source of happiness not as an

obsession, since he is absolutely sure that he will never be able to leave all what

he has got.

In conclusion, many studies say that the episodes of manic depressive

commonly start from the high, the in-between, and the low. That means the

opening of this disorder commonly start from manic episode, followed by normal


86

period and then by a depressed episode, and so forth. A sufferer has uncertain

mood swings that in one day perhaps he experiences high mood. Then he is back

to normal, to sad or hopeless, and then back again to the high. The three or more

of manic symptoms can occur within a day or nearly every day, while the

depressive symptoms occur at least five and more. That explains the mood swings

experienced by Igor as the sufferer of manic depressive disorder can be the cause

of extreme elation or depression.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This part is divided into two parts. The first one focuses on the conclusions

of the analysis. While the second part concerns the recommendation for future

researchers who want to use Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone for their

study and the recommendation for the implementation of The Winner Stands

Alone in teaching and learning activities.

A. Conclusions

Igor is the major character of the novel since he is the center of the story.

He is also a dynamic character whose motivation and behavior are complex and

changing. Based on the analysis in chapter 4 before, Igor’s characteristics and the

cause and the type of manic-depressive disorder he suffers are concluded as

following:

Igor is hard-working. Actually, he is a good example of a person who can

successfully gain what he has hoped, particularly in running a company, becoming

a successful businessman and earning much money. Absolutely, his success gives

him much wealth in which he becomes a rich person then. He is capable of doing

and buying many things by using his savings. He is also a good-looking person

that he has an elegant charm which capably attracts others’ attention, especially

women. Having all what he has dreamed of, he really shows his gratitude to God.

He is a good Christian actually. He absolutely believes that God always blesses all


88

what he does. Unfortunately, he misuses his belief. He becomes excessively

religious. At the time he wants to achieve his mission for getting his wife back, he

is completely sure that God will bless him even though he uses abnormal ways

since he believes that God will allow mankind to sacrifice in the name of love. His

excessive ambitions of achieving more and more wealth and also getting his ex-

wife back have made him be an obsessive person. Here, he shows manic and

depressive disorder regarding the ways he thinks and behaves in order to get what

he desires.

He shows the symptoms that indicate he suffers manic depressive disorder.

For manic reaction, he indicates that he has elevated, euphoric, and expansive

mood, increasing energy and over-activity, racing thoughts or flight of grandiose

ideas, denial that everything is wrong, great and inflated self-esteem, needing a

little sleep, and he is excessively religious and intolerant.

Since he suffers more episodes of mania than depression, he only shows

less indication of depressive episode than the manic one. He feels depressed

because of two things: he is really afraid of losing his career and also his wife, but

finally he finally cannot maintain both of those things. The indications he shows

that he also suffers the depressive episode are characterized by some of his

actions. The actions which are performed as follow; he has difficulty in

concentrating and making decisions, feelings of anxious or empty mood, a feeling

of fatigue that he needs more time to sleep or insomnia, changes in appetite, and

decreased energy or power.


89

While for the type, he experiences the mildest type, either of manic or

depressive. The mildest type of mania he suffers is called hypomania. The

characteristics are his inconsistency, feeling great, having excessive confidence in

his ability and knowledge, thinking fast, particular amusing and entertaining

person, feeling tireless, having many continual activities to do during the day,

having much worthy enthusiasm, having great plans for the future, getting easily

irritated, rationalizing his plans or activities and admitting no mistakes, and

spending money recklessly.

The mildest type of depression experienced is addressed as a simple

depression. The characteristics he shows are less than the mania one. The

characteristics shown are experiencing a slow down thinking process,

unworthiness, sinfulness, and guilt, requiring super and more energy, choosing to

be alone to think what he has done, and realizing that he needs treatment.

The characteristics which are performed by Igor can lead and correlate

directly to his disorder. It happens because the association between Igor’s

characteristics which can form the way he acts and thinks and then it directly lead

to the symptoms of bipolar disorder he suffers. One of example, he is hard-

working. Since he is hard-working and definitely rich, he has many continual

bustles or activities that he has to do during the day. He is very busy and he has

many continual activities in one day is one of manic symptoms that he suffers.

The bipolar disorder which is experienced by Igor also gives effect to the

plot of his story. It can be caused because of the characteristics of that disorder.

One characteristic of manic which is suffered by Igor is inconsistency. Because of


90

his inconsistency, it gives effect to the way he acts and thinks. As a result, it also

influences the story of the novel.

B. Suggestions

This part deals with two sections, namely a suggestion for future

researchers and a suggestion for the implementation of the teaching learning

process. Since the novel used for this study is interesting to discuss, it is hoped

that these suggestions will be useful for those who want to use Paulo Coelho’s

The Winner Stands Alone, either for their object of the study or the

implementation of teaching learning process. Here, the researcher has choosen the

topic in which the major character, Igor, shows the symptoms of manic depressive

disorder. Still, there are many other interesting topics that can be used for future

researchers who want to use this work of Coelho. While, for the implementation

of teaching learning process, this novel can also give the students more knowledge

and understanding, particularly in literary study including culture, history, social

and many more, and also it contains many learning and values of life within

power and obsession.

1. Suggestion for the future researchers

Paulo Coelho is one of best writers. Definitely, his works have been

recognized and known broadly by people in many countries since he has

successfully written his ideas into brilliant novels. Hence, one of his novels, The

Winner Stands Alone, is interesting to discuss. There are many aspects within this

novel. The researcher discusses one aspect, namely manic depressive disorder,


91

since the major character shows many abnormal symptoms that refer to this

disorder. It can be seen from the ways he uses to get his obsession on gaining

more and more wealth and also getting his ex-wife back.

Here, the researcher suggests other interesting topics that can be discussed

for the future researchers if they want to use Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands

Alone for their object of the study. The first topic is about obsessive love. It can be

seen from the way he obsesses his ex-wife and wants her to come back to his side.

Then, the second topic is the motivations of some characters performed to get

more fame and luxury, since this novel itself also discusses one topic that depicts

the situation of human beings who have desires of achieving glamour and luxury

in their life. To analyze those topics, the psychological approach is the suitable

one to use since that approach commonly discusses how human beings deserve

their life to live well and also the different characteristics possessed by every

human being.

2. Suggestion for the implementation of teaching learning process

Literature is a work related to reading comprehension. It can give two

benefits to the readers. They are pleasure and also learning. The readers can have

the feeling of pleasure and also get learning when they read the literary work, such

as novel. Literary works can be used not only for learning literature, but also for

learning other aspects such as writing. Therefore, the researcher here proposes a

suggestion for the implementation of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone in

teaching writing, especially in Paragraph Writing for second semester of English

Language Education Study Program. The students are expected to be able to


92

comprehend well the story of the novel and then develop their ideas and

knowledge into a good paragraph.

Here, the researcher decides to use Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands

Alone as the material for paragraph writing, particularly for descriptive writing.

The researcher takes some paragraphs within the novel and uses them as the

materials for describing places. The researcher takes paragraphs of The Winner

Stands Alone on page 239, in which those paragraphs depict a glance of Cannes

Film Festival that becomes the place where the story happens.


93

REFERENCES

Alloy, L. B., J. H. Riskind, & M. J. Manos. (2005). Abnormal Psychology: Current Perspectives. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Carson, R. C., J. N. Butcher, & S. Mineka. (2000). Abnormal Psychology and

Abnormal Life. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Coelho, P. (2008). The Winner Stands Alone. New York: HarperCollins

Publishers. Coleman, J. C. (1976). Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life. Chicago, Il: Scott,

Foreman, and Company. Davison, G. C., & J. M. Neale (1996). Abnormal Psychology: Revised Sixth

Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Forster, E. M. (1974). Aspects of the Novel. London: Edward Arnold Ltd. Henkle, R. B. (1977). Reading the Novel: An Introduction to the Techniques of

Interpreting Fiction. New York: Harper & Row Publishing House. Holman, H. C., & W. Harmon. (1986). A Handbook to Literature. New York:

Macmillan Publishing Company. Kennedy, X. J., & D. Gioia. (1999). Literature: An Introduction to Fiction,

Poetry, and Drama. New York: Addison Wesley Longman Inc. Little, G. (1981). Approach to Literature. Sydney: Science Press. Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry

and the English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allan and Unwin, Ltd.

Petri, H. L. (1981). Motivation: Theory and Research. California: A Division of

Wadsworth, Inc. Rohrberger, M., & S. H. Woods, Jr. (1971). Reading and Writing about

Literature. New York: Random House Inc. Stanton, R. (1965). An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and

Winston, Inc. Van De Laar, E. & N. Schoonderwoerd. (1963). An Approach to English

Literature. Shertogenbosch: L. C. G. Malmberg.


94 Wilson, T. G., P. E. Nathan, K. D. O’Leary, & L. A. Clark. (1996). Abnormal

Psychology: Integrating Perspectives. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. The Internet Sources: “Manic-Depressive Disorder”. Retrieved February 20, 2011, from

http://www.ha.org.hk/kch/eng/education/leaflet/bipolar.pdf Michel Syrett. (2006). The Secret Life of Manic Depression. BBC Learning &

Interactive. Retrieved February 20, 2011, from http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/headroom/bipolar/bipolar.pdf

Schimelpfening, Nancy. (2004). Abnormal Behavior. About.com Health's Disease

and Condition. Retrieved March 26, 2011, from http://depression.about.com/cs/seekinghelp/g/abnormal.htm


95


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Appendix 1

Summary of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone

He must send the messages. The message that the cosmos and universe of

humans have been destroyed. The message that she is welcome, that her past will

be buried without any question, that his love has not abated.

He is Igor, a middle-aged millionaire from Moscow. All provisions have

been made with every detail. There, at the reputable Cannes

Film Festival, which is a Festival with numerous parallel

events, a Festival where myriads of male and female

celebrities spend their time in front of the mirror, and

everything for the renowned red carpet, his ex-wife’s,

Ewa’s, love has to be won again and he should come out a

winner.

Ewa has made her decision. She couldn’t stand Igor’s mental pressure any

longer. He is a man who can easily commit murder. His service with the soviet

army during the irrational Afghanistan war, has provided him with many assets to

successfully develop, but it takes as many from him, his humanness and

compassion. Now, he is on Hamid Hussain’s side. A Bedouin who escapes from

the desert he adores. He yearns to exhibit his country’s culture, his tribe’s

thousand year wisdom and code of honor.

He accomplishes that, aided by his father’s genes and his high connections,

a respected fashion designer, a cherished member of the so-called Upper class.


97

The power, however, which he strives to conquer for a noble purpose, in the end

conquers him.

A young woman, Olivia, who lays her merchandise carefree on a linen sheet

on the pavement, is the first sacrifice. The beginning of the messages are keyed in

and sent to her. Then, Javitz Wild, a powerful and distinguished film distributor, a

mere pawn in the plot of the crime, a pawn with self-awareness, yet without the

power of will. Maureen is his third victim, a film producer who has placed all her

hopes on Javitz, hopes which are quickly vanished.

However, a moment of penance, a moment of autognosis comes forward,

asking from Igor to give her mental freedom, asking from him the cease of the

death toll, asking from him to surrender to the police authorities. His stance is

negative. He is a balanced person, capable of taking hard decisions, going all the

way to completion.

The three murders have disturbed the police authorities of this small and

extremely peaceful part of France. The elements of the crime lead to something

weirder; they lead to a serial killer, who has only one goal. A case which excites

the interest of police detective Savoy and in which he finds an outlet from the

tenor of police reports. The culprit’s external features have been defined and an

ambitious chase starts. A chase without results, because the plan of the murder is

perfect. There is only on winner and it is not Savoy, it is not the justice.

There, at the impressive night event, Gabriela meets Jasmine Tiger. There,

in an ocean of strangers, their eyes meet in such a compelling way. They find out


98

that they work for the same person, Hamid Hussain, in different, however,

departments. None of them have met him in person, what they know of him is his

orders and the army of his aides. The former, as a new actress who achieves her

dream, the red carpet of the ephemeral dazzle and the latter, as a new haute

couture model with the quality to reach for the top. Igor finds a refuge between

them, in order to avoid police checking and to concentrate his powers for the

forthcoming planned meeting.

Finally, the three tragic heroes, Igor, Ewa and Hamid meet at a far corner

table. The story has to come to an end. Fear must be vanished. Love must prevail.

Not, however, in public view, but outdoors, at the nearby beach. By the sea

waves, under the starry sky, the receiver of human souls, both the rich and the

poor.

A dialogue packed with dead ends. Love is lost. The end has come only for

them. The Beretta rifle accomplishes its purpose. Hamid is the first to be shot in

his attempt to disarm him. Then, it is Ewa’s turn, who is not worthy for him any

more.

The morning has come at last and the company’s jet was departing. Win has

been achieved. Igor wins. The winner, however, doesn’t stand alone. That’s what

he thought. He feels the soul of his first victim, Olivia, very close to him. He feels

her as an instructor of the future, which belongs to him.

Taken from:

http://www.shvoong.com/books/romance/1982212-winner-stands/


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Appendix 2

Biography of Paulo Coelho

Paulo Coelho was born in 1947, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he was

raised, and where he attended a Jesuit school. As a teenager, Paulo was

introverted and somewhat rebellious, and pursued his goal to become a writer over

the objection of his parents. Because of his rebelliousness, his parents had him

committed to a mental institution when he was seventeen. Although he escaped –

three times – he was not released until he was twenty years old. Paulo bears his

parents no ill will for this – he believes they were trying to save him from himself.

Acceding to his parent’s demands, Paulo enrolled in law school. But a year

later, he dropped out. He began to explore the life of a hippie, travelling through

various countries and immersing himself in the drug culture of the 1960s.

When he returned to Brazil, Paulo found work as a songwriter. Indeed, he

composed songs for Elis Regina, Rita Lee, and Raul Seixas. In 1974, at age 27, he

was arrested by the government, for subversive activity – the people in power

found his song lyrics dangerous. He was shortly released, however, and continued

his career in the entertainment field, working as an actor, a journalist, and even


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directing some theatre. He started to write as well, and his first

book, Hell Archives, was published in 1982, when he was 35.

In 1986, at age 40, Paulo walked the Road of Santiago

de Compostela in northwestern Spain, a 500 mile distance. He

experienced a spiritual awakening on this journey, which he

described in his book The Pilgrimage, published in 1986.

Paulo decided to leave his song-writing career and go back to his writing.

In 1987 his book The Alchemist was published. In the next year Brida. So popular

was Brida that The Alchemist grew to become a best seller!

Indeed, it has sold more than 30 million copies, and has been

translated into more than 67 languages.

Paulo has published 26 books to date. Other of his titles

include By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept, The Fifth

Mountain, Veronika Decides to Die, The Devil and Miss Prym, Eleven Minutes,

Like the Flowing River, The Valkyries and The Witch of Portobello.

In an interview with ScribD Paolo describes his work:

“My literature is totally committed to a new political attitude: man in

search of his own identity. It does not deal with the old and worn-out categories of

right and left. There is a revolution that is slowly setting up, which the press

doesn’t seem to have detected yet. If I had to sum up the whole idea in only one

expression, I’d say that the new political attitude for our era is to “die alive.” In

other words, being aware of and participating in things until the day we die—


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something that does not occur very often. People end up dying to the world on the

day they renounce their dreams. After that, one departs on a journey as did

Ulysses, accepting the challenges and knowing that sometimes one must fight

alone, yet understanding he stands in for the entire human race.”

In 1996, Paulo, the best-selling author in the Portuguese language,

founded the Paulo Coelho Institute, in order to provide aid to children and the

elderly.

Paulo and his wife maintain two homes, one in Europe and one in Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil. Although he was raised Catholic and regularly attends Mass, he is

not a particular fan of the Pope

In September 2007, Paulo was named a Messenger of Peace to the United Nations

Taken from: http://www.ascensiongateway.com/quotes/paulo‐coelho/biography.htm

(Accessed on July 21, 2011)


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Appendix 3

The Pictures of Paulo Coelho


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Appendix 4

LESSON PLAN FOR TEACHING PARAGRAPH WRITING

Learning Subject : Paragraph Writing

Level of the Students : 2nd Semester of English Education Study Program

Time Allocation : 2 x 50 minutes

Topic : Describing Place

Material : Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone

Standard Competence : On completing the course, the students are able to

a. compose a good paragraph b. write well using different types of writing genre c. deconstruct the generic and schematic structure of

each genre d. find the social purposes and linguistic features of

texts e. write texts with the learned genres

Basic Competence : The students are able to write well using descriptive genre

Learning Indicators : a. The students are able to identify the words used to describe a place.

b. The students are able to recognize the concept of a good descriptive paragraph.

c. The students are able to compose good descriptive paragraphs.

1. Materials

- Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone (page 239)

- Handouts and Worksheets


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2. Learning Activities

Steps Activities Time Media Pre-Activity • The students respond the

teacher’s greeting • The students respond to

play *music chain game together with the teacher and then answer the teacher’s question about their favorite place and they describe it into some sentences

• The students engage in the discussion that talk about the topic discussed

20’ - Handout - Dictionary

Whilst-Activity • The students learn the handout given related to describing place

• The students go outside to observe their surroundings and then put their idea on mind- mapping paper given

• The students listen the explanation from the teacher of the example of descriptive paragraph and analyze it together

• The students compose descriptive paragraph and draw appropriate place related to the paragraph they make

70’

Post-Activity • The students submit their work

• The students respond the teacher’s review of descriptive paragraph

10’

*Music chain game: the teacher turns the music on and gives one ball for the students. The students have to give the ball for others alternately. When the music is turned off, the students who get the ball have to answer the question given.


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Cue Prompts for Descriptive Writing Some prompts that teachers may use when they want a descriptive piece of writing are: Describe a place, a person or event. Tell about a place, a person or event. Relate what happened at an event

Appendix 5

DESCRIBING PLACE

Taken from:

http://www.booknutsreadingclub.com/descriptivewriting.html

http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/2008/02/what‐is‐descriptive‐text.html

• What is Descriptive Writing?

- Descriptive writing is to describe a person, place, or thing in such a way that picture is formed in the reader’s mind.

- Descriptive writing is used in all modes of writing (Expository, Narrative, and Persuasive) to create a vivid and lasting impression of the person, place or thing.

• The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text Descriptive text has structure as below: - Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described. - Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.


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B. Observe your surroundings and then fill the map below.


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A. Read the text below carefully

They start going up the steps, with policemen forming a kind of security cordon,

even though the public are a long way off now. On either side, on the building’s façade,

gigantic plasma screens reveal to the poor mortals outside what is going on in that open-

air sanctuary. Hysterical screams and clapping can be heard in the distance. When they

reach a broader step, as if they had reached the first floor, she notices another crowd of

photographers, except this time, they are properly dressed and are shouting out the Star’s

name, asking him to turn this way, no, this way, just one more shot, please, a little closer,

look up, look down! Other people pass them and continue up the steps, but the

photographers aren’t interested in them. The Star has lost none of his glamour; he looks

as if he doesn’t care and jokes around to show how relaxed and at ease he is with all this.

(Coelho, p. 239)


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C. EXERCISE

Write a descriptive paragraph related to the paragraph described before and then draw an appropriate place to depict that paragraph.

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Documents

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIIN PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS ALONE By Anastasia Diyan Pramitasari Student Number: 061214014 Approved by Advisor Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto