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PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT Priorities Assessment Report Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission December 2014 Project Number TW14004

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Page 1: PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE  · PDF filePILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT ... PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT Priorities Assessment Report ... Tyres

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE

PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

December 2014

Project Number TW14004

ianhi
WA
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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page ii

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

Talis Consultants Pty Ltd

8/663 Newcastle St

Leederville WA 6007

Ph: 1300 251 070

www.talisconsultants.com.au

ABN: 85 967 691 321

DOCUMENT CONTROL

Version File Ref Author Reviewer

Interim Report (Pre

Workshop)

TW14004 – Priorities Assessment

Report Pre Workshop.0a

John King

Brice Campbell

Ronan Cullen

Report released for

comment

TW14004 – Priorities Assessment

Report.1b1

Brice Campbell John King

Incorporating client

feedback

TW14004 – Priorities Assessment

Report.1c

Brice Campbell John King

Incorporating client

feedback

TW14004 – Priorities Assessment

Report.1d

Brice Campbell John King

Copyright of this document or any part of this document remains with the Department of Environment

Regulation and cannot be used, transferred or reproduced in any manner or form without prior written

consent from the Department of Environment Regulation.

Talis Consultants Pty Ltd does not accept any responsibility for any use or reliance on the contents of this report

and its contents by any third party.

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page iii

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

Executive Summary

The Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission (PDC) are working in partnership to

assist with the advancement of waste management systems within the Pilbara. This partnership

continues earlier work undertaken by the Waste Authority.

The Waste Authority commissioned Talis Consultants Pty Ltd (Talis) to undertake a Waste Data Study for

the Pilbara Region and Shire of Broome (the Waste Data Study) with the objective of gathering data

on all key waste streams to:

Assist in infrastructure planning and policy;

Facilitate the advancement of waste management systems in the Pilbara and Shire of

Broome; and

Provide a framework for the future management of waste data.

The Waste Data Study report was released in July 2013.

Talis then prepared the Pilbara Waste Projections Model and assisted the Waste Authority and the

PDC to conduct a workshop with key stakeholders within the waste industry of the region including

generators, private waste service providers and local governments. The workshop considered the

outputs of the model and discussed what is needed to improve waste management in the Pilbara.

The Waste Projections Model was released in December 2013.

The objective of this study is to analyse the recorded and projected data to identify and assess

Priorities that warrant further consideration by the PDC and the Waste Authority. Priorities may include

specific waste streams, establishment of waste infrastructure or development of markets.

In order to identify Key Priorities, the following areas were investigated:

Peak waste streams ;

Problematic waste streams;

Waste infrastructure gaps; and

Market gaps.

Methodology

The following related data studies were reviewed as part of this study:

The Waste Data Study; and

The Pilbara Waste Projections Model.

To supplement the Waste Data Study and Pilbara Waste Projections Model, new data was gathered

from key waste generators including resource companies and local governments.

The Waste Data Study produced a Waste Classification System (WCS) which comprised the following

three levels:

Stream - three traditional waste streams of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Commercial and

Industrial (C&I) waste and Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste;

Sector - sector of the economy from which waste was generated; and

Material Type - describing the composition of the waste.

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page iv

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

The same seven Sub-catchment Areas (SCA) used for the earlier studies were also used in this study

to reflect the key generation, treatment locations and waste flows within the Study Area.

Key waste generators including resource companies and local governments were consulted to

collect further data on peak and problematic waste in the Pilbara.

The following resource companies were consulted and gave insight into current waste practices,

issues faced by resource companies and their view on peak and problematic wastes:

BHP Billiton;

Chevron Australia;

Fortescue Metals Group;

Rio Tinto; and

Woodside.

Following these meetings, an Industry Roundtable was held to collectively discuss waste practices,

issues currently faced and further explain the Pilbara Priorities Assessment project.

Census Data was provided by the Department of Environment Regulation (DER) and calls were

placed to local governments to discuss their problematic wastes and identify issues faced by local

governments.

Data from the Waste Data Study was combined with new data acquired from resource companies

and local governments. This combined data was analysed and formed the Key Priorities waste

model for each SCA.

To accurately present mixed waste streams in their component parts, the collected data was

manipulated to create a hypothetical maximum feedstock for certain processing types. This was

done by examining previous characterisation studies and diversions being achieved elsewhere.

A workshop was held in Karratha on 29 July 2014 to present the initial findings of the Priorities

Assessment and seek input from stakeholders. The workshop was attended by representatives of the

PDC, Waste Authority, waste generators, waste processors, Local Governments and Talis.

Following presentations from the PDC, Waste Authority and Talis on the purpose of the study and the

outcomes of the data analysis, attendees at the workshop considered the following topics:

Stakeholder’s choice of top four priority opportunities;

Reasons for and against those priorities;

Key barriers/constraints/potential solutions/risks for the top four; and

Opportunities for collaboration.

Key Findings

A number of potential opportunities in the Pilbara have been identified in this study and can be

categorised as follows:

Infrastructure opportunities;

Market opportunities; and

Opportunities identified at the Karratha Workshop.

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page v

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

Infrastructure Opportunities

Current waste facilities in the Pilbara consist mainly of landfills with one inert processing facility in

Karratha and one materials recovery facility in Newman. This study has identified several potential

opportunities for improvement of existing facilities or establishment of new facilities.

The following potential infrastructure opportunities are listed in Table E1 below.

Table E1: Potential infrastructure opportunities identified

Opportunity Opportunity

Inert processing facility in Port Hedland SCA or a

regional inert processing system

Development of Class III and IV landfill cells

Material recovery facility in Port Hedland Material recovery facility in Karratha

Joint dirty MRF facility in Karratha and Port Hedland

Joint dirty MRF facility in Newman and Tom

Price

Thermal disposal facility in Karratha Thermal disposal facility in Newman

Thermal treatment – WTE facility in Karratha or Port

Hedland

Thermal treatment – WTE facility in Newman

Bio remediation facility in Karratha Bio remediation facility in Port Hedland

Mobile plant for processing green waste across

SCAs

Market Opportunities

The Pilbara region lacks local markets for recycled products and is isolated from State, National and

International markets due to its location. This study has identified opportunities for improving access

to markets in Table E2 below.

Table E2: Potential market opportunities identified

Opportunity Opportunity

Development of a containerised port within the

Pilbara region

Development of local community resource

recovery parks

Development of transfer stations

Adoption of quality standards for local

recycled materials

Support from Government to use recycled materials

Government support for the purchase of

energy from WTE facilities

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page vi

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

The above market opportunities could increase access to markets and improve the feasibility of

processing facilities in the Pilbara. These opportunities will diversify industry in the Pilbara whilst directly

and indirectly increasing employment.

Opportunities Identified at the Karratha Workshop

Attendees of the workshop initially identified a range of opportunities for improving waste

infrastructure and systems in the Pilbara based on the findings of the data analysis. The attendees

then voted to establish top four priorities for further discussions. The four priorities nominated for more

in-depth analysis by stakeholders are listed in Table E3 below.

Table E3: Votes received from stakeholders to select priorities for further discussion

Priority Votes

Tyres and conveyors 22

Class III and IV landfill cells 18

Regional approach to waste management 17

Inert reprocessing facility in Port Hedland 9

Attendees then split into four groups which brainstormed one of the priorities each and listed

solutions and key actions which could potentially shape waste management in the future. Table E4

below presents the key actions proposed by each group.

Table E4: Proposed key actions for opportunities identified at the Karratha Workshop

Opportunity Potential Solutions and Proposed Key Action

Tyres and conveyors

Determine and address data gaps

Recommend policy settings

Establish a working group to continue with the development of a

waste tyre strategy for the Pilbara

Class III and Class IV

landfill cells

Set improved common standards for landfills

Focus on economic viability

Collaboration between landfill operators and waste generators to

support the development of best practice landfill cells

Regional approach to

waste management

Continue to facilitate and where possible formalise collaboration

between government, local government, waste generators, waste

collectors and waste processers

Collaboration outside of waste industry – planning, power and water

providers

Raise profile of waste management

Define waste vision with stakeholders

Inert processing in Port

Hedland

Utilise the DER approved process and monitoring system to manage

the asbestos risk

Locate special sites nearby or integrate into the current landfill facility

Create a market for reprocessed products with local governments

and industry agreeing to use the products

Conduct a detailed feasibility study for inert processing in Port

Hedland

Consider seeking expressions of interest to establish a facility on a

suitable site made available for that purpose.

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page vii

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

Table of contents

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... iii

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Objective ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Scope of the Report ................................................................................................................ 2

2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Waste Stream Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 3

Waste Classification System ................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1

Sub-catchment Areas ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2

Data Gathering from Generators ........................................................................................ 4 2.1.3

2.2 Data Consolidation Process .................................................................................................... 5

2.3 Workshop ................................................................................................................................. 5

2.4 Data Manipulation .................................................................................................................. 5

2.4.1 Assumptions ......................................................................................................................... 5

3 Peak Waste Streams .................................................................................................................. 6

4 Problematic Waste Streams..................................................................................................... 12

5 Analysis of Waste Streams ....................................................................................................... 17

5.1 Concrete ............................................................................................................................... 17

5.2 Mixed Refuse ......................................................................................................................... 17

5.3 Clean Fill ................................................................................................................................ 18

5.4 Kerbside Refuse ..................................................................................................................... 19

5.5 Non-packaging - Ferrous Metals ........................................................................................... 19

5.6 Non-packaging – Mixed Metals ............................................................................................ 20

5.7 Rubber ................................................................................................................................... 20

Tyres ................................................................................................................................... 20 5.7.1

Conveyor belts .................................................................................................................. 21 5.7.2

5.8 Waste Oil ............................................................................................................................... 21

5.9 Oil/Water Mixtures .................................................................................................................. 22

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PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

5.10 Contaminated Soils ............................................................................................................... 22

5.11 Timber Railway Sleepers ........................................................................................................ 23

5.12 Mercury Contaminated Wastes ............................................................................................ 24

5.13 Oil Contaminated Solids ....................................................................................................... 24

5.14 Wooden Pallets ...................................................................................................................... 25

5.15 Electronic Waste .................................................................................................................... 25

5.16 Mattresses .............................................................................................................................. 26

6 Analysis of Infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 27

6.1 Inert Processing...................................................................................................................... 27

6.2 Materials Recovery Facility .................................................................................................... 28

6.3 Dirty MRF ................................................................................................................................ 29

6.4 Green waste .......................................................................................................................... 30

6.5 Specialist ............................................................................................................................... 31

6.6 Alternative Waste Treatment.................................................................................................. 31

6.7 Thermal Treatment ................................................................................................................ 32

Disposal ............................................................................................................................. 33 6.7.1

WTE .................................................................................................................................... 33 6.7.2

6.8 Bio Remediation .................................................................................................................... 35

6.9 Landfill ................................................................................................................................... 35

6.10 Opportunities Based on Feedstock ....................................................................................... 36

7 Analysis of Markets .................................................................................................................. 38

7.1 Summary of Key Findings ...................................................................................................... 38

8 Workshop Outcome ................................................................................................................. 41

8.1 Identification of Opportunities ............................................................................................... 41

8.2 Priority Opportunities and Actions .......................................................................................... 41

9 Key Findings............................................................................................................................. 43

9.1 Infrastructure Opportunities ................................................................................................... 43

9.2 Market Opportunity ................................................................................................................ 43

9.3 Opportunities Identified at the Karratha Workshop ............................................................... 44

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page ix

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

Tables

Table 1: Waste Generation Projections of Peak Material Types in each SCA for 2020 (tonnes)

Table 2: Waste Generation Projections of Peak Material Types in each SCA for 2035 (tonnes)

Table 3: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Karratha SCA for 2020 and

2035 (tonnes)

Table 4: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Newman SCA for 2020 and

2035 (tonnes)

Table 5: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Onslow SCA for 2020 and

2035 (tonnes)

Table 6: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Port Hedland SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Table 7: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Tom Price SCA for 2020 and

2035 (tonnes)

Table 8: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Remote East Pilbara SCA for

2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Table 9: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Waste Types in each SCA for 2020 (tonnes)

Table 10: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Waste Types in each SCA for 2035 (tonnes)

Table 11: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Karratha SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Table 12: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Newman SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Table 13: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Onslow SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Table 14: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Port Hedland SCA for

2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Table 15: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Tom Price SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Table 16: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Remote East Pilbara SCA

for 2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Table 17: Maximum available feedstock for Inert Processing Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on

existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 18: Hypothetical maximum available feedstock for Inert Processing Facilities (tonnes per

annum) and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 19: Maximum available feedstock for Material Recovery Facilities (tonnes per annum) based

on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

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PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

Table 20: Hypothetical maximum available feedstock for Material Recovery Facilities (tonnes per

annum) and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 21: Maximum available feedstock for Dirty MRFs (tonnes per annum) based on existing waste

flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 22: Maximum available feedstock for Green Waste Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on

existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 23: Maximum available feedstock for Specialist Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on existing

waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 24: Maximum available feedstock for Alternative Waste Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on

existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 25: Hypothetical maximum available feedstock for Alternative Waste Facilities (tonnes per

annum) and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 26: Maximum available feedstock for Thermal Treatment - Disposal Facilities (tonnes per

annum) based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently

operating

Table 27: Maximum available feedstock for Thermal Treatment – Waste to Energy Facilities (tonnes

per annum) based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities

currently operating

Table 28: Hypothetical maximum available feedstock for Thermal Treatment – Waste to Energy

Facilities (tonnes per annum) and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 29: Maximum available feedstock for Bio Remediation Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on

existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 30: Maximum available feedstock for Landfill Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on existing

waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Table 32: Potential opportunities for waste infrastructure based on maximum available feedstock

Table 33: Products generated from processing facilities

Table 34: Location of markets for products generated from waste facilities

Table 35: Market influences for products generated from waste facilities

Table 36: Opportunities identified by stakeholders

Table 37: Votes received from stakeholders to select priority opportunities for further discussion

Table 38: Proposed key actions for priority opportunities identified at the Karratha Workshop

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page xi

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

Appendices

Appendix A: Waste Classification System

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page 1

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

1 Introduction

The Waste Authority has recognised that the existing waste management systems within the Pilbara

region may struggle to deal with future growth in the resource industry and achieve sustainable

outcomes. The Waste Authority commissioned Talis Consultants Pty Ltd (Talis) to undertake a Waste

Data Study for the Pilbara Region and Shire of Broome (the Waste Data Study) with the objective of

gathering data on all key waste streams to:

Assist in infrastructure planning and policy;

Facilitate the advancement of waste management systems in the Pilbara and Shire of

Broome; and

Provide a framework for the future management of waste data.

As part of the Waste Data Study, data was collected on the generation, collection and treatment of

the three key waste streams, namely Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Commercial and Industrial (C&I)

waste and Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste. The Waste Data Study report was released in

July 2013.

The Waste Authority is now working in partnership with the Pilbara Development Commission (PDC) to

continue to assist with the advancement of waste management systems within the Pilbara. As part

of this process, Talis released the Pilbara Waste Projections Model in November 2013 and assisted

the Waste Authority and the PDC to conduct a workshop with key stakeholders within the waste

industry of the region including generators, private waste service providers and local governments on

7 November 2013. The workshop considered the outputs of the model and discussed what is

needed to improve waste management in the Pilbara. The final report from this phase of the project

and the Model were released in December 2013.

As part of the next step in advancing waste management in the Pilbara, Talis has undertaken a study

to analyse the recorded and projected data to identify and assess Key Priorities that warrant further

consideration by the PDC and the Waste Authority.

In order to identify Key Priorities, the following areas were investigated as part of this study:

Peak waste streams ;

Problematic waste streams;

Waste infrastructure gaps; and

Market gaps.

It should be noted that these Key Priorities have been identified due to the potential to do more with

these particular waste streams. However, they could also form an important basis of improved

systems and facilities, and so create opportunities for advancing the waste management systems of

the Pilbara.

1.1 Objective

The objective of this study is to analyse the recorded and projected data to identify and assess

Priorities that warrant further consideration by the PDC and the Waste Authority. Priorities may include

specific waste streams, establishment of waste infrastructure or development of markets.

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PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

1.2 Scope of the Report

This report has been prepared to summarise the works, key findings and recommendations arising

from the Pilbara Priorities Assessment. This report will give detail to:

Methodology;

Peak Waste Streams;

Problematic Waste Streams;

Analysis of Waste Stream Priorities;

Analysis of Waste Infrastructure;

Analysis of Markets; and

Workshop Outcomes.

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TW14004 - Pilbara Priorities Assessment.1d December 2014 | Page 3

PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

2 Methodology

The following section outlines the methodology utilised to complete the study including updating of

data and data analysis, consultation and the workshop.

2.1 Waste Stream Data Analysis

The following related data studies were reviewed as part of this study:

The Waste Data Study; and

Pilbara Waste Projections Model.

To supplement the Waste Data Study and Pilbara Waste Projections Model, new data was gathered

from key waste generators including resource companies and local governments.

Waste Classification System 2.1.1

To assist in data gathering and reporting as part of the Waste Data Study, Talis developed a Waste

Classification System (WCS) which consisted of a three-level coding system. Each waste material

was classified by:

Waste Stream – Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Commercial & Industry (C&I) or Construction &

Demolition (C&D);

Sector – Sector of the economy within which the waste was generated (e.g. Sector 1 –

Domestic, Sector 2 – Mining, Sector 5 – Petroleum and natural gas processing); and

Material Type – Composition of the waste.

Waste Streams utilised in the Waste Data Study and used in the Pilbara Waste Projections Model can

be described as:

MSW – Residential waste typically managed by local government including kerbside or

verge collections, drop off waste, waste from public places, incidental commercial waste

collected via residential kerbside collection;

C&I – Waste generated from, or as a direct result of, commercial and industrial activities,

and that is not MSW or C&D waste; and

C&D – Materials generated as a result of construction, refurbishment or demolition activities.

Each Material Type was allocated a Material Code within the range of 101-899. For ease of use, the

Material Types were grouped into the following series:

100 series – Controlled Wastes (listed in the Department of Environment Regulation’s

Controlled Waste Guideline Series);

200 series – Other Hazardous;

300 series – Local Government Services;

400 series – Biodegradable;

500 series – Packaging;

600 series – Inert and Similar;

700 series – Liquid/Solids (not Controlled Waste); and

800 series – Wastes not otherwise specified.

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PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

Priorities Assessment Report

Prepared for the Waste Authority and the Pilbara Development Commission

The use of the WCS was adopted for the Pilbara Waste Projections Model, and is consequently used

as part of this most recent data analysis.

Sub-catchment Areas 2.1.2

In addition to the WCS the previous studies have utilised the use of Sub-catchment Areas (SCAs)

within the Pilbara region. The development of the Sub-catchment Areas was based on the following

criteria:

Major population centres including a surrounding 100km radius; and

Groupings of isolated waste generation sources.

In addition to identifying the key areas of waste generation, the amalgamation of information into

the Sub-catchment Areas ensures the anonymity of the data provided by Study participants. The

following Sub-catchment Areas were used in the previous data studies:

Port Hedland Sub-catchment Area;

Karratha Sub-catchment Area;

Onslow Sub-catchment Area;

Tom Price Sub-catchment Area;

Newman Sub-catchment Area; and

Remote East Pilbara Sub-catchment Area.

As a consequence of SCAs being used in both previous waste data studies, their use has been

continued as part of the data analysis for this study.

Data Gathering from Generators 2.1.3

To collect further data on peak and problematic waste in the Pilbara, key waste generators including

resource companies and local governments were consulted.

A series of face to face meetings were held with resources companies based in Perth. As a part of

this process Talis consulted with the following resource companies:

BHP Billiton;

Chevron Australia;

Fortescue Metals Group;

Rio Tinto; and

Woodside.

These meetings were used to discuss the findings of the previous Waste Data Study and Pilbara

Waste Projections Model. Resource companies also gave insight into current waste practices, issues

faced by resource companies and their view on peak and problematic wastes.

Following from these meetings, an Industry Roundtable was held to collectively discuss waste

practices, issues currently faced and further explain the Pilbara Priorities Assessment project.

Correspondence requesting current data was sent to resource companies for compilation and

comparison with the previous Waste Data Study and Pilbara Projection Model.

Census Data was provided by the Department of Environment Regulation (DER) and calls were

placed to local governments to discuss their problematic wastes and identify issues faced by local

governments.

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PILBARA WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT

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2.2 Data Consolidation Process

For this study, data from the Waste Data Study and Pilbara Projections Model was combined with

new data acquired from resource companies and local governments. This combined data was

analysed and formed the Key Priorities waste model for each SCA.

2.3 Workshop

A workshop was held in Karratha on 29 July 2014 to present the initial findings of the Priorities

Assessment and seek input from stakeholders. The workshop was attended by representatives of the

PDC, Waste Authority, waste generators, waste processors, Local Governments and Talis.

The workshop was facilitated by Best Business Consulting and featured future visioning of the waste

management in the Pilbara with presentations by representatives of the PDC, Waste Authority and

Talis. Feedback provided by stakeholders attending the workshop has been incorporated into

Section 8 of this report.

2.4 Data Manipulation

After data was collected and consolidated, further manipulation was undertaken to produce the

hypothetical maximum tonnes. The hypothetical maximum manipulation was completed to give an

accurate representation of the composition of the recorded mixed waste streams. Previous waste

characterisation studies were reviewed to provide guidance on the anticipated composition of

common mixed waste streams such as mixed refuse, kerbside refuse and verge-side hard waste.

Where waste infrastructure was already operating in the Pilbara regions, diversion of the existing

facility in one sub-catchment was used as a guide for hypothetical diversion in another sub-

catchment. The following reports were reviewed as a part of this process:

A. Prince Consulting – Waste Stream Audit and Analysis for the Eastern Metropolitan Regional

Council (2004);

Department of Environment Regulation – Local Government Census data 2012/13 (2013);

Hofstede & Associates – Tamala Park Landfill – Mixed Bulky Waste Audit (2009);

Hofstede & Associates – Recycling Centre of Balcatta – Commercial Mixed Bulky Waste Audit

(2009);

Cardno – Geraldton MRF Development (2009); and

Southern Metropolitan Regional Council – Developing Strategies to Achieve Maximum

Recovery of Wastes (2011).

2.4.1 Assumptions

In order to manipulate the existing data to create the hypothetical maximum amount available for

each process type the following assumptions were made:

Recovery of materials through source separation does not recover all the available material

in the waste stream;

Differing generation sources have differing disposal behaviours effecting separation rates;

Reasonable investment in source separation systems can be made; and

Diversions achieved in other sub-catchments of the Pilbara and wider Western Australia

could be achieved all over the Pilbara region.

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3 Peak Waste Streams

The Waste Data Study identified the top ten material types (based on annual quantities generated)

within each SCA. These top ten materials were utilised in this report as the peak waste materials for

each SCA. It should be noted that the total waste quantities for the Pilbara as a whole, shown in the

following tables, do not equal the sum of the sub catchment areas due to different growth rates that

apply to the individual sub catchments which do not accurately correlate to the overall Pilbara

growth rate.

Table 1 presents the projected peak waste streams within the Pilbara region for 2020.

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Table 1: Waste Generation Projections of Peak Material Types in each SCA for 2020 (tonnes)

Material Code

Material Type Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East Pilbara

Total

602 Concrete 184,236 305 - - - 32 184,928

801 Mixed refuse 24,210 43,099 2,798 35,305 32,161 3,661 134,031

601 Mixed building rubble 37,760 15,316 9,225 69,692 9,428 - 133,889

613 Clean fill 43,759 - - 36,160 - - 79,615

302 Kerbside refuse 10,387 10,386 559 19,019 2,624 - 40,674

611 Rubbers – mixed and tyres 274 5,926 86 3,151 8,721 4,617 30,401

617 Ferrous metals (non-packaging) 19,032 7,188 183 224 2,326 1,513 29,888

619 Mixed metals (non-packaging) 5,482 2,652 - 20,509 265 4 27,029

209 Contaminated soil- Hydrocarbon 7,189 5,710 368 11,352 407 579 24,281

215 Waste oil 2,989 8,644 1,247 680 4,341 746 17,817

403 Mixed organics 1,848 7,034 157 559 1,137 1,274 11,451

106 Contaminated soils - misc. 11,224 - - - - - 11,247

622 Mixed inert 1,710 8,588 - 94 840 - 10,728

703 Sludges 1,262 9,569 - 1 - - 10,326

125 Oil sludges 259 4,229 178 377 1,483 930 7,062

183 Waste tyres 1,563 3,106 54 1,363 116 378 6,271

401 Food waste 4,615 - 1,220 - - - 5,790

308 Public place refuse 566 675 130 1,256 1,282 - 3,697

501 Mixed paper and cardboard 835 445 13 1,462 241 39 2,873

131 Engine coolants 73 1,394 135 179 48 409 2,116

126 Waste mineral oils - - - - - 1,871 1,759

TOTAL 359,273 134,266 16,353 201,383 65,420 16,053

Table 2 presents the projected peak waste streams within the Pilbara region for 2035.

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Table 2: Waste Generation Projections of Peak Material Types in each SCA for 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code

Material Type Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East Pilbara

Total

602 Concrete 299,434 554 - - - 59 301,780

601 Mixed building rubble 61,370 27,875 16,477 135,794 17,066 - 218,490

801 Mixed refuse 39,348 78,437 4,998 38,791 58,218 6,762 218,723

613 Clean fill 71,121 0 - 70,458 - - 129,923

302 Kerbside refuse 16,882 18,903 998 37,058 4,750 - 66,375

617 Ferrous metals (non-packaging) 30,932 13,083 326 437 4,210 2,794 48,773

619 Mixed metals (non-packaging) 8,910 4,826 - 39,961 480 7 44,108

209 Contaminated soil- Hydrocarbon 11,684 10,392 656 22,119 736 1,069 39,623

611 Rubbers - mixed 446 10,786 153 6,140 15,786 8,527 39,361

215 Waste oil 4,857 15,732 2,227 1,326 7,857 1,377 29,075

403 Mixed organics 3,003 12,801 280 1,090 2,059 2,353 18,687

106 Contaminated soils - misc. 18,242 0 - - - - 18,353

622 Mixed inert 2,780 15,629 - 182 1,520 - 17,507

703 Sludges 2,051 17,415 - 1 - - 16,851

125 Oil sludges 422 7,697 317 734 2,685 1,718 11,525

183 Waste tyres 2,540 5,653 96 2,655 211 697 10,234

401 Food waste 7,500 0 2,179 - - - 9,449

308 Public place refuse 920 1,228 233 2,448 2,320 - 6,033

501 Mixed paper and cardboard 1,357 810 23 2,848 436 71 4,688

131 Engine coolants 119 2,537 241 349 87 756 3,454

126 Waste mineral oils 0 0 - - - 3,456 2,870

TOTAL 583,918 244,358 29,204 362,391 118,421 29,646

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Table 3 presents the projected peak waste streams within the Karratha SCA for 2020 and 2035.

Table 3: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Karratha SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code

Material Type 2020 2035

602 Concrete 184,236 299,434

613 Clean fill 43,759 71,121

601 Mixed building rubble 37,760 61,370

801 Mixed Refuse 24,210 39,348

617 Ferrous Metals (non-packaging) 19,032 30,932

106

Solid/Sludge Waste Requiring Special

Handling - Contaminated soils 11,224 18,242

302 Kerbside refuse 10,387 16,882

209 Contaminated Soil- Hydrocarbon 7,189 11,684

619 Mixed Metals (non-packaging) 5,482 8,910

401 Food waste 4,615 7,500

TOTAL 347,894 565,423

Table 4 presents the projected peak waste streams within the Newman SCA for 2020 and 2035.

Table 4: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Newman SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code

Material Type 2020 2035

801 Mixed Refuse 43,099 78,437

601 Mixed building rubble 15,316 27,875

302 Kerbside refuse 10,386 18,903

703 Sludges 9,569 17,415

215 Waste Oil 8,644 15,732

622 Mixed Inert 8,588 15,629

617 Ferrous Metals (non-packaging) 7,188 13,083

403 Mixed organics 7,034 12,801

611 Rubbers - other 5,926 10,786

209 Contaminated Soil- Hydrocarbon 5,710 10,392

TOTAL 121,461 221,052

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Table 5 presents the projected peak waste streams within the Onslow SCA for 2020 and 2035.

Table 5: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Onslow SCA for 2020 and

2035 (tonnes)

Material Code

Material Type 2020 2035

601 Mixed building rubble 9,225 16,477

801 Mixed Refuse 2,798 4,998

217 Hydrocarbon Contaminated Materials 1,446 2,583

215 Waste Oil 1,247 2,227

401 Food waste 1,220 2,179

302 Kerbside refuse 559 998

209 Contaminated Soil- Hydrocarbon 368 656

161 Inorganic chemicals - Mercury 354 633

617 Ferrous Metals (non-packaging) 183 326

125

Oils and Emulsions - Oil sludges ie. Plate

separators 178 317

TOTAL 17,577 31,395

Table 6 presents the projected peak waste streams within the Port Hedland SCA for 2020 and 2035.

Table 6: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Port Hedland SCA for

2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code

Material Type 2020 2035

601 Mixed building rubble 69,692 135,794

613 Clean fill 36,160 70,458

801 Mixed Refuse 35,305 68,791

619 Mixed Metals (non-packaging) 20,509 39,961

302 Kerbside refuse 19,019 37,058

209 Contaminated Soil- Hydrocarbon 11,352 22,119

611 Rubbers - other 3,151 6,140

501 Mixed Paper and Cardboard 1,462 2,848

183 Miscellaneous - Waste tyres 1,363 2,655

308 Public place refuse 1,256 2,448

TOTAL 199,269 388,273

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Table 7 presents the projected peak waste streams within the Tom Price SCA for 2020 and 2035.

Table 7: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Tom Price SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code

Material Type 2020 2035

801 Mixed Refuse 32,161 58,218

601 Mixed building rubble 9,428 17,066

611 Rubbers - other 8,721 15,786

215 Waste Oil 4,341 7,857

302 Kerbside refuse 2,624 4,750

617 Ferrous Metals (non-packaging) 2,326 4,210

125

Oils and Emulsions - Oil sludges i.e. Plate

separators 1,483 2,685

308 Public place refuse 1,282 2,320

403 Mixed organics 1,137 2,059

622 Mixed Inert 840 1,520

TOTAL 64,341 116,471

Table 8 presents the projected peak waste streams within the Remote East Pilbara SCA for 2020 and

2035.

Table 8: Waste Generation Projections of Top Ten Material Types in the Remote East Pilbara SCA

for 2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code

Material Type 2020 2035

611 Rubbers - other 4,617 8,527

801 Mixed Refuse 3,661 6,762

126

Oils and Emulsions - Waste mineral oils unfit

for their originally intended use 1,871 3,456

617 Ferrous Metals (non-packaging) 1,513 2,794

403 Mixed organics 1,274 2,353

125

Oils and Emulsions - Oil sludges i.e. Plate

separators 930 1,718

215 Waste Oil 746 1,377

209 Contaminated Soil- Hydrocarbon 579 1,069

131 Other Organic Chemicals - Engine Coolants 409 756

183 Miscellaneous - Waste tyres 378 697

TOTAL 15,977 29,508

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4 Problematic Waste Streams

Problematic waste materials were recognised based on the knowledge gained from conducting the previous waste data studies and awareness of

available treatment options in the Pilbara. Consultation with resource companies and Local Governments was also undertaken to further discuss the

problematic wastes and the current treatment or disposal methods.

Table 9 presents the problematic waste types generated in 2020 in each SCA.

Table 9: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Waste Types in each SCA for 2020 (tonnes)

Material Code

Problematic Waste Type Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

299 Timber Railway Sleepers 2,377 - - 58,560 - - 60,937

183&611 Rubber 1,837 9,032 139 4,514 8,837 4,994 30,391

215 Waste Oil 2,989 8,644 1,247 680 4,341 746 17,817

106 Contaminated Soils 11,224 - - - - - 11,247

404&405 Wooden Pallets 3,223 3,381 - 1 - 35 6,465

217 Oil Contaminated Solids 1,276 2,645 1,446 103 775 192 6,175

124 Oil/Water Mixtures 356 575 20 82 168 102 1,251

161 Mercury Contaminated Wastes 233 - 354 - - - 572

201 E-waste 9 4 - - - - 12

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Table 10 presents the problematic waste material types identified for the Pilbara region in 2035.

Table 10: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Waste Types in each SCA for 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code

Problematic Waste Type Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

299 Timber Railway Sleepers 2,377 - 58,560 - - - 60,937

183&611 Rubber 2,986 16,438 249 8,795 15,997 9,224 49,595

215 Waste Oil 4,857 15,732 2,227 1,326 7,857 1,377 29,075

106 Contaminated Soils 18,242 - - - - - 18,353

404&405 Wooden Pallets 5,238 6,154 - 2 - 65 10,550

217 Oil Contaminated Solids 2,074 4,813 2,583 201 1,402 355 10,077

124 Oil/Water Mixtures 579 1,047 35 159 305 188 2,041

161 Mercury Contaminated Wastes 379 - 633 - - - 934

201 E-waste 14 6 - - - - 20

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Table 11 presents the projected problematic waste streams within the Karratha SCA for 2020 and

2035.

Table 11: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Karratha SCA for

2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code Material Type 2020 2035

183&611 Rubber 1,837 2,986

215 Waste Oil 2,989 4,857

124 Oil/Water Mixtures 356 579

106 Contaminated Soils 11,224 18,242

299 Timber Railway Sleepers 2,377 2,377

161 Mercury Contaminated Wastes 233 379

217 Oil Contaminated Solids 1,276 2,074

404&405 Wooden Pallets 3,223 5,238

201 E-waste 9 14

TOTAL 23,524 36,746

Table 12 presents the projected problematic waste streams within the Newman SCA for 2020 and

2035.

Table 12: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Newman SCA for

2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code Material Type 2020 2035

183&611 Rubber 9,032 16,438

215 Waste Oil 8,644 15,732

124 Oil/Water Mixtures 575 1,047

106 Contaminated Soils - -

299 Timber Railway Sleepers

161 Mercury Contaminated Wastes - -

217 Oil Contaminated Solids 2,645 4,813

404&405 Wooden Pallets 3,381 6,154

201 E-waste 4 6

TOTAL 24,281 44,190

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Table 13 presents the projected problematic waste streams within the Onslow SCA for 2020 and

2035.

Table 13: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Onslow SCA for 2020

and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code Material Type 2020 2035

183&611 Rubber 139 249

215 Waste Oil 1,247 2,227

124 Oil/Water Mixtures 20 35

106 Contaminated Soils - -

299 Timber Railway Sleepers - -

161 Mercury Contaminated Wastes 354 663

217 Oil Contaminated Solids 1,446 2,583

404&405 Wooden Pallets - -

201 E-waste - -

TOTAL 3,206 5,757

Table 14 presents the projected problematic waste streams within the Port Hedland SCA for 2020

and 2035.

Table 14: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Port Hedland SCA

for 2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code Material Type 2020 2035

183&611 Rubber 4,514 8,795

215 Waste Oil 680 1,326

124 Oil/Water Mixtures 82 159

106 Contaminated Soils - -

299 Timber Railway Sleepers 58,560 58,560

161 Mercury Contaminated Wastes - -

217 Oil Contaminated Solids 103 201

404&405 Wooden Pallets 1 2

201 E-waste - -

TOTAL 63,940 69,043

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Table 15 presents the projected problematic waste streams within the Tom Price SCA for 2020 and

2035.

Table 15: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Tom Price SCA for

2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code Material Type 2020 2035

183&611 Rubber 8,837 15,997

215 Waste Oil 4,341 7,857

124 Oil/Water Mixtures 168 305

106 Contaminated Soils - -

299 Timber Railway Sleepers

161 Mercury Contaminated Wastes - -

217 Oil Contaminated Solids 775 1,402

404&405 Wooden Pallets - -

201 E-waste - -

TOTAL 14,121 25,561

Table 16 presents the projected problematic waste streams within the Remote East Pilbara SCA for

2020 and 2035.

Table 16: Waste Generation Projections of Problematic Material Types in the Remote East Pilbara

SCA for 2020 and 2035 (tonnes)

Material Code Material Type 2020 2035

183&611 Rubber 4,994 9,224

215 Waste Oil 746 1,377

124 Oil/Water Mixtures 102 188

106 Contaminated Soils - -

299 Timber Railway Sleepers

161 Mercury Contaminated Wastes - -

217 Oil Contaminated Solids 192 355

404&405 Wooden Pallets 35 65

201 E-waste - -

TOTAL 6,069 11,209

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5 Analysis of Waste Streams Peak and problematic waste life cycles were analysed including generation sources, collection

systems, treatment methods and markets. Each waste type was investigated and consideration

was given to complimentary processing across waste types or processing already being undertaken

in the Pilbara. Generation profiles were also considered with many problematic wastes being

generated sporadically when maintenance is performed in the resource industry.

5.1 Concrete

Generation

Concrete is primarily used in the construction industry and mainly becomes a waste product during

demolition or from over supply. Concrete waste is typically generated during construction or

demolition phases of infrastructure and buildings. Concrete waste generation is therefore linked to

redevelopment works or the start-up phase of large resource projects in the Pilbara region. Once

projects become operational the amount of concrete waste generated is normally reduced.

Treatment – current

There is a C&D processing facility in Karratha which processes concrete waste generated mainly

from within the Karratha SCA. Outside of Karratha there is a significant volume of concrete landfilled

due to limited recycling opportunities.

Treatment – potential

Clean concrete, including reinforcement steel bars, is readily recyclable through crushing and

screening operations. The actual machinery to be used depends on the final recycled product.

Additional crushing or screening may be required to achieve the desirable size of materials for

particular products. Additional processes and crushing is required if concrete waste has

reinforcement steel bars embedded. The reinforcement steel bars can be separated and then sold

as scrap ferrous metal. As shown previously, approximately 184,928 tonnes of this material is

estimated to be generated across the Pilbara region per annum in 2020. Given the quantities of this

material and the mixed building rubble predicted in the Port Hedland SCA in 2020 there is a

potential opportunity for inert processing being expanded in the Pilbara, either through a new facility

to be built in the Port Hedland SCA or by using a mobile facility. These options could increase and

diversify employment in the SCA and divert this material from landfill back into the building and

construction industry.

Markets

Markets for recycled concrete are typically within the construction industry for use as aggregates,

sand, road base, fill and reuse in concrete batching plants. Markets for material generated from

concrete recycling are likely to be local as the product has low value making transportation of

recycled product over long distances uneconomical.

5.2 Mixed Refuse

Generation

Mixed refuse is generated from various sources from all three sectors MSW, C&I and C&D. These can

be refuse collections from residential or commercial buildings or self-hauled from large commercial,

construction and domestic generators.

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Treatment – current

This waste is currently disposed of to landfill across the Pilbara.

Treatment – potential

Mixed refuse can be:

Source separated for recycling;

Processed in a Dirty MRF to recover materials of value; and

Alternative Waste Treatment (AWT) or Thermal Treatment to recover materials and/or energy.

Mixed refuse could be suitable for AWT including thermal treatment but these treatment options can

require significant tonnage to make a facility viable without external economic drivers or rewards.

Assembling tonnes for treatment in Thermal Processing is advantageous in regions where a facility of

this type is located. In areas where Thermal Processing is not readily available and transport costs

reduce the feasibility of transporting long distances, this material could be processed in a Dirty MRF

to recover recyclable materials, with the residual material sent to landfill or thermal treatment.

Processing of this waste before disposal will reduce the volume sent to landfill, increase employment

and meet the Waste Diversion Targets in the Pilbara.

Markets

Depending on the process type employed, the products generated can vary. The products from

source separation including metals, plastics, paper, cardboard and potentially glass which can be

sent on to recyclers for further processing. Processing in a Dirty MRF could potentially provide similar

products as source separation with the addition of soil improver if separated green waste is further

processed. The soil improver has a limited domestic market and is more suited to use on broad

acre farming or rehabilitation of areas affected by civil engineering works.

5.3 Clean Fill

Generation

Clean fill is generated during earthworks where removal of excess soil is required. For material to be

described as clean fill it needs to be free of contaminants not found naturally in the soil.

Treatment – current

Clean fill generated is currently landfilled or used as daily cover in landfill operations in the Pilbara.

Treatment – potential

Clean fill can be used in construction to level ground, fill voids, backfill and as daily cover for landfill

operations. Temporal difference between generation and reuse can be a barrier to reusing this

material. If a suitable location is not available to stockpile clean fill then this material may be taken

to landfill and possibly used as cover material. Some clean fill will require processing to remove

contaminants in order to meet reuse specifications. Contamination in clean fill ranges from organic

matter to inert materials (bricks, concrete and rubble) to hydrocarbons or chemicals. Removal of

organics and inert material can be achieved in a number of ways including screening. Removal or

treatment of hydrocarbons and chemicals depends on the type of contaminant and their

concentration.

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Markets

Recycled clean fill is valuable to the construction industry as fill material. Markets for recycled clean

fill are likely to be local as long distances can make transporting recycled product uneconomical.

There is a large volume of this material in the Port Hedland SCA which could be combined with

mixed building rubble to create an opportunity for an inert processing facility in the Port Hedland

SCA.

5.4 Kerbside Refuse

Generation

Properties within the main population nodes of the Pilbara receive kerbside refuse services to dispose

of their waste. Kerbside services are provided by the Local Governments or their contractors or in

combination. These collections are generally weekly and utilise 240L Mobile Garbage Bins.

Treatment – current

The material collected through kerbside services is classified as putrescible and is currently disposed

of in local landfills.

Treatment – potential

Kerbside refuse is suitable for source separation of recyclables, processing in a Dirty MRF to separate

recyclables and AWT or Thermal Treatment to recover materials and/or energy. Large capital and

operating costs associated with AWT or Thermal Treatment facilities makes adopting these processes

economically challenging in regional areas. To be viable, facilities would require amalgamation of

Kerbside Refuse tonnages across several SCA which can also have significant transportation costs.

In some instances processing this material through a Dirty MRF is more viable as the costs associated

are much lower. Materials such as organics and recyclables are separated for further processing

and the residual waste can be sent to landfill for disposal. This can reduce the volume of material

going to landfill whilst employing more people than landfill operations alone.

Markets

Access to markets for recyclables is a key issue to the viability of treatment of these wastes.

Recyclables need to be transported by road to the Perth Metropolitan area as there is no container

port in the Pilbara region to send recyclables to overseas processors.

5.5 Non-packaging - Ferrous Metals

Generation

Ferrous metals are generated from waste streams including C&D, C&I and MSW. Ferrous metals can

be present in other waste types, such as reinforced concrete, or as a clean waste stream.

Treatment – current

Recycling ferrous metals is largely dependent on adequate access to markets. Currently scrap

ferrous metals collected in the Pilbara are sent to Perth where they are on sent to overseas markets.

Recovery of ferrous metals from mixed wastes can be achieved by using magnetic separators

providing the individual ferrous metal pieces are not too large. This material is readily recycled in the

region with services provided by various recycling companies.

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Markets

Development of a containerised port in the Pilbara would significantly boost the access of recyclers

to markets for their products, though this is not currently seen as a barrier for recycling ferrous metals,

but as an opportunity to expand current market opportunities and reduce transport costs.

5.6 Non-packaging – Mixed Metals

Generation

Mixed metals are generated as scrap metal from all sectors.

Treatment – current

Mixed metals are similar in nature to ferrous metals but have an increased difficulty when separating

from a mixed waste stream. Removal of mixed metals from a mixed waste stream is generally

achieved by hand sorting however mechanical systems of magnetic and eddie current separators

can be used for lower density items such as aluminium cans. The metals are then sold as a mixed

product for further separation into base metals. This step is usually completed overseas where

processing costs are lower.

Markets

Access to overseas markets for further reprocessing is seen as a barrier to recycling this material in

the Pilbara. Currently to access these markets, material is required to be sent to Perth where it is

containerised and sent overseas. Freight to Perth to recycle this material could be cost prohibitive

depending on the international metal prices. Development of a containerised port in the Pilbara

region could lower freight costs and make recycling mixed metals more economically viable.

5.7 Rubber

For the purpose of this report, Rubber is broken down into two categories, tyres and conveyor belts to

distinguish the different sources of this material and to better address specific issues surrounding

each.

Tyres 5.7.1

Generation

Waste rubber tyres are produced in large quantities by passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles

and large machinery as they are damaged or wear over time, requiring replacement.

Treatment – current

Currently tyres are stockpiled or landfilled (either as mixed waste or separately) across the Pilbara.

Baling and mono-filling of tyres in designated locations can be used so they can be recovered at a

later date. Baling tyres reduces the void size reducing the storage space required and reducing

areas where water can pool and breed mosquitoes. Burying tyres in designated areas reduces the

risks of tyre fires whilst still allowing for recovery later. Baling tyres is considered more advantageous to

shredding prior to landfilling as recovering shredded tyres from landfill cover material can be difficult.

There is also a fire risk associated with shredding as the rubber is heated in the process and the

increased surface area makes spontaneous combustion more likely. With increased surface areas

the risk of chemical leaching is also increased.

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Large machinery tyres used on mine sites are difficult to transport and safely handle. These tyres are

usually buried in on-site landfills. Some large machinery tyres could be repaired/reconditioned for

reuse in place of new large machinery tyres. Tyres beyond repair/reconditioning could be mono-

filled separately from other vehicles tyres. Mono-filling separately to other tyres enables both tyre

types to be treated at difference times using different processes.

Treatment – potential

Tyres can be used as fuel sources for line kilns and other fuel intensive industries if suitable emissions

controls are employed. Tyres can also be used as a feedstock for Waste to Energy (WTE) plants.

Markets

There are limited markets for the recycled rubber products globally. Commonly waste tyres are used

as a fuel source in lime kilns or WTE facilities.

Conveyor belts 5.7.2

Generation

Rubber conveyor belts used within the processing facilities associated with mining operations are

periodically replaced as they wear out or if they sustain damage.

Treatment – current

Currently conveyor belts are stockpiled or landfilled on mine sites and some external landfills.

Treatment – potential

As with vehicle tyres, the conveyor belt rubber can be used as a fuel source for line kilns or WTE

plants. Generally conveyor belts are more compact than tyres and do not need to be baled to

allow efficient transportation or storage. They will also generate a ‘char’ material after processing in

a WTE plant which will require disposal in a suitably designed landfill.

Mono-filling of conveyors will ensure the material can be recycled or processed in the future when

processes become available. Shredding conveyor belts prior to mono-filling is not recommended

due to the fire risk associated and the increased difficultly of separating crumbed rubber from cover

material. Due to a larger surface area, shredded rubber also has an increased risk of chemical

leaching compounds into the environment.

Markets

There are limited markets for the recycled rubber products globally. Commonly waste rubber is used

as a fuel source in lime kilns or WTE facilities.

5.8 Waste Oil

Generation

Waste oil from lubrication systems used in the resources sector could generate approximately 17,817

tonnes across the Pilbara annually in 2020.

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Treatment – current

Most waste oil that is recovered is taken to Bunbury for recycling and processing. Processing of used

oil involves removing contaminants and creating suitable products for re-use. This used oil can be

recycled into lubrication products or burnt as a fuel.

Treatment – potential

Road transportation of oil from the Pilbara to facilities in the South West of Western Australia can be

seen as inefficient and expansion of oil processing in the Pilbara could be investigated. Waste oil

could also be suitable for use as a feedstock for WTE plants but would need to meet conditions to

ensure that emissions are controlled.

Markets

Waste oil could be recycled in the Pilbara and reused as lubrication or fuel oil. There is an

opportunity for an Oil Recycling Facility to operate in the Pilbara. Alternatively development of a

containerised port could reduce the cost of transporting this waste to other markets for processing.

5.9 Oil/Water Mixtures

Generation

Oil water mixtures are generated when water ingresses into stored oil or if stored oil leaks into water.

Treatment – current

Oil/water mixtures are treated in the same manner that waste oil is treated but with one additional

step required to separate the oil from the water. Oil and water can be separated using a number of

techniques including belt skimming, floatation, separation funnels, filtration and evaporation. Once

the oil is separated it can be reprocessed into lubrication products or used as a fuel.

Treatment – potential

Road transportation of oil from the Pilbara to facilities in the South West of Western Australia can be

seen as inefficient and expansion of oil processing in the Pilbara could be investigated. Waste oil

could also be suitable for use as a feedstock for WTE plants but would need to meet conditions to

ensure that emissions are controlled.

Markets

Waste oil could be recycled in the Pilbara and reused in as lubrication or fuel oil in conjunction with

the processing of waste oil. There is an opportunity for an Oil Recycling Facility to operate in the

Pilbara. Alternatively development of a containerised port could reduce cost of transporting this

waste to other markets for processing.

5.10 Contaminated Soils

Generation

Contaminated soils are usually generated when there is a loss of containment of the contaminating

material. Typically this occurs when equipment fails or human error causes a leak such as burst

hydraulic hoses or spills when filling equipment, or storage container failure.

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Treatment – current

Currently, most contaminated soils are treated using bioremediation onsite. Soils too badly

contaminated for bioremediation, are taken to Class IV landfills for disposal. Previously, some of the

material was treated at the Wedgefield Incinerator in Port Headland. However, this facility is now

closed. Therefore, Class IV landfill disposal is the current treatment option. However this is located at

Red Hill Waste Management Facility in Perth which means the cost of disposing of these materials is

significant particularly due to transportation.

Treatment – potential

Creation of a thermal treatment facility or Class IV Landfill(s) in the Pilbara region would reduce the

transport associated with appropriate disposal of soil not suitable for bio remediation. Depending on

the concentration and type of the contamination in the soil it could also be suitable as feed stock

for a WTE facility, providing it met that facility’s waste acceptance criteria.

Markets

If contaminants in the soil can be reduced by treatment to an acceptable level, then this material

could potentially be used as fill. Higher contaminated soil will require disposal to a suitable Class IV

landfill facility. The availability of this waste could contribute the viability of creating a Class IV landfill

in the Pilbara.

5.11 Timber Railway Sleepers

Generation

Old treated timber railway sleepers were used in railway lines servicing the iron ore industry. They are

currently being progressively replaced with more durable concrete sleepers as they become

unserviceable.

Treatment – current

There is an estimated 60,928 tonnes of timber railway sleepers stockpiled along the train lines and in

store yards across the Pilbara. These sleepers were treated with dieldrin, a carcinogenic pesticide,

and require suitable disposal or processing. These sleepers are considered a legacy waste issue as

generation of these sleepers will cease once all old timber sleepers are replaced with concrete in

the Pilbara region.

Additional investigation is required to assess whether dieldrin is present in overburden along railway

lines. If the overburden is contaminated this will require suitable disposal or processing. It is

estimated that there could potentially be 11,000 tonnes of overburden which would require disposal

or processing.

Treatment – potential

Suitable disposal or processing of old timber railway sleepers could involve disposal directly to Class

IV landfill or processing in a suitable thermal treatment or WTE facility.

There are currently no Class IV landfill facilities in the Pilbara and transport to Perth for disposal of this

material is considered cost prohibitive. The availability of this waste could contribute to the viability of

creating a Class IV landfill in the Pilbara.

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Markets

There is no market for Timber Railway Sleepers as they are a hazardous waste requiring suitable

disposal.

5.12 Mercury Contaminated Wastes

Generation

Mercury is naturally occurring and can be generated as a by-product from oil and gas processes. It

can occur as elemental mercury, or contained in compounds present within the waste material. It

typically presents as contaminants of sludges, absorbents, catalysts and activated carbon.

Treatment – current

Currently mercury contaminated wastes are encapsulated and disposed in of a Class V Intractable

Waste landfill facility at Mount Walton.

Treatment – potential

There are two main paths for mercury containing wastes depending on their concentration. Higher

levels of contaminated waste material can go through a process for concentrating the mercury,

such as thermal desorption, prior to recovery and resale, or encapsulation and disposal. If the level

of contamination is relatively low (such as with contaminated personal protection equipment) then

the waste can be treated in a thermal treatment facility in which the mercury is vaporised and

scrubbed from the heated gas in the flue gas cleaning system which is then disposed of to a Class V

landfill.

Recovered mercury can be encapsulated or treated to form mercury sulphide in preparation for

landfilling. Mercury sulphide is a non-hazardous chemical compound produced from a

spontaneous reaction by mixing mercury and sulphur.

Encapsulated mercury waste is usually disposed of in a Class V intractable waste facility such as the

facility at Mount Walton. There is currently no facility in Australia for recovering mercury from mercury

contaminated wastes. This has to occur overseas, necessitating the international transport of the

highly hazardous waste, approval for which is becoming more difficult.

Markets

Markets for concentrated Mercury are diminishing due largely to a global effort to reduce the

volume of Mercury used worldwide.

5.13 Oil Contaminated Solids

Generation

Oil contaminated solids include drilling muds or rags arising from workshops. Drilling muds are used

to lubricate drill bits, carry drill cuttings to the surface and ensure the stability of the well. They also

provide hydrostatic pressure to keep reservoir fluids out of the well whilst drilling. Drill muds can be

water or oil/synthetic based and can contain a number of different compounds to create the

desired fluid properties.

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Treatment – current

Hydrocarbon based drilling muds are normally either thermally treated or encapsulated prior to

landfilling. The only available thermal treatment facility for these materials in Australia at the

moment is located in Victoria.

Treatment – potential

Due to the various ingredients in oil contaminated solids there are a number of different treatment

options.

Where practical, drill muds could be refined into products such as lubrication oil or fuel oil. Waste to

energy could also be utilised as a suitable alternative to landfill disposal.

Markets

There are no markets for oil contaminated solids.

5.14 Wooden Pallets

Generation

As equipment and supplies are transported to site, they are usually packaged on wooden pallets.

Some of the pallets are heat treated and so are not contaminated during production. Others have

been treated with a chemical fumigant and may be contaminated.

Treatment – current

Currently wooden pallets generated in the Pilbara are landfilled.

Treatment – potential

Most pallets that are used originate from Perth. Transporting these back for reuse is considered cost

prohibitive. Pallets that are heat treated could be chipped to rehabilitate degraded landscapes or

used as a fuel in WTE plants.

Although this issue was not identified in the data, discussions with Industry have highlighted that more

research into the potential for recycling wooden pallets in the Pilbara could be justified.

Markets

Wooden pallets are suitable for reuse within the Pilbara or alternatively used as a fuel for a WTE

facility. Untreated pallets could also be used to create woodchips to rehabilitate degraded

landscapes or as mulch.

5.15 Electronic Waste

Generation

E-waste is generated at employee camps when items such as TVs and computers require

replacement due to damage, faulty units or redundancy. E-waste can contain precious metals and

rare earth minerals as well as potentially hazardous materials such as lead, cadmium and

brominated flame retardants.

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Treatment – current

Currently E-waste generated from commercial operations is disposed of in landfill. There is E-waste

recycling already operating for residential properties in the Pilbara.

Treatment – potential

This material is covered by the National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme for households

and small businesses and there are a number of collection locations in the Pilbara. Certain retailers

in Karratha, Port Headland, Newman and Tom Price act as collection points for TVs and computers

from households and small business covered under the Scheme. Discussion with collection points

and agents could result in a mutually beneficial partnership to recycle E-waste at employee camps.

The collected material would still be required to be transported large distances to recyclers in

metropolitan centres but there could be cost savings in combining residential and commercial

waste streams for transport.

Markets

Markets exist for materials recovered from E-waste recycling processes. Generally these markets are

overseas.

5.16 Mattresses

Generation

Waste mattresses are generated when old mattresses are replaced with new mattresses in homes

and employee camps. Mattresses were raised as a problematic waste during discussions with

resource companies.

Treatment – current

Waste mattresses generated in the Pilbara are currently landfilled.

Treatment – potential

In the Perth metropolitan area, mattress recycling is rapidly expanding with a number of companies

collecting and recycling mattresses by various means. Generally this involves disassembling the

mattress into its component parts so they can be recycled.

The low density of mattresses and being difficult to compact make them undesirable in landfills.

However, there is currently no alternative to landfilling in the Pilbara region. Transportation of

mattresses from the Pilbara to Perth for recycling is cost prohibitive as the value of products

generated would not offset the cost of transportation.

Markets

Some of the material generated from recycling mattresses locally could be used in the Pilbara. Coir

matting could be used to stabilise earthen slopes from erosion or as weed control measures during

rehabilitation works in the resources industry. Other materials such as metals springs would need

further processing (shredding or baling) to make them economical to transport for further recycling.

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6 Analysis of Infrastructure

From the analysis of the available data the following infrastructure options were examined and to

determine their potential suitability for processing wastes generated in the Pilbara. This section

discusses the technologies and identifies complementary wastes that could be amalgamated to

support the viability of the processing infrastructure. Each section presents a table based on the

maximum available feedstock as derived from the collected data (i.e. based on current waste

collection systems) – Maximum Available Feedstock – with some presenting an additional table

based on the same data but assuming maximum source separation of currently mixed waste

streams – Hypothetical Maximum Available Feedstock. The hypothetical maximums were

determined for the following waste processes:

Inert Processing;

MRF;

Alternative Waste Treatment;

Thermal Treatment – Waste to Energy; and

Landfill.

6.1 Inert Processing

Inert processing involves crushing, sorting and screening of C&D waste to create products suitable

for re-use in the construction industry. C&D wastes are easily recycled, however processing can

create dust and noise potentially creating off site impacts and consequently a negative public

perception of facilities. Stockpiling of unprocessed and processed materials is also required which

can potentially generate dust and be visually unattractive.

Table 17 shows the maximum available Inert Processing feedstock in each SCA based on existing

waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities operating in each SCA.

Table 17: Maximum available feedstock for Inert Processing Facilities (tonnes per annum) based

on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

269,733 24,567 9,225 105,946 10,267 32 409,097

Max

Feedstock

2035

438,390 44,712 16,477 206,435 18,585 59 667,599

Number of

Facilities 1 - - - - - 1

Table 18 shows the hypothetical maximum available Inert Processing feedstock in each SCA and

the number of facilities operating in each SCA.

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Table 18: Hypothetical maximum available feedstock for Inert Processing Facilities (tonnes per

annum) and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

269,733 29,222 9,528 109,759 13,740 427 423,573

Max

Feedstock

2035

438,390 53,183 17,017 213,864 24,873 789 691,221

Number of

Facilities 1 - - - - - 1

The above hypothetical maximum available feedstocks for Inert Processing were calculated using

the diversion currently being achieved in the Karratha SCA and applying this rate onto the mixed

refuse waste stream in other SCAs.

Currently there is one C&D recycling facility located in Karratha servicing the Karratha sub-region with

the potential for another facility to be located in the Port Hedland SCA. Opportunities may exist for

similar facilities in other regions to coincide with major infrastructure projects such as that occurring

near Onslow. Based on the projections of feedstock, Port Hedland could potentially support an inert

processing facility in the future. An option may also exist for a regional solution whereby mobile

equipment is shared between a number of centres and stockpiled inert material is processed

periodically. The option of transporting waste to a central facility for processing may be viable,

however the cost of transport may make it unviable.

As the cost of landfill is increased through various means (levies or recouping the costs of

construction of engineered landfills), processing of C&D material becomes a more viable option for

generators. Incentives for processors could be used to attract them to areas not currently serviced

by existing facilities. Incentives could take the form of leasing of land or subsidies, particularly of

capital costs.

6.2 Materials Recovery Facility

Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) sort dry comingled recyclables such as cardboard, plastic, metal

and glass packaging and paper into separate fractions to be sent to markets. These facilities come

in a range of sizes and technological capabilities. Low technology solutions involve workers

manually picking items off a conveyor belt and placing them into separate bins for baling and

transport. High technology facilities employ conveyors in conjunction with mechanical sorting

systems such as optical sorters, trommels, air separators, eddie current separators and magnets to

separate waste fractions. In both types of facilities the residual waste is usually taken to landfill for

disposal. Table 19 shows the maximum available MRF feedstock in each SCA based on existing

waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities operating in each SCA.

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Table 19: Maximum available feedstock for Material Recovery Facilities (tonnes per annum)

based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently

operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

2,539 6,165 37 1,491 616 182 10,539

Max

Feedstock

2035

4,127 11,220 67 2,906 1,115 337 17,197

Number of

Facilities - 1 - - - - 0

Table 20 shows the hypothetical maximum available MRF feedstock in each SCA and the number

of facilities operating in each SCA.

Table 20: Hypothetical maximum available feedstock for Material Recovery Facilities (tonnes per

annum) and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

10,009 17,466 752 13,464 7,860 915 47,932

Max

Feedstock

2035

16,268 31,787 1,344 26,235 14,228 1,689 78,219

Number of

Facilities - 1 - - - - 0

The above hypothetical maximum available feedstocks for MRFs were calculated by estimating the

quantities of material that could reasonably be diverted from the kerbside refuse, public place

refuse, special event refuse and mixed refuse waste streams by source separation and modified

collection systems. The estimates were based on the current diversions being achieved in the Perth

metropolitan area by Councils operating a two bin collection system.

6.3 Dirty MRF

Wastes of a mixed nature such as mixed refuse and kerbside refuse contain several fractions of

waste such as metals, plastics and organics that are recyclable if they can be recovered. These

waste streams are therefore potentially suitable for processing in a Dirty MRF. A Dirty MRF separates

these fractions for recycling. The fractions separated depend on a number of factors including the

composition of the available feedstock, cost of sorting and access to markets for the recovered

materials.

Dirty MRFs can process waste prior to it being processed in WTE or C&D Recycling facilities to remove

unsuitable items and recover recyclables. The proposed WTE plant in the Port Headland SCA is

intending to process the feedstock waste in a dirty MRF prior to thermal treatment. This process

recovers valuable items and removes from the waste stream items that are unsuitable for thermal

treatment. Dirty MRFs can also be employed in conjunction with landfills to recover recyclable items

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prior to disposal in landfill. This not only extends the life of the landfill but recovers recycles or

separates waste for further processing. Table 21 shows the maximum available Dirty MRF feedstock

in each SCA based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities

operating in each SCA.

Table 21: Maximum available feedstock for Dirty MRFs (tonnes per annum) based on existing

waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max Feedstock

2020 35,184 54,497 3,549 56,208 36,677 3,661 179,956

Max Feedstock

2035 57,184 99,181 6,339 109,521 66,393 6,762 293,668

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

Access to a containerised port could decrease the cost of sending products to markets after

separation and could potentially expand the number of waste fractions with available markets.

Grants to reduce the capital cost required to establish a Dirty MRF could be used to encourage the

construction of this type of facility. Increases in landfill costs will also increase the business case for

sorting waste before disposal in landfill.

6.4 Green waste

Green waste processing involves shredding separated green waste into mulch. This can be sold as

mulch or undergo further processing to create compost. Both of these products can be applied to

soil to improve water retention and reduce weeds with compost also adding nutrients to the soil.

Previously this material was burnt to reduce its volume before landfilling. Currently most green waste

is sent directly to landfill without processing. Mulching is a relatively low cost solution that uses simple

and proven technology and is utilised across WA. There are a number of applications for mulch.

Some local governments provide it to the community free of charge for their own personal use while

others utilise mulch for their own parks and maintenance works.

Composting is a biological process through which biodegradable material is broken down by

naturally occurring micro-organisms in the presence of oxygen (aerobically). Aeration may be

achieved by mechanically turning the material, or through forced aeration.

Composting or partially composting mulch destroys pathogens and seeds that may be within the

green waste, lessening the risk of them being spread.

Table 22 shows the maximum available Green waste feedstock in each SCA based on existing

waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities operating in each SCA.

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Table 22: Maximum available feedstock for Green Waste Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on

existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

3,519 4,484 50 196 488 35 8,495

Max

Feedstock

2035

5,719 8,161 89 381 844 65 13,863

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

6.5 Specialist

Some wastes such as mattresses, batteries, scrap metals and waste oil need to be treated using

specialist technologies. For example, mattress recycling involves dismantling into separate fractions

and sending these fractions to processors for further recycling. Also, waste oil can be treated to

create fuel oil and lubrication fluids. There are currently no specialist waste processing facilities in the

Pilbara.

Table 23 shows the maximum available specialist feedstock in each SCA based on existing waste

flows and collection methods and the number of facilities operating in each SCA. This table shows

the total of all of the specialist wastes. It would be necessary to determine the quantities of a

particular specialist waste stream from sections 3 and 4 above when considering the viability of

establishing a specialist waste treatment process in the Pilbara.

Table 23: Maximum available feedstock for Specialist Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on

existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

33,155 31,512 1,794 26,477 16,856 9,729 114,157

Max

Feedstock

2035

53,886 57,351 3,204 51,590 30,514 17,969 186,291

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

6.6 Alternative Waste Treatment

Alternative Waste Treatment (AWT) processes involve breaking down the organic fraction of the waste

stream using anaerobic or anaerobic digestion. AWT creates a soil improver which can be applied

to soil to increase its organic content. There are currently no AWTs in the Pilbara but there are several

operating in Perth including Southern Metropolitan Regional Council’s Regional Resource Recovery

Centre, Mindarie Regional Council’s Resource Recovery Facility and Western Metropolitan Regional

Council’s DiCOM facility. A facility of this type in the Pilbara would need large amounts of waste to

operate, requiring amalgamation of wastes from several sources across the Pilbara SCAs.

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Table 24 shows the maximum available AWT feedstock in each SCA based on existing waste flows

and collection methods and the number of facilities operating in each SCA.

Table 24: Maximum available feedstock for Alternative Waste Facilities (tonnes per annum)

based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently

operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

13,203 11,527 1,427 756 1,625 1,309 28,975

Max

Feedstock

2035

21,459 20,979 2,548 1,473 2,942 2,418 47,284

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

Table 25 shows the hypothetical maximum available AWT feedstock in each SCA and the number of

facilities operating in each SCA.

Table 25: Hypothetical maximum available feedstock for Alternative Waste Facilities (tonnes per

annum) and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

22,702 29,916 2,569 21,362 12,766 2,407 87,466

Max

Feedstock

2035

36,897 54,445 4,589 41,623 23,110 4,447 142,733

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

The above hypothetical maximum available feedstocks for AWTs were calculated by estimating the

quantities of material that could reasonably be diverted from the kerbside refuse, public place

refuse and mixed refuse waste streams by maximising source separation through introducing

additional bin collection services. These include organics only bin for households and some

commercial properties. This was estimated based on the current diversions being achieved in the

Perth metropolitan area by existing AWTs.

6.7 Thermal Treatment

Thermal treatment of waste can be broken down into two sub categories based on the purpose of

the processing:

Disposal - destruction and/or concentration of hazardous substances; and

WTE – volume reduction and recovering energy from wastes.

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Disposal 6.7.1

Thermal treatments can be used to destroy hazardous wastes by breaking down the structure of the

waste compounds and producing less hazardous or non-hazardous substances. Alternatively, if the

hazardous waste is an element, then thermal treatment can be used to capture and concentrate

the hazardous material by it being vaporised and then captured in the flue gas emissions control

system. Hazardous substances such as mercury can be concentrated using thermal treatment

reducing the volume of the material requiring safe disposal.

Possible suitable materials for thermal disposal or concentration include mercury containing

substances, oil contaminated solids, waste oil and timber railway sleepers. Many of these materials

are generated periodically when maintenance is performed on processing plants. Any facility

designed to process these materials would require either consistent generation of feedstock, ability

to process the waste stream in batches or sufficient space to stockpile quantities generated

periodically. Feedstock could be amalgamated across SCAs to increase material available for

processing. Table 26 shows the maximum available Thermal Treatment - Disposal feedstock in each

SCA based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities operating in

each SCA.

Table 26: Maximum available feedstock for Thermal Treatment - Disposal Facilities (tonnes per

annum) based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities

currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

3,313 14,376 551 904 1,688 1,032 20,860

Max

Feedstock

2035

5,385 26,163 985 1,762 3,056 1,906 34,041

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

Based on the quantities above, Newman SCA has the highest generation of this material type and is

potentially the most suitable for a facility of this type.

WTE 6.7.2

Thermal processing of Waste to produce energy in the form of electricity and heat is only now being

seriously proposed for development in Western Australia. Plants of this nature involve the high

temperature combustion of the waste (combustion processes) or gas or oils produced from the

waste (gasification or pyrolysis processes).

In most instances the heat produced from the combustion phase is used to generate steam which

in turn produces electricity through a steam turbine. Some thermal processes boast a landfill

diversion rate of 100% when the ash that is produced is used to manufacture other products such a

tiles or bricks. Current Thermal Technologies conform to high environmental standards including

emissions standards for exhaust gases. They are used extensively worldwide especially in Europe and

Japan. WTE is considered more beneficial than direct disposal to landfill due to the recovery of

energy. Table 27 shows the maximum available WTE feedstock in each SCA based on existing

waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities operating in each SCA.

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Table 27: Maximum available feedstock for Thermal Treatment – Waste to Energy Facilities

(tonnes per annum) based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of

facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

45,217 77,973 6,554 61,826 50,860 12,031 241,587

Max

Feedstock

2035

73,490 141,908 11,706 120,467 92,067 22,220 394,241

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

Table 28 shows the hypothetical maximum available WTE feedstock feedstock in each SCA and the

number of facilities operating in each SCA.

Table 28: Hypothetical maximum available feedstock for Thermal Treatment – Waste to Energy

Facilities (tonnes per annum) and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

59,774 89,967 8,031 62,387 52,976 13,343 272,699

Max

Feedstock

2035

97,150 163,735 14,345 121,561 95,898 24,644 445,013

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

The above hypothetical maximum available feedstocks for Thermal Treatment – Waste to Energy

were calculated by including the following existing waste streams as feedstock for a Thermal

Treatment – Waste to Energy facility:

Vergeside hard waste;

Food waste;

Greenwaste;

Mixed organics;

Timber –treated;

Timber – untreated;

Sawdust;

Shredded greenwaste;

Mixed plastics; and

Non-composted waste/off-spec compost.

The feasibility of WTE facilities in the Pilbara is currently being assessed with one facility approaching

financial approval phase in Port Headland.

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6.8 Bio Remediation

Bio remediation involves using bacteria or fungi to breakdown or neutralise contaminants within soils

so that the processed soil can be safely reused. This can occur both in situ and ex situ. In situ bio

remediation occurs at the site where the contamination has taken place and ex situ involves the

material being transported off site for treatment. Based on Talis’ discussions with waste generators in

the Pilbara, both of these processes are taking place in the Pilbara region. Remote sites are more

likely to have in situ bio remediation while contaminate concentrations often determining if ex situ

processing is required. Generally contaminated soil can be periodically turned to aerate the soil to

assist in the breakdown of contaminants. Soils that are too contaminated for bio remediation are

either thermally treated or landfilled.

Table 29 shows the maximum available Bio Remediation feedstock in each SCA based on existing

waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities operating in each SCA. Ex situ bio

remediation is generally undertaken within facilities of the waste generators. There are no

bioremediation facilities available in the Pilbara available to all waste generators.

Table 29: Maximum available feedstock for Bio Remediation Facilities (tonnes per annum) based

on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

18,413 5,710 368 11,352 407 579 35,527

Max

Feedstock

2035

29,926 10,392 656 22,119 736 1,069 57,976

Number of

Facilities - - - - - - 0

The Karratha SCA has the highest generation of bio remediation feedstock, accounting for over half

the amount generated.

6.9 Landfill

Current landfills in the Pilbara are unlined and are not suitable for the acceptance of Class IV waste,

including contaminated soils, oil contaminated solids and timber railway sleepers that are

generated within the region. New landfills being investigated in the Pilbara region are likely to be

lined Class III facilities with some Class IV cells being considered. Higher construct costs of Class IV

landfills are seen by some to be a barrier to constructing these facilities within the Pilbara. As more

accurate data is made available to Landfill operators then a higher level of certainty over long term

Class IV feedstock can be established. Establishment of Class IV landfills or cells in the future will

reduce the cost of transportation as less material will be transported to Perth for disposal.

Development of Class III and Class IV landfills in the Pilbara is important due to the nature of

materials being generated as by-products of the extractive industries. Currently there is only one

Class IV landfill in Western Australia located in Perth. This results in large transportation costs for

disposal of material requiring Class IV burial. Table 30 shows the maximum available Landfill

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feedstock in each SCA based on existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of

facilities operating in each SCA.

Table 30: Maximum available feedstock for Landfill Facilities (tonnes per annum) based on

existing waste flows and collection methods and the number of facilities currently operating

Karratha Newman Onslow Port

Hedland Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara Pilbara

Max

Feedstock

2020

47,515 56,130 3,617 58,921 37,653 3,732 197,400

Max

Feedstock

2035

77,225 102,154 6,461 114,808 68,159 6,893 322,134

Number of

Facilities 3 18 1 5 12 2 41

6.10 Opportunities Based on Feedstock

Analysing the maximum available feedstock based on existing feedstocks and the hypothetical

maximum feedstock revealed opportunities for the development of new waste infrastructure across

the Pilbara region. Existing facilities were considered when selecting opportunities for waste

infrastructure development. Consideration was also given to potential collaboration and

amalgamating feedstocks across SCAs to achieve economies of scale where feasible. The

identified potential opportunities are presented in Table 31 below.

Table 31: Potential opportunities for waste infrastructure based on maximum available feedstock

Infrastructure Type Karratha Port

Hedland Onslow Newman Tom Price

Remote East

Pilbara

Inert Processing Existing Potential

Materials Recovery Facility Potential Potential Existing

Dirty MRF

Potential Joint Facility Potential Joint Facility

OR Potential joint mobile contract with storage and processing in each

SCA

Green waste Potential joint mobile contract with storage and processing in each SCA

Landfill Upgrade current landfills to Class III, opportunities for Class IV cells

Specialist Analysis of individual quantities by material types

Alternative Waste

Treatment Possible Mobile Aerated Floor composting in SCAs

Thermal Treatment –

Disposal Potential Potential

Thermal Treatment – WTE Potential Potential

Bio Remediation Potential Potential

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It should be noted that the above opportunities are established from the maximum available

feedstock based on existing feedstocks and the hypothetical maximum feedstock assuming

modified waste collection systems. These quantities are indicative only. Some waste streams are

suitable for more than one processing type and contribute tonnes to multiple processing types. This

means that the development of a particular processing facility is likely to reduce the available

feedstock for alternative facilities. In depth analysis of waste streams and verification should be

conducted as a part of due diligence prior when considering the construction of any facilities.

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7 Analysis of Markets

Markets for recycled materials generated in the Pilbara are currently local, state, national or

overseas. When local markets exist they keep the waste material in the Pilbara and employ local

workers to sort and/or treat the waste. Recyclables destined for the other markets are transported

from the Pilbara via road, mostly to Perth.

Development of local markets for waste material will result in a higher degree of certainty for the

local waste processors and will assist in providing economic diversity in the region. With the Pilbara

being isolated from other population centres in the State, development of local uses for products

may enable the local market to enjoy cost advantages as their competition products from other

regions are likely to involve transportation over vast distances.

A containerised port could increase access to overseas markets for recycling and treatment

products. This could increase employment and also reduce the costs associated with shipping to

overseas markets which in turn increases the likelihood of diversion from landfill.

7.1 Summary of Key Findings

Following the assessment of opportunities for waste infrastructure, an analysis of markets was

undertaken. The analysis identified the common products generated from each infrastructure type.

The common products generated are presented in Table 32 below. “Inputs” in the Uses column

refers to the Product being an input to other processes, such as recycled paper which is subject to

further processing to produce cardboard. “Product” refers to situations where the output from the

facility is a saleable Product, rather than an Input, for example electricity or oil that can be sold to

the public.

Table 32: Products generated from processing facilities

Product Processing Facility Uses

Recycled Packaging MRF Input

Metals Source Separation/MRF/Dirty MRF Product/Input

Used Oil Refinery Product

Energy WTE Product

Inert Material Inert Processing Product

Organics Green waste Product

E-waste E-waste Product/Input

Shredded Timber Green waste Product/Input

Locations of markets were also identified for the common products generated. The location of

markets is presented in Table 33 below.

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Table 33: Location of markets for products generated from waste facilities

Product Local State National International

Recycled Packaging X X X

Metals X X X

Used Oil X X

Energy X X

Inert Material X

Organics X

E-waste X X X

Shredded Timber X X

Following the identification of market locations the market influences for each product were

considered. The Market Influences considered were:

Distance;

Value;

Policy; and

Demand.

Distance to markets was considered a key market influence as the Pilbara is isolated from most

markets for recycled products.

The viability of recycled products is influenced by the value of the materials produced; if a high

value material is produced then this correlates to a positive influence. It is possible to transport

higher value products to more distant markets, improving the potential viability of recycling those

products.

Government policies can influence markets by encouraging recycling for wastes that may not

necessary be recycled under normal market conditions. An example of a policy having a positive

impact on recycling and resource recovery is the Landfill Levy that applies in the Perth metropolitan

area. Greater enforcement of landfill standards is also having an impact on landfill costs across rural

Western Australia, making recycling and resource recovery more attractive. Landfill bans for

particular types of wastes can also have a positive effect in increasing the diversion of a specific

waste material from landfill.

Demand for products is considered a market influence as all recycled products need to be utilised

to have value. No demand or under demand for a product can make a facility unviable.

The market influences for the common products are presented in Table 34 below.

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Table 34: Market influences for products generated from waste facilities

Product Market Influences

Distance Value Policy Demand

Recycled Packaging Negative Negative - -

Metals - Positive - Positive

Used Oil Negative Positive Positive Positive

Energy - Positive Positive Positive

Inert Material Negative Positive - Positive

Organics Negative Negative - -

E-waste Negative Positive Positive Positive

Shredded Timber Negative Negative - -

From the above analysis and tables the following opportunities for improvement were identified:

Transportation infrastructure/systems – to address distance and demand market influences;

Local market development – to address demand and distance market influences; and

Policy – to address value and demand market influences.

Examples of initiatives that could be considered in light of the above are as follows:

Transportation infrastructure/systems:

o Development of a Pilbara based container port;

o Development of a network of local community resource recovery parks

incorporating:

regional mobile processing infrastructure and equipment for the processing

of certain waste types for local recycling and recovery.

transfer facilities supported by appropriate transport equipment to efficiently

move certain wastes and products within the region where warranted,

Local market development:

o Adoption of quality standards for locally produced recycled or recovered materials

o support from governments (State and Local Governments) to use those materials;

Policy:

o Government support for the purchase of energy from waste to energy facilities in the

region;

o Use of government funding to assist with meeting the capital costs of resource

recovery projects to assist in their viability.

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8 Workshop Outcome

The PDC and the Waste Authority held a workshop in Karratha on 29 July 2014 to present the initial

findings of the Priorities Assessment and to seek further input from stakeholders in determining the key

priorities. The workshop was attended by representatives of the PDC, Waste Authority, waste

generators, waste processors, Local Governments and Talis.

The workshop was facilitated by James Best from Best Business Consulting and featured future

visioning of Pilbara waste management. Following presentations from representatives of the PDC,

Waste Authority and Talis, a discussion session was held coving the following topics:

Stakeholder’s preference of top four priority opportunities;

Reasons for and against those priorities;

Key barriers/constraints/potential solutions/risks for the top four; and

Opportunities for collaboration.

8.1 Identification of Opportunities

Following the presentations, the attendees were divided into four groups with broad representation

from waste generators, waste collection companies, government officers, local government officers

and waste consultants. These groups were asked to identify four key opportunities based on the

future vision of waste management in the Pilbara. The opportunities identified by attendees are

listed in Table 35 below.

Table 35: Opportunities identified by stakeholders

Opportunity Opportunity

Tyres and conveyor belts Source Separation

Used Oil Waste to energy

Organic waste for waste to energy Data collection

Dirty MRF E-waste

Inert waste processing facility in Port

Hedland Mobile plants

Class III and Class IV landfill cells Policy drivers for markets

Regional approach to waste management

8.2 Priority Opportunities and Actions

Following on from identifying opportunities, attendees then voted to establish four top priority

opportunities for further discussions. The four priority opportunities nominated for more in-depth

analysis by stakeholders are listed in Table 36 below.

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Table 36: Votes received from stakeholders to select priority opportunities for further discussion

Priority Opportunities Votes

Tyres and conveyor belts 22

Class III and IV landfill cells 18

Regional approach to waste management 17

Inert reprocessing facility in Port Hedland 9

Attendees then decided which of the above opportunities they wished to analyse and four groups

were formed. The groups then brainstormed their selected priorities and listed solutions and key

actions which could potentially improve waste management in the future. Table 37 below presents

the key actions proposed by each group.

Table 37: Proposed key actions for priority opportunities identified at the Karratha Workshop

Opportunity Potential Solutions and Proposed Key Action

Tyres and conveyors

Determine and address data gaps

Recommend policy settings

Establish a working group to continue with the development of a

waste tyre strategy for the Pilbara

Class III and Class IV

landfill cells

Set improved common standards for landfills

Focus on economic viability

Collaboration between landfill operators and waste generators to

support the development of best practice landfill cells

Regional approach to

waste management

Continue to facilitate and where possible formalise collaboration

between government, local government, waste generators, waste

collectors and waste processers

Collaboration outside of waste industry – planning, power and water

providers

Raise profile of waste management

Define waste vision with stakeholders

Inert processing in Port

Hedland

Utilise the DER approved process and monitoring system to manage

the asbestos risk

locate special sites nearby or integrate into the current landfill facility

Create a market for reprocessed products with local governments

and industry agreeing to use the products

Conduct a detailed feasibility study for inert processing in Port

Hedland

Consider seeking expressions of interest to establish a facility on a

suitable site made available for that purpose.

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9 Key Findings

A number of potential opportunities in the Pilbara have been identified in this study and can be

categorised as follows:

Infrastructure opportunities;

Market opportunities; and

Opportunities identified at the Karratha Workshop.

9.1 Infrastructure Opportunities

Current waste facilities in the Pilbara consist mainly of landfills with one inert processing facility in

Karratha and one materials recovery facility in Newman. This study has identified several potential

opportunities for improvement of existing facilities or establishment of new facilities.

The following potential infrastructure opportunities have been identified:

Inert processing facility in Port Hedland SCA or a regional mobile inert processing system;

Development of Class III and IV landfill cells;

Mobile plant for processing green waste across SCAs;

Material recovery facility in Karratha;

Material recovery facility in Port Hedland;

Joint dirty MRF facility in Karratha and Port Hedland;

Joint dirty MRF facility in Newman and Tom Price;

Thermal disposal facility in Karratha;

Thermal disposal facility in Newman;

Thermal treatment facility –WTE in Karratha or Port Hedland;

Thermal treatment facility –WTE in Newman;

Bio remediation facility in Karratha; and

Bio remediation facility in Port Hedland.

These infrastructure opportunities identified warrant further investigation into their feasibility. These

facilities will diversify jobs in the Pilbara and create useful products for the Pilbara region.

9.2 Market Opportunity

The Pilbara region lacks local markets for recycled products and is isolated from State, National and

International markets due to its location. This study has identified the following opportunities for

improving access to markets:

Development of a containerised port within the Pilbara region;

Development of local community resource recovery parks;

Development of transfer facilities;

Adoption of quality standards for local recycled materials;

Support from Governments to use those materials; and

Government support for the purchase of energy from WTE facilities.

The above market opportunities could increase access to markets and improve the feasibility of

processing facilities in the Pilbara. These opportunities will diversify industry in the Pilbara whilst directly

and indirectly increasing employment.

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9.3 Opportunities Identified at the Karratha Workshop

The following opportunities were identified at the Karratha Workshop:

Tyres and conveyors – establish a waste tyre strategy working group;

Class III and IV landfill cells – set improved common standards, increase collaboration;

Regional approach to waste management – facilitate collaboration both within and outside

of the waste management industry;

Inert processing in Port Hedland.

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Appendix A: Waste Classification

System

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Waste Projections Model - Karratha

Waste Classification System

Table 3

MATERIAL

CODEMATERIAL TYPE - Controlled Wastes

Category

Group

Category

No.

Category Group

Name

MATERIAL

CODEMATERIAL TYPE - Other Hazardous

MATERIAL

CODEMATERIAL TYPE - Inert and Similar

101 Biological Wastes - Animal wastes 1.01 201 Ewaste 601 Mixed building rubble

102 Biological Wastes - Septage wastes 1.02 202 Household and Industrial Batteries 602 Concrete

103 Biological Wastes - Grease wastes 1.03 203 Vehicle and marine batteries 603 Conrete - reinforced

104 Biological Wastes - Vegetable oils and derivatives 1.04 204 Fluorescent tubes 604 Bricks

105 Biological Wastes - Sewage waste from the reticulated sewage system 1.05 205 Mixed household hazardous waste 605 Tiles and ceramics

106 Solid/Sludge Waste Requiring Special Handling - Contaminated soils 2.01 206 Radioactive waste 606 Asphalt

107 Solid/Sludge Waste Requiring Special Handling - Fly ash 2.02 207 Medical and vetinary waste 607 Glazing

108 Solid/Sludge Waste Requiring Special Handling - Filter cake 2.03 208 Asbestos 608 Gypsum products

109 Solid/Sludge Waste Requiring Special Handling - containers or drums 2.04 209 Contaminated Soil- Hydrocarbon 609 Insulation

110Solid/Sludge Waste Requiring Special Handling - Encapsulated, chemically-

fixed, solidified or polyerised wastes2.05 210 Contaminated Soil- Pesticide 610 Limestone

111 Solid/Sludge Waste Requiring Special Handling - Explosive 2.06 211 Contaminated Soil- Acid Sulfate 611 Rubbers - other

112Solid/Sludge Waste Requiring Special Handling - Industrial waste treatment

plant sludges and residues2.07 212 Contaminated Packaging 612 Mixed Soil and sand

113Clinical and Pharmaceutical Wastes - Clinical and related wastes

(biomedical)3.01 213 Biosecurity Waste- (Quaratine Waste) 613 Clean fill

114 Clinical and Pharmaceutical Wastes - Pathogenic substances 3.02 214 Batteries- Miscellaneous 614 Rock

115 Clinical and Pharmaceutical Wastes - Cytotoxic substances 3.03 215 Waste Oil 615 Mixed crushed rock

116Clinical and Pharmaceutical Wastes - Waste from the production or use of

pharmaceutical products3.04 216 Mixed Commercial Hazardous 616 Tars

117 Pesticide Wastes - Concentrates 4.01 217Hydrocarbon Contaminated

Material617 Ferrous Metals (non-packaging)

118 Pesticide Wastes - Solutions 4.02 299 Other Hazardous not specified 618 Non-Ferrous Metals (non-packaging)

119 Pesticide Wastes - Organochlorine pesticides 4.03MATERIAL

CODE

MATERIAL TYPE - Local Government

Services619 Mixed Metals (non-packaging)

120Paints and Resins - Wastes from the production, formulation or use of inks,

dyes, resins, adhesives, glues, latex or plasticisers5.01 301 Kerbside Commingled recyclables 620 Roadbase

121 Paints and Resins - Oil based paints (all options) 5.02 302 Kerbside refuse 621 Aggregates

122 Paints and Resins - Water based and acrylic paints (all options) 5.03 303 Kerbside greenwaste 622 Mixed Inert

123 Oils and Emulsions - Oil interceptor waste 6.01 304Kerbside mixed organics (including

kitchen waste)623 Garnet

124 Oils and Emulsions - Oil/water mixtures 6.02 305 Vergeside Greenwaste 624 Remediated Soil

125 Oils and Emulsions - Oil sludges ie. Plate separators 6.03 306 Vergeside bulk metals 699 Other C&D not specified

126 Oils and Emulsions - Waste mineral oils unfit for their originally intended use 6.04 307 Vergeside Hard wasteMATERIAL

CODE

MATERIAL TYPE - Liquid/Solids (not

Controlled Waste)

127 Solvents - Halogenated aliphatics 7.01 308 Public place refuse 701 Tailings

128 Solvents - Non-halogenated aliphatics 7.02 309 Public place recycling 702 Drilling muds

129 Solvents - Halogenated aromatics 7.03 310 Street cleaning residues 703 Sludges

130 Solvents - Non-halogenated aromatics 7.04 311 Special event refuse 704 Slurry

131 Other Organic Chemicals - Engine Coolants 8.01 312 Special event recycling 799 Other Liquid/Solids not specified

132 Other Organic Chemicals - Ethers 8.02 399 Other LGA waste not specifiedMATERIAL

CODE

MATERIAL TYPE - Wastes not

otherwise specified

133Other Organic Chemicals - Highly odours organic chemicals (including

mercaptans and acrylates)8.03

MATERIAL

CODEMATERIAL TYPE - Biodegradable 801 Mixed Refuse

134 Other Organic Chemicals - Isocyanate compounds 8.04 401 Food waste 802 Comingled Recyclables

135Other Organic Chemicals - Organohalogen compounds other than

substances referred to elsewhere in this schedule8.05 402 Greenwaste 803 Textiles

136 Other Organic Chemicals - PBBs (polybrominated biphenyls) 8.06 403 Mixed organics 804 Mattresses

137 Other Organic Chemicals - PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) 8.07 404 Timber - untreated 805 Hard waste

138 Other Organic Chemicals - PCNs (polychlorinated naphthalenes) 8.08 405 Timber - treated 806 Absorbants

139 Other Organic Chemicals - PCTs (polychlorinated terphenyls) 8.09 406 Sawdust 807 Waste gases and containers

140Other Organic Chemicals - Phenols and phenol compounds including

chlorophenols8.10 407 Shredded Greenwaste 808 Fire extinguishers

141Other Organic Chemicals - Phosphorous compounds including

chlorophenols8.11 499 Other Biodegradable not specified 809 Bottom ash

142 Other Organic Chemicals - Surface acting agent (surfactant) - detergents 8.12MATERIAL

CODEMATERIAL TYPE - Packaging 810 Fly ash

143Other Organic Chemicals - Surface acting agent (surfactant) - wetting

agents8.13 501 Mixed Paper and Cardboard 811

Non-composted waste/off-spec

compost

Waste Stream and Sector Descriptions 144 Other Organic Chemicals - Surface acting agent (surfactant) - emulsifiers 8.14 502 Paper 812 Ash - Miscellaneous

Table 1 145 Acids 9 9 Acids 503 Cardboard 813 Printer Cartridges

STREAM

CODEStream Name Definition 146 Alkalis 10 10 Alkalis 504 Glass Packaging 899 Waste not otherwise specified

147 Chromium 11 11 Chromium 505 Plastic 1 - PET

148 Cyanide - Inorganic cyanide 12.01 506 Plastic 2 - HDPE

149 Cyanide - Organic cyanide 12.02 507 Plastic 3 - PVC

150 Inorganic chemicals - Antimony or antimony compounds 13.01 508 Plastic 4 - LDPE

151 Inorganic chemicals - Arsenic or arsenic compounds 13.02 509 Plastic 5 - PP

152 Inorganic chemicals - Barium compounds (excluding barium sulphate) 13.03 510 Plastic 6 - PS

153 Inorganic chemicals - Beryllium or beryllium compounds 13.04 511 Plastic 7 - Other

154 Inorganic chemicals - Boron 13.05 512 Mixed Plastics

155 Inorganic chemicals - Cadmium or cadmium compounds 13.06 513 Ferrous Metals - packaging

156 Inorganic chemicals - Chlorates 13.07 514 Non-Ferrous Metals - packaging

Table 2 157 Inorganic chemicals - Cobalt compounds 13.08 515 Mixed metals - packaging

SECTOR

CODESector Name Definition 158 Inorganic chemicals - Copper compounds 13.09 599 Other Packaging not specified

159 Inorganic chemicals - Fluorine compounds (excluidng calcium fluoride) 13.10

160 Inorganic chemicals - Lead or lead compounds 13.11

161 Inorganic chemicals - Mercury 13.12

162 Inorganic chemicals - Metal carbonyls 13.13

163 Inorganic chemicals - Nickel compounds 13.14

164 Inorganic chemicals - Non toxic salts 13.15

165 Inorganic chemicals - Perchlorates 13.16

166 Inorganic chemicals - Phosphorous compounds 13.17

167 Inorganic chemicals - Photographic waste 13.18

168 Inorganic chemicals - Selenium or selenium compounds 13.19

169 Inorganic chemicals - Sulphides 13.20

170 Inorganic chemicals - Tellurium 13.21

171 Inorganic chemicals - Thallium 13.22

172 Inorganic chemicals - Vanadium compounds 13.23

173 Inorganic chemicals - Zinc compounds 13.24

174 Low strength waste water - Industrial wash waters 14.01

175 Low strength waste water - Storm water 14.02

176 Low strength waste water - Pond water 14.03

177 Low strength waste water - Fire debris and wash water (may vary) 14.04

178Miscellaneous - Residues from industrial waste treatment or disposal

operations15.01

179Miscellaneous - Waste from the manufacture, formulation and use of

wood preserving chemicals15.02

180Miscellaneous - Waste chemical substances arising from research and

development or teaching activities including those which are not 15.03

181Miscellaneous - Waste resulting from surface treatment of metals and

plastics (potentially various categories)15.04

182Miscellaneous - Waste tarry residue arising from refining, distillation or

pyrolytic treatment15.05

183 Miscellaneous - Waste tyres 15.06Solid and Liquid Waste Management

Facilities

Residue materials from solid and liquid

waste management facilities

Remote employee camps directly

related to a particular C&I enterprise

(only to be used for C&I)

15 Miscellaneous

Low strength

waste water

13.

08.Human/animal healthcare and/or

related research

1409. Other/Mixed Sectors

Commercial and industrial activities not

defined within Sectors 2-8 or 10 - 13, and

mixed C&I Sectors

10. Employee camps

11. Public Facilities and InstitutionsPublic institutions (library, schools,

universities), recreation

12. Public Infrastructure Networks

Infrastructure networks designed for

public use including transportation

(roads, bridges, railways), utility services

(power, water, sewage)

06. Chemical processing

07.Metals processing and thermal

processes

04.

Wood processing and production of

panels, furniture, pulp, paper and

cardboard

05.

Petroelum refining, natural gas

purification and pyrolytic treatment

of coal

02.

Mining, exploration, quarrying,

physical and chemical treatment of

minerals

03.

Agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture,

forestry, fishing, food preparation

and processing

A.Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW)

Residential waste typically managed by

local governments including:

- kerbside or vergeside collections, or

dropped off waste

- waste from public places including

from road verges, reserves, beaches,

litter bins, events and street cleaning

- incidental commercial waste collected

via kerbside collections

12 Cyanide

13

Inorganic

chemicals other

than inorganic

chemicals

referred to in

Category Groups

9 - 12

B.Commercial & Industrial

(C&I)

Waste generated from, or as the direct

result of, commercial and industrial

operationsand that is not MSW or C&D

waste.

C.Construction & Demolition

(C&D)

Materials generated as a result of

construction, refurbishment or demolition

activities

01. Domestic

Premises where people reside excluding

remote employee camps (only to be

used for MSW and C&D)

Material Type

7 Solvents

The third aspect of the coding system reflects the composition of the

waste. Each of the waste Material Types is given a MATERIAL CODE

within the range of 101 – 899. Codes with the range of 101 – 183

are Material Types in the Department of Environment Regulation's

Controlled Waste Guideline Series. The reference to these guidelines

has been incorporated into the WCS to ensure compliance with

previously existing waste management systems. MATERIAL CODE’s

within the Range of 201 – 899 are waste Material Types identified

based on those in the EWC and AWD.

For ease of use, the Material Types have been grouped into the

following series:

• 100 series - Controlled Wastes

• 200 series - Other Hazardous

• 300 series - Local Government Services

• 400 series - Biodegradable

• 500 series - Packaging

• 600 series - Inert and Similar

• 700 series - Liquid/Solids (not Controlled Waste)

• 800 series - Wastes not otherwise specified

8Other Organic

Chemicals

A list of Material Types is provided in Table 3.

The source of the waste is further identified in the second part of the

WCS by the Sector of the economy from which the waste was

generated. A total of 13 Sectors have been used, based on a similar

concept to the Classification of Economic Activities within the

European Commission’s EWC and also within the Australian Waste

Database (Sub-stream 1 Secondary Source).

3

Clinical and

Pharmaceutical

Wastes

4 Pesticide WastesExamples of Sectors are ’01. - Domestic ’, ’02. - Mining, Exploration,

quarrying, physical and chemical treatment of Minerals’ and ‘05. -

Petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment

of coal’ . Sector ’10. - Employee Camps’ has been given its own

Sector, to differentiate it from ’01. - Domestic ’ as it is to be used for

remote employee camps directly related to a particular C&I

enterprise (only to be used for C&I waste). Each Sector is given a

SECTOR CODE within the range of 01. to 13.

5 Paints and Resins

6Oils and

EmulsionsThe Sectors are shown in Table 2.

Each waste type is classified by the Waste Classification System (WCS)

using a three level coding system including Stream, Sector and

Material Type. The following sections describe the breakdown of

each of these tiers. Each level is colour coded for ease of reference

and has a unique Waste Classification Code allocated.1 Biological Waste

Waste Stream

The first part of the WCS identifies the source of the waste by stream.

• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

• Commercial and Industrial (C&I)

• Construction and Demolition (C&D)

2

Solid/Sludge

Waste Requiring

Special HandlingDefinitions of each waste stream are provided in Table 1.

Sector

Material Types (Controlled Waste 101-183) Material Types (201-599) Material Types (601-899)

The Waste Classification Sysytem Structure Existing DER Controlled Waste Guideline

Series

Waste Class i fi cation System Page 1 of 1